The Greenville/Mt. Diablo earthquake sequence of January 24-26, 1980, was composed of Small and moderate earthquakes; the two largest shocks, on January 24 and 26, were of magnitudes (M) 5.5 and 5.6, respectively (Bolt and others, 1981). A 5.5 event is at the lower end of the range of earthquake magnitudes which cause observable ground failure (Youd and Perkins, 1978; Keefer, 1984). While none of the slope failures produced by the Greenville/Mt. Diablo earthquake sequence (GMDES) was larger than a few tens of cubic meters, they were both widespread in area (see map) and rich in variety, and thus have much to teach us about seismically induced slope failures in the San Francisco Bay area.
\nThis map depicts the location, type, and relative size of the ground failures observed during our reconnaissance, which began at 2:30 pm PST on January 24 and continued on January 25, 26, and 28 and February 6. Our observations were generally limited to that part of the Livermore region that is accessible by state and county roads.
\nInformation about the individual ground failures may be obtained from the map and the brief descriptions in table 1. The following text is a general discussion of the distribution and the mechanisms of the ground failures, followed by a discussion of the effects of wet winter conditions and of topographic amplification on the distribution and mechanisms of slope failure, and it concludes with a description of our (unsuccessful) efforts to locate any ground failures due to liquefaction. The discussion is intended not only to describe the GMDES slope failures but also to place them into the larger general context of seismically induced slope failures.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/mf1711","usgsCitation":"Wilson, R.C., Wieczorek, G.F., Keefer, D.K., Harp, E.L., and Tannaci, N., 1985, Map showing ground failures from the Greenville/Mount Diablo earthquake sequence of January 1980, Northern California: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 1711, Plate: 40.10 x 41.43 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/mf1711.","productDescription":"Plate: 40.10 x 41.43 inches","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":179752,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/mf1711.JPG"},{"id":327619,"rank":1,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/1711/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"0","country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -121.86749999999999,37.5 ], [ -121.86749999999999,38 ], [ -121.5,38 ], [ -121.5,37.5 ], [ -121.86749999999999,37.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a4c15","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wilson, R. C.","contributorId":50889,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":266008,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wieczorek, G. F.","contributorId":50143,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wieczorek","given":"G.","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":266007,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Keefer, D. K.","contributorId":21176,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keefer","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":266006,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Harp, E. L.","contributorId":59026,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harp","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":266009,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Tannaci, N.E.","contributorId":82391,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tannaci","given":"N.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":266010,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":61152,"text":"mf1779 - 1985 - Stratigraphic framework of the upper Fort Union Formation, TA Hills, Western Powder River basin, Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-23T10:10:10","indexId":"mf1779","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1779","title":"Stratigraphic framework of the upper Fort Union Formation, TA Hills, Western Powder River basin, Wyoming","docAbstract":"The purpose of this study is to interpret a relationship between the stratigraphy and the environment of deposition of the upper part of the Fort Union Formation in the TA Hills in the western part of the Powder River Basin, Johnson County, Wyoming. This framework was used to map and correlate coal beds with those mapped by Hose (1955) and Mapel (1959) in the southern and northern parts of the study area, respectively. More specifically, the established stratigraphic and environmental relationships of the coal beds and associated rocks contribute to a depositional model for the upper part of the Fort Union Formation in the TA Hills.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/mf1779","usgsCitation":"Weaver, J.N., and Flores, R.M., 1985, Stratigraphic framework of the upper Fort Union Formation, TA Hills, Western Powder River basin, Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 1779, 32.52 x 43.99 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/mf1779.","productDescription":"32.52 x 43.99 inches","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":183168,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/mf1779.PNG"},{"id":327559,"rank":1,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/1779/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Powder River Basin, TA Hills","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -106.66666666666667,44.083333333333336 ], [ -106.66666666666667,44.166666666666664 ], [ -106.61749999999999,44.166666666666664 ], [ -106.61749999999999,44.083333333333336 ], [ -106.66666666666667,44.083333333333336 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6aec08","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Weaver, Jean N.","contributorId":65099,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weaver","given":"Jean","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":265084,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Flores, Romeo M. rflores@usgs.gov","contributorId":71984,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flores","given":"Romeo","email":"rflores@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":165,"text":"Central Energy Resources Team","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":265085,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":80275,"text":"fwsobs82_10_87 - 1985 - Habitat Suitability Index Models: Belted kingfisher","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-09T15:08:44.140978","indexId":"fwsobs82_10_87","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":20,"text":"FWS/OBS","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"82/10.87","title":"Habitat Suitability Index Models: Belted kingfisher","docAbstract":"A review and synthesis of existing information were used to develop a Habitat Suitability Index (HSI) model for the belted kingfisher (Ceryle alcyon). The model consolidates habitat use information into a framework appropriate for field application, and is scaled to produce an index between 0.0 (unsuitable habitat) to 1.0 (optimum habitat). HSI models are designed to be used with Habitat Evaluation Procedures previously developed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Prose, B.L., 1985, Habitat Suitability Index Models: Belted kingfisher: FWS/OBS 82/10.87, vi, 22 p.","productDescription":"vi, 22 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":190943,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db649d5c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Prose, Bart L.","contributorId":29521,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prose","given":"Bart","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":292155,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":80285,"text":"fwsobs82_10_104 - 1985 - Habitat Suitability Index Models: Northern bobwhite","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-09T15:03:39.499122","indexId":"fwsobs82_10_104","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":20,"text":"FWS/OBS","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"82/10.104","subseriesTitle":"Habitat Suitability Index","title":"Habitat Suitability Index Models: Northern bobwhite","docAbstract":"A review and synthesis of existing information were used to develop a Habitat Suitability Index (HSI) model for the northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus). The model consolidates