A recently discovered ore-grade accumulation of U in organic-rich sediments of late Quaternary age provides an opportunity for studying the early association of U, U-daughters, and organic matter in a natural setting. The U occurs in valley-fill sediments of peat, peaty clay, silt, and sand along the north fork of Flodelle Creek, Stevens County, Washington. Radiometric techniques (delayed neutron, high-resolution gamma-ray spectrometry, thin-source alpha spectrometry) were employed to determine the abundance and distribution of U-series nuclides, the extent of secular equilibrium within the U decay series, and the apparent U-series ages of U incorporation.
Sixteen lithologically distinct intervals were sampled from a 292 cm core. Uranium contents range from 140 to 2790 ppm and are positively correlated with organic contents. Measured alpha activity ratios of 234U/238U (1.31–1.38) are very similar to those reported in coexisting waters, suggesting a rather constant isotopic composition of introduced U. Much lower Th contents of <10–40 ppm are controlled by the type and abundance of silicate detritus. The youth of the host sediments (<15 000 a) and the paucity of associated radioactivity suggested large excesses of U relative to radioactive daughters and such excesses were observed, particularly in the shallowest intervals. Apparent ages of U emplacement determined by the (alpha) activity ratio of 230Th daughter to 234U parent show a general increase with depth and fair agreement with estimated depositional ages. This observation suggests dominantly syndepositional or early post depositional emplacement of U followed by decay-generated buildup of 230Th daughter with time. However, interval by interval comparisons of the relative abundances of other daughters, particularly 226Ra and 210Pb, indicate variability caused by processes other than closed-system growth and decay, probably because chemically diverse daughters that are decay-generated in situ have differing mobilities and because upwelling ground water continuously adds more U and minor amounts of daughters. If 230Th is considered the least susceptible to these modifications, the data suggest some addition of 234U in the deepest intervals and some loss of 226Ra and/or gain of 222Rn throughout the studied core.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0883-2927(86)90055-7","issn":"08832927","usgsCitation":"Zielinski, R.A., Bush, C.A., and Rosholt, J., 1986, Uranium series disequilibrium in a young surficial uranium deposit, northeastern Washington, U.S.A.: Applied Geochemistry, v. 1, no. 4, p. 503-511, https://doi.org/10.1016/0883-2927(86)90055-7.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"503","endPage":"511","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224437,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.05050660778001,\n 49.00261108256012\n ],\n [\n -119.37861946664799,\n 49.00261108256012\n ],\n [\n -119.37861946664799,\n 47.71849255236455\n ],\n [\n -117.05050660778001,\n 47.71849255236455\n ],\n [\n -117.05050660778001,\n 49.00261108256012\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"1","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbdd5e4b08c986b32925c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zielinski, R. A. 0000-0002-4047-5129","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4047-5129","contributorId":106930,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zielinski","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":371586,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bush, C. A.","contributorId":43344,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bush","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371585,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rosholt, J.N.","contributorId":37749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosholt","given":"J.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371584,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70015720,"text":"70015720 - 1986 - Obstacles facing the venus radar mapper - The implications of gestalt formation in stereo-radargrammetry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:54","indexId":"70015720","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1429,"text":"Earth, Moon and Planets","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Obstacles facing the venus radar mapper - The implications of gestalt formation in stereo-radargrammetry","docAbstract":"The question of adapting to radar images the existing hardware that form topographic maps through stereo-photogrammetric models, is examined in principle. Such hardware utilizes a human/ computer hybrid. Although the problem of brightness differentials between corresponding landmarks can be dealt with pseudo-photoclinometrically, the main problem is whether the perspective in a radar image can be conceived to mimic that of a photographic image obtained by a suitably positioned camera. This conception is found to be possible, providing the characteristic relief subtends to a very small angle at the radar and at the fictitious camera. The photogrammetric model parameters must be determined a priori. ?? 1986 D. Reidel Publishing Company.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Earth, Moon and Planets","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Kluwer Academic Publishers","doi":"10.1007/BF00054133","issn":"01679295","usgsCitation":"Wildey, R., 1986, Obstacles facing the venus radar mapper - The implications of gestalt formation in stereo-radargrammetry: Earth, Moon and Planets, v. 35, no. 1, p. 47-54, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00054133.","startPage":"47","endPage":"54","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205403,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00054133"},{"id":223680,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"35","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6b0ae4b0c8380cd744ad","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wildey, R.L.","contributorId":9700,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wildey","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371615,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70015726,"text":"70015726 - 1986 - Estimating monthly streamflow values by cokriging","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:00","indexId":"70015726","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2700,"text":"Mathematical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimating monthly streamflow values by