Teleseismic P wave travel time residuals are used to detect lateral velocity heterogeneities in the upper mantle beneath Washington and northern Oregon. The results of an inversion for three-dimensional velocity variations resolves an east dipping high-velocity zone that we interpret as the subducting Juan de Fuca plate. The plate is characterized by 3–8% higher velocities than those in the surrounding upper mantle. Inversion of the travel time data and ray trace modeling indicate that the plate extends to a depth of 200–300 km. The plate dips at a moderate angle of 45° to the east-northeast beneath the central Washington Cascade Range north of Mount Rainier, with 5% faster velocities than the surrounding upper mantle. Beneath the North Cascade Range of Washington, the plate strikes to the northwest and has 6–8% faster velocities than the upper mantle to the west. South of 47°N, beneath the Cascade Range in southern Washington and northern Oregon, the plate dips steeply to the east and has 3–4% faster velocities than the surrounding upper mantle. Based on changes in the geometry and velocity structure of the subducted Juan de Fuca plate east of about 123°W, we propose that the subducted slab is segmented into three sections beneath Washington and northern Oregon.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB091iB02p02077","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Michaelson, C.A., and Weaver, C., 1986, Upper mantle structure from teleseismic P wave arrivals in Washington and northern Oregon: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 91, no. B2, p. 2077-2094, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB091iB02p02077.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"2077","endPage":"2094","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225331,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"91","issue":"B2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbd5ae4b08c986b328fa5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Michaelson, C. A.","contributorId":50900,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Michaelson","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369018,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Weaver, C.S.","contributorId":57874,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weaver","given":"C.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369019,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014866,"text":"70014866 - 1986 - Tidal reorientation and the fracturing of Jupiter's moon Europa","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:34","indexId":"70014866","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2840,"text":"Nature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Tidal reorientation and the fracturing of Jupiter's moon Europa","docAbstract":"The most striking characteristic of Europa is the network of long linear albedo markings over the surface, suggestive of global-scale tectonic processes. Various explanations for the fractures have been proposed: Freezing and expansion of an early liquid water ocean1, planetary expansion due to dehydration of hydrated silicates2, localization by weak points in the crust generated by impacts3, and a combination of stresses due to planetary volume change and tidal distortions from orbital recession and orbital eccentricity4,5. Calculations by Yoder6 and Greenberg and Weidenschilling7 have shown that Europa may rotate slightly more rapidly than the synchronous rate, with a rotation period (reorientation through 360??) ranging from 20 to >103 yr if a liquid mantle is present, or up to 1010 yr if the satellite is essentially solid7. Helfen-stein and Parmentier8 modelled the stresses due to nonsynchronous rotation, and concluded that this could explain the long fractures in part of the anti-jovian hemisphere. In this note, I present a global map of lineaments with long arc lengths (>20?? or 550 km), and compare the lineament orientations to the tensile stress trajectories due to tidal distortions (changes in the lengths of three principal semiaxes) and to nonsynchronous rotation (longitudinal reorientation of two of the principal semiaxes). An excellent orthogonal fit to the lineaments is achieved by the stresses due to nonsynchronous rotation with the axis radial to Jupiter located 25?? east of its present position. This fit suggests that nonsynchronous rotation occurred at some time in Europa's history. ?? 1986 Nature Publishing Group.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Nature","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1038/321049a0","issn":"00280836","usgsCitation":"McEwen, A.S., 1986, Tidal reorientation and the fracturing of Jupiter's moon Europa: Nature, v. 321, no. 6065, p. 49-51, https://doi.org/10.1038/321049a0.","startPage":"49","endPage":"51","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205661,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/321049a0"},{"id":225854,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"321","issue":"6065","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb378e4b08c986b325dde","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McEwen, A. S.","contributorId":11317,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McEwen","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369476,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70014869,"text":"70014869 - 1986 - Seismically induced landslides: current research by the US Geological Survey.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:34","indexId":"70014869","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1774,"text":"Geologia Applicata e Idrogeologia","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seismically induced landslides: current research by the US Geological Survey.","docAbstract":"We have produced a regional seismic slope-stability map and a probabilistic prediction of landslide distribution from a postulated earthquake. For liquefaction-induced landslides, in situ measurements of seismically induced pore-water pressures have been used to establish an elastic model of pore pressure generation. -from Authors","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geologia Applicata e Idrogeologia","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"04353870","usgsCitation":"Harp, E.L., Wilson, R.C., Keefer, D.K., and Wieczorek, G.F., 1986, Seismically induced landslides: current research by the US Geological Survey.: Geologia Applicata e Idrogeologia, v. 21, no. 2, p. 159-173.","startPage":"159","endPage":"173","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225857,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"21","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8b88e4b08c986b3178df","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harp, E. L.","contributorId":59026,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harp","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369484,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wilson, R. C.","contributorId":50889,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369483,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Keefer, D. K.","contributorId":21176,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keefer","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369481,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wieczorek, G. F.","contributorId":50143,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wieczorek","given":"G.","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369482,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70014879,"text":"70014879 - 1986 - Satellite orientation and position for geometric correction of scanner imagery.