The feasibility of using the transient electromagnetic sounding (TS or TDEM) method for groundwater exploration can be studied by means of numerical models. As examples of its applicability to groundwater exploration, we study four groundwater exploration problems: (1) mapping of alluvial fill and gravel zones over bedrock; (2) mapping of sand and gravel lenses in till; (3) detection of salt or brackish water interfaces in freshwater aquifers; and (4) determination of hydrostratigraphy. These groundwater problems require determination of the depth to bedrock; location of resistive, high‐porosity zones associated with fresh water; determination of formation resistivity to assess water quality; and determination of lithology and geometry, respectively. The TS method is best suited for locating conductive targets, and has very good vertical resolution. Unlike other sounding techniques where the receiver‐transmitter array must be expanded to sound more deeply, the depth of investigation for the TS method is a function of the length of time the transient is recorded. Present equipment limitations require that exploration targets with resistivities of 50 Ω ⋅ m or more be at least 50 m deep to determine their resistivity. The maximum depth of exploration is controlled by the geoelectrical section and background electromagnetic (EM) noise. For a particular exploration problem, numerical studies are recommended to determine if the target is detectable.
Although synthetic borehole seismograms can be computed for a wide range of borehole conditions, the physical nature of shear and compressional head waves in fluid-filled boreholes is poorly understood. This paper presents a series of numerical experiments designed to explain the physical mechanisms controlling head-wave propagation in boreholes. These calculations demonstrate the existence of compressional normal modes equivalent to shear normal modes, or pseudo-Rayleigh waves, with sequential cutoff frequencies spaced between the cutoff frequencies for the shear normal modes. Major contributions to head-wave spectra occur in discrete peaks at frequencies just below mode cutoff for both compressional and shear modes. This result is confirmed by calculations with synthetic waveforms at frequencies corresponding to mode cutoff, and by branch-cut integrals designed to yield independent spectra for the compressional mode. For soft formations where shear velocity falls below acoustic velocity in the borehole fluid, leaky compressional normal modes attain properties similar to those of shear normal modes in the case of hard rock. In the limit of vanishing S-wave velocity, this result is formally related to a fluid-fluid waveguide with undamped compressional normal modes. Synthetic waveforms demonstrate that high-amplitude arrivals, traveling at velocities less than the acoustic velocity of the borehole fluid and at frequencies above a few kilohertz, represent the Airy phase of the compressional mode and are not a tube wave. Comparison of synthetic waveforms with waveforms obtained in soft sea sediments indicates that the predicted Airy phase arrivals are present in the experimental data.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Exploration Geophysicists","doi":"10.1190/1.1442192","issn":"00168033","usgsCitation":"Paillet, F.L., and Cheng, C., 1986, A numerical investigation of head waves and leaky modes in fluid- filled boreholes: Geophysics, v. 51, no. 7, p. 1438-1449, https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1442192.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"1438","endPage":"1449","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":480132,"rank":2,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/75062","text":"External Repository"},{"id":226095,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"51","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e4c8e4b0c8380cd4691e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Paillet, Frederick L.","contributorId":63820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paillet","given":"Frederick","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368651,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cheng, C.H.","contributorId":94443,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cheng","given":"C.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368652,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014551,"text":"70014551 - 1986 - Field observations of bed shear stress and sediment resuspension on continental shelves, Alaska and California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-01T01:11:15.593985","indexId":"70014551","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1333,"text":"Continental Shelf Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Field observations of bed shear stress and sediment resuspension on continental shelves, Alaska and California","docAbstract":"Bed shear stress was estimated using wave and current measurements obtained with the GEOPROBE bottom-tripod system during resuspension events in Norton Sound, Alaska, and on the northern California shelf. The boundary-layer model of Grant and Madsen (1979, Journal of Geophysical Research, 84, 1797-1808) was used to compute the