cokriging","docAbstract":"Cokriging is applied to estimation of missing monthly streamflow values in three records from gaging stations in west central Virginia. Missing values are estimated from optimal consideration of the pattern of auto- and cross-correlation among standardized residual log-flow records. Investigation of the sensitivity of estimation to data configuration showed that when observations are available within two months of a missing value, estimation is improved by accounting for correlation. Concurrent and lag-one observations tend to screen the influence of other available observations. Three models of covariance structure in residual log-flow records are compared using cross-validation. Models differ in how much monthly variation they allow in covariance. Precision of estimation, reflected in mean squared error (MSE), proved to be insensitive to this choice. Cross-validation is suggested as a tool for choosing an inverse transformation when an initial nonlinear transformation is applied to flow values. ?? 1986 Plenum Publishing Corporation.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mathematical Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Kluwer Academic Publishers-Plenum Publishers","doi":"10.1007/BF00899744","issn":"08828121","usgsCitation":"Solow, A., and Gorelick, S., 1986, Estimating monthly streamflow values by cokriging: Mathematical Geology, v. 18, no. 8, p. 785-809, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00899744.","startPage":"785","endPage":"809","numberOfPages":"25","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205416,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00899744"},{"id":223785,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0b2ee4b0c8380cd525ed","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Solow, A.R.","contributorId":9404,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Solow","given":"A.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371630,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gorelick, S.M.","contributorId":21589,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gorelick","given":"S.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371631,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015038,"text":"70015038 - 1986 - Tectonic and magmatic development of the Great Basin of western United States during the late Cenozoic time.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:54","indexId":"70015038","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2770,"text":"Modern Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Tectonic and magmatic development of the Great Basin of western United States during the late Cenozoic time.","docAbstract":"In the later Cainozoic, approx 18 m.y. ago, the first basin and range faulting developed in the central part of the Great Basin, this extensional tectonic system resulting from drag on the North American plate as the Pacific plate moved obliquely to the NW along the San Andreas fault. The northern boundary of the Great Basin at the Snake River plain and W across SE Oregon is the tectonic zone along which the E-W extending Basin and Range province has been moving for the past 18 m.y. In the Great Basin axis a narrow N-trending zone of basalt intruded the crust at the same time that basin and range faulting developed; this belt widens northwards as it approaches the N edge of the Great Basin and becomes diffuse and widespread in SE Oregon and SW Idaho, reaching enormous dimensions in the Columbia Plateau farther N. The basalt, which replaced andesitic igneous activity in the mid-Cainozoic, was produced by widespread partial melting in the upper mantle when the tectonic regime changed from a convergent- and subduction-related system to the extensional basin and range system. The locus of magma generated migration to the E and W margins of the Great Basin simultaneously and, as it migrated, it produced a series of eruptive centres along the N boundary of the Great Basin.-R.A.H.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Modern Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00267775","usgsCitation":"McKee, E., and Noble, D.C., 1986, Tectonic and magmatic development of the Great Basin of western United States during the late Cenozoic time.: Modern Geology, v. 10, no. 1, p. 39-49.","startPage":"39","endPage":"49","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223852,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba450e4b08c986b320246","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McKee, E.H.","contributorId":20736,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKee","given":"E.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369912,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Noble, D. C.","contributorId":60627,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Noble","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369913,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015040,"text":"70015040 - 1986 - Seismic measurements of the internal properties of fault zones","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-07T15:49:47.356543","indexId":"70015040","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3209,"text":"Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seismic measurements of the internal properties of fault zones","docAbstract":"The internal properties within and adjacent to fault zones are reviewed, principally on the basis of laboratory, borehole, and seismic refraction and reflection data. The deformation of rocks by faulting ranges from intragrain microcracking to severe alteration. Saturated microcracked and mildly fractured rocks do not exhibit a significant reduction in velocity, but, from borehole measurements, densely fractured rocks do show significantly reduced velocities, the amount of reduction generally proportional to the fracture density. Highly fractured rock and thick fault gouge along the creeping portion of the San Andreas fault are evidenced by a pronounced seismic low-velocity zone (LVZ), which is either very thin or absent along locked portions of the fault. Thus there is a correlation between fault slip behavior and seismic velocity structure within the fault zone; high pore pressure within the pronounced LVZ may be conductive to fault creep. Deep seismic reflection data indicate that crustal faults sometimes extend through the entire crust. Models of these data and geologic evidence are consistent with a composition of deep faults consisting of highly foliated, seismically anisotropic mylonites.
