Fault scarps in the Rio Grande rift of Colorado provide most of the evidence of paleoseismicity in the state, and are thus a major focus of assessments of earthquake hazards. Critical components of such assessments are the ages of past faulting events; age control is scarce and generally coarse for the Rio Grande rift in Colorado. Ages estimated from fault-scarp morphology are thus valuable, partly because they are directly related to the fault eVents, and partly for want of alternative methods.
The processes responsible for scarp degradation are poorly understood and the many variables that affect the rates and relative importance of those processes limits the precision and accuracy of age estimates derived from scarp morphology. Both analytical and empirical methods are available for relating scarp degradation processes to scarp morphology and age. Diffusion-equation models that have been derived for scarp degradation are useful for their predictive value and for the insight they provide about the degradation processes. However, because of the limitations mentioned above and because of the multiple-event nature of the scarps in the Rio Grande rift, the simpler empirical approach involving the relation between scarp angle and the logarithm of scarp height is used here.
The scarp-morphology data from the Rio Grande rift suggest that the youngest movements on all of the scarps examined occurred less than 15,000 years ago, with the exception of two scarps that are formed on lithologically dissimilar deposits. This age estimate is consistent with the observation that all of the scarps occur at least in part on deposits of Pinedale age. The scarp-morphology data suggest that some of the scarps are closer to 5,000 years than to 15,000 years in age; several of these scarps occur on deposits of early Holocene age and are associated with early Holocene radiocarbon dates. One scarp occurs on deposits with radiocarbon dates of only a few thousand years, although the morphology of this scarp is unusual for its age. Three scarps have morphologies that suggest that they may represent fault events younger than 5,000 years old. Although no corroboration is available, these scarps may represent some of the youngest fault movements in Colorado.
","largerWorkTitle":"Contributions to Colorado Seisrnicity and Tectonics: A 1986 Update","language":"English","publisher":"Colorado Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Denver, CO","usgsCitation":"Colman, S.M., Rogers, W.P., and Kirkham, R., 1986, Morphology and age of fault scarps in the Rio Grande Rift, south-central Colorado, v. 28, 16 p.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"43","endPage":"58","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":354521,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":354520,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://coloradogeologicalsurvey.org/wp-content/uploads/docs/Pubs/SP-28.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Rio Grande rift","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -106,\n 37\n ],\n [\n -104,\n 37\n ],\n [\n -104,\n 39\n ],\n [\n -106,\n 39\n ],\n [\n -106,\n 37\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"28","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5b15b4b6e4b092d9651e2363","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Rogers, William P.","contributorId":24220,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rogers","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":736590,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kirkham, Robert M.","contributorId":98817,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirkham","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":736591,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Colman, Steven M.","contributorId":6439,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colman","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":736592,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rogers, William P.","contributorId":24220,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rogers","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":736593,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kirkham, R. M.","contributorId":16915,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kirkham","given":"R. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":736594,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70207312,"text":"70207312 - 1986 - The non-transferability of a Cretaceous coal model in the San Juan Basin of New Mexico and Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-03T13:37:33.216588","indexId":"70207312","displayToPublicDate":"1986-12-16T15:46:03","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1727,"text":"GSA Special Papers","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The non-transferability of a Cretaceous coal model in the San Juan Basin of New Mexico and Colorado","docAbstract":"The San Juan Basin of northwest New Mexico and southwest Colorado contains several Upper Cretaceous coal-bearing formations. The coals in these formations were deposited in environments associated with repeated transgressions and regressions of the Western Interior seaway in Late Cretaceous time. A detailed subsurface and surface study of the coal beds in one of these units, the Fruitland Formation, formed the basis for a coal-depositional model (Fassett and Hinds, 1971). This model basically shows that the thickest Fruitland coals formed landward of thickly stacked sandstone beds of the regressive-marine Pictured Cliffs Sandstone. Transferability of the Fruitland coal model was tested by comparing it to another San Juan Basin coal-bearing rock unit, the lower Menefee Formation. Lower Menefee coal deposits were formed in association with the Point Lookout Sandstone, an older regressive-marine unit. The purpose of this comparison was to see if thick lower Menefee coal beds were also concentrated adjacent to thick vertical shoreface-sandstone buildups. This comparison showed that even though thick sandstone buildups were found in the Point Lookout, no thick coal beds were found in the lower Menefee Formation adjacent to them. This test suggests that certain coal depositional models may have limited value as predictive tools and must be used with caution by coal explorationists. Even more importantly, potential coal-bearing areas should never be written off simply because they do not fit a previously described model.
","language":"English","publisher":"GSA","doi":"10.1130/SPE210-p155","usgsCitation":"Fassett, J.E., 1986, The non-transferability of a Cretaceous coal model in the San Juan Basin of New Mexico and Colorado: GSA Special Papers, v. 210, p. 155-171, https://doi.org/10.1130/SPE210-p155.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"155","endPage":"171","costCenters":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":370322,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado, New Mexico","otherGeospatial":"San Juan Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -108.9129638671875,\n 35.96911507577482\n ],\n [\n -107.0562744140625,\n 35.96911507577482\n ],\n [\n -107.0562744140625,\n 37.4530574713902\n ],\n [\n -108.9129638671875,\n 37.4530574713902\n ],\n [\n -108.9129638671875,\n 35.96911507577482\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"210","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1986-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fassett, James E. jfassett@usgs.gov","contributorId":73590,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fassett","given":"James","email":"jfassett@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":165,"text":"Central Energy Resources Team","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":777649,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70121382,"text":"70121382 - 1986 - A population model for a long-lived, resprouting chaparral shrub: Adenostoma fasciculatum","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-21T11:30:36","indexId":"70121382","displayToPublicDate":"1986-12-01T11:28:11","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1458,"text":"Ecological Modelling","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A population model for a long-lived, resprouting chaparral shrub: Adenostoma fasciculatum","docAbstract":"Extensive stands of Adenostoma fasciculatum H.&A. (chamise) in the chaparral of California are periodically rejuvenated by fire. A population model based on size-specific demographic characteristics (thinning and fire-caused mortality) was developed to generate probable age distributions within size classes and survivorship curves for typical stands. The model was modified to assess the long term effects of different mortality rates on age distributions. Under observed mean mortality rates (28.7%), model output suggests some shrubs can survive more than 23 fires. A 10% increase in mortality rate by size class slightly shortened the survivorship curve, while a 10% decrease in mortality rate by size class greatly elongated the curve. This approach may be applicable to other long-lived plant species with complex life histories.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecological Modelling","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier Science","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam","doi":"10.1016/0304-3800(86)90007-4","usgsCitation":"Stohlgren, T.J., and Rundel, P.W., 1986, A population model for a long-lived, resprouting chaparral shrub: Adenostoma fasciculatum: Ecological Modelling, v. 34, no. 3-4, p. 245-257, https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3800(86)90007-4.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"245","endPage":"257","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":292772,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":292771,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3800(86)90007-4"}],"volume":"34","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53f707cee4b05ec1f2431b5f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stohlgren, Thomas J. 0000-0001-9696-4450 stohlgrent@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9696-4450","contributorId":2902,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stohlgren","given":"Thomas","email":"stohlgrent@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":499008,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rundel, Philip W.","contributorId":107552,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rundel","given":"Philip","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499009,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014635,"text":"70014635 - 1986 - Mississippi embayment aquifer system in Mississippi: Geohydrologic data compilation for flow model simulation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-04-21T16:50:23.525662","indexId":"70014635","displayToPublicDate":"1986-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2529,"text":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mississippi embayment aquifer system in Mississippi: Geohydrologic data compilation for flow model simulation","docAbstract":"As part of the Gulf Coast Regional Aquifer System Analysis (GC RASA) study, data from 184 geophysical well logs were used to define the geohydrologic framework of the Mississippi embayment aquifer system in Mississippi for flow model simulation. Five major aquifers of Eocene and Paleocene age were defined within this aquifer system in Mississippi.
