Five stratiform Zn-Pb-Ag deposits are known in Early Cambrian metapelitic rocks along a curvilinear trend in the Anvil Range, central Yukon. The Anvil Range deposits occur along the southwestern boundary of the Selwyn basin in the stratigraphic transition zone between metapelites of the Mt. Mye unit and calcareous phyllites of the overlying Vangorda unit. The massive sulfides are associated closely with anomalously thick graphitic phyllites, apparently related to a second-order basin. A typical Anvil cycle of mineralization begins with a ribbon-banded graphitic-quartzitic-pyritic unit. This grades upward into sulfide-bearing quartzite, quartzitic massive sulfide, massive sulfide, and finally a baritic massive sulfide horizon. Sericitic alteration envelopes irregularly encompass each deposit and locally are developed best in footwall rocks. Detailed sulfur isotope studies have been carried out on the DY and Grum deposits and on one representative drill hole from the Faro deposit. The delta 34 S values of sulfide minerals generally range from 10 to 22 per mil and are similar in all three deposits. The delta 34 S values of pyrite in unmineralized samples from the district exhibit a wider range, from 6 to 34 per mil, and show distinct upward stratigraphic increase due to a stagnation cycle in the basin. The delta 34 S values of barite samples are strongly dependent on bottom-water conditions and mode of mixing during brine exhalation. They range from 22 to 26 per mil in the Faro deposit to 36 to 42 per mil in the DY deposit. These variations are due to mixing of isotopically light sulfate (18-20ppm) in Ba-bearing ore fluid and isotopically heavy residual sulfate (30-60ppm) in anoxic seawater. Thirty-eight samples of galena from the DY, Grum, Faro, SB, and Swim deposits have been analyzed for lead isotope ratios. In general, the lead isotope ratio data indicate an upper crustal lead source, with the Proterozoic Grit unit which is inferred to underlie the district being the most likely source rock. A small component of mantle leads from mafic igneous rocks or due to source rock inhomogeneity is also indicated. Graphitic host lithologies, lack of stratiform iron oxides, delta 34 S values of sedimentary pyrite, and sulfide sulfur-organic carbon variations in unmineralized cores indicate formation of the Anvil deposits in strongly reduced bottom water related to a previously unknown Early Cambrian anoxic event.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.82.3.600","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Shanks, W.C., Woodruff, L.G., Jilson, G., Jennings, D., Modene, J., and Ryan, B., 1987, Sulfur and lead isotope studies of stratiform Zn-Pb-Ag deposits, Anvil Range, Yukon: Basinal brine exhalation and anoxic bottom-water mixing (Canada): Economic Geology, v. 82, no. 3, p. 600-634, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.82.3.600.","productDescription":"35 p.","startPage":"600","endPage":"634","numberOfPages":"35","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226244,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"82","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1987-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9dcee4b08c986b31daba","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shanks, Wayne C. III","contributorId":100527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shanks","given":"Wayne","suffix":"III","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369193,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Woodruff, L. G.","contributorId":46999,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woodruff","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369190,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jilson, G.A.","contributorId":78096,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jilson","given":"G.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369191,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Jennings, D.S.","contributorId":24503,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jennings","given":"D.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369189,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Modene, J.S.","contributorId":97642,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Modene","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369192,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Ryan, B.D.","contributorId":7017,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ryan","given":"B.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369188,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70014106,"text":"70014106 - 1987 - 36Cl: A tracer in groundwater in the aquia formation of Southern Maryland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-06T19:39:06","indexId":"70014106","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2909,"text":"Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"36Cl: A tracer in groundwater in the aquia formation of Southern Maryland","docAbstract":"The Aquia Formation (Paleocene) of Southern Maryland, a marine unit consisting predominantly of quartz sands, but containing 20-40% glauconite, represents one of the many productive, heavily pumped aquifers of the Southeastern Coastal Plain. An unusually high 36Cl activity ( ~ 15 ?? modem water) measured in an outcrop sample is interpreted as a result of the bomb pulse input. About 25 km downdip from the recharge area, a minimum in total chloride concentration occurs. This minimum is thought to correlate with the latest low-stand of sea-level, and thus to provide time information which is in general agreement with ages calculated from hydrodynamic data. However, significant increases in the 36Cl concentrations are observed along the flow path which may be due to ion filtration or to leakage of modem, bomb-contaminated water into the Aquia aquifer. ?? 1987.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0168-583X(87)90266-7","issn":"0168583X","usgsCitation":"Purdy, C., Mignerey, A., Helz, G., Drummond, D., Kubik, P., Elmore, D., and Hemmick, T., 1987, 36Cl: A tracer in groundwater in the aquia formation of Southern Maryland: Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, v. 29, no. 1-2, p. 372-375, https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-583X(87)90266-7.","startPage":"372","endPage":"375","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226132,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":268848,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-583X(87)90266-7"}],"volume":"29","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e25be4b0c8380cd45aeb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Purdy, C.B.","contributorId":76075,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Purdy","given":"C.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367590,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mignerey, A.C.","contributorId":63177,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mignerey","given":"A.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367589,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Helz, G.R.","contributorId":96823,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Helz","given":"G.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367592,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Drummond, D.D.","contributorId":45471,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drummond","given":"D.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367587,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kubik, P.W.","contributorId":21691,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kubik","given":"P.