","largerWorkTitle":"","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","publisherLocation":"","doi":"10.1007/BF00875723","issn":"00334553","usgsCitation":"Mooney, W.D., and Ginzburg, A., 1986, Seismic measurements of the internal properties of fault zones: Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH, v. 124, no. 1-2, p. 141-157, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00875723.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"141","endPage":"157","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":223909,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"124","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8b2ee4b08c986b31765b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mooney, Walter D. 0000-0002-5310-3631 mooney@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5310-3631","contributorId":3194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mooney","given":"Walter","email":"mooney@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":369917,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ginzburg, A.","contributorId":78472,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ginzburg","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369918,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015041,"text":"70015041 - 1986 - Thalenite from Arizona.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:54","indexId":"70015041","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":738,"text":"American Mineralogist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Thalenite from Arizona.","docAbstract":"Thalenite occurs as a minor constituent of a single small pegmatite within an extensive area of granite a few miles S of Kingman, Arizona. Partly crystalline and partly metamict, this thalenite has composition Y3(Si3O10)(OH), with extensive substitution of Y by REE, especially Dy, Er and Yb. Upon heating, even at moderate T, both the crystalline and the metamict thalenite are converted to a phase with a structure corresponding with that of thortveitite, Sc2Si2O7.-J.A.Z.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"American Mineralogist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"0003004X","usgsCitation":"Fitzpatrick, J., and Pabst, A., 1986, Thalenite from Arizona.: American Mineralogist, v. 71, no. 1-2, p. 188-193.","startPage":"188","endPage":"193","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223910,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"71","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba606e4b08c986b320e31","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fitzpatrick, J.","contributorId":28744,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fitzpatrick","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369919,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pabst, A.","contributorId":93203,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pabst","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369920,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015052,"text":"70015052 - 1986 - A statistical methodology for estimating transport parameters: Theory and applications to one-dimensional advectivec-dispersive systems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-14T08:37:51","indexId":"70015052","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A statistical methodology for estimating transport parameters: Theory and applications to one-dimensional advectivec-dispersive systems","docAbstract":"A simulation nonlinear multiple-regression methodology for estimating parameters that characterize the transport of contaminants is developed and demonstrated. Finite difference contaminant transport simulation is combined with a nonlinear weighted least squares multiple-regression procedure. The technique provides optimal parameter estimates and gives statistics for assessing the reliability of these estimates under certain general assumptions about the distributions of the random measurement errors. Monte Carlo analysis is used to estimate parameter reliability for a hypothetical homogeneous soil column for which concentration data contain large random measurement errors. The value of data collected spatially versus data collected temporally was investigated for estimation of velocity, dispersion coefficient, effective porosity, first-order decay rate, and zero-order production. The use of spatial data gave estimates that were 2–3 times more reliable than estimates based on temporal data for all parameters except velocity. Comparison of estimated linear and nonlinear confidence intervals based upon Monte Carlo analysis showed that the linear approximation is poor for dispersion coefficient and zero-order production coefficient when data are collected over time. In addition, examples demonstrate transport parameter estimation for two real one-dimensional systems. First, the longitudinal dispersivity and effective porosity of an unsaturated soil are estimated using laboratory column data. We compare the reliability of estimates based upon data from individual laboratory experiments versus estimates based upon pooled data from several experiments. Second, the simulation nonlinear regression procedure is extended to include an additional governing equation that describes delayed storage during contaminant transport. The model is applied to analyze the trends, variability, and interrelationship of parameters in a mourtain stream in northern California.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR022i008p01303","usgsCitation":"Wagner, B.J., and Gorelick, S.M., 1986, A statistical methodology for estimating transport parameters: Theory and applications to one-dimensional advectivec-dispersive systems: Water Resources Research, v. 22, no. 8, p. 1303-1315, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR022i008p01303.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"1303","endPage":"1315","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224069,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aaf8ae4b0c8380cd87652","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wagner, Brian J. bjwagner@usgs.gov","contributorId":427,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wagner","given":"Brian","email":"bjwagner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":369946,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gorelick, Steven M.","contributorId":69295,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gorelick","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369947,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015053,"text":"70015053 - 1986 - 10Be distribution in soils from Merced River terraces, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-03T15:00:05.261877","indexId":"70015053","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"10Be distribution in soils from Merced River terraces, California","title":"10Be distribution in soils from Merced River terraces, California","docAbstract":"The distribution and residence time of cosmogenic 10Be in clay-rich soil horizons is fundamental to understanding and modelling the migration of 10Be on terrestrial sediments and in groundwater solutions. We have analyzed seven profiles of clay-rich soils developed from terrace sediments of the Merced River, California. The terraces and soils of increasing age are used to compare the 10Be inventory with a simple model of accumulation, decay and erosion. The data show that the distribution of 10Be varies with soil horizon clay content, that the residence time of 10Be in these horizons exceeds 105 years, and that to a rough approximation the inventory of 10Be in a thoroughly sampled soil profile fits the equation: N = (q − Em)(1 − e−λι)/λ where q is delivery rate, E is erosion rate, m is the concentration of 10Be in the eroding surface layer, λ is the decay constant, and t is the age of the depositional unit from which the soil has developed. The general applicability of this model is uncertain and warrants further testing in well-calibrated terrace sequences.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(86)90134-1","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Pavich, M., Brown, L., Harden, J., Klein, J., and Middleton, R., 1986, 10Be distribution in soils from Merced River terraces, California: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 50, no. 8, p. 1727-1735, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(86)90134-1.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"1727","endPage":"1735","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224070,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"50","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e223e4b0c8380cd459aa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pavich, M.J.","contributorId":70788,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pavich","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369951,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brown, L. 0000-0001-6702-4531","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6702-4531","contributorId":56995,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369950,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Harden, J.","contributorId":43918,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harden","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369949,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Klein, J.","contributorId":90885,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klein","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369952,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Middleton, R.","contributorId":43105,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Middleton","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369948,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70015057,"text":"70015057 - 1986 - Migration of volcanism in the San Francisco volcanic field, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-28T01:19:09.32694","indexId":"70015057","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Migration of volcanism in the San Francisco volcanic field, Arizona","docAbstract":"The remanent magnetization of volcanic rocks has been determined at 650 sites in the San Francisco volcanic field in the southern part of the Colorado Plateau. The polarity of remanent magnetization—combined with K-Ar age determinations, spatial and petrographic associations, stratigraphic relations, and state of preservation of the cinder cones—provides a basis for assignment to known magnetic polarity epochs of 610 mafic vents and >100 intermediate to silicic flows, flow sequences, and vents. The age assignments for basaltic rocks include 243 Brunhes (<0.73 Ma) vents, 220 Matuyama (0.73 to 2.48 Ma) vents, and 147 pre-Matuyama (2.48 to about 5.0 Ma) vents. Basaltic volcanism migrated northeastward before Matuyama time at a rate of ∼1.2 cm/yr and eastward (S87° ± 5°E) over the past 2.5 m.y. at a rate of 2.9 ± 0.3 cm/yr. Concomitant acceleration in total magma production (from 75 to 1,400 × 10−6 km3/yr) and frequency of basaltic eruptions (from 1 per 17,000 yr to 1 per 3,000 yr) occurred between 5 and 0.25 Ma. For the past 0.25 m.y., magma production (∼180 × 10−6 km3/yr) and perhaps eruption frequency have decreased. This evolutionary sequence, coupled with the lead and strontium-isotopic composition of the rocks, can be explained by magmatism caused by shear heating at the base of the lithosphere. We propose that this eastward drift of volcanic activity represents absolute westward motion of the North American plate. Our model is in agreement with a model in which the African plate is fixed to the deep mantle.