A computer data storage system was established to assimilate the information obtained from the geophysical logs. Computer programs were developed to manipulate the data to construct geologic sections and structure maps. Data from the storage system will be input to a five-layer, three-dimensional, finite-difference digital computer model that is used to simulate the flow dynamics in the five major aquifers of the Mississippi embayment aquifer system.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.1986.tb00773.x","issn":"00431370","usgsCitation":"Arthur, J.K., and Taylor, R., 1986, Mississippi embayment aquifer system in Mississippi: Geohydrologic data compilation for flow model simulation: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 22, no. 6, p. 1021-1029, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1986.tb00773.x.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"1021","endPage":"1029","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225328,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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\"}}]}","volume":"22","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4acee4b0c8380cd69074","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Arthur, J. K.","contributorId":56223,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arthur","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368875,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Taylor, R.E.","contributorId":29836,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"R.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368874,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1013729,"text":"1013729 - 1986 - Environmental regulation and influence of the eyes and pineal gland on the gonadal cycle and spawning in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-23T16:26:51.751302","indexId":"1013729","displayToPublicDate":"1986-11-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":17824,"text":"Ecological and Evolutionary Physiology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Environmental regulation and influence of the eyes and pineal gland on the gonadal cycle and spawning in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus)","docAbstract":"
Blinded, pinealectomized, or blinded and pinealectomized female channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) were placed with normal (unoperated on) control fish in outdoor tanks at constant temperature (21 ± 2 C) or earthen ponds (ambient conditions) in February or August, when they were 21 or 27 mo old. Fish were sampled through the following reproductive season. The gonadosomatic index (GSI) and plasma estrogen concentration changed seasonally in 3-yr-old fish, but the changes were less marked or lacking in 2-yr-olds. The GSI levels of sexually mature (≥3 years old) fish peaked about a month earlier in the tanks than in the ponds; the estrogen peak for fish in the tanks was lower than that for pond fish. All experimental fish (both ages) in ponds delayed ovarian resorption for about 1 mo, compared with normal control fish. Exposure to constant 21 C water allowed earlier gonadal recrudescence. All groups of sexually mature fish that were surgically altered in August spawned during the following spring. Fish with eyes spawned earlier and had higher spawning percentages (control 68%, pinealectomized 75%) than did fish without eyes (blinded 50%, blinded and pinealectomized 56%). Neither the eyes nor the pineal is essential for spring gonadal maturation or for spawning in channel catfish, but one or both may have a role in timing these events. An annual internal oscillator that may be modified by environmental temperature is suggested as the primary control of reproductive cycling in the species. Light information obtained through the pineal, eyes, or both appears to affect the time of gonadal resorption.
","language":"English","publisher":"The University of Chicago Press","doi":"10.1086/physzool.59.6.30158617","usgsCitation":"Davis, K.B., Goudie, C.A., Simco, B., MacGregor, R., and Parker, N., 1986, Environmental regulation and influence of the eyes and pineal gland on the gonadal cycle and spawning in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus): Ecological and Evolutionary Physiology, v. 59, no. 6, p. 717-724, https://doi.org/10.1086/physzool.59.6.30158617.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"717","endPage":"724","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129148,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"59","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a13e4b07f02db60227d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Davis, K. B.","contributorId":83869,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":319148,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Goudie, C. A.","contributorId":97851,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Goudie","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":319149,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Simco, B.A.","contributorId":101216,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simco","given":"B.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":319151,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"MacGregor, R. III","contributorId":56178,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"MacGregor","given":"R.","suffix":"III","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":319147,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Parker, N. C.","contributorId":101209,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parker","given":"N. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":319150,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":5223697,"text":"5223697 - 1986 - Fire adaptation in Neblinaria celiae (Theaceae), a high-elevation rosette shrub endemic to a wet equatorial tepui","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-21T15:58:10.964942","indexId":"5223697","displayToPublicDate":"1986-11-07T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2932,"text":"Oecologia","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fire adaptation in Neblinaria celiae (Theaceae), a high-elevation rosette shrub endemic to a wet equatorial tepui","docAbstract":"Neblinaria celiae (Theaceae), a rosette shrub endemic to the exceedingly rainy summit of remote Cerro de la Neblina in southern Venezuela, has a previously undescribed set of adaptations to fire. Its growth form entails sparse branching, massive terminal leaf rosettes, and thick bark. It is highly fire-tolerant, with a survival rate of 93% in a stand recently ignited by lightning, vs. 0% in seven co-occurring woody species. Survival increases sharply with rosette height, favoring a sparsely branched habit that would maximize the rate of upward growth through the sparse fuel layer supported by a sterile substrate. Thick bark and massive rosettes help protect cambial and foliar meristems from brief exposure to high temperatures. Rosettes on shorter plants are exposed to greater damage from fire near the ground and, as expected, are bigger and impound more rainwater; the greater number of leaves nearly balances the greater leaf mortality caused by fire. We relate Neblinaria's growth form to its dominance atop Neblina, to a general model for the evolution of sparse branching, and to the evolution of growth form in other tepui plants.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Sprinter Nature","doi":"10.1007/BF00379892","usgsCitation":"Givnish, T., McDiarmid, R., and Buck, W., 1986, Fire adaptation in Neblinaria celiae (Theaceae), a high-elevation rosette shrub endemic to a wet equatorial tepui: Oecologia, v. 70, no. 4, p. 481-485, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00379892.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"481","endPage":"485","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200338,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":17712,"rank":200,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.springerlink.com/content/m200807695337366/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"volume":"70","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fbe4b07f02db5f461d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Givnish, T.J.","contributorId":40317,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Givnish","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339288,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McDiarmid, R.W.","contributorId":15130,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McDiarmid","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339287,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Buck, W.R.","contributorId":61542,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buck","given":"W.