habitat use information into a framework appropriate for field application, and is scaled to produce an index between 0.0 (unsuitable habitat) to 1.0 (optimum habitat). HSI models are designed to be used with Habitat Evaluation Procedures previously developed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Schroeder, R.L., 1985, Habitat Suitability Index Models: Northern bobwhite: FWS/OBS 82/10.104, vi, 32 p.","productDescription":"vi, 32 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":192456,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db6497e3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schroeder, Richard L.","contributorId":10368,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schroeder","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":292179,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":80283,"text":"fwsobs82_10_114 - 1985 - Habitat Suitability Index Models: Blue-winged teal (breeding)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-09T15:05:49.260552","indexId":"fwsobs82_10_114","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":20,"text":"FWS/OBS","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"82/10.114","subseriesTitle":"Habitat Suitability Index","title":"Habitat Suitability Index Models: Blue-winged teal (breeding)","docAbstract":"A review and synthesis of existing information were used to develop a Habitat Suitability Index (HSI) model for the blue-winged teal (Anas discors). The model consolidates habitat use information into a framework appropriate for field application, and is scaled to produce an index between 0.0 (unsuitable habitat) to 1.0 (optimum habitat). HSI models are designed to be used with Habitat Evaluation Procedures previously developed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Sousa, P.J., 1985, Habitat Suitability Index Models: Blue-winged teal (breeding): FWS/OBS 82/10.114, viii, 36 p.","productDescription":"viii, 36 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":192045,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db649ce9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sousa, Patrick J.","contributorId":19206,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sousa","given":"Patrick","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":292176,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":80282,"text":"fwsobs82_10_95 - 1985 - Habitat Suitability Index Models: Red-winged blackbird","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-09T15:06:34.236743","indexId":"fwsobs82_10_95","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":20,"text":"FWS/OBS","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"82/10.95","subseriesTitle":"Habitat Suitability Index","title":"Habitat Suitability Index Models: Red-winged blackbird","docAbstract":"A review and synthesis of existing information were used to develop a Habitat Suitability Index (HSI) model for the red-winged blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus L.). The model consolidates habitat use information into a framework appropriate for field application, and is scaled to produce an index between 0.0 (unsuitable habitat) to 1.0 (optimum habitat). HSI models are designed to be used with Habitat Evaluation Procedures previously developed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Short, H.L., 1985, Habitat Suitability Index Models: Red-winged blackbird: FWS/OBS 82/10.95, vi, 20 p.","productDescription":"vi, 20 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":190920,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae7e4b07f02db68c087","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Short, Henry L.","contributorId":58695,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Short","given":"Henry","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":292175,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":59066,"text":"mf1647B - 1985 - Gravity and aeromagnetic maps of the Maroon Bells-Snowmass Wilderness and additions, Pitkin and Gunnison counties, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-28T11:53:56","indexId":"mf1647B","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1647","chapter":"B","title":"Gravity and aeromagnetic maps of the Maroon Bells-Snowmass Wilderness and additions, Pitkin and Gunnison counties, Colorado","docAbstract":"Aeromagnetic and complete Bouguer gravity anomaly maps have been prepared for the Maroon Bells-Snowmass Wilderness and additions, near Aspen, Colorado. An extreme gravity low, which may be indicative of mineralization, occurs over the White Rock pluton in the southeastern part of the study area. Modeling of the gravity and magnetic anomalies shows that the Sopris, Snowmass, and White Rock plutons are probably all stocks connected to a single batholith at depth. Both Sopris and Snowmass stocks seem to be shaped like spikes bristling out of this common batholith; the Snowmass spike is vertical, the Sopris spike is inclined. The Snowmass spike has a westward-extending flange, possibly related to the Elk Range thrust zone. The White Rock stock is a massive conical lump on top of the underlying batholith. Its complicated aeromagnetic signature seems partly due at least two magnetically distinct regions, which may represent altered zones or separate intrusions within the stock. These regions occur under the Conundrum Creek and East Maroon Creek valleys and may represent favorable locations for mineralization.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/mf1647B","usgsCitation":"Campbell, D.L., 1985, Gravity and aeromagnetic maps of the Maroon Bells-Snowmass Wilderness and additions, Pitkin and Gunnison counties, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 1647, 56.45 x 40.68 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/mf1647B.","productDescription":"56.45 x 40.68 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":184688,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/1647-B/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":357892,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/1647-B/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","county":"Gunnison County, Pitkin County","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -107.25,39 ], [ -107.25,39.25 ], [ -106.75,39.25 ], [ -106.75,39 ], [ -107.25,39 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abae4b07f02db67220d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Campbell, D. L.","contributorId":90726,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Campbell","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":261359,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":80302,"text":"fwsobs82_10_106 - 1985 - Habitat Suitability Index Models: Eastern wild turkey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-09T15:00:51.29419","indexId":"fwsobs82_10_106","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":20,"text":"FWS/OBS","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"82/10.106","subseriesTitle":"Habitat Suitability Index","title":"Habitat Suitability Index Models: Eastern wild turkey","docAbstract":"A review and synthesis of existing information were used to develop a Habitat Suitability Index (HSI) model for the eastern wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo sylvestris). The model consolidates habitat use information into a framework appropriate for field application, and is scaled to produce an index between 0.0 (unsuitable habitat) to 1.0 (optimum habitat). HSI models are designed to be used with Habitat Evaluation Procedures previously developed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Schroeder, R.L., 1985, Habitat Suitability Index Models: Eastern wild turkey: FWS/OBS 82/10.106, vi, 33 p.","productDescription":"vi, 33 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194800,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db6498bd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schroeder, Richard L.","contributorId":10368,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schroeder","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":292209,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":59988,"text":"mf1755A - 1985 - Mineral resource potential maps of the Fiddler Butte Wilderness Study Area and the Fremont Gorge Study Area, Garfield and Wayne counties, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-22T14:05:30","indexId":"mf1755A","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1755","chapter":"A","title":"Mineral resource potential maps of the Fiddler Butte Wilderness Study Area and the Fremont Gorge Study Area, Garfield and Wayne counties, Utah","docAbstract":"Field and laboratory investigations of the Fiddler Butte WSA (Wilderness Study Area) in Garfield County, Utah, and of the Fremont Gorge study area in Wayne County, Utah, were made to determine the mineral resource potential of these lands. The investigations indicate that two areas in the northeastern and southwestern parts of the Fiddler Butte WSA have a moderate potential for uranium resources. The entire Fiddler Butte WSA has a moderate potential for petroleum resources, and the northeastern part of the WSA has a high potential for tar sand resources. The studies indicate a low potential for metallic and nonmetallic resources in the Fiddler Butte WSA. The Fremont Gorge study area has a low potential for metallic, nonmetallic, and petroleum resources.