Magnesioferrite grading toward magnetite has been identified as a very small but meaningful constituent of the basal iron-rich portion of the Cretaceous-Tertiary (K-T) boundary clay at the Barranco del Gredero section, Caravaca, Spain. This spinel-type phase and others of the spinel group, found in K-T boundary clays at many widely separated sites, have been proposed as representing unaltered remnants of ejecta deposited from an earth-girdling dust cloud formed from the impact of an asteroid or other large bolide at the end of the Cretaceous period. The magnesioferrite occurs as euhedral, frequently skeletal, micron-sized octahedral crystals. The magnesioferrite contains29 ± 11 ppb Ir, which accounts for only part of the Ir anomaly at this K-T boundary layer(52 ± 1 ppb Ir). Major element analyses of the magnesioferrite show variable compositions. Some minor solid solution exists toward hercynite-spinel and chromite-magnesiochromite. A trevorite-nichromite (NiFe2O4-NiCr2O4) component is also present. The analyses are very similar to those reported for sites at Furlo and Petriccio, Umbria, Italy.
On the basis of the morphology and general composition of the magnesioferrite grains, rapid crystallization at high temperature is indicated, most likely directly from a vapor phase and in an environment of moderate oxygen fugacity. Elemental similarity with metallic alloy injected into rocks beneath two known impact craters suggests that part of the magnesioferrite may be derived from the vaporized chondritic bolide itself, or from the mantle; there is no supporting evidence for its derivation from crustal target rocks.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0012-821X(86)90100-7","issn":"0012821X","usgsCitation":"Bohor, B., Foord, E., and Ganapathy, R., 1986, Magnesioferrite from the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary, Caravaca, Spain: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 81, no. 1, p. 57-66, https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(86)90100-7.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"57","endPage":"66","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225383,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"81","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4b53e4b0c8380cd6946f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bohor, B.F.","contributorId":96351,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bohor","given":"B.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368521,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Foord, E.E.","contributorId":86835,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foord","given":"E.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368520,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ganapathy, R.","contributorId":31123,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ganapathy","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368519,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70014490,"text":"70014490 - 1986 - Vegetation, climatic and floral changes at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:33","indexId":"70014490","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2840,"text":"Nature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Vegetation, climatic and floral changes at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary","docAbstract":"he western interior of North America has the only known non-marine sections that contain the iridium-rich clay interpreted as the Cretaceous-Tertiary (K-T) boundary1-7. Because vegetation and climate can be directly inferred from physiognomy of leaves8-15 and because leaf species typically represent low taxonomic categories, studies of leaf floras in these sections provide data on the effects of a terminal Cretaceous event on the land flora, vegetation and climate. A previous study based on detailed sampling of leaves and their dispersed cuticle16 in the Raton Basin provides a framework for interpretation of other leaf sequences over 20 degrees of latitude. We conclude that at the boundary there were: (1) High levels of extinction in the south and low levels in the north; (2) major ecological disruption followed by long-term vegetational changes that mimicked normal ecological succession; (3) a major increase in precipitation; and (4) a brief, low-temperature excursion, which supports models of an 'impact winter'. ?? 1986 Nature Publishing Group.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Nature","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1038/324148a0","issn":"00280836","usgsCitation":"Wolfe, J.A., and Upchurch, G., 1986, Vegetation, climatic and floral changes at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary: Nature, v. 324, no. 6093, p. 148-152, https://doi.org/10.1038/324148a0.","startPage":"148","endPage":"152","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205620,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/324148a0"},{"id":225317,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"324","issue":"6093","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc1e9e4b08c986b32a807","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wolfe, J. A.","contributorId":14026,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolfe","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368513,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Upchurch, G.R. Jr.","contributorId":70546,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Upchurch","given":"G.R.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368514,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014482,"text":"70014482 - 1986 - Local Magnetic Fields, Uplift, Gravity, and Dilational Strain Changes in Southern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-25T00:18:04.582818","indexId":"70014482","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2310,"text":"Journal of Geomagnetism & Geoelectricity","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Local Magnetic Fields, Uplift, Gravity, and Dilational Strain Changes in Southern California","docAbstract":"Measurements of regional magnetic field during gravity, strain and leveling surveys near the San Andreas fault at Cajon, Palmdale and Tejon are strongly correlated with changes in gravity, areal strain, and uplift in these regions during the period 1977-1984. This correlation principally depends on data taken during 1978-79 and 1981-82 when episodes of the ‘Palmdale Uplift’ occurred in this general region. Because the inferred relationships between these parameters are in approximate agreement with those obtained from simple deformation models, the preferred explanation appeals to short-term strain episodes independently detected in each data set. Transfer functions from magnetic to strain, gravity, and uplift perturbations, obtained by least-square linear fits to the data, are -0.98nT/ppm, -0.03nT/μGal, and 9.1nT/m respectively. Tectonomagnetic model calculations underestimate the observed changes and those reported previously for dam loading and volcano-magnetic observations. A less likely alternative explanation of the observed data appeals to a common source of meteorologically generated crustal or instrumental noise in the strain, gravity, magnetic, and uplift data.