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367586,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Elmore, D.","contributorId":83268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elmore","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367591,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Hemmick, T.","contributorId":61577,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hemmick","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367588,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":1002307,"text":"1002307 - 1987 - The role of stand history in assessing forest impacts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:50","indexId":"1002307","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1547,"text":"Environmental Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The role of stand history in assessing forest impacts","docAbstract":"Air pollution, harvesting practices, and natural disturbances can affect the growth of trees and forest development. To make predictions about anthropogenic impacts on forests, we need to understand how these factors affect tree growth. In this study the effect of disturbance history on tree growth and stand structure was examined by using a computer model of forest development. The model was run under the climatic conditions of east Tennessee, USA, and the results compared to stand structure and tree growth data from a yellow poplar-white oak forest. Basal area growth and forest biomass were more accurately projected when rough approximations of the thinning and fire history typical of the measured plots were included in the simulation model. Stand history can influence tree growth rates and forest structure and should be included in any attempt to assess forest impacts.\r\n","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/BF01867163","usgsCitation":"Dale, V., and Doyle, T., 1987, The role of stand history in assessing forest impacts: Environmental Management, v. 11, no. 3, p. 351-357, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01867163.","productDescription":"p. 351-357","startPage":"351","endPage":"357","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134423,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":15415,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01867163","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"7124.000000000000000"}],"volume":"11","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2de4b07f02db61423b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dale, V.H.","contributorId":27021,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dale","given":"V.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312060,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Doyle, T.W. 0000-0001-5754-0671","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5754-0671","contributorId":16783,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doyle","given":"T.W.","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":312059,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014121,"text":"70014121 - 1987 - The crustal structure of the axis of the Great Valley, California, from seismic refraction measurements","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-07T15:30:26.756139","indexId":"70014121","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3525,"text":"Tectonophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The crustal structure of the axis of the Great Valley, California, from seismic refraction measurements","docAbstract":"In 1982 the U.S. Geological Survey collected six seismic refraction profiles in the Great Valley of California: three axial profiles with a maximum shot-to-receiver offset of 160 km, and three shorter profiles perpendicular to the valley axis. This paper presents the results of two-dimensional raytracing and synthetic seismogram modeling of the central axial profile. The crust of the central Great Valley is laterally heterogeneous along its axis, but generally consists of a sedimentary section overlying distinct upper, middle, and lower crustal units. The sedimentary rocks are 3-5 km thick along the profile, with velocities increasing with depth from 1.6 to 4.0 km/s. The basement (upper crust) consists of four units: 1. (1) a 1.0-1.5 km thick layer of velocity 5.4-5.8 km/s, 2. (2) a 3-4 km thick layer of velocity 6.0-6.3 km/s, 3. (3) a 1.5-3.0 km thick layer of velocity 6.5-6.6 km/s, and 4. (4) a laterally discontinuous, 1.5 km thick layer of velocity 6.8-7.0 km/s. The mid-crust lies at 11-14 km depth, is 5-8 km thick, and has a velocity of 6.6-6.7 km/s. On the northwest side of our profile the mid-crust is a low-velocity zone beneath the 6.8-7.0 km/s lid. The lower crust lies at 16-19 km depth, is 7-13 km thick, and has a velocity of 6.9-7.2 km/s. Crustal thickness increases from 26 to 29 km from NW to SE in the model. Although an unequivocal determination of crustal composition is not possible from P-wave velocities alone, our model has several geological and tectonic implications. We interpret the upper 7 km of basement on the northwest side of the profile as an ophiolitic fragment, since its thickness and velocity structure are consistent with that of oceanic crust. This fragment, which is not present 10-15 km to the west of the refraction profile, is probably at least partially responsible for the Great Valley gravity and magnetic anomalies, whose peaks lie about 10 km east of our profile. The middle and lower crust are probably gabbroic and the product of magmatic or tectonic underplating, or both. The crustal structure of the Great Valley is dissimilar to that of the adjacent Diablo Range, suggesting the existence of a fault or suture zone throughout the crust between these provinces.
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\"}}]}","volume":"140","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505baa71e4b08c986b322835","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Holbrook, W.S.","contributorId":84916,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holbrook","given":"W.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367641,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mooney, Walter D. 0000-0002-5310-3631 mooney@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5310-3631","contributorId":3194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mooney","given":"Walter","email":"mooney@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":367640,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014116,"text":"70014116 - 1987 - Modes of development of slope canyons and their relation to channel and levee features on the Ebro sediment apron, off-shore northeastern Spain","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-01T15:30:27","indexId":"70014116","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2682,"text":"Marine and Petroleum Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modes of development of slope canyons and their relation to channel and levee features on the Ebro sediment apron, off-shore northeastern Spain","docAbstract":"Six submarine slope canyons in an area of the northwestern Mediterranean, offshore from the Ebro River and Delta, were surveyed with bathymetric swathmapping (SeaBeam) and mid-range side-looking sonar (SeaMARC I). All of the canyons have slightly winding paths with concave-upwards gradients that are relatively steep shallower than 1,200 m. Two major types of canyons are identified on the basis of their morphologic character at the base of the slope; Type-I canyons lead to an unchannelled base-of-slope deposit and Type-II canyons are continuous with channel-levee systems that cross the rise. Four Type-I canyons were surveyed in the area. Two of these are broad, U-shaped, steep (average gradients of 1:14), do not indent the shelf, and terminate downslope at debris-flow deposits. These two canyons, the most northern in the area, have rounded heads with extensive gullies separated by knife-edge ridges. Relief of the canyon walls is about equal on both sides of the canyons, although the right-hand walls (looking downslope) are generally steeper. The other two Type-I canyons in the area are similar in that they do not indent the shelf, but they are much smaller and shallower and coalesce before terminating in the base-of-slope region. The two Type-II canyons that feed leveed-channels are U-shaped with flatter floors, longer profiles and gentler gradients than Type-I canyons. They are closer to the Valencia Valley and have relatively small cross-sectional areas. We propose a four-stage evolutionary sequence to explain the development of the canyons observed in this section on the prograding Ebro margin. During the initial stage, slumping and erosion on the slope creates a network of small gullies. During the next stage, headward growth of one (or more) gully leads to a major indentation of the shelf. This is the critical factor for developing a channel that will incise the slope and provide a major conduit for moving sediment to the basin. Stage 3 is characterized by the development of a continuous channel accompanied by levee growth across the lobe. In the final stage, the channel-levee system becomes inactive either through destruction by mass wasting, infilling of the channel, or loss of the major sediment source. ?? 