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/mf1755A","usgsCitation":"Larson, M.J., Dubiel, R.F., Peterson, F., Willson, W.R., and Briggs, J.P., 1985, Mineral resource potential maps of the Fiddler Butte Wilderness Study Area and the Fremont Gorge Study Area, Garfield and Wayne counties, Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 1755, Report: 8 p.; Plate: 34.26 x 28.64 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/mf1755A.","productDescription":"Report: 8 p.; Plate: 34.26 x 28.64 inches","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":182516,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/mf1755A.jpg"},{"id":310529,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/1755-A/report.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":310530,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/1755-A/plate-1.pdf","text":"Plate 1","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","county":"Garfield County, Wayne County","otherGeospatial":"Fiddler Butte Wilderness Study Area, Fremont Gorge Study Area","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -110.5,38 ], [ -110.5,38.083333333333336 ], [ -110.33333333333333,38.083333333333336 ], [ -110.33333333333333,38 ], [ -110.5,38 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a61e4b07f02db63583c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Larson, M. J.","contributorId":103342,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larson","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":262945,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dubiel, R. F. 0000-0002-1280-0350","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1280-0350","contributorId":41820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dubiel","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":262944,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Peterson, Fred fpeterson@usgs.gov","contributorId":1309,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"Fred","email":"fpeterson@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":262942,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Willson, W. R.","contributorId":18358,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Willson","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":262943,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Briggs, J. P.","contributorId":83920,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Briggs","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":262946,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":80264,"text":"fwsobs82_10_115 - 1985 - Habitat Suitability Index Models: American coot","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-09T15:11:54.829314","indexId":"fwsobs82_10_115","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":20,"text":"FWS/OBS","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"82/10.115","subseriesTitle":"Habitat Suitability Index","title":"Habitat Suitability Index Models: American coot","docAbstract":"A review and synthesis of existing information were used to develop a Habitat Suitability Index (HSI) model for the American coot (Fulica americana). The model consolidates habitat use information in to a framework appropriate for field application, and is scaled to produce an index between 0.0 (unsuitable habitat) and 1.0 (optimum habitat). HSI models are designed to be used with Habitat Evaluation Procedures previously developed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Allen, A.W., 1985, Habitat Suitability Index Models: American coot: FWS/OBS 82/10.115, vi, 17 p.","productDescription":"vi, 17 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":192896,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db649e2a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Allen, Arthur W.","contributorId":40648,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allen","given":"Arthur","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":292134,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":80266,"text":"fwsobs82_10_88 - 1985 - Habitat Suitability Index Models and Instream Flow Suitability Curves: American shad","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-09T15:10:48.084386","indexId":"fwsobs82_10_88","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":20,"text":"FWS/OBS","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"82/10.88","subseriesTitle":"Habitat Suitability Index","title":"Habitat Suitability Index Models and Instream Flow Suitability Curves: American shad","docAbstract":"INTRODUCTION\r\n\r\nThe American shad, an anadromous species, is the largest member of the herring family (Clupeidae) and is native to North America (Talbot and Sykes 1958; Hildebrand 1963; Walburg and Nichols 1967).\r\n\r\nHistorically, the commercial fishery for American shad on the Atlantic coast was widespread and intense; in 1896 the estimated catch was 22.7 million kg (50 million lb). By 1960, however, the estimated catch had dropped to slightly more than 3.6 million kg (8 million lb), according to Walburg and Nichols (1967). Pollution, overfishing, and dams constructed across streams that prevent shad from reaching their spawning grounds have caused partial or total depletion of stocks (Hildebrand 1963). Several programs aimed at restoring American shad to their former range have been initiated by Federal and State agencies.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Stier, D.J., and Crance, J.H., 1985, Habitat Suitability Index Models and Instream Flow Suitability Curves: American shad: FWS/OBS 82/10.88, vi, 34 p.","productDescription":"vi, 34 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":192474,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6ce4b07f02db63e428","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stier, David J.","contributorId":16108,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stier","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":292139,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Crance, Johnie H.","contributorId":9326,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crance","given":"Johnie","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":292138,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":80267,"text":"fwsobs82_10_105 - 1985 - Habitat Suitability Index Models: American woodcock (wintering)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-09T15:10:04.169561","indexId":"fwsobs82_10_105","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":20,"text":"FWS/OBS","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"82/10.105","subseriesTitle":"Habitat Suitability Index","title":"Habitat Suitability Index Models: American woodcock (wintering)","docAbstract":"A review and synthesis of existing information were used to develop a Habitat Suitability Index (HSI) model for the American woodcock. The model consolidates habitat use information into a framework appropriate for field application, and is sclaed to produce an index between 0.0 (unsuitable habitat) to 1.0 (optimally suitable habitat). HSI models are designed to be used with Habitat Evaluation Procedures previously developed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Cade, B.S., 1985, Habitat Suitability Index Models: American woodcock (wintering): FWS/OBS 82/10.105, vi, 23 p.","productDescription":"vi, 23 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":191383,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db649dd0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cade, Brian S. 0000-0001-9623-9849 