Temperature surveys at depths of 1–2 m have had varying success in geothermal exploration in the Basin and Range province. The most successful surveys have identified patterns of near-surface thermal-fluid flow within areas of less than 2 km2. Results have been less consistent in larger areas where zones of hydrothermal upflow are less well known, nongeothermal perturbing factors are significant and lateral variations in shallow subsurface temperature are small. Nongeothermal perturbations can be minimized by use of mean annual temperatures instead of synoptic temperatures, by physically based simulation of ground temperatures or by statistical modeling.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0375-6505(86)90103-3","issn":"03756505","usgsCitation":"Olmsted, F.H., Welch, A., and Ingebritsen, S.E., 1986, Shallow subsurface temperature surveys in the Basin and Range province, U.S.A.-I. Review and evaluation: Geothermics, v. 15, no. 3, p. 251-265, https://doi.org/10.1016/0375-6505(86)90103-3.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"251","endPage":"265","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226159,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"15","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8e41e4b08c986b318816","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Olmsted, F. H.","contributorId":24765,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olmsted","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368491,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Welch, A. H.","contributorId":14836,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Welch","given":"A. H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368490,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ingebritsen, S. E.","contributorId":8078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ingebritsen","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368489,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70015078,"text":"70015078 - 1986 - Evaluation of gas data from high-temperature fumaroles at Mount St. Helens, 1980-1982","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:56","indexId":"70015078","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluation of gas data from high-temperature fumaroles at Mount St. Helens, 1980-1982","docAbstract":"The Mount St. Helens fumarole gases show linear composition trends during periods of noneruptive degassing between September 1980 and October 1981. The trends are characterized by increasing H2O and decreasing CO2 and sulfur. Maximum fumarole temperatures also show a linear decrease during this period. High-temperature fumarole gases collected from the crater and dome between September 1980 and July 1982 are all H2O-rich (> 90%) with 1-10% CO2 and small amounts of H2S, SO2, H2, CO, HC, and HF. Trace amounts of COS and S2 are present, and occasional observations of minor CH4 appear to result from contamination or low-temperature reactions in sample vessels. The O2 fugacities of the gases remain near Ni-NiO during cooling. The low sulfur content of the gases obviates the need for extensive gas-rock oxygen exchange to maintain fO2's near Ni-NiO. A detailed thermodynamic analysis of 50 gas samples collected between September 1980 and December 1981 led to improved compositions for 22 samples. The gases were initially in a state of equilibrium, but disequilibrium modifications from atmospheric oxidation of H2 and, to a lesser extent, CO occurred within the upper portions of the fumarole vents. The last temperatures of equilibrium for the fumarole gases range from 800??C to 650??C and are nearly always higher than the collection temperatures. No evidence was found of disequilibrium admixture of surface waters; if such modifications of the fumarole gases occurred, the water must have been added at depth and have reequilibrated with the other gas species at magmatic or near-magmatic temperatures. The highest quality analytical data are obtained by field gas chromatograph measurements and from caustic soda bottle samples. Samples collected in evacuated bottles or by pumping through double stopcock tubes tend to be severely deficient in sulfur due to post-collection reactions between H2S and SO2. It is also necessary to infer the water content of the latter samples. ?? 1986.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Gerlach, T., and Casadevall, T.J., 1986, Evaluation of gas data from high-temperature fumaroles at Mount St. Helens, 1980-1982: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 28, no. 1-2, p. 107-140.","startPage":"107","endPage":"140","numberOfPages":"34","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223580,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"28","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0c77e4b0c8380cd52b6f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gerlach, T.M.","contributorId":38713,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gerlach","given":"T.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370007,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Casadevall, T. J.","contributorId":96680,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Casadevall","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370008,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015081,"text":"70015081 - 1986 - Recent patterns of sulfate variability in pristine streams","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-02-09T18:35:13.028689","indexId":"70015081","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":925,"text":"Atmospheric Environment - Part A General Topics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Recent patterns of sulfate variability in pristine streams","docAbstract":"Systematic modes of spatial and temporal variation in a 13-y record of stream sulfate from a nationwide network of headwater sampling stations are defined using principal components. Based on the undisturbed nature of the sampling network, it is suggested that these modes of stream sulfate variability are analogues for variations in acid deposition. Three statistically significant components, accounting for approximately 50% of the total stream sulfate variance, are identified. Analysis of component loadings and scores indicates that a major transition occurred in the early 1970s when stream sulfate concentrations in the northeast changed from persistently above mean levels to persistently below. At the same time concentrations of sulfate in Gulf and Southeast Atlantic coast streams shifted from persistently below to persistently above mean concentrations. Significantly, these changes occurred contemporaneously with regional trends in sulfate emissions which can generally be characterized as decreasing in the northeast and increasing in the southeast.Systematic modes of spatial and temporal variation in a 13-y record of stream sulfate from a nationwide network of headwater sampling stations are defined using principal components. Based on the undisturbed nature of the sampling network, it is suggested that these modes of stream sulfate variability are analogues for variations in acid deposition. Three statistically significant components, accounting for approximately 50% of the total stream sulfate variance, are identified. Analysis of component loadings and scores indicates that a major transition occurred in the early 1970s when stream sulfate concentrations in the northeast changed from persistently above mean levels to persistently below. At the same time concentrations of sulfate in Gulf and Southeast Atlantic coast streams shifted from persistently below to persistently above mean concentrations.