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:33","indexId":"70014879","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3052,"text":"Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Satellite orientation and position for geometric correction of scanner imagery.","docAbstract":"The USGS Mini Image Processing System currently relies on a polynomial method for geometric correction of Landsat multispectral scanner (MSS) data. A large number of ground control points are required because polynomials do not model the sources of error. In order to reduce the number of necessary points, a set of mathematical equations modeling the Landsat satellite motions and MSS scanner has been derived and programmed. A best fit to the equations is obtained by using a least-squares technique that permits computation of the satellite orientation and position parameters based on only a few control points.-from Author","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Salamonowicz, P., 1986, Satellite orientation and position for geometric correction of scanner imagery.: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, v. 52, no. 4, p. 491-499.","startPage":"491","endPage":"499","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226048,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"52","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b86e3e4b08c986b3161ab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Salamonowicz, P.H.","contributorId":80019,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Salamonowicz","given":"P.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369504,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70014881,"text":"70014881 - 1986 - Alternate forms of the associated Legendre functions for use in geomagnetic modeling.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-25T00:12:27.3837","indexId":"70014881","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2310,"text":"Journal of Geomagnetism & Geoelectricity","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Alternate forms of the associated Legendre functions for use in geomagnetic modeling.","docAbstract":"An inconvenience attending traditional use of associated Legendre functions in global modeling is that the functions are not separable with respect to the two indices (order and degree). In 1973 Merilees suggested a way to avoid the problem by showing that associated Legendre functions of order m and degree m+k can be expressed in terms of elementary functions as
Pmm+k(θ)=sinm(θ)∑ki=0amkicos(iθ)
where amki, the constants to be determined, are somewhat analogous to Fourier coefficients. Merilees noted that there are several advantages to using this form, but he also raises a question of precision for degree and order greater than 25. This note calls attention to some possible gains in time savings and accuracy in geomagnetic modeling based upon this form. For this purpose, expansions of associated Legendre polynomials in terms of sines and cosines of multiple angles are displayed up to degree and order 10. Examples are also given explaining how some surface spherical harmonics can be transformed into true Fourier series for selected polar great circle paths.
Problems involving the combined use of contaminant transport models and nonlinear optimization schemes can be very expensive to solve. This paper explores the use of transport models with ordinary regression and regression on ranks to develop approximate response functions of concentrations at critical locations as a function of pumping and recharge at decision wells. These response functions combined with other constraints can often be solved very easily and may suggest reasonable starting points for combined simulation-management modeling or even relatively efficient operating schemes in themselves.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR022i004p00581","usgsCitation":"Alley, W.M., 1986, Regression approximations for transport model constraint sets in combined aquifer simulation-optimization studies: Water Resources Research, v. 22, no. 4, p. 581-586, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR022i004p00581.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"581","endPage":"586","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225280,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a933fe4b0c8380cd80cdc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Alley, William M. walley@usgs.gov","contributorId":1661,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alley","given":"William","email":"walley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":369549,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70014907,"text":"70014907 - 1986 - Geochemical evaluation of the geothermal resources in the San Marcos region, Guatemala","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-20T12:00:48.438741","indexId":"70014907","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemical evaluation of the geothermal resources in the San Marcos region, Guatemala","docAbstract":"The chemical and isotopic compositions of hot springs in the San Marcos region of Guatemala are internally consistent with a hydrologic model in which a deep 240°C reservoir and one or more shallow 195–200°C reservoirs are present. Variations in hot-spring water compositions results from a combination of boiling, mixing with cold, dilute water, and chemical re-equilibration with decreasing temperature. The recharge water for the deep 240°C reservoir is isotopically heavier than the local meteoric water and probably comes from many kilometers to the west or southwest. The water in the shallow reservoir is a mixture of the 240°C water with about 20 ± 5% of cold, locally derived meteoric water. After mixing, the water in the shallow reservoir re-equilibrates with reservoir rock at 195–200°C. In some places additional mixing with cold water occurs after water leaves the shallow reservoir.