cadeb@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9623-9849","contributorId":1278,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cade","given":"Brian","email":"cadeb@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":292140,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":80268,"text":"fwsobs82_10_110 - 1985 - Habitat Suitability Index Models and Instream Flow Suitability Curves: Arctic grayling riverine populations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-09T15:09:39.755096","indexId":"fwsobs82_10_110","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":20,"text":"FWS/OBS","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"82/10.110","subseriesTitle":"Habitat Suitability Index","title":"Habitat Suitability Index Models and Instream Flow Suitability Curves: Arctic grayling riverine populations","docAbstract":"A review and synthesis of existing information were used to develop a Habitat Suitability Index (HSI) model and instream flow suitability curves for Arctic grayling (Thymallus arcticus) riverine populations. The model consolidates habitat use information into a framework appropriate for field application, and is sclaed to produce an index between 0.0 (unsuitable habitat) to 1.0 (optimum habitat). HSI models are designed to be used with Habitat Evaluation Procedures previously developed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Hubert, W.A., Helzner, R.S., Lee, L.A., and Nelson, P.C., 1985, Habitat Suitability Index Models and Instream Flow Suitability Curves: Arctic grayling riverine populations: FWS/OBS 82/10.110, viii, 34 p.","productDescription":"viii, 34 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194756,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db649e7f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hubert, Wayne A.","contributorId":9325,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hubert","given":"Wayne","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":292141,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Helzner, Rhonda S.","contributorId":65943,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Helzner","given":"Rhonda","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":292143,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lee, Lawrence A.","contributorId":15298,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"Lawrence","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":292142,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nelson, Patrick C.","contributorId":68799,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"Patrick","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":292144,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":14735,"text":"ofr85391 - 1985 - Mineral deposit models; theory and practice","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:07","indexId":"ofr85391","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"85-391","title":"Mineral deposit models; theory and practice","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr85391","usgsCitation":"Ludington, S., Barton, P.B., and Johnson, K.M., 1985, Mineral deposit models; theory and practice (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 85-391, 19 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr85391.","productDescription":"19 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":1003,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1985/ofr-85-0391/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":148983,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a61e4b07f02db63590c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ludington, Steve","contributorId":106848,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ludington","given":"Steve","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":169927,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barton, Paul B. Jr.","contributorId":68406,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barton","given":"Paul","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":169926,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnson, Kathleen M. kjohnson@usgs.gov","contributorId":2110,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Kathleen","email":"kjohnson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":169925,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":15403,"text":"ofr85288 - 1985 - Description and preliminary testing of the CDSN Seismic Sensor Systems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-07-17T11:00:06","indexId":"ofr85288","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"85-288","title":"Description and preliminary testing of the CDSN Seismic Sensor Systems","docAbstract":"The China Digital Seismograph Network (CDSN) is being designed and installed to provide the People's Republic of China with the facilities needed to create a national digital database for earthquake research. The CDSN, which is being developed jointly by the PRC State Seismological Bureau and the U.S. Geological Survey, will consist initially of nine digitally-recording seismograph stations, a data management system to be used for compiling network-day tapes, and a depot maintenance center. Data produced by the network will be shared with research scientists throughout the world.
A national seismograph network must be designed to support a variety of research objectives. From this standpoint, the choices and tradeoffs involved in specifying signal bandwidth, resolution, and dynamic range are the most important decisions in system design. As in the case of the CDSN, these decisions are made during the selection and design of the seismic sensor system and encoder components. The purpose of this report is to describe the CDSN sensor systems, their important signal characteristics, and the results of preliminary tests that have been performed on the instruments.
Four overlapping data bands will be recorded at each station: short period (SP), broadband (BB), long period (LP), and very long period (VLP). Amplitude response curves are illustrated in Figure I. Vertical and horizontal components will be recorded for each data band. The SP and LP channels will be recorded with sufficient sensitivities to resolve earth background noise at seismically quiet sites. The BB channels will have a lower sensitivity and are intended for broadband recording of moderate-to-large body-wave signals and for increasing the effective amplitude range in the short- and long-period bands. The VLP channel does not provide additional spectral coverage at long periods; its purpose is to make use of on-site filtration and decimation to reduce post processing requirements for VLP studies. Early plans also included a triaxial set of low-sensitivity accelerometers for recording strong signals from large local and regional earthquakes. The accelerometers are not being installed; however, they may be added in the future.
The short-period signals will be derived from a three-component set of PRC-supplied Model DJ-I SP seismometers and US-supplied SP amplifiers. The seismometers will be installed in surface or shallow subsurface vaults, except at two of the stations where they will be installed in boreholes. The BB, LP, and VLP signals will be derived from Streckeisen STS-1 broadband sensor systems installed in vaults, except at one site where the LP signals only will-be derived from a KS-36000 borehole seismometer installed at a depth of 100 meters.
Analog signals will be sampled and quantized by an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) that is part of the recording system. Sampling rates chosen for the CDSN are as follows:
* SP 40 samples/second
* BB 20 samples/second
* LP 1 sample/second
* VLP 6 samples/minute
The ADC 16-bit data word format makes use of 14 bits to quantize the signal and 2 bits to specify an automatically ranged gain of 1, 8, 32, or 128. This will provide 84 dB of resolution and up to 42 dB of gain ranging for a total opera- ting range of 126 dB peak to peak.
Magnetic tape cartridges, each having a capacity of 67 megabytes, will be used for recording the digital data. LP and VLP data will be recorded continu- ously. SP and BB data will be processed through an automatic signal detector of the type described by Murdock and Hutt (1983), and only detected events will be stored on tape. Detection parameters, such as turn-on sensitivity and mini- mum recording duration for the SP and BB channels, will be fully programmable and easily changed. One or more of the data channels may also be recorded on analog recorders.