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0004-6981(86)90040-5","issn":"00046981","usgsCitation":"Lins, H., 1986, Recent patterns of sulfate variability in pristine streams: Atmospheric Environment - Part A General Topics, v. 20, no. 2, p. 367-375, https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-6981(86)90040-5.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"367","endPage":"375","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223636,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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States\"}}]}","volume":"20","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a9631e4b0c8380cd81e61","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lins, H.F.","contributorId":81508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lins","given":"H.F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370014,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70014507,"text":"70014507 - 1986 - Fluid inclusion from drill hole DW-5, Hohi geothermal area, Japan: Evidence of boiling and procedure for estimating CO2 content","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:31","indexId":"70014507","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fluid inclusion from drill hole DW-5, Hohi geothermal area, Japan: Evidence of boiling and procedure for estimating CO2 content","docAbstract":"Fluid inclusion studies have been used to derive a model for fluid evolution in the Hohi geothermal area, Japan. Six types of fluid inclusions are found in quartz obtained from the drill core of DW-5 hole. They are: (I) primary liquid-rich with evidence of boiling; (II) primary liquid-rich without evidence of boiling; (III) primary vapor-rich (assumed to have been formed by boiling); (IV) secondary liquid-rich with evidence of boiling; (V) secondary liquid-rich without evidence of boiling; (VI) secondary vapor-rich (assumed to have been formed by boiling). Homogenization temperatures (Th) range between 196 and 347??C and the final melting point of ice (Tm) between -0.2 and -4.3??C. The CO2 content was estimated semiquantitatively to be between 0 and 0.39 wt. % based on the bubble behavior on crushing. NaCl equivalent solid solute salinity of fluid inclusions was determined as being between 0 and 6.8 wt. % after minor correction for CO2 content. Fluid inclusions in quartz provide a record of geothermal activity of early boiling and later cooling. The CO2 contents and homogenization temperatures of fluid inclusions with evidence of boiling generally increase with depth; these changes, and NaCl equivalent solid solute salinity of the fluid can be explained by an adiabatic boiling model for a CO2-bearing low-salinity fluid. Some high-salinity inclusions without CO2 are presumed to have formed by a local boiling process due to a temperature increase or a pressure decrease. The liquid-rich primary and secondary inclusions without evidence of boiling formed during the cooling process. The salinity and CO2 content of these inclusions are lower than those in the boiling fluid at the early stage, probably as a result of admixture with groundwater. ?? 1986.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Sasada, M., Roedder, E., and Belkin, H., 1986, Fluid inclusion from drill hole DW-5, Hohi geothermal area, Japan: Evidence of boiling and procedure for estimating CO2 content: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 30, no. 3-4, p. 231-251.","startPage":"231","endPage":"251","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225579,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"30","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1271e4b0c8380cd542dd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sasada, M.","contributorId":76891,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sasada","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368540,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Roedder, E.","contributorId":100986,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roedder","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368541,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Belkin, H. E. 0000-0001-7879-6529","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7879-6529","contributorId":38160,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belkin","given":"H. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368539,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70014525,"text":"70014525 - 1986 - Precambrian basement geology of North and South Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-25T18:24:46.222553","indexId":"70014525","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1168,"text":"Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Precambrian basement geology of North and South Dakota","docAbstract":"Combined analysis of drill-hole, gravity, and magnetic data indicates that the buried Precambrian basement rocks of the Dakotas can be divided into several lithotectonic terranes. Eastern North Dakota and northeastern South Dakota are underlain by Archean gneiss. Except for the Black Hills region of South Dakota, where Archean rocks are also exposed, the western third of both Dakotas is underlain mainly by Early Proterozoic gneiss and metasedimentary rocks. Part of this region is underlain by Archean crust with an Early Proterozoic tectonic overprint. A broad transition zone of strongly overprinted Archean crust occurs between the Proterozoic rocks to the west and the Archean rocks to the east. South central South Dakota is underlain by an Early Proterozoic batholith. Early Proterozoic felsic volcanic rocks occur in southeast South Dakota. The bootheel portion of South Dakota contains a diverse assemblage of basement rocks that are partly Archean in age.Churchill Province rocks of the Trans-Hudson foldbelt project into the western Dakotas. The Thompson nickel belt and the Pickwitonei gneiss belt correlate with the western and eastern halves, respectively, of the transition between Archean and Proterozoic crust, and the Archean Glennie – Hanson Lake microcontinent of the Churchill Province likely extends into western North Dakota. Archean rocks of Minnesota extend into the eastern Dakotas, and the Wyoming craton extends to the Black Hills region. The Cheyenne foldbelt projects into southwest South Dakota. The Penokean foldbelt of Michigan and Wisconsin does not extend into the Dakotas, but it most likely extends into northwest Iowa.Tectonic evolution of the Early Proterozoic terrane in the Dakotas was most likely similar to plate tectonic models for the evolution of the Trans-Hudson foldbelt in the Churchill Province. As in the Churchill Province, the western Dakotas are underlain by Early Proterozoic rocks, but it is not known whether these rocks formed as a result of rifting and subsequent closure of a once extensive Archean crust or as a result of collision of once widely separated blocks of Archean crust.