The Carter-Tracy calculation for water influx is adapted to groundwater flow simulation with additional clarifying explanation not present in the original papers. The Van Everdingen and Hurst aquifer-influence functions for radial flow from an outer aquifer region are employed. This technique, based on convolution of unit-step response functions, offers a simple but approximate method for embedding an inner region of groundwater flow simulation within a much larger aquifer region where flow can be treated in an approximate fashion. The use of aquifer-influence functions in groundwater flow modeling reduces the size of the computational grid with a corresponding reduction in computer storage and execution time. The Carter-Tracy approximation to the convolution integral enables the aquifer influence function calculation to be made with an additional storage requirement of only two times the number of boundary nodes more than that required for the inner region simulation. It is a good approximation for constant flow rates but is poor for time-varying flow rates where the variation is large relative to the mean. A variety of outer aquifer region geometries, exterior boundary conditions, and flow rate versus potentiometric head relations can be used. The radial, transient-flow case presented is representative. An analytical approximation to the functions of Van Everdingen and Hurst for the dimensionless potentiometric head versus dimensionless time is given.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR022i003p00423","usgsCitation":"Kipp, K.L., 1986, Adaptation of the Carter-Tracy water influx calculation to groundwater flow simulation: Water Resources Research, v. 22, no. 3, p. 423-428, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR022i003p00423.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"423","endPage":"428","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225475,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e625e4b0c8380cd471b9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kipp, Kenneth L. klkipp@usgs.gov","contributorId":1633,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kipp","given":"Kenneth","email":"klkipp@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":369584,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70014923,"text":"70014923 - 1986 - The origin of fluids in the salt beds of the Delaware Basin, New Mexico and Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-20T12:13:27.603327","indexId":"70014923","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The origin of fluids in the salt beds of the Delaware Basin, New Mexico and Texas","docAbstract":"Oxygen and hydrogen isotope analyses have been made of (1) brines from several wells in the salt deposits of the Delaware Basin, (2) inclusion fluids in halite crystals from the ERDA No. 9 site, and (3) local ground waters of meteoric origin. The isotopic compositions indicate that the brines are genetically related and that they probably originated from the evaporation of paleo-ocean waters. Although highly variable in solute contents, the brines have rather uniform isotopic compositions. The stable isotope compositions of brine from the ERDA No. 6 site (826.3 m depth) and fluid inclusions from the ERDA No. 9 site are variable but remarkably regular and show that (1) mixing with old or modern meteoric waters has occurred, the extent of mixing apparently decreasing with depth, and (2) water in the ERDA No. 6 brine may have originated from the dehydration of gypsum. Alternatively, the data may reflect simple evaporation of meteoric water on a previously dry marine flat. Stable isotope compositions of all the waters analyzed indicate that there has been fairly extensive mixing with ground water throughout the area, but that no significant circulation has occurred. The conclusions bear importantly on the suitability of these salt beds and others as repositories for nuclear waste.
Two geostatistical approaches for the estimation of hydraulic conductivity and hydraulic head from hydraulic conductivity and hydraulic head measurements are developed for two-dimensional steady flow with sinks. For both approaches the field of the logarithm of hydraulic conductivity (log-conductivity) is represented as a random field with mean θ1+θ2x+θ3y where xand y denote Cartesian coordinates, variance σ2, and covariance σ2, exp (−αR), σ2, exp (−αR2), or, σ2ΔRr where α, Δ, and r are constants and R is separation distance. The first approach uses linearization of the discretized flow equations to allow the construction of the joint covariance matrix of the hydraulic head and log-conductivity measurements as functions of the parameters θ, θ2, θ3, σ2, and α or Δ. It then uses maximum likelihood estimation to obtain these parameters and also a parameter associated with log-conductivity measurement error. Having found values for the parameters, it then uses kriging to form predictors for log-conductivity and hydraulic head from measured values of hydraulic conductivity and hydraulic head. The second approach uses kriging to form a parameter-dependent predictor for log-conductivity from measured hydraulic conductivity, and then uses this predicted log-conductivity placed into the discretized flow equations to compute hydraulic head. The parameters are determined by the minimization of the sum of the squares of the difference between the measured and computed hydraulic heads. A third approach simply allows the hydraulic conductivity field to be a step function with a different value for hydraulic conductivity assigned to each of several chosen regions in the two-dimensional aquifer. The assigned hydraulic conductivities are determined by the minimization of the sum of the squares of the difference between the measured and computed hydraulic heads. The three approaches are tested for hydraulic head prediction accuracy on two generated test problems, one of which is statistically generated, and also on a field problem. The third approach, despite its simplicity, performs as well or better than the other approaches.