A CDSN recording system was not available at the time that the preliminary tests were performed on the CDSN sensor systems. This did not interfere with the principal goals of the testing which were to determine the best sensor installation techniques and to demonstrate the operational performance of the sensor systems, especially with regard to instrument noise and detection capability. When the CDSN recording system is available, additional tests will be performed to measure distortion levels in the full system and components. Distortion tests have been performed on the Streckeisen STS-1 broadband seismometers, the most critical component from the standpoint of linearity, and the results of the tests are reported by Wielandt and Streckeisen (1982). Calibration accuracy and stability are also important sensor system characteristics that cannot be defined without additional testing. These tests will be performed as the instruments are installed at the stations and periodically during operation.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr85288","usgsCitation":"Peterson, J., and Tilgner, E.E., 1985, Description and preliminary testing of the CDSN Seismic Sensor Systems: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 85-288, 63 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr85288.","productDescription":"63 p.","costCenters":[{"id":122,"text":"Albuquerque Seismological Laboratory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":147957,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1985/0288/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":9714,"rank":299,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1985/0288/ofr85-288.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.06 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 1985-0288"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab1e4b07f02db66e370","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peterson, Jon","contributorId":67522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"Jon","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":171078,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tilgner, Edwin E.","contributorId":66702,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tilgner","given":"Edwin","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":171077,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1970,"text":"wsp2264 - 1985 - Simulating unsteady transport of nitrogen, biochemical oxygen demand, and dissolved oxygen in the Chattahoochee River downstream from Atlanta, Georgia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-30T10:24:57","indexId":"wsp2264","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2264","title":"Simulating unsteady transport of nitrogen, biochemical oxygen demand, and dissolved oxygen in the Chattahoochee River downstream from Atlanta, Georgia","docAbstract":"As part of an intensive water-quality assessment of the Chattahoochee River, repetitive water-quality measurements were made at 12 sites along a 69-kilometer reach of the river downstream of Atlanta, Georgia. Concentrations of seven constituents (temperature, dissolved oxygen, ultimate carbonaceous biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), organic nitrogen, ammonia, nitrite, and nitrate) were obtained during two periods of 36 hours, one starting on August 30, 1976, and the other starting on May 31, 1977. The study reach contains one large and several small sewage outfalls and receives the cooling water from two large powerplants. \r\n\r\nAn unsteady water-quality model of the Lagrangian type was calibrated using the 1977 data and verified using the 1976 data. The model provided a good means of interpreting these data even though both the flow and the pollution loading rates were highly unsteady. A kinetic model of the cascade type accurately described the physical and biochemical processes occurring in the river. All rate coefficients, except reaeration coefficients and those describing the resuspension of BOD, were fitted to the 1977 data and verified using the 1976 data. \r\n\r\nThe study showed that, at steady low flow, about 38 percent of the BOD settled without exerting an oxygen demand. At high flow, this settled BOD was resuspended and exerted an immediate oxygen demand. About 70 percent of the ammonia extracted from the water column was converted to nitrite, but the fate of the remaining 30 percent is unknown. Photosynthetic production was not an important factor in the oxygen balance during either run.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wsp2264","usgsCitation":"Jobson, H.E., 1985, Simulating unsteady transport of nitrogen, biochemical oxygen demand, and dissolved oxygen in the Chattahoochee River downstream from Atlanta, Georgia: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2264, v, 36 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2264.","productDescription":"v, 36 p. ","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":138296,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2264/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":27346,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2264/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia","city":"Atlanta","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -84.9462890625,\n 33.284619968887675\n ],\n [\n -83.91357421875,\n 33.284619968887675\n ],\n [\n -83.91357421875,\n 34.14363482031264\n ],\n [\n -84.9462890625,\n 34.14363482031264\n ],\n [\n -84.9462890625,\n 33.284619968887675\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db649345","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jobson, Harvey E.","contributorId":27032,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jobson","given":"Harvey","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144454,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":18968,"text":"ofr85111 - 1985 - Shipboard playback for ocean bottom instrument package; modification II","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:32","indexId":"ofr85111","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"85-111","title":"Shipboard playback for ocean bottom instrument package; modification II","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr85111","usgsCitation":"Fredericks, J., Evenden, G., and Dodd, J.E., 1985, Shipboard playback for ocean bottom instrument package; modification II: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 85-111, 1 v. 69 p. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr85111.","productDescription":"1 v. 69 p. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":151502,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1985/0111/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":48378,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1985/0111/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fae4b07f02db5f3fbf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fredericks, J.J.","contributorId":77517,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fredericks","given":"J.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":180070,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Evenden, G. I.","contributorId":52960,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evenden","given":"G. I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":180068,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dodd, J. E.","contributorId":57867,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dodd","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":180069,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1756,"text":"wsp2209 - 1985 - Digital models of ground-water flow in the Cape Cod aquifer system, Massachusetts","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":9275,"text":"ofr8067 - 1981 - Digital models of ground-water flow in the Cape Cod aquifer system, Massachusetts","indexId":"ofr8067","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"title":"Digital models of ground-water flow in the Cape Cod aquifer system, Massachusetts"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":1756,"text":"wsp2209 - 1985 - Digital models of ground-water flow in the Cape Cod aquifer system, Massachusetts","indexId":"wsp2209","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"title":"Digital models of ground-water flow in the Cape Cod aquifer system, Massachusetts"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:15","indexId":"wsp2209","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2209","title":"Digital models of ground-water flow in the Cape Cod aquifer system, Massachusetts","docAbstract":"The Cape Cod aquifer system was simulated with three-dimensional finite-difference ground-water-flow models. Five areas were modeled to provide tools that can be used to evaluate the hydrologic impacts of regional water development and waste disposal. \r\n\r\nThe model boundaries were selected to represent the natural hydrologic boundaries of the aquifer. The boundary between fresh and saline ground water was treated as an interface along which there is no dispersion. The saline-water zone was treated as static (nonflowing). \r\n\r\nComparisons of calculated and observed values of head, position of the boundary between fresh and saline water, and ground-water discharge (at locations where data were available) indicate that the simulated groundwater reservoirs generally agree with field conditions. \r\n\r\nModel analyses indicate that the total steady-state freshwater-flow rate through the five modeled areas is approximately 412 cubic feet per second.