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339289,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70014627,"text":"70014627 - 1986 - Changing climate: Geothermal evidence from permafrost in the Alaskan Arctic","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-25T16:27:17.352171","indexId":"70014627","displayToPublicDate":"1986-11-07T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Changing climate: Geothermal evidence from permafrost in the Alaskan Arctic","docAbstract":"Temperature profiles measured in permafrost in northernmost Alaska usually have anomalous curvature in the upper 100 meters or so. When analyzed by heat-conduction theory, the profiles indicate a variable but widespread secular warming of the permafrost surface, generally in the range of 2 to 4 Celsius degrees during the last few decades to a century. Although details of the climatic change cannot be resolved with existing data, there is little doubt of its general magnitude and timing; alternative explanations are limited by the fact that heat transfer in cold permafrost is exclusively by conduction. Since models of greenhouse warming predict climatic change will be greatest in the Arctic and might already be in progress, it is prudent to attempt to understand the rapidly changing thermal regime in this region.","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.234.4777.689","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Lachenbruch, A.H., and Marshall, B.V., 1986, Changing climate: Geothermal evidence from permafrost in the Alaskan Arctic: Science, v. 234, no. 4777, p. 689-696, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.234.4777.689.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"689","endPage":"696","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225264,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Alaskan Arctic","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -171.6980593624442,\n 72.43240323325102\n ],\n [\n -171.6980593624442,\n 68.78776745900396\n ],\n [\n -141.06125074207813,\n 68.78776745900396\n ],\n [\n -141.06125074207813,\n 72.43240323325102\n ],\n [\n -171.6980593624442,\n 72.43240323325102\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"234","issue":"4777","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f43fe4b0c8380cd4bc1d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lachenbruch, Arthur H.","contributorId":27850,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lachenbruch","given":"Arthur","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368858,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Marshall, B. Vaughan","contributorId":83896,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marshall","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"Vaughan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368857,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70206106,"text":"70206106 - 1986 - The Center Pond pluton: The restite of the story (phase separation and melt evolution in granitoid genesis)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-23T08:00:50","indexId":"70206106","displayToPublicDate":"1986-10-22T13:28:52","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":732,"text":"American Journal of Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Center Pond pluton: The restite of the story (phase separation and melt evolution in granitoid genesis)","docAbstract":"The Center Pond pluton is a calc-alkaline post-tectonic Acadian body intruding chlorite grade Silurian metasediments of E-central Maine. Mapping and petrographic work reveal that the pluton contains 5 igneous rock types; quartz diorite, hornblende-biotite granodiorite, biotite granite, porphyritic granite, and aplitic granite. The linearity of major and trace element trends and Rb-Sr isotope systematics indicate that partial melting and unmixing of a single mafic or intermediate metaigneous rock to restite (residual phases in equilibrium with the melting event at depth) and near-eutectic minimum melt may account for much of the observed geochemical variation within the Center Pond pluton. Major and trace element trends rule out fractional crystallization as a model for Center Pond. -from Authors
","language":"English ","publisher":"Elsevier ","doi":"10.2475/ajs.286.4.241","issn":"00029599","usgsCitation":"Scambos, T.A., Loiselle, M., and Wones, D.R., 1986, The Center Pond pluton: The restite of the story (phase separation and melt evolution in granitoid genesis): American Journal of Science, v. 286, no. 4, p. 241-280, https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.286.4.241.","productDescription":"40 p. 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\"}}]}","volume":"286","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Scambos, T. A.","contributorId":45156,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Scambos","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":773606,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Loiselle, M.C.","contributorId":36991,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loiselle","given":"M.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":773607,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wones, D. R.","contributorId":104079,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wones","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":773608,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70233975,"text":"70233975 - 1986 - Influence of welded boundaries in anelastic media on energy flow, and characteristics of P, S-I, and S-II waves: Observational evidence for inhomogeneous body waves in low-loss solids","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-28T14:18:35.885135","indexId":"70233975","displayToPublicDate":"1986-10-10T09:13:26","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Influence of welded boundaries in anelastic media on energy flow, and characteristics of P, S-I, and S-II waves: Observational evidence for inhomogeneous body waves in low-loss solids","title":"Influence of welded boundaries in anelastic media on energy flow, and characteristics of P, S-I, and S-II waves: Observational evidence for inhomogeneous body waves in low-loss solids","docAbstract":"A general computer code, developed to calculate anelastic reflection-refraction coefficients, energy flow, and the physical characteristics for general P, S-I, and S-II waves, quantitatively describes physical characteristics for wave fields in anelastic media that do not exist in elastic media. Consideration of wave fields incident on boundaries between anelastic media shows that scattered wave fields experience reductions in phase and energy speeds, increases in maximum attenuation and Q−1, and directions of maximum energy flow distinct from phase propagation. Each of these changes in physical characteristics are shown to vary with angle of incidence. Finite relaxation times for anelastic media result in energy flow due to interaction of superimposed radiation fields and contribute to energy flow across anelastic boundaries for all angles of incidence. Agreement of theoretical and numerical results with laboratory measurements argues for the validity of the theoretical and numerical formulations incorporating inhomogeneous wave fields. The agreement attests to the applicability of the model and helps confirm the existence of inhomogeneous body waves and their associated set of distinct physical characteristics in the earth. The existence of such body waves in layered, low-loss anelastic solids implies the need to reformulate some seismological models of the earth. The exact anelastic formulation for a liquid-solid interface with no low-loss approximations predicts the existence of a range of angles of incidence or an anelastic Rayleigh window, through which significant amounts of energy are transmitted across the boundary. The window accounts for the discrepancy apparent between measured reflection data presented in early textbooks and predictions based on classical elasticity theory. Characteristics of the anelastic Rayleigh window are expected to be evident in certain sets of wide-angle, ocean-bottom reflection data and to be useful in estimating Q−1 for some ocean bottom reflectors.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB091iB11p11503","usgsCitation":"Borcherdt, R.D., Glassmoyer, G., and Wennerberg, L., 1986, Influence of welded boundaries in anelastic media on energy flow, and characteristics of P, S-I, and S-II waves: Observational evidence for inhomogeneous body waves in low-loss solids: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 91, no. B11, p. 11503-11518, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB091iB11p11503.