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR022i005p00705","usgsCitation":"Kuiper, L.K., 1986, A comparison of several methods for the solution of the inverse problem in two-dimensional steady state groundwater flow modeling: Water Resources Research, v. 22, no. 5, p. 705-714, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR022i005p00705.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"705","endPage":"714","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223853,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f2dbe4b0c8380cd4b42c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kuiper, Logan K.","contributorId":75281,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kuiper","given":"Logan","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370041,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70014654,"text":"70014654 - 1986 - Electrothermal atomisation atomic absorption conditions and matrix modifications for determining antimony, arsenic, bismuth, cadmium, gallium, gold, indium, lead, molybdenum, palladium, platinum, selenium, silver, tellurium, thallium and tin following back-extraction of organic aminohalide extracts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-01T16:10:59.013672","indexId":"70014654","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2155,"text":"Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Electrothermal atomisation atomic absorption conditions and matrix modifications for determining antimony, arsenic, bismuth, cadmium, gallium, gold, indium, lead, molybdenum, palladium, platinum, selenium, silver, tellurium, thallium and tin following back-extraction of organic aminohalide extracts","docAbstract":"A multi-element organic-extraction and back-extraction procedure, that had been developed previously to eliminate matrix interferences in the determination of a large number of trace elements in complex materials such as geological samples, produced organic and aqueous solutions that were complex. Electrothermal atomisation atomic absorption conditions and matrix modifications have been developed for 13 of the extracted elements (Ag, As, Au, Bi, Cd, Ga, In, Pb, Sb, Se, Sn, Te and Tl) that enhance sensitivity, alleviate problems resulting from the complex solutions and produce acceptable precision. Platinum, Pd and Mo can be determined without matrix modification directly on the original unstripped extracts.","language":"English","publisher":"Royal Society of Chemistry","doi":"10.1039/JA98601BX015","issn":"02679477","usgsCitation":"Clark, J.R., 1986, Electrothermal atomisation atomic absorption conditions and matrix modifications for determining antimony, arsenic, bismuth, cadmium, gallium, gold, indium, lead, molybdenum, palladium, platinum, selenium, silver, tellurium, thallium and tin following back-extraction of organic aminohalide extracts: Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, v. 1, no. 4, p. 301-308, https://doi.org/10.1039/JA98601BX015.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"301","endPage":"308","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225718,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"1","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a08afe4b0c8380cd51c1b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clark, J. R.","contributorId":55764,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368918,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70014656,"text":"70014656 - 1986 - Application of seismic refraction methods in groundwater modeling studies in New England (USA)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-15T07:59:33","indexId":"70014656","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1808,"text":"Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Application of seismic refraction methods in groundwater modeling studies in New England (USA)","docAbstract":"Seismic refraction studies were conducted over unconfined glacial aquifers in New England to determine: 1) depth of the underlying bedrock; 2) depth of the water table; 3) saturated thickness of the aquifer in areas not accessible to heavy drilling equipment; 4) areas where thick, unsaturated sediments overlie thickly saturated parts of the aquifer; and 5) locations of test holes and type of drilling equipment needed. These data were used in groundwater models and provided parameter values that required few adjustments during calibration. -from Author","language":"English","publisher":"GeoScienceWorld","doi":"10.1190/1.1442083","issn":"00168033","usgsCitation":"Haeni, F., 1986, Application of seismic refraction methods in groundwater modeling studies in New England (USA): Geophysics, v. 51, no. 2, p. 236-249, https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1442083.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"236","endPage":"249","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":225720,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"New England","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.6943359375,\n 41.80407814427234\n ],\n [\n -81.9140625,\n 41.86956082699455\n ],\n [\n -75.1904296875,\n 37.16031654673677\n ],\n [\n -66.5771484375,\n 44.55916341529182\n ],\n [\n -67.5,\n 47.27922900257082\n ],\n [\n -69.3896484375,\n 47.57652571374621\n ],\n [\n -81.6943359375,\n 41.80407814427234\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"51","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ecaee4b0c8380cd49419","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Haeni, F.P.","contributorId":87105,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haeni","given":"F.