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp2209","usgsCitation":"Guswa, J.H., and LeBlanc, D.R., 1985, Digital models of ground-water flow in the Cape Cod aquifer system, Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2209, v, 112 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2209.","productDescription":"v, 112 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":137146,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2209/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":26861,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2209/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a95e4b07f02db659744","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Guswa, John H.","contributorId":97881,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guswa","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144089,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"LeBlanc, Denis R. 0000-0002-4646-2628 dleblanc@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4646-2628","contributorId":1696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LeBlanc","given":"Denis","email":"dleblanc@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":144088,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":9893,"text":"ofr82770 - 1985 - Spirit Lake dam-failure flood routing assessment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:11","indexId":"ofr82770","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"82-770","title":"Spirit Lake dam-failure flood routing assessment","docAbstract":"Potential clear-water floodflows resulting from uncontrolled breaching by Spirit Lake of a debris dam deposited by the May 18 , 1980, eruption of Mount St. Helens, Washington, were evaluated. U.S. Geological Survey dam-break model K-634 was utilized, first to compute clear-water flood hydrographs for various hypothetical breach scenarios, and then to hydraulically route them downstream to the mouth of the Toutle River. Dam-break computations were obtained for 12 breach-development scenarios. Eight of the scenarios modeled breaches caused by overtopping of the June 1982 crest of the debris dam, while the other four modeled breaches resulting from overtopping of the debris dam at a possible future crest altitude of 3,490 feet. Equal numbers of scenarios, six each, were modeled for breach development durations of 0.25 hour and 1.0 hour. Peak discharges and times of arrival at selected locations for scenarios with breach development durations of 1.0 hour are presented in tables. Peak discharges computed for dam-break scenarios with breach crest widths of 400 feet are almost twice the magnitude of those computed for scenarios identical in all other respects, but with widths of 200 feet. Peak discharges computed for breaches caused by overtopping of the debris dam at an altitude of 3,531.8 feet were generally found to be roughly five times greater than those caused by overtopping at an altitude of 3,490 feet, if the breaches had identical crest elevations and crest widths. Decreases in peak discharge from Spirit Lake to the mouth of the Toutle River ranged from 16 to 26 percent for the scenarios modeled. This lack of significant attenuation is primarily due to the large volume and surface area of Spirit lake (in excess of 360,000 acre-feet and 3,000 acres, respectively, for all scenarios modeled), which result in the continued discharge of high flows long after breach development is complete. The degree of attenuation is also minimized by the generally steep narrow valleys through which the North Fork Toutle and Toutle Rivers flow. Elapsed time from beginning of breach development to arrival of peak discharges at the mouth of the Toutle River ranged from 4.3 to 7.4 hours for the scenarios modeled. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr82770","usgsCitation":"Kresch, D., 1985, Spirit Lake dam-failure flood routing assessment: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 82-770, 12 p. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr82770.","productDescription":"12 p. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":141193,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0770/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":37685,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0770/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e4b15","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kresch, D. L.","contributorId":52559,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kresch","given":"D. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":160471,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":2698,"text":"wsp2239 - 1985 - Ground-water resources and potential hydrologic effects of surface coal mining in the northern Powder River basin, southeastern Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:26","indexId":"wsp2239","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2239","title":"Ground-water resources and potential hydrologic effects of surface coal mining in the northern Powder River basin, southeastern Montana","docAbstract":"The shallow ground-water system in the northern Powder River Basin consists of Upper Cretaceous to Holocene aquifers overlying the Bearpaw Shale--namely, the Fox Hills Sandstone; Hell Creek, Fort Union, and Wasatch Formations; terrace deposits; and alluvium. Ground-water flow above the Bearpaw Shale can be divided into two general flow patterns. An upper flow pattern occurs in aquifers at depths of less than about 200 feet and occurs primarily as localized flow controlled by the surface topography. A lower flow pattern occurs in aquifers at depths from about 200 to 1,200 feet and exhibits a more regional flow, which is generally northward toward the Yellowstone River with significant flow toward the Powder and Tongue Rivers. \r\n\r\nThe chemical quality of water in the shallow ground-water system in the study area varies widely, and most of the ground water does not meet standards for dissolved constituents in public drinking water established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Water from depths less than 200 feet generally is a sodium sulfate type having an average dissolved-solids concentration of 2,100 milligrams per liter. Sodium bicarbonate water having an average dissolved-solids concentration of 1,400 milligrams per liter is typical from aquifers in the shallow ground-water system at depths between 200 and 1,200 feet. \r\n\r\nEffects of surface coal mining on the water resources in the northern Powder River Basin are dependent on the stratigraphic location of the mine cut. Where the cut lies above the water-yielding zone, the effects will be minimal. Where the mine cut intersects a water-ielding zone, effects on water levels and flow patterns can be significant locally, but water levels and flow patterns will return to approximate premining conditions after mining ceases. Ground water in and near active and former mines may become more mineralized, owing to the placement of spoil material from the reducing zone in the unsaturated zone where the minerals are subject to oxidation. Regional effects probably will be small because of the limited areal extent of ground-water flow systems where mining is feasible. \r\n\r\nResults of digital models are presented to illustrate the effects of varying hydraulic properties on water-level changes resulting from mine dewatering. The model simulations were designed to depict maximum-drawdown situations. One simulation indicates that after 20 years of continuous dewatering of an infinite, homogeneous, isotropic aquifer that is 10 feet thick and has an initial potentiometric surface 10 feet above the top of the aquifer, water-level declines greater than 1 foot would generally be limited to within 7.5 miles of the center of the mine excavation; declines greater than 2 feet to within about 6 miles; declines greater than 5 feet to within about 3.7 miles; declines greater than 10 feet to within about 1.7 miles; and declines greater than 15 feet to within 1.2 miles.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O :\r\nFor sale by the Supt. of Docs., U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp2239","usgsCitation":"Slagle, S.E., Lewis, B.D., and Lee, R.W., 1985, Ground-water resources and potential hydrologic effects of surface coal mining in the northern Powder River basin, southeastern Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2239, iv, 34 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.; 2 plates in pocket, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2239.","productDescription":"iv, 34 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.; 2 plates in pocket","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":138838,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2239/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":247236,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2239/plate-1.pdf","size":"10143","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":247237,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2239/plate-2.pdf","size":"6388","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":29067,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2239/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9be4b07f02db65e13d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Slagle, Steven E.","contributorId":35284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Slagle","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145629,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lewis, Barney D.","contributorId":93873,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lewis","given":"Barney","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145630,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lee, Roger W.","contributorId":105273,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"Roger","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145631,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":14347,"text":"ofr853 - 1985 - Geology of the Precambrian rocks of the Jabal Habashi Quadrangle, sheet 26F, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-09-16T17:56:09","indexId":"ofr853","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"85-3","title":"Geology of the Precambrian rocks of the Jabal Habashi Quadrangle, sheet 26F, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","docAbstract":"The Jabal Habashi quadrangle contains formations of Lower Paleozoic and Cenozoic age, unconformably overlying part of the Precambrian Arabian Shield. The Precambrian formations include metamorphosed and strongly deformed volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks and plutons of calc-alkalic, mafic to intermediate composition, dated at about 645 Ma. These are unconformably overlain by the Maraghan formation of the Murdama group, composed of sandstone and siltstone deposited in a vast sedimentary basin present in the region between about 640 to 620 Ma. On the northwestern margin of this large basin, a smaller, fault-controlled basin was filled by the Hibshi formation, a sequence of conglomerate, sandstones, tuffs and minor lava flows, which dates from 632 Ma. Other volcanic rocks from this period probably accumulated around caldera-like volcanoes.