bed shear stress under combined wave-generated and quasi-steady currents. Resuspension events were identified by sudden, large increases in light scattering at 1.9 m above the sea floor. The shear-stress values were used to compute the Shields parameter (??). The results for Norton Sound are in excellent agreement with the Shields threshold criterion; the data for the California shelf plot somewhat above the Shields threshold curve, though generally within the scatter envelope. Although the surface sediments in each area contain substantial fine-grained fractions (mean diameters were 0.007 cm in Norton Sound and 0.002 cm on the California shelf), the results do not indicate significant cohesion, because the sediment was entrained at bed shear-stress values close to those predicted by the modified Shields curve for cohesionless fine-grained particles. We suspect that frequent wave stirring and observed plowing of the surface sediment by benthonic animals maintain a high water content and contribute to the ease with which these materials are resuspended.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0278-4343(86)90081-6","issn":"02784343","usgsCitation":"Drake, D., and Cacchione, D., 1986, Field observations of bed shear stress and sediment resuspension on continental shelves, Alaska and California: Continental Shelf Research, v. 6, no. 3, p. 415-429, https://doi.org/10.1016/0278-4343(86)90081-6.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"415","endPage":"429","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226162,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska, California","volume":"6","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0fcbe4b0c8380cd53a07","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Drake, D.E.","contributorId":48150,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drake","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368654,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cacchione, D.A.","contributorId":65448,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cacchione","given":"D.A.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":368655,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014554,"text":"70014554 - 1986 - Design and cost analysis of rapid aquifer restoration systems using flow simulation and quadratic programming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-20T22:53:12.574099","indexId":"70014554","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Design and cost analysis of rapid aquifer restoration systems using flow simulation and quadratic programming","docAbstract":"Detailed two-dimensional flow simulation of a complex ground-water system is combined with quadratic and linear programming to evaluate design alternatives for rapid aquifer restoration. The design model ensures that a contaminant plume is removed and treated within four years at the least possible cost. Rapid restoration is accomplished by maintaining specified velocities around the plume perimeter toward a group of pumping wells located near the plume center. Ground-water velocities are adjusted to include the effects of solute retardation due to sorption. As a simplification, the model does not account for hydrodynamic dispersion. Results show how treatment and pumping costs depend dynamically on the type of treatment process, the capacity of pumping and injection wells, and the number of wells. The design for an inexpensive treatment process minimizes pumping costs, while an expensive process results in the minimization of treatment costs. Substantial reductions in pumping costs occur with increases in injection capacity or in the number of wells. Treatment costs are reduced by expansions in pumping capacity or injection capacity. The analysis identifies maximum pumping and injection capacities.
","language":"English","publisher":"National Groundwater Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1986.tb01694.x","usgsCitation":"Lefkoff, L., and Gorelick, S., 1986, Design and cost analysis of rapid aquifer restoration systems using flow simulation and quadratic programming: Groundwater, v. 24, no. 6, p. 777-790, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1986.tb01694.x.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"777","endPage":"790","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226227,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-03-21","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ff35e4b0c8380cd4f092","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lefkoff, L.J.","contributorId":47418,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lefkoff","given":"L.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368662,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gorelick, S.M.","contributorId":21589,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gorelick","given":"S.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368661,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014563,"text":"70014563 - 1986 - FUNDAMENTAL MODAL BEHAVIOR OF AN EARTHQUAKE-EXCITED BRIDGE.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:34","indexId":"70014563","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"FUNDAMENTAL MODAL BEHAVIOR OF AN EARTHQUAKE-EXCITED BRIDGE.","docAbstract":"The magnitude 6. 