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368924,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70014657,"text":"70014657 - 1986 - A ground-water mixing model for the origin of the Imini manganese deposit (Cretaceous) of Morocco","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-06T07:00:55","indexId":"70014657","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A ground-water mixing model for the origin of the Imini manganese deposit (Cretaceous) of Morocco","docAbstract":"Three beds of manganese oxide ore in a 10 m-thick dolomite unit are associated with diagenetic features, and, are accordingly also diagenetic in their present aspect. Whether primary or introduced, the Mn mineralogy is attributed to reactions between fresh and saline ground-waters as the zone of mixing passed through the dolomite unit during a period of falling sea-level. The succession of diagenetic changes is: 1) precursor carbonates, 2) dolomite-janggunite, 3) hollandite-pyrolusite-chert-calcite.-G.J.N.","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.81.1.65","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Force, E.R., Back, W., Spiker, E., and Knauth, L., 1986, A ground-water mixing model for the origin of the Imini manganese deposit (Cretaceous) of Morocco: Economic Geology, v. 81, no. 1, p. 65-79, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.81.1.65.","productDescription":"15 p. ","startPage":"65","endPage":"79","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225721,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Morocco ","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-5.19386,35.75518],[-4.59101,35.33071],[-3.64006,35.39986],[-2.60431,35.17909],[-2.16991,35.1684],[-1.79299,34.52792],[-1.73345,33.91971],[-1.38805,32.86402],[-1.12455,32.65152],[-1.3079,32.26289],[-2.6166,32.09435],[-3.06898,31.7245],[-3.6475,31.63729],[-3.69044,30.89695],[-4.85965,30.50119],[-5.24213,30.00044],[-6.06063,29.7317],[-7.05923,29.57923],[-8.67412,28.84129],[-8.66559,27.65643],[-8.81781,27.65643],[-8.81783,27.65643],[-8.79488,27.1207],[-9.41304,27.08848],[-9.73534,26.86094],[-10.18942,26.86094],[-10.55126,26.99081],[-11.39255,26.88342],[-11.71822,26.10409],[-12.03076,26.03087],[-12.50096,24.77012],[-13.89111,23.69101],[-14.22117,22.31016],[-14.63083,21.86094],[-14.75095,21.5006],[-17.00296,21.42073],[-17.02043,21.42231],[-16.97325,21.88574],[-16.58914,22.15823],[-16.26192,22.67934],[-16.32641,23.01777],[-15.98261,23.72336],[-15.426,24.35913],[-15.08933,24.52026],[-14.82465,25.10353],[-14.80093,25.63626],[-14.43994,26.25442],[-13.7738,26.61889],[-13.13994,27.64015],[-13.12161,27.65415],[-12.61884,28.03819],[-11.68892,28.14864],[-10.90096,28.83214],[-10.39959,29.09859],[-9.56481,29.93357],[-9.81472,31.17774],[-9.43479,32.0381],[-9.30069,32.56468],[-8.65748,33.24025],[-7.65418,33.69706],[-6.91254,34.11048],[-6.24434,35.14587],[-5.92999,35.75999],[-5.19386,35.75518]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Morocco\"}}]}","volume":"81","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1986-02-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e40ee4b0c8380cd463aa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Force, E. R.","contributorId":28235,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Force","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368925,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Back, W.","contributorId":33839,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Back","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368926,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Spiker, E.C.","contributorId":103275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spiker","given":"E.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368928,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Knauth, L.P.","contributorId":73755,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knauth","given":"L.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368927,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70014661,"text":"70014661 - 1986 - Sr, Nd and Pb isotopes in Proterozoic intrusives astride the Grenville Front in Labrador: Implications for crustal contamination and basement mapping","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-03T15:29:05.970601","indexId":"70014661","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sr, Nd and Pb isotopes in Proterozoic intrusives astride the Grenville Front in Labrador: Implications for crustal contamination and basement mapping","docAbstract":"We report Sr, Nd and Pb isotopic compositions of mid-Proterozoic anorthosites and related rocks (1.45-1.65 Ga) and of younger olivine diabase dikes (1.4 Ga) from two complexes on either side of the Grenville Front in Labrador. Anorthositic or diabasic samples from the Mealy Mountains (Grenville Province) and Harp Lake (Nain-Churchill Provinces) complexes have very similar major, minor and trace element compositions, but distinctly different isotopic signatures. All Mealy Mountains samples have ISr = 0.7025−0.7033, εNd = +0.6 to +5.6 and Pb isotopic compositions consistent with derivation from a mantle source depleted with respect to Nd/Sm and Rb/Sr. Pb isotopic compositions for the Mealy