1987.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine and Petroleum Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0264-8172(87)90009-2","issn":"02648172","usgsCitation":"O'Connell, S., Ryan, W., and Normark, W.R., 1987, Modes of development of slope canyons and their relation to channel and levee features on the Ebro sediment apron, off-shore northeastern Spain: Marine and Petroleum Geology, v. 4, no. 4, Pages 308, IN1–IN2, 309–319, https://doi.org/10.1016/0264-8172(87)90009-2.","productDescription":"Pages 308, IN1–IN2, 309–319","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":268654,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0264-8172(87)90009-2"},{"id":225295,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"4","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5ca6e4b0c8380cd6fe5b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"O'Connell, S.","contributorId":37060,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O'Connell","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367628,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ryan, William B. F.","contributorId":86486,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ryan","given":"William B. F.","affiliations":[{"id":7135,"text":"Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, NY","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":367629,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Normark, W. R.","contributorId":87137,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Normark","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367630,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70014112,"text":"70014112 - 1987 - The mobilization of aluminum in a natural soil system: Effects of hydrologic pathways","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-21T11:09:22","indexId":"70014112","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The mobilization of aluminum in a natural soil system: Effects of hydrologic pathways","docAbstract":"A two-component soil water flow model was used in conjunction with an equilibrium speciation model WATEQF to study aluminum mobility in soils of a forested watershed, White Oak Run, in the Shenandoah National Park, Virginia. Soil solution samples, taken from the O, E, B, C1, and C2horizons, were collected from zero-tension lysimeters designed to collect faster gravitational macropore flow and tension lysimeters designed to collect slower capillary micropore flow. Dissolved aluminum was fractionated into acid-soluble, inorganic monomeric, and organic monomeric aluminum. Soil water aluminum concentrations decreased with depth indicating that the deep soil is a sink for aluminum. All waters contained significant concentrations of acid-soluble aluminum and exhibited a negative correlation between pH and the inorganic monomeric aluminum concentrations. Water in the shallow soil showed distinctly different chemical compositions for the two flow types, while C horizon micropore and macropore waters were more similar. Because of its shorter residence time, water flowing in deep soil macropores underwent less extensive neutralization and immobilization of aqueous aluminum than micropore water. The O horizon macropore waters were undersaturated for all hydroxide, silicate, and sulfate mineral phases considered. The C horizon samples from both flow types were near equilibrium with respect to kaolinite and synthetic gibbsite, indicating that mineral solubility controls water chemistry in the deep soil, while organic substances are the key control in the shallow macropore waters.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR023i005p00859","usgsCitation":"Cozzarelli, I.M., Herman, J.S., and Parnell, R.A., 1987, The mobilization of aluminum in a natural soil system: Effects of hydrologic pathways: Water Resources Research, v. 23, no. 5, p. 859-874, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR023i005p00859.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"859","endPage":"874","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226204,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505baddee4b08c986b323e32","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cozzarelli, Isabelle M. 0000-0002-5123-1007 icozzare@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5123-1007","contributorId":1693,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cozzarelli","given":"Isabelle","email":"icozzare@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":49175,"text":"Geology, Energy & Minerals Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":367609,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Herman, Janet S.","contributorId":62138,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herman","given":"Janet","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367610,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Parnell, Roderic A. Jr.","contributorId":108259,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parnell","given":"Roderic","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367611,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70014681,"text":"70014681 - 1987 - Tidal and tidally averaged circulation characteristics of Suisun Bay, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-21T11:07:16","indexId":"70014681","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Tidal and tidally averaged circulation characteristics of Suisun Bay, California","docAbstract":"Availability of extensive field data permitted realistic calibration and validation of a hydrodynamic model of tidal circulation and salt transport for Suisun Bay, California. Suisun Bay is a partially mixed embayment of northern San Francisco Bay located just seaward of the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta. The model employs a variant of an alternating direction implicit finite-difference method to solve the hydrodynamic equations and an Eulerian-Lagrangian method to solve the salt transport equation. An upwind formulation of the advective acceleration terms of the momentum equations was employed to avoid oscillations in the tidally averaged velocity field produced by central spatial differencing of these terms. Simulation results of tidal circulation and salt transport demonstrate that tides and the complex bathymetry determine the patterns of tidal velocities and that net changes in the salinity distribution over a few tidal cycles are small despite large changes during each tidal cycle. Computations of tidally averaged circulation suggest that baroclinic and wind effects are important influences on tidally averaged circulation during low freshwater-inflow conditions. Exclusion of baroclinic effects would lead to overestimation of freshwater inflow by several hundred m3/s for a fixed set of model boundary conditions. Likewise, exclusion of wind would cause an underestimation of flux rates between shoals and channels by 70–100%.