1 Morgan Hill, California, earthquake of April 24, 1984, produced a set of acceleration records at the freeway overpass in San Jose carrying I-280/I-680 across U. S. 101, 12 km from the epicenter. Peak accelerations reached 0. 10 g at ground level and 0. 16 g in the box girder. The integrated displacements at frequencies higher than 3 Hz permit the identification of the fundamental modes and frequencies. The horizontal modes have frequencies of 308 and 3. 9 Hz and include ground level motions up to 90% of peak deck motion. The soil-structure system contributes to these modes.","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the Third U. S. National Conference on Earthquake Engineering.","conferenceLocation":"Charleston, SC, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Earthquake Engineering Research Inst","publisherLocation":"El Cerrito, CA, USA","isbn":"0943198070","usgsCitation":"Brady, A., and Çelebi, M., 1986, FUNDAMENTAL MODAL BEHAVIOR OF AN EARTHQUAKE-EXCITED BRIDGE., Proceedings of the Third U. S. National Conference on Earthquake Engineering., Charleston, SC, USA, p. 2225-2235.","startPage":"2225","endPage":"2235","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225262,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0e85e4b0c8380cd534cf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brady, A. G.","contributorId":61794,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brady","given":"A. G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368681,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Çelebi, M.","contributorId":36946,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Çelebi","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368680,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014564,"text":"70014564 - 1986 - ANALYSIS OF STRONG-MOTION EARTHQUAKE RECORDS FROM A WELL-INSTRUMENTED EARTH DAM.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:34","indexId":"70014564","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"ANALYSIS OF STRONG-MOTION EARTHQUAKE RECORDS FROM A WELL-INSTRUMENTED EARTH DAM.","docAbstract":"Strong-motion records from Long Valley Dam during the Mammoth Lakes earthquake sequence of May 1980 are analyzed to determine the main features of the dam's motions. The dam was instrumented with 22 accelerometers on its embankment and in the immediate vicinity, and more than 60 high-quality, long-duration accelerograms were recorded for the three largest earthquakes of the sequence. Free-field responses are compared with embankment responses to help establish the amplification of the structural motions and to identify modes of vibration of the structure.","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the Third U. S. National Conference on Earthquake Engineering.","conferenceLocation":"Charleston, SC, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Earthquake Engineering Research Inst","publisherLocation":"El Cerrito, CA, USA","isbn":"0943198070","usgsCitation":"Fedock, J.J., 1986, ANALYSIS OF STRONG-MOTION EARTHQUAKE RECORDS FROM A WELL-INSTRUMENTED EARTH DAM., Proceedings of the Third U. S. National Conference on Earthquake Engineering., Charleston, SC, USA, p. 729-740.","startPage":"729","endPage":"740","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225263,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e62de4b0c8380cd471fe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fedock, Joseph J.","contributorId":37082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fedock","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368682,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70014580,"text":"70014580 - 1986 - Nd, O and Sr isotopic constraints on the origin of Precambrian rocks, southern Black Hills, South Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-03T15:30:47.763869","indexId":"70014580","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nd, O and Sr isotopic constraints on the origin of Precambrian rocks, southern Black Hills, South Dakota","docAbstract":"The Nd, O and Sr isotopic characteristics of Precambrian metasedimentary, metavolcanic and granitic rocks from the Black Hills of South Dakota are examined. Two late-Archean granites (2.5-2.6 Ga) have Tdm ages of 3.05 and 3.30 Ga, suggesting that at least one of the granites was derived through the melting of significantly older crust. Early-Proterozoic metasedimentary rocks have Tdm ages that range from 2.32 to 2.45 Ga. These model ages, in conjunction with probable stratigraphic ages ranging from 1.9 to 2.2 Ga, indicate that mantle-derived material was added to the continental crust of this region during the early-Proterozoic. Previous studies of the Harney Peak Granite complex have reported U-Pb and Rb-Sr ages of about 1.71 Ga and most granite samples examined in this study have Sr isotopic compositions consistent with that age. Two granite samples taken from the same sill, however, give two-point Rb-Sr and Sm-Nd ages of 2.08 ±0.08 and 2.20 ±0.20Ga (∑2200Nd = −15.5), respectively. In addition, whole-rock and apatite samples of the spatially associated Tin Mountain pegmatite give a Sm-Nd isochron age of 2000 ±100 Ma (∑2200Nd = −5.8 ±1.8).