Mountains samples are slightly more radiogenic than model mantle compositions. All Harp Lake samples have ISr = 0.7032−0.7066, εNd = −0.3 to −4.4 and variable, but generally unradiogenic 207Pb/204Pb and 206Pb/204Pb compared to model mantle, suggesting mixing between a mantle-derived component and a U-depleted crustal contaminant. Crustal contaminants are probably a variety of Archean high-grade quartzofeldspathic gneisses with low U/Pb ratios and include a component that must be isotopically similar to the early Archean (>3.6 Ga) Uivak gneisses of Labrador or the Amitsoq gneisses of west Greenland. This would imply that the ancient gneiss complex of coastal Labrador and Greenland is larger than indicated by present surface exposure and may extend in the subsurface as far west as the Labrador Trough. If Harp Lake and Mealy Mountains samples were subjected to the same degree of contamination, as suggested by their chemical similarities, then the Mealy contaminants must be much younger, probably early or middle Proterozoic in age. The Labrador segment of the Grenville Front, therefore, appears to coincide with the southern margin of the Archean North Atlantic craton and may represent a pre mid-Proterozoic suture.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(86)90211-5","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Ashwal, L., Wooden, J.L., and Emslie, R., 1986, Sr, Nd and Pb isotopes in Proterozoic intrusives astride the Grenville Front in Labrador: Implications for crustal contamination and basement mapping: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 50, no. 12, p. 2571-2585, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(86)90211-5.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"2571","endPage":"2585","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225843,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"50","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b963fe4b08c986b31b3be","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ashwal, L.D.","contributorId":82060,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ashwal","given":"L.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368937,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wooden, J. L.","contributorId":58678,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wooden","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368936,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Emslie, R.F.","contributorId":102642,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Emslie","given":"R.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368938,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70014664,"text":"70014664 - 1986 - Analysis of thematic map classification error matrices.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:32","indexId":"70014664","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3052,"text":"Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Analysis of thematic map classification error matrices.","docAbstract":"The classification error matrix expresses the counts of agreement and disagreement between the classified categories and their verification. Thematic mapping experiments compare variables such as multiple photointerpretation or scales of mapping, and produce one or more classification error matrices. This paper presents a tutorial to implement a typical problem of a remotely sensed data experiment for solution by the linear model method.-from Author","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Rosenfield, G., 1986, Analysis of thematic map classification error matrices.: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, v. 52, no. 5, p. 681-686.","startPage":"681","endPage":"686","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225846,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"52","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eb42e4b0c8380cd48cfc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rosenfield, G.H.","contributorId":94670,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosenfield","given":"G.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368946,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70014668,"text":"70014668 - 1986 - Aluminum enrichment in silicate melts by fractional crystallization: some mineralogic and petrographic constraints.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-04T21:17:54.314077","indexId":"70014668","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2420,"text":"Journal of Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Aluminum enrichment in silicate melts by fractional crystallization: some mineralogic and petrographic constraints.","docAbstract":"The degree of aluminum saturation of an igneous rock may be described by its Aluminum Saturation Index (ASI) defined as the molar ratio Al2O3(CaO + K2O + Na2O). One suggested origin for mildly peraluminous granites (ASI between 1 and about 1.1) is by fractional crystallization of subaluminous (ASI < 1) magmas; hornblende, having ASI < 0.5, could be a major driving force in such a fractionation process. The efficacy of the process depends not only on precipitation of hornblende and its effective removal from the reacting system, but on the composition and nature of other coprecipitating phases, weighted by their modal abundances in the reactive system. Precipitation of feldspar (ASI = 1), for instance, would retard or even prevent aluminum enrichment in the melt if the ASI of melt is < 1, but would enhance such evolution if the ASI of the melt is > 1. Discussion of the efficacy of any mineral must be made in the context of the total reacting system.