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"11503","endPage":"11518","costCenters":[{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":404541,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"91","issue":"B11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Borcherdt, Roger D. 0000-0002-8668-0849 borcherdt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8668-0849","contributorId":2373,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Borcherdt","given":"Roger","email":"borcherdt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":847762,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Glassmoyer, Gary","contributorId":28619,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glassmoyer","given":"Gary","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":847763,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wennerberg, Leif","contributorId":96008,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wennerberg","given":"Leif","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":847764,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70233968,"text":"70233968 - 1986 - Short-period strain (0.1–105 s): Near-source strain field for an earthquake (ML 3.2) near San Juan Bautista, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-28T14:08:19.543582","indexId":"70233968","displayToPublicDate":"1986-10-10T08:54:46","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Short-period strain (0.1–105 s): Near-source strain field for an earthquake (ML 3.2) near San Juan Bautista, California","title":"Short-period strain (0.1–105 s): Near-source strain field for an earthquake (ML 3.2) near San Juan Bautista, California","docAbstract":"Measurements of dilational earth strain in the frequency band 25–10−5 Hz have been made on a deep borehole strainmeter installed near the San Andreas fault. These data are used to determine seismic radiation fields during nuclear explosions, teleseisms, local earthquakes, and ground noise during seismically quiet times. Strains of less than 10−10 on these instruments can be clearly resolved at short periods (< 10 s) and are recorded with wide dynamic range digital recorders. This permits measurement of the static and dynamic strain variations in the near field of local earthquakes. Noise spectra for earth strain referenced to 1 (strain)2/Hz show that strain resolution decreases at about 10 dB per decade of frequency from −150 dB at 10−4 Hz to −223 dB at 10 Hz. Exact expressions are derived to relate the volumetric strain and displacement field for a homogeneous P wave in a general viscoelastic solid as observed on colocated dilatometers and seismometers. A rare near-field recording of strain and seismic velocity was obtained on May 26, 1984, from an earthquake (ML 3.2) at a hypocentral distance of 3.2 km near the San Andreas fault at San Juan Bautista, California. While the data indicate no precursory strain release at the 5 × 10−11 strain level, a coseismic strain release of 1.86 nanostrain was observed. This change in strain is consistent with that calculated from a simple dislocation model of the event. Ground displacement spectra, determined from the downhole strain data and instrument-corrected surface seismic data, suggest that source parameters estimated from surface recordings may be contaminated by amplification effects in near-surface low-velocity materials.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB091iB11p11497","usgsCitation":"Johnston, M., Borcherdt, R.D., and Linde, A.T., 1986, Short-period strain (0.1–105 s): Near-source strain field for an earthquake (ML 3.2) near San Juan Bautista, California: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 91, no. B11, p. 11497-11502, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB091iB11p11497.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"11497","endPage":"11502","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":404540,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"San Juan Bautista","otherGeospatial":"San Andreas fault","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.79855346679686,\n 36.70916449436405\n ],\n [\n -121.40579223632812,\n 36.70916449436405\n ],\n [\n -121.40579223632812,\n 36.99048777141413\n ],\n [\n -121.79855346679686,\n 36.99048777141413\n ],\n [\n -121.79855346679686,\n 36.70916449436405\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"91","issue":"B11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnston, M.J.S. 0000-0003-4326-8368","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4326-8368","contributorId":104889,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnston","given":"M.J.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":847759,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Borcherdt, Roger D. 0000-0002-8668-0849 borcherdt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8668-0849","contributorId":2373,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Borcherdt","given":"Roger","email":"borcherdt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":847760,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Linde, A. T.","contributorId":21700,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Linde","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":847761,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70128351,"text":"70128351 - 1986 - Landform modifications at a nuclear-waste burial site","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-27T14:34:31","indexId":"70128351","displayToPublicDate":"1986-10-07T15:02:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Landform modifications at a nuclear-waste burial site","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings, Fourth Federal Interagency Sedimentation Conference: Interagency Advisory Committee on Water Data, Subcommittee on Sedimentation, Las Vegas","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Gray, J.R., 1986, Landform modifications at a nuclear-waste burial site, in Proceedings, Fourth Federal Interagency Sedimentation Conference: Interagency Advisory Committee on Water Data, Subcommittee on Sedimentation, Las Vegas, v. 1, p. 3-93-3-102.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"3-93","endPage":"3-102","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":295069,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"543500aee4b0a4f4b46a23a9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gray, J. R.","contributorId":46025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gray","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502917,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70121226,"text":"70121226 - 1986 - Monitoring grizzly bear population trends","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-20T10:20:19","indexId":"70121226","displayToPublicDate":"1986-10-01T10:15:44","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Monitoring grizzly bear population trends","docAbstract":"A simple different equation model was developed to provide additional perspective on observed mortality and trend data on Yellowstone grizzly bears (Ursus arctos horribilis). Records of mortalities of adult females from 1959 to 1985 were utilized, in conjunction with data on females with cubs. The overall downward trend of observed numbers of females with cubs generally agrees with the model calculations but does not adequately reflect mortality from 1970 to 1974. The model may be useful in developing a composite index of population trend.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Wildlife Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Society","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.2307/3800971","usgsCitation":"Eberhardt, L., Knight, R., and Blanchard, B., 1986, Monitoring grizzly bear population trends: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 50, no. 4, p. 613-618, https://doi.org/10.2307/3800971.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"613","endPage":"618","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":292616,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":292615,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3800971"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho;Montana;Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Yellowstone National Park","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -111.156,44.1324 ], [ -111.156,45.109 ], [ -109.8242,45.109 ], [ -109.8242,44.1324 ], [ -111.156,44.1324 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"50","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53f5b657e4b09d12e0e8e700","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eberhardt, L.L.","contributorId":72313,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eberhardt","given":"L.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498829,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Knight, R.R.","contributorId":59063,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knight","given":"R.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498828,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Blanchard, B.M.","contributorId":40907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blanchard","given":"B.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498827,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70121359,"text":"70121359 - 1986 - Introduction to stream network habitat analysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-21T10:06:08","indexId":"70121359","displayToPublicDate":"1986-09-01T09:52:46","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"seriesNumber":"Biological Report 86(8)","title":"Introduction to stream network habitat analysis","docAbstract":"Increasing demands on stream resources by a variety of users have resulted in an increased emphasis on studies that evaluate the cumulative effects of basinwide water management programs. Network habitat analysis refers to the evaluation of an entire river basin (or network) by predicting its habitat response to alternative management regimes. The analysis principally focuses on the biological and hydrological components of the riv er basin, which include both micro- and macrohabitat. (The terms micro- and macrohabitat are further defined and discussed later in this document.) Both conceptual and analytic models are frequently used for simplifying and integrating the various components of the basin. The model predictions can be used in developing management recommendations to preserve, restore, or enhance instream fish habitat.