The Sm-Nd, O and Rb-Sr isotopic systematics of these granitic rocks have been complicated to some degree by both crystallization and post-crystallization processes, and the age of the pegmatite and parts of the Harney Peak Granite complex remain uncertain. Processes that probably complicated the isotopic systematics of these rocks include derivation from heterogeneous source material, assimilation, mixing of REE between granite and country rock during crystallization via a fluid phase and post-crystallization mobility of Sr. The Nd isotopic compositions of the pegmatite and the Harney Peak Granite indicate that they were not derived primarily from the exposed metasedimentary rocks.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(86)90230-9","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Walker, R., Hanson, G.N., Papike, J.J., and O’Neil, J.R., 1986, Nd, O and Sr isotopic constraints on the origin of Precambrian rocks, southern Black Hills, South Dakota: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 50, no. 12, p. 2833-2846, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(86)90230-9.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"2833","endPage":"2846","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225520,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"50","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a63c3e4b0c8380cd72694","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Walker, R.J.","contributorId":105859,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walker","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368722,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hanson, G. N.","contributorId":81152,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanson","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368721,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Papike, J. J.","contributorId":18488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Papike","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368719,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"O’Neil, J. R.","contributorId":69633,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Neil","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368720,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70014586,"text":"70014586 - 1986 - Effect of discharge on the chlorophyll a distribution in the tidally-influenced Potomac River","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-09-08T15:06:34.276103","indexId":"70014586","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1583,"text":"Estuaries","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effect of discharge on the chlorophyll a distribution in the tidally-influenced Potomac River","docAbstract":"In the tidal Potomac River, high river discharges during the spring are associated with high chlorophylla concentrations in the following in the following summer, assuming that summertime light and temperature conditions are favorable. Spring floods deliver large loads of particulate N and P to the tidal river. This particulate N and P could be mineralized by bacteria to inorganic N and P and released to the water column where it is available for phytoplankton use during summertime. However, during the study period relatively low concentrations of chlorophylla (less than 50 μg l−1 occurred in the tidal river if average monthly discharge during July or August exceeded 200 m3s−1. Discharge and other conditions combined to produce conditions favorable for nuisance levels of chlorophylla (greater than 100 μg l−1 approximately one year out of four. Chlorophylla maxima occurred in the Potomac River transition zone and estuary during late winter (dinoflagellates) and spring (diatoms). Typical seasonal peak concentrations were achieved at discharges as high as 970 m3 s−1, but sustained discharges greater than 1,100 m3 s−1 retarded development. Optimum growth conditions occurred following runoff events of 10 to 15 d duration which produced transit times to the transition zone of 7 to 10 d. Wet years with numerous moderate-sized runoff events, such as 1980, tend to produce greater biomass in the transition zone and estuary than do dry years such as 1981.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.2307/1352097","issn":"15592723","usgsCitation":"Bennett, J.P., Woodward, J., and Shultz, D., 1986, Effect of discharge on the chlorophyll a distribution in the tidally-influenced Potomac River: Estuaries, v. 9, no. 4, p. 250-260, https://doi.org/10.2307/1352097.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"250","endPage":"260","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225650,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Potomac River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -78.0029296875,\n 36.73888412439431\n ],\n [\n -75.5859375,\n 36.73888412439431\n ],\n [\n -75.5859375,\n 39.70718665682654\n ],\n [\n -78.0029296875,\n 39.70718665682654\n ],\n [\n -78.0029296875,\n 36.73888412439431\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"9","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a05d4e4b0c8380cd50fa6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bennett, J. P.","contributorId":52103,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bennett","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368734,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Woodward, J.W.","contributorId":107038,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woodward","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368736,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Shultz, D.J.","contributorId":60246,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shultz","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368735,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70014589,"text":"70014589 - 1986 - SIMULATION OF PEANUT GROWTH IN OKLAHOMA.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:33","indexId":"70014589","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"SIMULATION OF PEANUT GROWTH IN OKLAHOMA.","docAbstract":"Two peanut growth models of varying complexity were calibrated for Oklahoma varieties and growing conditions. Both models predicted pod growth quite well. The models were then used to simulate the effects of various soil moisture levels on peanut growth. The more complex model has potential as a management tool.","largerWorkTitle":"Paper - American Society of Agricultural Engineers","conferenceTitle":"1986 Winter Meeting, American Society of Agricultural Engineers.","conferenceLocation":"Chicago, IL, USA","language":"English","publisher":"ASAE","publisherLocation":"St. Joseph, MI, USA","issn":"01450166","usgsCitation":"Grosz, G.D., Elliott, R.L., and Young, J.H., 1986, SIMULATION OF PEANUT GROWTH IN OKLAHOMA., in Paper - American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Chicago, IL, USA.","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225716,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aaf5ae4b0c8380cd87543","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grosz, Gerald D.","contributorId":13491,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grosz","given":"Gerald","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368741,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Elliott, Ronald L.","contributorId":33987,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elliott","given":"Ronald","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368742,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Young, James H.","contributorId":36809,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Young","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368743,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70014590,"text":"70014590 - 1986 - Fourier power spectra of the geomagnetic field for circular paths on the Earth's surface.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-25T00:13:17.464733","indexId":"70014590","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2310,"text":"Journal of Geomagnetism & Geoelectricity","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fourier power spectra of the geomagnetic field for circular paths on the Earth's surface.","docAbstract":"The Fourier power spectra of geomagnetic component values, synthesized from spherical harmonic models, have been computed for circular paths on the Earth's surface. They are not found to be more useful than is the spectrum of magnetic energy outside the Earth for the purpose of separating core and crustal sources of the geomagnetic field. The Fourier power spectra of N and E geomagnetic components along nearly polar great circle paths exhibit some unusual characteristics that are explained by the geometric perspective of Fourier series on spheres developed by Yee.