For hornblende to effectively cause a melt to evolve into a peraluminous composition, it must be able to coexist with peraluminous magmas. Experimental phase equilibrium data show that at pressure > 5 kb hornblende can coexist with strongly peraluminous melts (ASI ˜ 1.5). Scantily phyric volcanic rocks show that hornblende can coexist with granitic magma having ASI ˜ 1.1 –1.2. The aggregate ASI of last-stage minerals of a typical granite is less than this value; therefore, even after hornblende has reacted out, the residual magma may be expected to continue to evolve toward more aluminous compositions.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1093/petrology/27.5.1095","issn":"00223530","usgsCitation":"Zen, E., 1986, Aluminum enrichment in silicate melts by fractional crystallization: some mineralogic and petrographic constraints.: Journal of Petrology, v. 27, no. 5, p. 1095-1117, https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/27.5.1095.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"1095","endPage":"1117","numberOfPages":"23","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225910,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e99ae4b0c8380cd48386","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zen, E.","contributorId":101381,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zen","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368953,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70014675,"text":"70014675 - 1986 - FASP, an analytic resource appraisal program for petroleum play analysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-21T15:41:34","indexId":"70014675","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1315,"text":"Computers & Geosciences","printIssn":"0098-3004","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"FASP, an analytic resource appraisal program for petroleum play analysis","docAbstract":"An analytic probabilistic methodology for resource appraisal of undiscovered oil and gas resources in play analysis is presented in a FORTRAN program termed FASP. This play-analysis methodology is a geostochastic system for petroleum resource appraisal in explored as well as frontier areas. An established geologic model considers both the uncertainty of the presence of the assessed hydrocarbon and its amount if present. The program FASP produces resource estimates of crude oil, nonassociated gas, dissolved gas, and gas for a geologic play in terms of probability distributions. The analytic method is based upon conditional probability theory and many laws of expectation and variance. ?? 1986.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Computers and Geosciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/0098-3004(86)90061-0","issn":"00983004","usgsCitation":"Crovelli, R., and Balay, R., 1986, FASP, an analytic resource appraisal program for petroleum play analysis: Computers & Geosciences, v. 12, no. 4, p. 423-475, https://doi.org/10.1016/0098-3004(86)90061-0.","startPage":"423","endPage":"475","numberOfPages":"53","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":266186,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0098-3004(86)90061-0"},{"id":226100,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"12","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0e6de4b0c8380cd53451","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Crovelli, R. A.","contributorId":40969,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crovelli","given":"R. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368972,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Balay, R.H.","contributorId":44177,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Balay","given":"R.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368973,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014676,"text":"70014676 - 1986 - ARCTIC SEA ICE EXTENT AND DRIFT, MODELED AS A VISCOUS FLUID.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:31","indexId":"70014676","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2928,"text":"Ocean science and engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"ARCTIC SEA ICE EXTENT AND DRIFT, MODELED AS A VISCOUS FLUID.","docAbstract":"A dynamic/thermodynamic numerical model of sea ice has been used to calculate the yearly cycle of sea ice thicknesses, concentrations, and velocities in the Arctic Ocean and surrounding seas. The model combines the formulations of two previous models, taking the thermodynamics and momentum equations from the model of Parkinson and Washington and adding the constitutive equation and equation of state from the model of Ling, Rasmussen, and Campbell. Simulated annually averaged ice drift vectors compare well with observed ice drift from the Arctic Ocean Buoy Program.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ocean science and engineering","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"02752220","usgsCitation":"Ling, C., and Parkinson, C.L., 1986, ARCTIC SEA ICE EXTENT AND DRIFT, MODELED AS A VISCOUS FLUID.: Ocean science and engineering, v. 11, no. 1-2, p. 71-98.","startPage":"71","endPage":"98","numberOfPages":"28","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226101,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"11","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e634e4b0c8380cd47247","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ling, Chi-Hai","contributorId":55154,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ling","given":"Chi-Hai","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368975,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Parkinson, Claire L.","contributorId":20916,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parkinson","given":"Claire","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368974,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014693,"text":"70014693 - 1986 - THERMAL-ENERGY STORAGE IN A DEEP SANDSTONE AQUIFER IN MINNESOTA: FIELD OBSERVATIONS AND THERMAL ENERGY-TRANSPORT MODELING.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:35","indexId":"70014693","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"THERMAL-ENERGY STORAGE IN A DEEP SANDSTONE AQUIFER IN MINNESOTA: FIELD OBSERVATIONS AND THERMAL ENERGY-TRANSPORT MODELING.","docAbstract":"A study of the feasibility of storing heated water in a deep sandstone aquifer in Minnesota is described. The aquifer consists of four hydraulic zones that are areally anisotropic and have average hydraulic conductivities that range from 0. 