","language":"English","publisher":"Canadian Science Publishing","doi":"10.1139/e86-109","issn":"00084077","usgsCitation":"Klasner, J.S., and King, E.R., 1986, Precambrian basement geology of North and South Dakota: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 23, no. 8, p. 1083-1102, https://doi.org/10.1139/e86-109.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"1083","endPage":"1102","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225779,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Dakota, South 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Dakota\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","volume":"23","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a80eee4b0c8380cd7b2b4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Klasner, J. S.","contributorId":66228,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klasner","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368581,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"King, E. R.","contributorId":93482,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368582,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014534,"text":"70014534 - 1986 - SITE AMPLIFICATION OF EARTHQUAKE GROUND MOTION.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:31","indexId":"70014534","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"SITE AMPLIFICATION OF EARTHQUAKE GROUND MOTION.","docAbstract":"When analyzing the patterns of damage in an earthquake, physical parameters of the total earthquake-site-structure system are correlated with the damage. Soil-structure interaction, the cause of damage in many earthquakes, involves the frequency-dependent response of both the soil-rock column and the structure. The response of the soil-rock column (called site amplification) is controversial because soil has strain-dependent properties that affect the way the soil column filters the input body and surface seismic waves, modifying the amplitude and phase spectra and the duration of the surface ground motion.","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the Third U. S. National Conference on Earthquake Engineering.","conferenceLocation":"Charleston, SC, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Earthquake Engineering Research Inst","publisherLocation":"El Cerrito, CA, USA","isbn":"0943198070","usgsCitation":"Hays, W., 1986, SITE AMPLIFICATION OF EARTHQUAKE GROUND MOTION., Proceedings of the Third U. S. National Conference on Earthquake Engineering., Charleston, SC, USA, p. 357-368.","startPage":"357","endPage":"368","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225901,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aaf5fe4b0c8380cd87558","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hays, Walter W.","contributorId":66669,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hays","given":"Walter W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368603,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70014536,"text":"70014536 - 1986 - Zimbabweite, a new alkali-lead arsenic tantalate from St Anns mine, Karoi district, Zimbabwe","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-08-31T13:44:10.582996","indexId":"70014536","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1095,"text":"Bulletin de Mineralogie","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Zimbabweite, a new alkali-lead arsenic tantalate from St Anns mine, Karoi district, Zimbabwe","docAbstract":"Zimbabweite (Na,K)2PbAs4(Ta,Nb,Ti)4O18, a new mineral with trivalent arsenic, has been recognized at St Anns mine, southeast of Miami, Karoi district, Zimbabwe, in kaolinized pegmatite and dump material.
The mineral is honey yellow-brown in large crystals, which are as much as 1 x 1 x 2 cm, and is clear pale yellow in thin fragments. Oxidation results in darkening of the color. There is one excellent cleavage, {010}. Zimbabweite has a Mohs hardness of 5 to 5.5, a white streak, adamantine luster, brittle fracture, is not magnetic, and does not fluoresce under either short wave or long wave ultraviolet light. dm = 6.20(3) and dc = 6.16 g/cm3. Optically, the mineral is biaxial (+), 2VZ = about 80°. Mean reflectances in air for an {010} = X-Z cleavage plate are : 589 nm--16.6 %, 470 nm--17.7 %, 546 nm--17.1 %, 650 nm--16.4 %. The indices of refraction determined by immersion methods are all greater than 2.10. Optic axis dispersion is very strong with ν > r, a = Z, b = Y, and c = X. The mineral is very pale yelow and is moderately pleochroic and X = pale yellow brown, Y = light reddish brown, and Z =reddish brown.
Zimbabweite is insoluble in common acids or bases. A chemical analysis yielded, in weight percent, Ta2O5 46.5, As2O3 26.5, PbO 15.0, Nb2O5 4.8, Na2O 3.1, K2O 1.5, TiO2 1.4, BaO 0.4, UO2 0.3, Bi2O3 0.2, H2O (total) 0.19, SnO2 0.1, F 0.04, SrO 0.02, total 100.05. A calculated formula is :
(Na1.51K0.48Ba0.04)Σ2.03Pb1.01(As4.03Bi0.01)Σ4.04(Ta3.17Nb0.55Ti0.26U0.02Sn0.01)Σ4.01O18.
Zimbabweite is orthorhombic, space group is Ccma or Cc2a, with a = 12.233(2)Å, b = 15.292(2)Å, c = 8.665(2)Å, V = 1621. 0(4) Å3, with Z = 4. No structural relationship between zimbabweite and any other tantalate minerals is apparent.