When regional geomagnetic charts for areas roughly the size of the United States were compiled by hand, some large local anomalies were displayed in the isomagnetic lines. Since the late nineteen sixties, when the compilation of charts using computers and mathematical models was started, most of the details available in the hand drawn regional charts have been lost. One exception to this is the Canadian magnetic declination chart for 1980. This chart was constructed using a 180 degree spherical harmonic model. It managed to show considerable detail, but even more detail might be useful. Suggestions are made about how more detail might be displayed in regional charts when adequate data are available.
K-Ar ages of illite alteration associated with Middle Proterozoic Athabasca unconformity-type U deposits in Saskatchewan range from 414 to 1493 Ma. The K-Ar ages correlate with water contents and δD values such that illites with young K-Ar ages have δD values as low as −169 and water contents as high as 7.7 wt.% whereas illites with older ages have δD values near −70 and water contents near 4 wt.%. Water extracted at 400°C from illites with low δD values and high water contents has low δD and δ18O values similar to those of modern meteoric water suggesting that some of the illites associated with the original deposition of the ore underwent varying degrees of retrograde alteration. The alteration is initiated by hydration of sites in the interlayer region of the illite which results in the partial resetting of the K-Ar ages and introduction of excess structural water in the form of interlamellar water. The interlamellar water is enriched in 18O by about 7 per mil relative to the water that physically surrounded the clay particle. Further alteration decreases the δD value and increases the δ18O value of the illite by isotopic exchange between the mineral and the interlamellar water. Although the chemical compositions and XRD patterns of the altered illites indicate that no detectable smectite component is present in the samples, the isotopic results suggest that the altered illites may be an early precursor in the formation of mixed-layer illite/smectite by retrograde alteration of pure illite. The wide variation of δD values of chlorite and kaolinite from these U deposits is analogous to that of the illite suggesting that retrograde alteration of clays by meteoric water can be substantial. The general association of altered clays with areas containing the highest concentrations of U is probably related to localized permeability within the ore zone.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(87)90100-1","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Wilson, M., Kyser, T., Mehnert, H.H., and Hoeve, J., 1987, Changes in the H O Ar isotope composition of clays during retrograde alteration: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 51, no. 4, p. 869-878, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(87)90100-1.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"869","endPage":"878","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224291,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"51","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f42ee4b0c8380cd4bbaf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wilson, M.R.","contributorId":31529,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"M.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370142,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kyser, T.K.","contributorId":25585,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kyser","given":"T.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370141,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mehnert, H. H.","contributorId":16382,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mehnert","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370140,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hoeve, J.","contributorId":80429,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoeve","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370143,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70014244,"text":"70014244 - 1987 - Slab pull and the seismotectonics of subducting lithosphere","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-03T16:28:55","indexId":"70014244","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3283,"text":"Reviews of Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Slab pull and the seismotectonics of subducting lithosphere","docAbstract":"This synthesis links many seismic and tectonic processes at subduction zones, including great subduction earthquakes, to the sinking of subducted plate. Earthquake data and tectonic modeling for subduction zones indicate that the slab pull force is much larger than the ridge push force. Interactions between the forces that drive and resist plate motions cause spatially and temporally localized stresses that lead to characteristic earthquake activity, providing details on how subduction occurs. Compression is localized across a locked interface thrust zone, because both the ridge push and the slab pull forces are resisted there. The slab pull force increases with increasing plate age; thus because the slab pull force tends to bend subducted plate downward and decrease the force acting normal to the interface thrust zone, the characteristic maximum earthquake at a given interface thrust zone is inversely related to the age of the subducted plate. The 1960 Chile earthquake (Mw 9.5), the largest earthquake to occur in historic times, began its rupture at an interface bounding oceanic plate <30 m.y. old. However, this rupture initiation was associated with the locally oldest subducting lithosphere (weakest coupling); the rupture propagated southward along an interface bounding progressively younger oceanic lithosphere, terminating near the subducting Chile Rise. Prior to a great subduction earthquake, the sinking subducted slab will cause increased tension at depths of 50–200 km, with greatest tension near the shallow zone resisting plate subduction. Plate sinking not only leads to compressional stresses at a locked interface thrust zone but may load compressional stresses at plate depths of 260–350 km, provided that the shallow sinking occurs faster than the relaxation time of the deeper mantle. This explains K. Mogi's observations of M ≥ 7 thrust earthquakes at depths of 260–350 km, immediately downdip and within 3 years prior to five great, shallow earthquakes of northern Japan. The slab pull model explains the lower layer of double seismic zones as due to tension from the deeper, sinking plate and the upper layer as due to localized in-plate compression, as plate motion is resisted by the bounding mantle. Just downdip of the interface thrust zone, there occurs an aseismic 20°–50° dip increase of subducted plate. This slab bend reflects the summed slab pull force of deeper plate and probably is at the crustal basalt to eclogite phase change. Resistance to subduction provided by a continually developing slab bend may be an important factor in the size of slab pull force delivered to an interface thrust zone.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/RG025i001p00055","issn":"87551209","usgsCitation":"Spence, W., 1987, Slab pull and the seismotectonics of subducting lithosphere: Reviews of Geophysics, v. 25, no. 1, p. 55-69, https://doi.org/10.1029/RG025i001p00055.