","language":"English","publisher":"J-STAGE","usgsCitation":"Alldredge, L., and Benton, E., 1986, Fourier power spectra of the geomagnetic field for circular paths on the Earth's surface.: Journal of Geomagnetism & Geoelectricity, v. 38, no. 8, p. 807-821.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"807","endPage":"821","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225717,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"38","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a139be4b0c8380cd546ea","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Alldredge, L.R.","contributorId":53457,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alldredge","given":"L.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368744,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Benton, E.R.","contributorId":100550,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benton","given":"E.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368745,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014593,"text":"70014593 - 1986 - MODE IDENTIFICATION OF AN ARCH DAM BY A DYNAMIC AIR-GUN TEST.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:32","indexId":"70014593","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"MODE IDENTIFICATION OF AN ARCH DAM BY A DYNAMIC AIR-GUN TEST.","docAbstract":"Thirteen natural frequencies of a concrete arch dam (Monticello Dam near Sacramento, California) have been identified by using a dynamic testing method which employs an air gun firing in the reservoir as the excitation source. These vibrations modes are determined from the peak responses in the Fourier amplitude spectra of the free-vibration data recorded at three crest locations using three-component geophones. Comparisons of the first five natural frequencies with results obtained by forced vibration tests using rotating mass shakers show good agreement. The next eight higher-frequency modes, not previously identified, are determined from data of the present tests.","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the Third U. S. National Conference on Earthquake Engineering.","conferenceLocation":"Charleston, SC, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Earthquake Engineering Research Inst","publisherLocation":"El Cerrito, CA, USA","isbn":"0943198070","usgsCitation":"Liu, H., Fedock, J.J., and Fletcher, J.B., 1986, MODE IDENTIFICATION OF AN ARCH DAM BY A DYNAMIC AIR-GUN TEST., Proceedings of the Third U. S. National Conference on Earthquake Engineering., Charleston, SC, USA, p. 753-764.","startPage":"753","endPage":"764","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225785,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4ad1e4b0c8380cd6908f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Liu, Hsi-Ping","contributorId":82705,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liu","given":"Hsi-Ping","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368752,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fedock, Joseph J.","contributorId":37082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fedock","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368750,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fletcher, Jon B.","contributorId":65614,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fletcher","given":"Jon","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368751,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70014599,"text":"70014599 - 1986 - Geochemical correlation of surface and subsurface oils, western Greece","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-17T15:31:33.350164","indexId":"70014599","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2958,"text":"Organic Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemical correlation of surface and subsurface oils, western Greece","docAbstract":"Terrace scarps can serve as a nearly ideal natural laboratory for the study of the evolution of slopes. This paper examines the effects of scarp size (height) and orientation (microclimate) by keeping constant variables such as age, lithology, and regional climate.
If a scarp degrades as a closed system, and downslope movement is directly proportional to surface gradient, the evolution of the scarp is modeled by the diffusion equation. For a group of scarps of same age and known starting angle, the diffusion-equation model predicts the relation between maximum scarp angle (\uD835\uDEC9) and scarp height (h). Late Pleistocene terrace scarps now as steep as 33.25°, as well as measured angles of repose for sand and gravel, require a starting angle as steep as 33.5°. For latest Pleistocene Idaho and Utah scarps, as h increases, \uD835\uDEC9 is gentler (more degraded) than modeled by the diffusion equation with a constant rate coefficient. The degradation-rate coefficient (c) increases tenfold with scarp height; it should not change with scarp height if downslope movement is solely determined by surface gradient (to the first power). Soil wash appears to be responsible for this departure from the diffusion-equation model, for transport rate by soil wash is a function of scarp size (height).
South-facing scarps are less vegetated and more degraded than north-facing scarps. For scarps 2 m high, the degradation rate (c*) on S-facing scarps is 2 times that on N-facing scarps; for 10-m scarps, it is 5 times.