\nThe deposition of the Maraghan and Hibshi formations was interrupted by moderate deformation and metamorphism. About 617 Ma ago, the region was intruded by many granodiorite, granite and subordinate gabbro, diorite and peralkaline granite plutons. Gold-bearing quartz veins formed as a result of this intrusive event.
\nA gap in the geologic record of nearly 40 Ma followed, ended by the emplacement of more evolved syenogranite and alkali-feldspar granite plutons. Hydrothermal alteration of one of these granites led to the formation of tin greisen; other granites contain anomalous amounts of rare-earth elements.
\nThe stable rock mass created by these geologic processes was extensively eroded at the end of the Precambrian, and was subsequently covered by flat-lying Lower Paleozoic clastic rocks, the Saq Sandstone of Cambrian (?) to early Ordovician age, and the Tabuk Formation, largely siltstone and claystone, of early Ordovician to early Silurian age. Another major gap in the record, extending from the early Paleozoic to late Cenozoic, ended by the extrusion of basaltic lava flows and cinder cones in the northern part of the quadrangle, about 1.8 Ma ago. The volcanic activity, preceded by tilting of the region and the stripping back of the Paleozoic rocks to expose the Precambrian again, was linked to rifting in the Arabian Shield and the opening of the Red Sea.
\nThe final event in the quadrangle was the onset of the present-day type of climate and erosion pattern, leading to the development of drainage channels partly filled by sand and small sabkhah deposits, and surfaces covered by recently cemented gravels.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr853","usgsCitation":"Johnson, P., Williams, P.L., and Fuller, F.J., 1985, Geology of the Precambrian rocks of the Jabal Habashi Quadrangle, sheet 26F, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 85-3, Report: iv, 87 p., ill.; Maps: 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr853.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 87 p., ill.; Maps: 28 cm.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":148339,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1985/0003/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":43018,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1985/0003/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":43019,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1985/0003/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":43020,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1985/0003/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"Saudi Arabia","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 42,\n 26\n ],\n [\n 42,\n 27\n ],\n [\n 43.5,\n 27\n ],\n [\n 43.5,\n 26\n ],\n [\n 42,\n 26\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67e7fa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, P.R.","contributorId":37332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"P.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":169298,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Williams, P. L.","contributorId":79109,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":169300,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fuller, F. J. (compiler)","contributorId":41003,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fuller","given":"F.","suffix":"(compiler)","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":169299,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":2788,"text":"wsp2217 - 1985 - Evaluation of major dike-impounded ground-water reservoirs, Island of Oahu","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":11397,"text":"ofr811119 - 1981 - Evaluation of major dike-impounded ground-water reservoirs, Island of Oahu, with a section on flow hydraulics in dike tunnels in Hawaii","indexId":"ofr811119","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"title":"Evaluation of major dike-impounded ground-water reservoirs, Island of Oahu, with a section on flow hydraulics in dike tunnels in Hawaii"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":2788,"text":"wsp2217 - 1985 - Evaluation of major dike-impounded ground-water reservoirs, Island of Oahu","indexId":"wsp2217","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"title":"Evaluation of major dike-impounded ground-water reservoirs, Island of Oahu"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-14T18:34:00.298716","indexId":"wsp2217","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2217","title":"Evaluation of major dike-impounded ground-water reservoirs, Island of Oahu","docAbstract":"Ground-water reservoirs impounded by volcanic dikes receive a substantial part of the total recharge to ground water on the island of Oahu because they generally underlie the rainiest areas. These reservoirs accumulate the infiltration from rainfall, store it temporarily, and steadily leak it to abutting basal reservoirs or to streams cutting into them. The dike reservoirs have high hydraulic heads and are mostly isolated from saline water.\r\n\r\nThe most important and productive of the dike-impounded reservoirs are in an area of about 135 square miles in the main fissure zone of the Koolau volcano where the top of the dike-impounded water reaches an altitude of at least 1,000 feet. Water is impounded and stored both above and below sea level. The water stored above sea level in the 135 square mile area has been roughly estimated at 560 billion gallons. In comparison, the water stored above sea level in reservoirs underlying a dike-intruded area of about 53 square miles in the Waianae Range has been roughly estimated at 100 billion gallons. Storage below sea level is indeterminable, owing to uncertainties about the ability of the rock to store water as dike density increases and porosity decreases.\r\n\r\nTunnels, by breaching dike controls, have reduced the water stored above sea level by at least 50 billion gallons in the Koolau Range and by 5 1/2 billion gallons in the Waianae Range, only a small part of the total water stored.\r\n\r\nTotal leakage from storage in the Koolau Range has been estimated at about 280 Mgal/d (million gallons per day). This estimated leakage from the dike-impounded reservoirs makes up a significant part of the ground-water yield of the Koolau Range, which has been estimated to range from 450 to 580 Mgal/d. The largest unused surface leakage is in the Kaneohe, Kahana, and Punaluu areas, and the largest unused underflow occurs in the Waialee, Hauula-Laie, Punaluu, and Kahana areas. The unused underflow leakage is small in areas near and east of Waialae, but it is an important supply because of the great need for augmenting water supplies there.