\nA network habitat analysis should begin with a clear and concise statement of the study objectives and a thorough understanding of the institutional setting in which the study results will be applied. This includes the legal, social, and political considerations inherent in any water management setting. The institutional environment may dictate the focus and level of detail required of the study to a far greater extent than the technical considerations. After the study objectives, including species on interest, and institutional setting are collectively defined, the technical aspects should be scoped to determine the spatial and temporal requirements of the analysis. A macro level approach should be taken first to identify critical biological elements and requirements. Next, habitat availability is quantified much as in a \"standard\" river segment analysis, with the likely incorporation of some macrohabitat components, such as stream temperature. Individual river segments may be aggregated to represent the networkwide habitat response of alternative water management schemes. Things learned about problems caused or opportunities generated may be fed back to the design of new alternatives, which themselves may be similarly tested. One may get as sophisticated an analysis as the decisionmaking process demands.
\nFigure 1 shows a decision point that asks whether the results from the micro- or macrohabitat models display cumulative or synergistic effects. If they do, then network habitat analysis is the appropriate tool. We are left, however, in a difficult bind. We may not know a priori whether the effects are cumulative or synergistic unless some network-type questions are investigated as part of the scoping process. The next several sections raise issues designed to alert the modeler to relevant questions necessary to address this paradox.
","language":"English","publisher":"National Ecology Center","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Bartholow, J.M., and Waddle, T.J., 1986, Introduction to stream network habitat analysis, ix, 242 p.","productDescription":"ix, 242 p.","numberOfPages":"251","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":292742,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53f707dee4b05ec1f2431bef","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bartholow, John M.","contributorId":77598,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bartholow","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498974,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Waddle, Terry J.","contributorId":43430,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waddle","given":"Terry","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498973,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014576,"text":"70014576 - 1986 - The temperature dependence of isothermal moisture vs. potential characteristics of soils","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-31T15:48:12.387972","indexId":"70014576","displayToPublicDate":"1986-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3420,"text":"Soil Science Society of America Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The temperature dependence of isothermal moisture vs. potential characteristics of soils","docAbstract":"A method has been developed for rapid, transient measurement of hysteretic soil-moisture characteristics as a function of temperature. While a varying soil-water pressure was imposed on a thin sample by means of flexible membranes held in firm contact with the soil, water content was measured by gamma-ray attenuation, and matric potential was measured with tensiometers. The applied pressure was cycled through a program designed to obtain hysteretic θ(ψ) main and scanning curves. Isothermal characteristics were measured for 181-µm glass beads, Plainfield (Typic Udipsamments) sand, and an undisturbed core of Plano (Typic Argiudolls) silt loam at several temperatures in the 4° to 50°C range. At each temperature the measurements included main drying and wetting curves covering the θ range from 0.30 to 0.05 m3 water/m3 for glass beads, 0.30 to 0.17 for sand, and 0.45 to 0.37 for silt loam. A model has been developed to quantify the temperature dependence as a function of θ. Combined with an isothermal hysteresis model of Mualem, this model requires only three characteristic functions to represent all hysteretic θ(ψ) curves for a given medium at all temperatures. Model calculations for the sand and silt loam data indicate that except near saturation, the temperature effect is greater than can be accounted for by the temperature dependence of the surface tension of pure water. The results rule out several possible explanations but they support the hypothesis that the concentration and effectiveness of dissolved surfactants increases with temperature.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2136/sssaj1986.03615995005000050004x","issn":"03615995","usgsCitation":"Nimmo, J., and Miller, E., 1986, The temperature dependence of isothermal moisture vs. potential characteristics of soils: Soil Science Society of America Journal, v. 50, no. 5, p. 1105-1113, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1986.03615995005000050004x.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"1105","endPage":"1113","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225455,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"50","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb0ebe4b08c986b325123","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nimmo, J. R. 0000-0001-8191-1727","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8191-1727","contributorId":58304,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nimmo","given":"J. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368714,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miller, E.E.","contributorId":50299,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"E.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368713,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014842,"text":"70014842 - 1986 - Recovery of compacted soils in Mojave Desert ghost towns","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-31T15:40:23.485618","indexId":"70014842","displayToPublicDate":"1986-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3420,"text":"Soil Science Society of America Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Recovery of compacted soils in Mojave Desert ghost towns","docAbstract":"Residual compaction of soils was measured at seven sites in five Mojave Desert ghost towns. Soils in these Death Valley National Monument townsites were compacted by vehicles, animals, and human trampling, and the townsites had been completely abandoned and the buildings removed for 64 to 75 yr. The soils studied (generally sandy, mixed, Typic Calciorthids) were derived from granitic or volcanic alluvium at elevations from 1310 to 1730 m. Compaction measurements in the townsites, including penetration depth, penetration resistance, bulk density, and peak shear stress, indicated that only one site had completely recovered to ambient soil conditions after 75 yr. Recovery times extrapolated using a linear recovery model ranged from 80 to 140 yr and averaged 100 yr. The recovery times were related to elevation, suggesting freeze-thaw loosening as an important factor in ameliorating soil compaction in the Mojave Desert.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2136/sssaj1986.03615995005000050051x","issn":"03615995","usgsCitation":"Webb, R.H., Steiger, J.W., and Wilshire, H.G., 1986, Recovery of compacted soils in Mojave Desert ghost towns: Soil Science Society of America Journal, v. 50, no. 5, p. 1341-1344, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1986.03615995005000050051x.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"1341","endPage":"1344","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225537,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.94087452715209,\n 36.840358983330546\n ],\n [\n -117.94087452715209,\n 35.46347940063626\n ],\n [\n -116.34926160614305,\n 35.46347940063626\n ],\n [\n -116.34926160614305,\n 36.840358983330546\n ],\n [\n -117.94087452715209,\n 36.840358983330546\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"50","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a332e4b0e8fec6cdb7ae","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Webb, Robert H. rhwebb@usgs.gov","contributorId":141216,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Webb","given":"Robert","email":"rhwebb@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369418,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Steiger, John W.","contributorId":19196,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steiger","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369419,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wilshire, Howard G.","contributorId":68346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilshire","given":"Howard","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369420,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70014607,"text":"70014607 - 1986 - Theory, construction and operation of simple tensiometers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-30T11:56:45.009597","indexId":"70014607","displayToPublicDate":"1986-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":10067,"text":"Groundwater Monitoring and Remediation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Theory, construction and operation of simple tensiometers","docAbstract":"The tensiometer, introduced by Richards and Gardner (1936) has been a tool often ignored in unsaturated zone investigations. Hazardous waste disposal studies that require values of unsaturated zone matric potentials will expand tensiometer use. Familiarity with operation and installation principles is necessary to ensure quality data collection.