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"55","endPage":"69","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":480092,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://zenodo.org/record/1231450","text":"External Repository"},{"id":225368,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-06-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b912de4b08c986b31979f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Spence, William","contributorId":27454,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spence","given":"William","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367929,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70014597,"text":"70014597 - 1987 - Solute transport with equilibrium aqueous complexation and either sorption or ion exchange: Simulation methodology and applications","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-18T10:24:36","indexId":"70014597","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Solute transport with equilibrium aqueous complexation and either sorption or ion exchange: Simulation methodology and applications","docAbstract":"Methodologies that account for specific types of chemical reactions in the simulation of solute transport can be developed so they are compatible with solution algorithms employed in existing transport codes. This enables the simulation of reactive transport in complex multidimensional flow regimes, and provides a means for existing codes to account for some of the fundamental chemical processes that occur among transported solutes. Two equilibrium-controlled reaction systems demonstrate a methodology for accommodating chemical interaction into models of solute transport. One system involves the sorption of a given chemical species, as well as two aqueous complexations in which the sorbing species is a participant. The other reaction set involves binary ion exchange coupled with aqueous complexation involving one of the exchanging species. The methodology accommodates these reaction systems through the addition of nonlinear terms to the transport equations for the sorbing species. Example simulation results show (1) the effect equilibrium chemical parameters have on the spatial distributions of concentration for complexing solutes; (2) that an interrelationship exists between mechanical dispersion and the various reaction processes; (3) that dispersive parameters of the porous media cannot be determined from reactive concentration distributions unless the reaction is accounted for or the influence of the reaction is negligible; (4) how the concentration of a chemical species may be significantly affected by its participation in an aqueous complex with a second species which also sorbs; and (5) that these coupled chemical processes influencing reactive transport can be demonstrated in two-dimensional flow regimes.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(87)90174-0","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Lewis, F., Voss, C.I., and Rubin, J., 1987, Solute transport with equilibrium aqueous complexation and either sorption or ion exchange: Simulation methodology and applications: Journal of Hydrology, v. 90, no. 1-2, p. 81-115, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(87)90174-0.","productDescription":"35 p.","startPage":"81","endPage":"115","numberOfPages":"35","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":225841,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"90","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9255e4b08c986b319e51","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lewis, F.M.","contributorId":83966,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lewis","given":"F.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368766,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Voss, Clifford I. 0000-0001-5923-2752 cvoss@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5923-2752","contributorId":1559,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Voss","given":"Clifford","email":"cvoss@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779736,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rubin, J.","contributorId":26433,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rubin","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368764,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70014122,"text":"70014122 - 1987 - Estimating threshold values for the land disposal of organic solvent-contaminated wastes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-07T17:00:21.674094","indexId":"70014122","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2331,"text":"Journal of Hazardous Materials","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimating threshold values for the land disposal of organic solvent-contaminated wastes","docAbstract":"This paper describes conceptual and mathematical modeling approaches to evaluate environmentally suitable waste management practices that prevent ground water pollution from landfill disposal of solid wastes contaminated with organic solvents. Threshold values for disposal of solid wastes contaminated with acetone, nitrobenzene, chlorobenzene, and carbon tetrachloride were estimated using a disposal site model using a two-dimensional advection-,dispersion solute transport computer code. For example, the threshold value for disposal of carbon tetrachloride at the site model was approximately 600 g/acre, while the value for acetone was limited only by the characteristics of the waste to prevent free drainage of liquid solvent. The study indicated that the toxicity, mass loading rate, and the mass of solvent initially disposed are critical parameters determining the relative success of a given site to attenuate contaminants to environmentally acceptable levels.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0304-3894(87)85035-5","issn":"03043894","usgsCitation":"Roy, W.R., and Griffin, R.A., 1987, Estimating threshold values for the land disposal of organic solvent-contaminated wastes: Journal of Hazardous Materials, v. 15, no. 3, p. 365-376, https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3894(87)85035-5.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"365","endPage":"376","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225425,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"15","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0b66e4b0c8380cd526e1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Roy, William R.","contributorId":45454,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roy","given":"William","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367642,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Griffin, R. A.","contributorId":46211,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Griffin","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367643,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":30170,"text":"wri864358 - 1987 - Hydrogeology of stratified-drift aquifers and water quality in the Nashua Regional Planning Commission Area, south-central New Hampshire","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-27T18:29:02.634961","indexId":"wri864358","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"86-4358","title":"Hydrogeology of stratified-drift aquifers and water quality in the Nashua Regional Planning Commission Area, south-central New Hampshire","docAbstract":"The Nashua Regional Planning Commission area in south-central New Hampshire is a 12-community area that is experiencing increases in population and in demands for water supply. The study area is underlain by 129 sq mi (40% of the area) of stratified drift which, where sufficiently saturated and permeable, form the most productive aquifers in the area. Eight towns use the stratified-drift aquifers for municipal water supply. The saturated thickness of stratified drift in the study area ranges from 0 or < 20 ft near aquifer boundaries to more than 100 ft in the Souhegan and Merrimack River valleys. The transmissivity of stratified drift ranges from < 2,000 sq ft/day throughout much of the area to more than 8,000 sq ft/day in the communities of Amherst, Brookline, Hollis, Hudson, Litchfield, Merrimack, Milford, Nashua, and Pelham. Directions of groundwater flow are generally from valley walls to surface waters, which act as drains for the stratified drift aquifers. The estimated total yield of community water-supply systems in the study area (surface and groundwater combined) is 22 mgd (million gallons per day). Analytical modeling indicates that an additional 12 mgd could be obtained from six aquifers located in the communities of Amherst, Litchfield, Merrimack, Milford, and Pelham. Other aquifers in the area, not modeled in the study, could also provide increased amounts of water especially where yields could be augmented by induced recharge of surface water. Groundwater quality in the study area is characterized by naturally elevated levels of iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn). Of 32 wells sampled, 7 exceeded EPA recommended drinking water limits for both Fe and Mn, and 3 wells exceeded the Mn limit only. The average total dissolved solids concentration for 32 samples was 121 mg/L. Groundwater in the area is slightly corrosive; pH 's ranged from 5.0-7.3. Groundwater contamination has been detected at two ' Superfund ' sites in the study area located in Milford and Nashua. At both sites, contamination of groundwater has caused the shutdown of municipal and private water supply wells. The widespread effect of applying highway deicing chemicals on groundwater quality is reflected by sodium (Na) concentrations that average 24 mg/L throughout the study area. At 11 of 32 sites sampled, EPA recommended limits for Na (20 mg/L) was exceeded.