The observed dependence of the rate coefficient c* on scarp height can be removed by normalizing c* to values for west-facing scarps of the same height. The residual c* values calculated by this method correlate well with differences in incident solar radiation resulting from the different scarp orientations and maximum gradients. This correlation demonstrates the importance of orientation on slope processes and their rates through the differences in freeze-thaw cycles, soil moisture, and vegetative cover.
Scarp morphology may be used to estimate age, if one accounts for the effects of climate and for scarp height, orientation, and lithology. For example, using the dated Bonneville shoreline scarps for calibration and comparing only scarps of equal height, we estimate the Drum Mountains fault scarps to be 9,000 yr old. This age is about twice that produced by previous diffusion-equation calculations that have not accounted for the height as we have here, but it is the same as independent geologic estimates of their age.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1986)97<869:EOHAOM>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Pierce, K.L., and Colman, S.M., 1986, Effect of height and orientation ( microclimate) on geomorphic degradation rates and processes, late-glacial terrace scarps in central Idaho: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 97, no. 7, p. 869-885, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1986)97<869:EOHAOM>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"869","endPage":"885","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226034,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"97","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a05e7e4b0c8380cd50fff","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pierce, K. L.","contributorId":12404,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pierce","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368802,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Colman, Steven M. 0000-0002-0564-9576","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0564-9576","contributorId":77482,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colman","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":368803,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014615,"text":"70014615 - 1986 - Mineralogy and geochemical evolution of the Little Three pegmatite-aplite layered intrusive, Ramona, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-28T08:51:42","indexId":"70014615","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":738,"text":"American Mineralogist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mineralogy and geochemical evolution of the Little Three pegmatite-aplite layered intrusive, Ramona, California","docAbstract":"Several layered pegmatite-aplite intrusives exposed at the Little Three mine, Ramona, display closely associated fine-grained to giant-textured mineral assemblages which are believed to have co-evolved from a hydrous aluminosilicate residual melt with an exsolved supercritical vapour phase. Calculations of phase relations between the major pegmatite-aplite mineral assemblages and supercritical aqueous fluid were made, assuming equilibrium and closed-system behaviour as a first-order model.-J.A.Z.","language":"English","issn":"0003004X","usgsCitation":"Stern, L., Brown, G.E., Bird, D., Jahns, R.H., Foord, E., Shigley, J., and Spaulding, L., 1986, Mineralogy and geochemical evolution of the Little Three pegmatite-aplite layered intrusive, Ramona, California: American Mineralogist, v. 71, no. 3-4, p. 406-427.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"406","endPage":"427","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226098,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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The theoretical results, primarily phase arrival times, suggest that arc structure is responsible for many of the complicated features seen on vertical-component summation seismograms simulated with different instrument responses from the broad-band array data. Except for one trench event, all the earthquakes studied occurred along the plate interface zone, had similar thrust focal mechanisms, and differed only in depth. As a result, the effects of depth phases on observed GRF waveforms across the arc were found to be systematically related to the increase in focal depth along the shallow-dipping seismic zone. -from Authors","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Annales Geophysicae, Series B","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Engdahl, E., and Kind, R., 1986, Interpretation of broad-band seismograms from central Aleutian earthquakes.: Annales Geophysicae, Series B, v. 4 B, no. 3, p. 233-240.","startPage":"233","endPage":"240","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226165,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"4 B","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3d6ae4b0c8380cd63556","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Engdahl, E.R.","contributorId":22906,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Engdahl","given":"E.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368831,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kind, R.","contributorId":63545,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kind","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368832,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014620,"text":"70014620 - 1986 - METEORIC-HYDROTHERMAL SYSTEMS.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:30","indexId":"70014620","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3280,"text":"Reviews in Mineralogy","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"METEORIC-HYDROTHERMAL SYSTEMS.","docAbstract":"This paper summarizes the salient characteristics of meteoric-hydrothermal systems, emphasing the isotopic systematics. Discussions of permeable-medium fluid dynamics and the geology and geochemistry of modern geothermal systems are also provided, because they are essential to any understanding of hydrothermal circulation. The main focus of the paper is on regions of ancient meteoric-hydrothermal activity, which give us information about the presently inaccessible, deep-level parts of modern geothermal systems. It is shown oxygen and hydrogen isotopes provide a powerful method to discover and map fossil hydrothermal systems and to investigate diverse associated aspects of rock alteration and ore deposition.