The essential elements of a tensiometer are a porous cup connected with tubing to a vacuum gauge; all are filled with water. When the porous cup is buried in unsaturated soil, the soil draws water through the cup wall, until the water tension inside the cup equals the surrounding soil-water tension. The tension is transmitted through the water filled tube to an accessible vacuum gauge (manometer or transducer) and is recorded manually or automatically.
Although specialized tensiometers exist, the tensiometer presented here in detail is suited to diverse on-site applications. Constructed from readily available, inexpensive parts, it can measure as much as 0.85 bar of tension. Design features include a flushing system for removal of entrapped air or mercury, and an easily maintained modular network of nylon manometers and water-supply tubes.
Good hydraulic connection between porous cup and soil and meticulous backfill procedures are necessary for accurate measurement of representative matric potentials. Proper and consistent use of tensiometers should yield reliable values of matric potentials, and lead to a better understanding of unsaturated zone processes.
","language":"English","publisher":"National Groundwater Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6592.1986.tb00952.x","usgsCitation":"Stannard, D.I., 1986, Theory, construction and operation of simple tensiometers: Groundwater Monitoring and Remediation, v. 6, no. 3, p. 70-78, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6592.1986.tb00952.x.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"70","endPage":"78","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":225968,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"6","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-02-22","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb204e4b08c986b325551","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stannard, David I. distanna@usgs.gov","contributorId":562,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stannard","given":"David","email":"distanna@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":368793,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70226791,"text":"70226791 - 1986 - Hydrogeochemistry of sulfide and arsenic-rich tailings and alluvium along Whitewood Creek, South Dakota (Part 1 of 3 parts)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-13T17:55:09.273661","indexId":"70226791","displayToPublicDate":"1986-07-01T11:43:59","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":9948,"text":"Mineral & Energy Resources","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydrogeochemistry of sulfide and arsenic-rich tailings and alluvium along Whitewood Creek, South Dakota (Part 1 of 3 parts)","docAbstract":"During 100 years prior to 1977, Whitewood Creek, SD, received about 1 billion tons of arsenic-rich and sulfide-mineral rich tailings from gold mining operations. A hydrogeochemical investigation conducted in 1983-84 focused on four local study areas on the flood plain where tailings deposits exist on top of moderately permeable alluvium. Piezometers in the alluvium beneath the tailings commonly show As at concentrations near or above the Primary Drinking Water Limit of 0.05 mg/l. Water supply wells on the flood plain are situated in alluvium in areas away from tailings where As levels in groundwater are below this limit. In these wells, selenium levels are generally above the limit of 0.01 mg/l. Suggested remedial measures and the likely persistence of these contaminants are discussed.
","language":"English","publisher":"Colorado School of Mines","usgsCitation":"Morel, F.M., Rouse, J., Schnoor, J., Wolman, M., and Cherry, J.A., 1986, Hydrogeochemistry of sulfide and arsenic-rich tailings and alluvium along Whitewood Creek, South Dakota (Part 1 of 3 parts): Mineral & Energy Resources, v. 29, no. 4, 12 p.","productDescription":"12 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":392793,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"South Dakota","otherGeospatial":"Whitwood Creek","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -103.76449584960936,\n 44.32090063316461\n ],\n [\n -103.63540649414062,\n 44.42936692430193\n ],\n [\n -103.54133605957031,\n 44.5435052132082\n ],\n [\n -103.45756530761719,\n 44.642276976185016\n ],\n [\n -103.5406494140625,\n 44.66474608911831\n ],\n [\n -103.68827819824219,\n 44.492097148347945\n ],\n [\n -103.77548217773438,\n 44.35822392333254\n ],\n [\n -103.77822875976562,\n 44.33416294407879\n ],\n [\n -103.76449584960936,\n 44.32090063316461\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"29","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morel, F. M. M.","contributorId":270011,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Morel","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"M. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":828284,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rouse, J.","contributorId":99398,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rouse","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":828285,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schnoor, J. L.","contributorId":92095,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schnoor","given":"J. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":828286,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wolman, M. G.","contributorId":39789,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolman","given":"M. G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":828287,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Cherry, J. A.","contributorId":24880,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cherry","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":828288,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70073660,"text":"70073660 - 1986 - Recent developments in hydrologic instrumentation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-01-21T10:19:51","indexId":"70073660","displayToPublicDate":"1986-07-01T10:14:03","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"seriesTitle":{"id":427,"text":"American Water Resources Association Technical Publication Series","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":12}},"seriesNumber":"86-1","title":"Recent developments in hydrologic instrumentation","docAbstract":"The programs of the U.S. Geological Survey require instrumentation for collecting and monitoring hydrologic data in cold regions. The availability of space-age materials and implementation of modern electronics and mechanics is making possible the recent developments of hydrologic instrumentation, especially in the area of measuring streamflow under ice cover. Material developments include: synthetic-fiber sounding and tag lines; polymer (plastic) sheaves, pulleys, and sampler components; and polymer (plastic) current-meter bucket wheels. Electronic and mechanical developments include: a current-meter digitizer; a fiber-optic closure system for current-meters; non-contact water-level sensors; an adaptable hydrologic data acquisition system; a minimum data recorder; an ice rod; an ice foot; a handled sediment sampler; a light weight ice auger with improved cutter head and blades; and an ice chisel.","largerWorkTitle":"Symposium: Cold Regions Hydrology","conferenceTitle":"Cold Regions Hydrology","conferenceDate":"1986-07-22T00:00:00","conferenceLocation":"Fairbanks, AK","language":"English","publisher":"American Water Resources Association","publisherLocation":"Bethesda, MD","usgsCitation":"Latkovich, V.J., and Futrell, J.C., 1986, Recent developments in hydrologic instrumentation: American Water Resources Association Technical Publication Series 86-1, 4 p.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"131","endPage":"134","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":281308,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd6f4ee4b0b29085106552","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Kane, Douglas L.","contributorId":112099,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kane","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":509745,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Latkovich, Vito J.","contributorId":84833,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Latkovich","given":"Vito","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":488991,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Futrell, James C. II","contributorId":94971,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Futrell","given":"James","suffix":"II","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":488992,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5222099,"text":"5222099 - 1986 - Influence of nutrients on feed intake and condition of captive canvasbacks in winter","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-11-15T15:41:48.299799","indexId":"5222099","displayToPublicDate":"1986-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Influence of nutrients on feed intake and condition of captive canvasbacks in winter","docAbstract":"Dramatic changes in the food habits and distribution of canvasbacks (Aythya valisineria) in Chesapeake Bay during the 1970's generated a need to evaluate the nutritional value of food items and the requirements of this species on its wintering grounds. Groups of captive canvasbacks were maintained ad libitum on 5 diets during the winters of 1978-79 and 1979-80 to evaluate the effects of varying protein and energy levels on feed intake and condition. Feed intake during the 1979-80 winter was 42% greater for those ducks fed the low energy (1,543 kcal/kg) diet than for those fed the high energy (3,638 kcal/kg) diet. Canvasbacks fed the high energy diet, however, consumed 317 kcal/bird day, whereas those fed the low energy diet consumed only 191 kcal/bird day. Body weight of males and females did not differ among groups fed different diets, but there were seasonal differences (P < 0.05) for both sexes aggregated across diets. Data from this study indicate that canvasbacks may be unable to adjust intake rates to compensate for low energy foods and subsequently may store less fat or modify behavior. However, decreased weight, feed intake, and activity of ducks fed ad libitum rations occurred in mid-winter irrespective of diet quality and appeared to be an endogenous component of their annual cycle that persists in captivity. These changes apparently have a selective advantage of increasing the probability of survival in ducks by decreasing energy expenditure during periods of winter stress.