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri864358","usgsCitation":"Toppin, K., 1987, Hydrogeology of stratified-drift aquifers and water quality in the Nashua Regional Planning Commission Area, south-central New Hampshire: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 86-4358, Report: 101 p.; 6 Plates: 41.37 x 58.89 inches or smaller; 8 Errata Sheets: 40.63 x 58.57 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri864358.","productDescription":"Report: 101 p.; 6 Plates: 41.37 x 58.89 inches or smaller; 8 Errata Sheets: 40.63 x 58.57 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":264614,"rank":14,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4358/plate-errata_5_a.pdf","text":"Errata Sheet Plate 5 A","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":264613,"rank":13,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4358/plate-errata_4_b.pdf","text":"Errata Sheet Plate 4 B","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":264612,"rank":12,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4358/plate-errata_4_a.pdf","text":"Errata Sheet Plate 4 A","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":264611,"rank":11,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4358/plate-errata_3_b.pdf","text":"Errata Sheet Plate 3 B","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":264610,"rank":10,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4358/plate-errata_3_a.pdf","text":"Errata Sheet Plate 3 A","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":264609,"rank":9,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4358/plate-errata_1_b.pdf","text":"Errata Sheet Plate 1 B","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":264608,"rank":8,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4358/plate-errata_1_a.pdf","text":"Errata Sheet Plate 1 A","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":264607,"rank":7,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4358/plate-6.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":264606,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4358/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":264605,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4358/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":264604,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4358/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":264603,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4358/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":264602,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4358/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":123438,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4358/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":414752,"rank":17,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_36669.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":58971,"rank":16,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4358/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":264615,"rank":15,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4358/plate-errata_5_b.pdf","text":"Errata Sheet Plate 5 B","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"New Hampshire","otherGeospatial":"Nashua Regional Planning commission area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -71.861,\n 42.943\n ],\n [\n -71.861,\n 42.7\n ],\n [\n -71.229,\n 42.7\n ],\n [\n -71.229,\n 42.943\n ],\n [\n -71.861,\n 42.943\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a49e4b07f02db624246","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Toppin, K. W.","contributorId":35776,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Toppin","given":"K. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202801,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70014724,"text":"70014724 - 1987 - Higher resolution satellite remote sensing and the impact on image mapping","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-08T10:12:19","indexId":"70014724","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":626,"text":"Acta Astronautica","printIssn":"0094-5765","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Higher resolution satellite remote sensing and the impact on image mapping","docAbstract":"Recent advances in spatial, spectral, and temporal resolution of civil land remote sensing satellite data are presenting new opportunities for image mapping applications. The U.S. Geological Survey's experimental satellite image mapping program is evolving toward larger scale image map products with increased information content as a result of improved image processing techniques and increased resolution. Thematic mapper data are being used to produce experimental image maps at 1:100,000 scale that meet established U.S. and European map accuracy standards. Availability of high quality, cloud-free, 30-meter ground resolution multispectral data from the Landsat thematic mapper sensor, along with 10-meter ground resolution panchromatic and 20-meter ground resolution multispectral data from the recently launched French SPOT satellite, present new cartographic and image processing challenges.
The need to fully exploit these higher resolution data increases the complexity of processing the images into large-scale image maps. The removal of radiometric artifacts and noise prior to geometric correction can be accomplished by using a variety of image processing filters and transforms. Sensor modeling and image restoration techniques allow maximum retention of spatial and radiometric information. An optimum combination of spectral information and spatial resolution can be obtained by merging different sensor types. These processing techniques are discussed and examples are presented.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0094-5765(87)90109-3","usgsCitation":"Watkins, A.H., and Thormodsgard, J.M., 1987, Higher resolution satellite remote sensing and the impact on image mapping: Acta Astronautica, v. 16, p. 221-232, https://doi.org/10.1016/0094-5765(87)90109-3.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"221","endPage":"232","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":225851,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"16","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3143e4b0c8380cd5dd95","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Watkins, Allen H.","contributorId":10721,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watkins","given":"Allen","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369133,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thormodsgard, June M. thor@usgs.gov","contributorId":3035,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thormodsgard","given":"June","email":"thor@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":369132,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014874,"text":"70014874 - 1987 - Examples of transient sounding from groundwater exploration in sedimentary aquifers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-20T22:38:47.424001","indexId":"70014874","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Examples of transient sounding from groundwater exploration in sedimentary aquifers","docAbstract":"Examples of the use of transient electromagnetic soundings for three ground-water exploration problems in sedimentary aquifers are given. The examples include: (1) estimating depths to water table and bedrock in an alluvium-filled basin, (2) mapping a confined fresh-water aquifer in bedrock sediments, and (3) locating a freshwater/salt-water interface in a glacial-outwash aquifer. The technique works quite well for these problems within the limitations imposed by the problem of equivalence. For thin conductive targets (S-equivalence) such as a salt-water lens, the ratio of the layer thickness to its resistivity can be determined, but not the individual layer parameters. The thickness of thin resistive zones (H-equivalence) can be resolved, but the resistivity of such layers is not well determined. The problem of H-equivalence is more severe than the S-equivalence. Equivalence imposes restrictions on the transient sounding method for some ground-water exploration problems. Model studies prior to field work can be used to assess the usefulness of the technique for a particular exploration objective.