","language":"English","publisher":"Persee","doi":"10.3406/bulmi.1986.7943","usgsCitation":"Foord, E.E., Taggart, J., Gaines, R.V., Grubb, P.L., and Kristiansen, R., 1986, Zimbabweite, a new alkali-lead arsenic tantalate from St Anns mine, Karoi district, Zimbabwe: Bulletin de Mineralogie, v. 109, no. 4, p. 331-336, https://doi.org/10.3406/bulmi.1986.7943.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"331","endPage":"336","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225960,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Zimbabwe","otherGeospatial":"Karoi District","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 29.664017433816042,\n -16.606052251996815\n ],\n [\n 29.664017433816042,\n -16.817629744392306\n ],\n [\n 29.856865623007025,\n -16.817629744392306\n ],\n [\n 29.856865623007025,\n -16.606052251996815\n ],\n [\n 29.664017433816042,\n -16.606052251996815\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"109","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bd268e4b08c986b32f7cb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Foord, Eugene E.","contributorId":96319,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foord","given":"Eugene","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368611,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Taggart, Joseph E.","contributorId":8992,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taggart","given":"Joseph E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368608,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gaines, R. V.","contributorId":7852,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gaines","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368607,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Grubb, P. L .C.","contributorId":19305,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Grubb","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"L .C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368609,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kristiansen, R.","contributorId":26821,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kristiansen","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368610,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70014537,"text":"70014537 - 1986 - Nd-Sr-Pb isotope constraints on the sources of west Maui volcano, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-10-01T18:33:28.873787","indexId":"70014537","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2840,"text":"Nature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nd-Sr-Pb isotope constraints on the sources of west Maui volcano, Hawaii","docAbstract":"The origin of the Emperor-Hawaiian volcanic chain is attributed to the northwesterly movement of the Pacific plate over a stationary mantle plume (hotspot)1. There has been considerable controversy as to the nature and number of sources of Hawaiian hotspot volcanism. Thus far, most geochemical models have been based on rock suites that are not representative of fully developed volcanoes. Nd and Sr isotope ratios and trace element concentrations of volcanics from Haleakala (Maui), where all three volcanic stages are developed, have been interpreted as reflecting a mixing process of two isotopically distinct sources2,3. In an attempt to test our earlier multiple-source model4, we have analysed Pb, Sr and Nd isotope ratios in volcanics from West Maui, the only other volcano with a complete volcanic record. Our results, presented here, indicate at least three isotopically distinct sources, one of which is heterogeneous with respect to Pb. Furthermore, the inferred depleted source for post-erosional volcanics has a Pb and Sr isotope composition intermediate between those of depleted and enriched mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORB, N-type and P-type), suggesting that this source is also heterogeneous. ?? 1986 Nature Publishing Group.","language":"English","publisher":"Nature","doi":"10.1038/319478a0","issn":"00280836","usgsCitation":"Hegner, E., Unruh, D., and Tatsumoto, M., 1986, Nd-Sr-Pb isotope constraints on the sources of west Maui volcano, Hawaii: Nature, v. 319, no. 6053, p. 478-480, https://doi.org/10.1038/319478a0.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"478","endPage":"480","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225961,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Haleakala volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -156.280517578125,\n 20.675190117067377\n ],\n [\n -156.21253967285156,\n 20.675190117067377\n ],\n [\n -156.21253967285156,\n 20.72978628596697\n ],\n [\n -156.280517578125,\n 20.72978628596697\n ],\n [\n -156.280517578125,\n 20.675190117067377\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"319","issue":"6053","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a63c5e4b0c8380cd726a6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hegner, E.","contributorId":32304,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hegner","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368612,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Unruh, D.","contributorId":89291,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Unruh","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368614,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tatsumoto, M.","contributorId":76798,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tatsumoto","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368613,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70014541,"text":"70014541 - 1986 - Palynological evidence for the historic expansion of juniper and desert shrubs in Arizona, U.S.A.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-20T15:49:55","indexId":"70014541","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3275,"text":"Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Palynological evidence for the historic expansion of juniper and desert shrubs in Arizona, U.S.A.","docAbstract":"Analysis of the sediment of Pecks Lake, Yavapai County, Arizona, has permitted the first reported palynological evidence for the historic expansion of juniper and desert shrubs in the American Southwest. The palynological evidence is supported by the comparison of modern and historical photographs, which shows the regional expansion of pinyon-juniper woodland, and the local increase of mesquite and creosote bush. A gradual increase in juniper pollen percentages began over 2000 years ago, but the rate of increase abruptly accelerated after the historic introduction of grazing animals. In contrast, juniper percentages did not increase during a prehistoric interval of intense disturbance by humans, about A.D. 1200, and a different weed flora was present. Prehistorically, water depth was greatest at ca. 600 B.C. and was lowest just prior to the arrival of Europeans. Regional climate has gradually cooled since the beginning of the record at 2630 B.P. ?? 1986.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/0034-6667(86)90026-6","issn":"00346667","usgsCitation":"Davis, O., and Turner, R.M., 1986, Palynological evidence for the historic expansion of juniper and desert shrubs in Arizona, U.S.A.: Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, v. 49, no. 3-4, p. 177-193, https://doi.org/10.1016/0034-6667(86)90026-6.","startPage":"177","endPage":"193","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":269794,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0034-6667(86)90026-6"},{"id":226028,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"49","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a748ee4b0c8380cd776d4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Davis, O.K.","contributorId":83680,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"O.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368635,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Turner, R. M.","contributorId":62585,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turner","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368634,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}