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3801099","usgsCitation":"Perry, M.C., Kuenzel, W.J., Williams, B., and Serafin, J.A., 1986, Influence of nutrients on feed intake and condition of captive canvasbacks in winter: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 50, no. 3, p. 427-434, https://doi.org/10.2307/3801099.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"427","endPage":"434","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":198245,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maryland, Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Chesapeake Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76.9056310119169,\n 39.434544016064905\n ],\n [\n -76.9056310119169,\n 37.278653192409806\n ],\n [\n -75.62731068827503,\n 37.278653192409806\n ],\n [\n -75.62731068827503,\n 39.434544016064905\n ],\n [\n -76.9056310119169,\n 39.434544016064905\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"50","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49c2e4b07f02db5d3d7e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Perry, Matthew C. mperry@usgs.gov","contributorId":429,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perry","given":"Matthew","email":"mperry@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":335507,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kuenzel, Wayne J.","contributorId":15723,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kuenzel","given":"Wayne","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335506,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Williams, Byron K.","contributorId":146540,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"Byron K.","affiliations":[{"id":205,"text":"Cooperative Research Units","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":335508,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Serafin, John A.","contributorId":11292,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Serafin","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335505,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70182144,"text":"70182144 - 1986 - An inverse method using toroidal mode data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-16T15:20:50","indexId":"70182144","displayToPublicDate":"1986-05-05T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2103,"text":"Inverse Problems","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An inverse method using toroidal mode data","docAbstract":"The author presents a numerical method for calculating the density and S-wave velocity in the upper mantle of a spherically symmetric, non-rotating Earth which consists of a perfect elastic, isotropic material. The data comes from the periods of the toroidal oscillations. She tests the method on a smoothed version of model A. The error in the reconstruction is less than 1%. The effects of perturbations in the eigenvalues are studied and she finds that the final model is sensitive to errors in the data.
","language":"English","publisher":"IOPscience","doi":"10.1088/0266-5611/2/1/009","issn":"0266-5611","usgsCitation":"Willis, C., 1986, An inverse method using toroidal mode data: Inverse Problems, v. 2, no. 1, p. 111-130, https://doi.org/10.1088/0266-5611/2/1/009.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"111","endPage":"130","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":335786,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1999-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58a6c85de4b025c46428631d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Willis, C.","contributorId":12748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Willis","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":669785,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1003187,"text":"1003187 - 1986 - Does pH affect fish species richness when lake area is considered?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-04-08T16:30:35.446407","indexId":"1003187","displayToPublicDate":"1986-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Does pH affect fish species richness when lake area is considered?","docAbstract":"Numerous surveys have shown that fish species richness (number of species) is positively correlated with lake pH. However, species richness of fish communities is also correlated with lake size, and low‐pH lakes are often small. Thus, conclusions drawn from examination of fish community structure relative to spatial (among‐lake) variation in pH have been limited by uncertainties regarding the confounded effects of lake area. We used two statistical methods, analysis of covariance and a nonparametric blocked comparison test, to remove effects of lake area and compare fish species richness in low‐pH and high‐pH lakes. Data from six previous surveys of water chemistry and fish communities in lakes of Ontario and northern Wisconsin were examined. Lakes with low pH (≤6.0) contained significantly fewer fish species than lakes with high pH (>6.0) when the effect of lake area was considered. A simple probabilistic model showed that the ability to detect differences in species richness is low when lake areas and the pool of potential colonizing species are small. We recommend the blocked comparison test for separating the effects of lake area and pH on species richness and urge critical examination of inferences based on analyses of fish communities in small lakes.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1986)115<438:DPAFSR>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Rago, P., and Wiener, J., 1986, Does pH affect fish species richness when lake area is considered?: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 115, no. 3, p. 438-447, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1986)115<438:DPAFSR>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"438","endPage":"447","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":199402,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","state":"Ontario, Wisconsin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -95.3428963904647,\n 53.05423207378681\n ],\n [\n -95.06663345838915,\n 49.84198591717103\n ],\n [\n -92.831369545566,\n 44.28539048218653\n ],\n [\n -91.26927281398797,\n 43.44516557063929\n ],\n [\n -90.8334214078222,\n 42.54490074252436\n ],\n [\n -87.01410605822231,\n 42.440864659121644\n ],\n [\n -86.01750679878438,\n 45.470368842993665\n ],\n [\n -79.75120634729265,\n 46.52265612463563\n ],\n [\n -79.53681665403423,\n 53.53264029553128\n ],\n [\n -88.55944497110296,\n 57.09165271877964\n ],\n [\n -95.3428963904647,\n 53.05423207378681\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"115","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a5ee4b07f02db633ddf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rago, P.J.","contributorId":50099,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rago","given":"P.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312899,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wiener, J.G.","contributorId":44107,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiener","given":"J.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312898,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1014466,"text":"1014466 - 1986 - Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus: Protocol for a standard challenge to brook trout","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-04-10T13:36:11.070224","indexId":"1014466","displayToPublicDate":"1986-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus: Protocol for a standard challenge to brook trout","docAbstract":"A protocol for experimental challenge with infectious pancreatic necrosis (IPN) virus was defined with brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis as the model species. Fish were exposed by immersion for 5 h in water containing IPN virus at a concentration of 105 plaque‐forming units per milliliter. We propose the protocol as a standard challenge based on our studies of exposure methods and host response to virulent virus. Immersion challenge induced higher and more consistent mortality than did challenge by hyperosmotic infiltration. Challenge virus should be sequentially transferred no more than five times in cell culture because further transfers reduced the virulence of the virus. At 12°C, mortalities due to primary infection occurred 6–12 d after immersion challenge and were highest (≥70%) in fish 27–56 d old. Susceptibility to lethal infection was enhanced by nutritional stress.