03 to 1. 2 meters per day. A preliminary axially symmetric, nonisothermal, isotropic, single-phase, radial-flow, thermal-energy-transport model was constructed to investigate the sensitivity of model simulation to various hydraulic and thermal properties of the aquifer. A three-dimensional flow and thermal-energy transport model was constructed to incorporate the areal anisotropy of the aquifer. Analytical solutions of equations describing areally anisotropic groundwater flow around a doublet-well system were used to specify model boundary conditions for simulation of heat injection. The entire heat-injection-testing period of approximately 400 days was simulated. Model-computed temperatures compared favorably with field-recorded temperatures, with differences of no more than plus or minus 8 degree C. For each test cycle, model-computed aquifer thermal efficiency, defined as total heat withdrawn divided by total heat injected, was within plus or minus 2% of the field-calculated values.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference","conferenceTitle":"21st Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference: Advancing toward Technology Breakout in Energy Conversion.","conferenceLocation":"San Diego, CA, USA","language":"English","publisher":"ACS","publisherLocation":"Washington, DC, USA","issn":"0146955X","isbn":"0841209863","usgsCitation":"Miller, R.T., 1986, THERMAL-ENERGY STORAGE IN A DEEP SANDSTONE AQUIFER IN MINNESOTA: FIELD OBSERVATIONS AND THERMAL ENERGY-TRANSPORT MODELING., in Proceedings of the Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, San Diego, CA, USA, p. 682-685.","startPage":"682","endPage":"685","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225330,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba388e4b08c986b31fd41","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, R. T.","contributorId":15209,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369017,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70015035,"text":"70015035 - 1986 - The solubility of BaCO3(cr) (witherite) in CO2-H2O solutions between 0 and 90°C, evaluation of the association constants of BaHCO3+(aq) and BaCO30(aq) between 5 and 80°C, and a preliminary evaluation of the thermodynamic properties of Ba2+(aq)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-21T15:07:51","indexId":"70015035","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The solubility of BaCO3(cr) (witherite) in CO2-H2O solutions between 0 and 90°C, evaluation of the association constants of BaHCO3+(aq) and BaCO30(aq) between 5 and 80°C, and a preliminary evaluation of the thermodynamic properties of Ba2+(aq)","docAbstract":"One hundred and fifty new measurements of the solubility of witherite were used to evaluate the equilibrium constant of the reaction BaCO3(cr) = Ba2+(aq) + CO32−(aq) between 0 and 90°C and 1 atm total pressure. The temperature dependence of the equilibrium constant is given by logK = 607.642 + 0.121098T − 20011.25/T − 236.4948 logT where T is in degrees Kelvin. The logK of BaCO3(cr), the Gibbs energy, the enthalpy and entropy of the reaction at 298.15 K are −8.562, 48.87 kJ · mol−1, 2.94 kJ · mol−1and −154.0 J · mol−1 · K−1, respectively. The equilibrium constants are consistent with an aqueous model that includes the ion pairs BaHCO3+(aq) and BaCO30(aq) Three different methods were used to evaluate the association constant of BaHCO3+(aq), and all yielded similar results. The temperature dependence of the association constant for the reaction Ba2+(aq) + HCO3−(aq) = BaHCO3+(aq) is given by logKBaHCO3+ = −3.0938 + 0.013669T.
\nThe log of the association constant, the Gibbs energy, the enthalpy and entropy of the reaction at 298.15°K are 0.982, −5.606 kJ · mol−1, 23.26 kJ · mol−1 and 96.8 J · mol−1 · K−1, respectively. The temperature dependence of the equilibrium constant for the reaction Ba2+(aq) + CO2−3(aq) = BaCO03(aq) is given bylogKBaCO30 = 0.113 + 0.008721T.
\nThe log of the association constant, the Gibbs energy, the enthalpy and entropy of the reaction at 298.15° K are 2.71, −15.49 kJ · mol−1, 14.84 kJ · mol−1 and 101.7 J· mol−1 · K−1.
\nThe above model leads to reliable calculations of the aqueous speciation and solubility of witherite in the system BaCO3-CO2-H2O from 0 to more than 90°C. Literature data on witherite solubility were re-evaluated and compared with the results of this study.
\nProblems in the thennodynamic selections of Ba compounds are considered. Newer data require the revision of ΔfH° and ΔfG° of Ba2+(aq) to −532.5 and −555.36 kJ · mol−1, respectively, for agreement with solubility data.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(86)90077-3","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Busenberg, E., and Plummer, N., 1986, The solubility of BaCO3(cr) (witherite) in CO2-H2O solutions between 0 and 90°C, evaluation of the association constants of BaHCO3+(aq) and BaCO30(aq) between 5 and 80°C, and a preliminary evaluation of the thermodynamic properties of Ba2+(aq): Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 50, no. 10, p. 2225-2233, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(86)90077-3.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"2225","endPage":"2233","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223849,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"50","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb040e4b08c986b324d2a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Busenberg, Eurybiades ebusenbe@usgs.gov","contributorId":2271,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Busenberg","given":"Eurybiades","email":"ebusenbe@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":369907,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Plummer, Niel 0000-0002-4020-1013 nplummer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4020-1013","contributorId":190100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plummer","given":"Niel","email":"nplummer@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":369908,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}