\r\n\r\nTotal leakage from storage in the Waianae Range has not been estimated because underflow is difficult to determine. Much of the surface leakage, about 4 Mgal/d in the upper parts of Waianae, Makaha, and Lualualei Valleys, has been diverted by tunnels. Hence, supplies available, other than surface leakage, cannot be estimated from the discharge end of the hydrologic cycle. Infiltration in the Waianae Range to dike-intruded reservoirs in the upper part of the valleys on the west (leeward) side has been estimated at about 20 Mgal/d, and on the east (windward) side, at about 10 Mgal/d. The available supply has been estimated at about 15 Mgal/d from the infiltration on the leeward side, of which about 4 Mgal/d is now being developed. No estimate has been made for the available supply on the windward side. Dike-intruded reservoirs at shallow depths west (lee side) of the crest are in upper Makaha, Waianae, and Lualualei Valleys. They are at moderate depths in upper Haleanu and in lower Kaukonahua Gulches on the east (windward) side.\r\n\r\nFlow hydraulics in dike tunnels is also discussed.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wsp2217","usgsCitation":"Takasaki, K.J., and Mink, J.F., 1985, Evaluation of major dike-impounded ground-water reservoirs, Island of Oahu: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2217, vi, 77 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2217.","productDescription":"vi, 77 p.","costCenters":[{"id":525,"text":"Pacific Islands Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":406706,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_25463.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":29268,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2217/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":138865,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2217/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Oahu","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -158.31298828125,\n 21.21257979063059\n ],\n [\n -157.60986328125,\n 21.21257979063059\n ],\n [\n -157.60986328125,\n 21.70847301324597\n ],\n [\n -158.31298828125,\n 21.70847301324597\n ],\n [\n -158.31298828125,\n 21.21257979063059\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e6e4b07f02db5e7274","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Takasaki, Kiyoshi J.","contributorId":105700,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Takasaki","given":"Kiyoshi","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145790,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mink, John Francis","contributorId":48164,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mink","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"Francis","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145789,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1842,"text":"wsp2254 - 1985 - Study and interpretation of the chemical characteristics of natural water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-10T08:26:03","indexId":"wsp2254","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2254","title":"Study and interpretation of the chemical characteristics of natural water","docAbstract":"The chemical composition of natural water is derived from many different sources of solutes, including gases and aerosols from the atmosphere, weathering and erosion of rocks and soil, solution or precipitation reactions occurring below the land surface, and cultural effects resulting from human activities. Broad interrelationships among these processes and their effects can be discerned by application of principles of chemical thermodynamics. Some of the processes of solution or precipitation of minerals can be closely evaluated by means of principles of chemical equilibrium, including the law of mass action and the Nernst equation. Other processes are irreversible and require consideration of reaction mechanisms and rates. The chemical composition of the crustal rocks of the Earth and the composition of the ocean and the atmosphere are significant in evaluating sources of solutes in natural freshwater.
\nThe ways in which solutes are taken up or precipitated and the amounts present in solution are influenced by many environmental factors, especially climate, structure and position of rock strata, and biochemical effects associated with life cycles of plants and animals, both microscopic and macroscopic. Taken together and in application with the further influence of the general circulation of all water in the hydrologic cycle, the chemical principles and environmental factors form a basis for the developing science of natural-water chemistry.
\nFundamental data used in the determination of water quality are obtained by the chemical analysis of water samples in the laboratory or onsite sensing of chemical properties in the field. Sampling is complicated by changes in the composition of moving water and by the effects of particulate suspended material. Some constituents are unstable and require onsite determination or sample preservation. Most of the constituents determined are reported in gravimetric units, usually milligrams per liter or milliequivalents per liter.
\nMore than 60 constituents and properties are included in water analyses frequently enough to provide a basis for consideration of the sources from which each is generally derived, the most probable forms of elements and ions in solution, solubilitycontrols, expected concentration ranges, and other chemical factors. Mechanisms that control concentrations of elements commonly present in amounts less than a few tens of micrograms per liter cannot always be easily ascertained, but present information suggests that many are controlled by solubility of their hydroxides or carbonates or by sorption on solid particles. Many dissolved organic compounds can now be specifically determined.
\nChemical analyses may be grouped and statistically evaluated by means, medians, frequency distributions, or ion correlations to summarize large volumes of data. Graphing of analyses or of groups of analyses aids in showing chemical relationships among water, probable sources of solutes, areal water-quality regimen, temporal and spatial variation, and water-resources evaluation. Graphs may show water type based on chemical composition, relationships among ions, or groups of ions in individual waters or many waters considered simultaneously. The relationships of water quality to hydrogeologic characteristics, such as stream discharge rate or ground-water flow patterns, can be shown by mathematical equations, graphs, and maps.
\nAbout 80 water analyses selected from the literature are tabulated to illustrate the relationships described, and some of these, along with many others that are not tabulated, are also used in demonstrating graphing and mapping techniques.
\nRelationships of water composition to source rock type are illustrated by graphs of some of the tabulated analyses. Human activities may modify water composition extensively through direct effects of pollution and indirect results of water development, such as intrusion of seawater in groundwater aquifers.
\nWater-quality standards for domestic, agricultural, and industrial use have been published by various agencies. Irrigation project requirements for water quality are particularly intricate.
\nFundamental knowledge of processes that control natural-water composition is required for rational management of water quality.
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