Computer simulations have been completed that describe passage of a 10-km-diameter asteroid through the Earth's atmosphere and the subsequent cratering and ejecta dynamics caused by impact of the asteroid into both oceanic and continental sites. The asteroid was modeled as a spherical body moving vertically at 20 km/s with a kinetic energy of 2.6 × 1030 ergs (6.2 × 107 Mt ). Detailed material modeling of the asteroid, ocean, crustal units, sedimentary unit, and mantle included effects of strength and fracturing, generic asteroid and rock properties, porosity, saturation, lithostatic stresses, and geothermal contributions, each selected to simulate impact and geologic conditions that were as realistic as possible. Calculation of the passage of the asteroid through a U.S. Standard Atmosphere showed development of a strong bow shock wave followed by a highly shock compressed and heated air mass. Rapid expansion of this shocked air created a large low-density region that also expanded away from the impact area. Shock temperatures in air reached ∼20, 000K near the surface of the uplifting crater rim and were as high as ∼2000K at more than 30 km range and 10 km altitude. Calculations to 30 s showed that the shock fronts in the air and in most of the expanding shocked air mass preceded the formation of the crater, ejecta, and rim uplift and did not interact with them. As cratering developed, uplifted rim and target material were ejected into the very low density, shock-heated air immediately above the forming crater, and complex interactions could be expected. Calculations of the impact events showed equally dramatic effects on the oceanic and continental targets through an interval of 120 s. Despite geologic differences in the targets, both cratering events developed comparable dynamic flow fields and by ∼29s had formed similar-sized transient craters ∼39km deep and ∼62km across. Transient-rim uplift of ocean and crust reached a maximum altitude of nearly 40 km at ∼30s and began to decay at velocities of 500 m/s to develop large-tsunami conditions. After ∼30s, strong gravitational rebound drove both craters toward broad flat-floored shapes. At 120 s, transient crater diameters were ∼80km (continental) and ∼105km (oceanic) and transient depths were ∼27km; crater floors consisting of melted and fragmented hot rock were rebounding rapidly upward. By 60 s, the continental crater had ejected ∼2 × 1014t, about twice the mass ejected from the oceanic crater. By 120 s, ∼70, 000km3 (continental) and ∼90, 000km3 (oceanic) target material were excavated (no mantle) and massive ejecta blankets were formed around the craters. We estimate that in excess of ∼70% of the ejecta would finally lie within ∼3 crater diameters of the impact, and the remaining ejecta (∼1013t), including the vaporized asteroid, would be ejected into the atmosphere to altitudes as high as the ionosphere. Effects of secondary volcanism and return of the ocean over hot oceanic crater floor could also be expected to contribute substantial material to the atmosphere.
We studied shrub communities in the Panamint Mountains of the Mojave Desert to determine whether vegetational changes after disturbance can be characterized as succession according to modern successional theory. We found, on a variety of disturbed and undisturbed sites, that the rate of change was a function of the type and age of disturbance. Recent debris—flow deposits were colonized by shrub assemblages of different species composition than those on the surrounding, older debris—flow deposits and other geomorphically stable surfaces. Colonization of human—disturbed sites was highly variable, but species compositions were different from the predisturbance species composition. In Grayia—Lycium assemblages, Grayia spinosa reasserted its dominance over colonizers relatively quickly. In Coleogyne assemblages, typically found on older geomorphic surfaces, species composition differences persisted considerably longer, depending on the severity of the initial disturbance. Extremely stable assemblages, dominated by Coleogyne ramosissima, occurred on the oldest, least disturbed surfaces. The variability of species composition among disturbed sites was greater than the variability among undisturbed and geomorphically stable sites, in accord with convergent succession. Models of desert succession should consider several factors: (1) colonization is dependent largely on the severity of disturbances and residual biotic components; (2) the time span for recovery may be longer than past periods of climatic and geomorphic stability; and (3) colonizing species may have considerable range in their life—history strategies.