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1986)115<466:IPNV>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"McAllister, P.E., and Owens, W.J., 1986, Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus: Protocol for a standard challenge to brook trout: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 115, no. 3, p. 466-470, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1986)115<466:IPNV>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"466","endPage":"470","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131039,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"115","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fde4b07f02db5f5c8c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McAllister, P. E.","contributorId":71913,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McAllister","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320414,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Owens, W. J.","contributorId":15968,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Owens","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320413,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014509,"text":"70014509 - 1986 - Decrease in deformation rate observed by two-color laser ranging in Long Valley caldera","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-26T16:10:47.312861","indexId":"70014509","displayToPublicDate":"1986-04-11T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Decrease in deformation rate observed by two-color laser ranging in Long Valley caldera","docAbstract":"After the January 1983 earthquake swarm, the last period of notable seismicity, the rapid rate of deformation of the south moat and resurgent dome of the Long Valley caldera diminished. Frequently repeated two-color laser ranging measurements made within a geodetic network in the caldera during the interval June 1983 to November 1984 reveal that, although the deformation accumulated smoothly in time, the rate of extension of many of the baselines decreased by factors of 2 to 3 from mid-1983 to mid-1984. Areal dilatation was the dominant signal during this period, with rates of extension of several baselines reaching as high as 5 parts per million per annum during the summer of 1983. Within the south moat, shear deformation also was apparent. The cumulative deformation can be modeled as the result of injection of material into two points located beneath the resurgent dome in addition to shallow right lateral slip on a vertical fault in the south moat.","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.232.4747.213","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Linker, M.F., Langbein, J.O., and McGarr, A., 1986, Decrease in deformation rate observed by two-color laser ranging in Long Valley caldera: Science, v. 232, no. 4747, p. 213-216, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.232.4747.213.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"213","endPage":"216","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225581,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"232","issue":"4747","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fe17e4b0c8380cd4eafc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Linker, Mark F.","contributorId":36283,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Linker","given":"Mark","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368543,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Langbein, J. O.","contributorId":39404,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langbein","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368544,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McGarr, Art 0000-0001-9769-4093","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9769-4093","contributorId":43491,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGarr","given":"Art","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368545,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70121261,"text":"70121261 - 1986 - Cavity-nesting birds and the cavity-tree resource in plains cottonwood bottomlands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-20T13:49:43","indexId":"70121261","displayToPublicDate":"1986-04-01T13:44:13","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Cavity-nesting birds and the cavity-tree resource in plains cottonwood bottomlands","docAbstract":"Densities of, and potential nesting substrates for, cavity-nesting birds were examined in a mature plains cottonwood (Populus sargentii) community in northeastern Colorado. Although snag (dead tree) densities were low (0.66/ha), the cavity-nesting guild included 7 species with densities ≤ 463 birds/100 ha. This finding suggests that cavity nesters are not limited by snag densities. Most (94.2%) of the nest substrate for cavity-nesting birds was provided by live trees with large, dead limbs (≥ 10 cm in diam). Both total dead limb length and the number of trees with dead limbs were highly correlated (P < 0.001) with the number of cavities excavated. Large trees (>55 cm in diam at breast ht [dbh]) and dead limbs 15-30 cm in diameter were preferred for cavity excavation. Because snags were a minor component of potential nest substrate, snag management may not be a useful concept for cavity-nesting birds in cottonwood bottomlands, and snag retention aspects of habitat models would be relatively unimportant for this forest type. Live-tree management is recommended.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Wildlife Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Society","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.2307/3801906","usgsCitation":"Sedgwick, J., and Knopf, F., 1986, Cavity-nesting birds and the cavity-tree resource in plains cottonwood bottomlands: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 50, no. 2, p. 247-252, https://doi.org/10.2307/3801906.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"247","endPage":"252","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":292663,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":292661,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3801906"}],"volume":"50","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53f5b64be4b09d12e0e8e663","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sedgwick, James A.","contributorId":55350,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sedgwick","given":"James A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498879,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Knopf, Fritz L.","contributorId":30549,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knopf","given":"Fritz L.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":498878,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5222157,"text":"5222157 - 1986 - Parasitization of meadow voles, Microtus pennsylvanicus (ORD), by American dog ticks, Dermacentor variabilis (Say), and adult tick movement during high host density","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-22T14:45:31.572422","indexId":"5222157","displayToPublicDate":"1986-04-01T12:18:59","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2253,"text":"Journal of Entomological Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Parasitization of meadow voles, Microtus pennsylvanicus (ORD), by American dog ticks, Dermacentor variabilis (Say), and adult tick movement during high host density","title":"Parasitization of meadow voles, Microtus pennsylvanicus (ORD), by American dog ticks, Dermacentor variabilis (Say), and adult tick movement during high host density","docAbstract":"The numbers of host-seeking adult American dog ticks, Dermacentor variabilis (Say), in a sweet gum field in Maryland reflected changes in the population density of a host species, the meadow vole, Microtus pennsylvanicus (Ord), which within 1.5 yr fell from an estimated 157 to 8 voles on a 0.8 ha grid. During high vole density, there was no significant difference (P > 0.05) in tick burdens between sexes on an annual basis. Juvenile and subadult voles (< 33 g) harbored significantly fewer D. variabilis larvae and nymphs than did mature voles (> 33 g) on an annual basis. However, during periods of both peak host-seeking activity by D. variabilis larvae and nymphs and high host density nearly all the voles examined were infested. There was no evidence of a relationship between weight of adult voles and likelihood of parasitization by D. variabilis during months of moderate tick host-seeking activity. Of 163 adult D. variabilis recaptured ≥ one week after marking, 86 (52.7%) had moved > 3.8 m, 59 (36.2%) > 5.3 m.
","language":"English","publisher":"Allen Press","doi":"10.18474/0749-8004-21.2.102","usgsCitation":"Carroll, J.F., and Nichols, J., 1986, Parasitization of meadow voles, Microtus pennsylvanicus (ORD), by American dog ticks, Dermacentor variabilis (Say), and adult tick movement during high host density: Journal of Entomological Science, v. 21, no. 2, p. 102-113, https://doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-21.2.102.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"102","endPage":"113","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":199571,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"21","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a88ab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carroll, J. F.","contributorId":90404,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Carroll","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335666,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nichols, J.D. 0000-0002-7631-2890","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7631-2890","contributorId":14332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335665,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}