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Reviews in Mineralogy","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"02750279","usgsCitation":"Criss, R.E., and Taylor, H.P., 1986, METEORIC-HYDROTHERMAL SYSTEMS.: Reviews in Mineralogy, v. 16, p. 373-424.","startPage":"373","endPage":"424","numberOfPages":"52","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226168,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"16","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4ac2e4b0c8380cd69005","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Criss, Robert E.","contributorId":39447,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Criss","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368841,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Taylor, Hugh P. 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In the first step of this study, data uses were identified for 3,493 continuous-record stations currently being operated in 32 States. In the second step, evaluation of alternative methods of providing streamflow information, flow-routing models, and regression models were developed for estimating daily flows at 251 stations of the 3,493 stations analyzed. In the third step of the analysis, relationships were developed between the accuracy of the streamflow records and the operating budget. The existing streamgaging networks in four Districts were further analyzed to determine the impacts that satellite telemetry would have on the cost effectiveness. Satellite telemetry was not found to be cost effective on the basis of hydrologic-data collection alone, given present cost of equipment and operation.","conferenceTitle":"Preprinted Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on River Basin Management.","conferenceLocation":"Sao Paolo, Braz","language":"English","publisher":"Int Assoc on Water Pollution Research & Control","publisherLocation":"London, Engl","usgsCitation":"Scott, A.G., 1986, ANALYSIS OF THE U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY STREAMGAGING NETWORK., Preprinted Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on River Basin Management., Sao Paolo, Braz, p. 33-44.","startPage":"33","endPage":"44","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225393,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e62de4b0c8380cd47201","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Scott, Arthur G.","contributorId":81885,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"Arthur","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368882,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70014648,"text":"70014648 - 1986 - ON NONSTATIONARY STOCHASTIC MODELS FOR EARTHQUAKES.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:33","indexId":"70014648","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"ON NONSTATIONARY STOCHASTIC MODELS FOR EARTHQUAKES.","docAbstract":"A seismological stochastic model for earthquake ground-motion description is presented. Seismological models are based on the physical properties of the source and the medium and have significant advantages over the widely used empirical models. The model discussed here provides a convenient form for estimating structural response by using random vibration theory. A commonly used random process for ground acceleration, filtered white-noise multiplied by an envelope function, introduces some errors in response calculations for structures whose periods are longer than the faulting duration. An alternate random process, filtered shot-noise process, eliminates these errors.","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the Third U. S. National Conference on Earthquake Engineering.","conferenceLocation":"Charleston, SC, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Earthquake Engineering Research Inst","publisherLocation":"El Cerrito, CA, USA","isbn":"0943198070","usgsCitation":"Safak, E., and Boore, D.M., 1986, ON NONSTATIONARY STOCHASTIC MODELS FOR EARTHQUAKES., Proceedings of the Third U. 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Cells exhibited lag‐phase adaptation to 0.8 μM total Cu (10−12 M free ion concentration) after 20 generations of Cu exposure. Selenastrum adapted to the same concentration when Cu was gradually introduced over an 8‐h period using a specially designed apparatus that provided a transient increase in exposure concentration. Cu adaptation was not attributable to media conditioning by algal exudates. Duration of lag phase was a more sensitive index of copper toxicity to Selenastrum that was growth rate or stationary‐phase cell density under the experimental conditions used. Chemical speciation of the Cu dosing solution influenced the duration of lag phase even when media formulations were identical after dosing. Selenastrum initially exposed to Cu in a CuCl2 injection solution exhibited a lag phase of 3.9 d, but this was reduced to 1.5 d when a CuEDTA solution was used to achieve the same total Cu and EDTA concentrations. Physical and chemical processes that accelerated the rate of increase in cupric ion concentration generally increased the duration of lag phase.
Much of the interannual variability in partially mixed estuaries in dissolved inorganic nutrient and dissolved oxygen patterns results from an enhancement or reduction of their annual cycle (generally via climatic forcing). In northern San Francisco Bay estuary the annual cycle of dissolved silicate supply peaks in spring and the effect of phytoplankton removal peaks in fall. Because riverine silicate sources are enhanced in wet years and reduced in dry years, the annual silicate cycle is modified accordingly. Effects of phytoplankton removal are reduced and delayed in wet years and enhanced and advanced (seen earlier) in dry years. Similar reasoning can apply to interpreting and understanding other mechanisms and rates.
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