","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.2307/1938453","usgsCitation":"Webb, R., Steiger, J.W., and Turner, R., 1987, Dynamics of Mojave Desert shrub assemblages in the Panamint Mountains, California.: Ecology, v. 68, no. 3, p. 478-490, https://doi.org/10.2307/1938453.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"478","endPage":"490","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226064,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Panamint Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.13689512370759,\n 35.827819403615536\n ],\n [\n -116.80459829986995,\n 35.90577093214233\n ],\n [\n -117.00864020924395,\n 36.64012540943227\n ],\n [\n -117.1507408247007,\n 36.605581262764375\n ],\n [\n -117.36279866622853,\n 36.47506718271333\n ],\n [\n -117.13689512370759,\n 35.827819403615536\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"68","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a042de4b0c8380cd5082e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Webb, Robert rhwebb@usgs.gov","contributorId":187755,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Webb","given":"Robert","email":"rhwebb@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":367570,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Steiger, John W.","contributorId":19196,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steiger","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367571,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Turner, Raymond M.","contributorId":7383,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turner","given":"Raymond M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367572,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70014497,"text":"70014497 - 1987 - EMBANKMENT-DAM BREACH PARAMETERS.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:32","indexId":"70014497","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"EMBANKMENT-DAM BREACH PARAMETERS.","docAbstract":"The study used data from 43 embankment-dam failures to develop equations that predict breach formation model parameters. These data include the failure mode, embankment characteristics, reservoir conditions at the time of failure, geometry of the final breach, and the time taken to form the breach. Regression equations were developed to predict (1) the average width of a trapezoidal breach, (2) the average side-slope factor of a trapezoidal breach, and (3) the breach formation time.","conferenceTitle":"Hydraulic Engineering, Proceedings of the 1987 National Conference.","conferenceLocation":"Williamsburg, VA, USA","language":"English","publisher":"ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, USA","isbn":"0872626105","usgsCitation":"Froehlich, D.C., 1987, EMBANKMENT-DAM BREACH PARAMETERS., Hydraulic Engineering, Proceedings of the 1987 National Conference., Williamsburg, VA, USA, p. 570-575.","startPage":"570","endPage":"575","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225448,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a045ee4b0c8380cd50944","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Froehlich, David C.","contributorId":58617,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Froehlich","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368525,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70014178,"text":"70014178 - 1987 - Generation of liquid water on Mars through the melting of a dusty snowpack","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-15T23:38:45.714936","indexId":"70014178","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1963,"text":"Icarus","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Generation of liquid water on Mars through the melting of a dusty snowpack","docAbstract":"The possibility that snowmelt could have provided liquid water for valley network formation early in the history of Mars is investigated using an optical-thermal model developed for dusty snowpacks at temperate latitudes. The heating of the postulated snow is assumed to be driven primarily by the absorption of solar radiation during clear sky conditions. Radiative heating rates are predicted as a function of depth and shown to be sensitive to the dust concentration and the size of the ice grains while the thermal conductivity is controlled by temperature, atmospheric pressure, and bulk density. Rates of metamorphism indicate that fresh fine-grained snow on Mars would evolve into moderately coarse snow during a single summer season. Results from global climate models are used to constrain the mean-annual surface temperatures for snow and the atmospheric exchange terms in the surface energy balance. Mean-annual temperatures within Martian snowpacks fail to reach the melting point for all atmospheric pressures below 1000 mbar despite a predicted temperature enhancement beneath the surface of the snowpacks. When seasonal and diurnal variations in the incident solar flux are included in the model, melting occurs at midday during the summer for a wide range of snow types and atmospheric pressures if the dust levels in the snow exceed 100 ppmw (parts per million by weight). The optimum dust concentration appears to be about 1000 ppmw. With this dust load, melting can occur in the upper few centimeters of a dense coarse-grained snow at atmospheric pressures as low as 7 mbar. Snowpack thickness and the thermal conductivity of the underlying substrate determine whether the generated snow-melt can penetrate to the snowpack base, survive basal ice formation, and subsequently become available for runoff. Under favorable conditions, liquid water becomes available for runoff at atmospheric pressures as low as 30 to 100 mbar if the substrate is composed of regolith, as is expected in the ancient cratered terrain of Mars.
The size of hatchery-reared brown trout (Salmo trutta) and coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch), 1 yr after release in Lake Ontario, declined when the stocking of salmonines was increased between 1978 and 1984. The principal prey species, alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) and rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax), failed to show the expected, predator-induced downturn in abundance. Instead, rainbow smelt remained moderately abundant and alewives very abundant. During this period, alewife year-classes were small, survival of yearling alewives was poor, growth of young-of-the-year of both alewives and rainbow smelt was slow (growth of most older alewives ceased), and rainbow smelt numbers gradually increased (the much larger alewife population presumably buffered older rainbow smelt from predation by large piscivores). When adult alewife numbers were halved by a winter die-off, the subsequent year-class of alewives was large and growth of brown trout during their first year in the lake increased. This suggested a causal relation between abundance of young alewives and brown trout growth. In the first year coho salmon were at liberty, their growth was related to abundance of young-of-the-year alewives; in their second year it was related to the abundance of yearling alewives and the condition of adult alewives. We hypothesize that abundant adult alewives suppressed production of young-of-the-year fish (necessary prey for salmonines during their first year in the lake) through competition for limited zooplankton production, and thus impeded the transfer of energy from the lowest trophic level to young salmonine predators.
","language":"English","publisher":"NRC Research Press","doi":"10.1139/f87-340","usgsCitation":"O’Gorman, R., Bergstedt, R.A., and Eckert, T.H., 1987, Prey fish dynamics and salmonine predator growth in Lake Ontario, 1978-84: Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, v. 44, no. Suppl. 2, p. 390-403, https://doi.org/10.1139/f87-340.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"390","endPage":"403","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133212,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"44","issue":"Suppl. 2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aaae4b07f02db668d45","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"O’Gorman, Robert rogorman@usgs.gov","contributorId":3451,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Gorman","given":"Robert","email":"rogorman@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":308703,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bergstedt, Roger A. rbergstedt@usgs.gov","contributorId":4174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bergstedt","given":"Roger","email":"rbergstedt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":308704,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Eckert, Thomas H.","contributorId":58585,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eckert","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308705,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1000559,"text":"1000559 - 1987 - Horizontal ichthyoplankton tow-net system with unobstructed net opening","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-25T09:14:34","indexId":"1000559","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Horizontal ichthyoplankton tow-net system with unobstructed net opening","docAbstract":"