The United States is a net importer of many important minerals, including tin. Consumption of primary tin in the United States is about 36,000 metric tons per year. Identified U.S. tin resources consist of about 40,000 metric tons. Although such figures provide insight about vulnerability to supply disruptions in the short term, they do not provide information about the potential of a country to meet its needs for a commodity from undiscovered domestic sources. Recent developments, including the preparation of models of mineral deposits and their grades and tonnages, and the application of computer simulation techniques to the estimation of metallic mineral resources, make it possible to estimate the magnitude of undiscovered resources, by deposit type, for relatively small areas such as the Seward Peninsula. This paper uses these developments and geophysical data to estimate undiscovered lode tin resources on the Seward Peninsula of Alaska. The assessment is based on a three-step methodology that (1) identifies the types of tin deposits that may be present in the region, (2) identifies the geophysical characteristics of unroofed granites and shallow granitoids, and (3) estimates, on the basis of various combinations of geologic and geophysical conditions, the number of undiscovered deposits present within or near exposed or concealed granite plutons. Computer simulation was used to combine the estimates of the number of deposits with available grade and tonnage models. Simulation experiments were designed to estimate the amount of tin in undiscovered deposits under a variety of limiting conditions. Results of simulation experiments indicate there is a 90 percent chance that the Seward Peninsula contains at least 51,000 metric tons, a 50 percent chance that it contains at least 390,000 metric tons, and a 10 percent chance it contains at least 1,100,000 metric tons of tin in undiscovered greisen, vein, and replacement deposits that have average grades of at least 0.5 percent tin.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.84.7.1936","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Reed, B., Menzie, W., McDermott, M., Root, D.H., Scott, W., and Drew, L., 1989, Undiscovered lode tin resources of the Seward Peninsula, Alaska: Economic Geology, v. 84, no. 7, p. 1936-1947, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.84.7.1936.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"1936","endPage":"1947","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222879,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"84","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1989-11-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbc6ce4b08c986b328c05","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reed, B.L.","contributorId":29434,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reed","given":"B.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372251,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Menzie, W. D.","contributorId":52916,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Menzie","given":"W. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372253,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McDermott, M.","contributorId":61568,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McDermott","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372254,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Root, D. H.","contributorId":74019,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Root","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372256,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Scott, W.","contributorId":29498,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372252,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Drew, L.J.","contributorId":69157,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drew","given":"L.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372255,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70015714,"text":"70015714 - 1989 - The relationship of catchment topography and soil hydraulic characteristics to lake alkalinity in the northeastern United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-21T13:02:33","indexId":"70015714","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The relationship of catchment topography and soil hydraulic characteristics to lake alkalinity in the northeastern United States","docAbstract":"We undertook the task of determining whether base flow alkalinity of surface waters in the northeastern United States is related to indices of soil contact time and flow path partitioning that are derived from topographic and soils information. The influence of topography and soils on catchment hydrology has been incorporated previously in the variable source area model TOPMODEL as the relative frequency distribution of ln (a/Kb tan B), where ln is the Naperian logarithm, “a” is the area drained per unit contour, K is the saturated hydraulic conductivity, b is the soil depth, and tan B is the slope. Using digital elevation and soil survey data, we calculated the ln (a/Kb tan B) distribution for 145 catchments. Indices of flow path partitioning and soil contact time were derived from the ln (a/Kb tan B) distributions and compared to measurements of alkalinity in lakes to which the catchments drain. We found that alkalinity was, in general, positively correlated with the index of soil contact time, whereas the correlation between alkalinity and the flow path partitioning index was weak at best. A portion of the correlation between the soil contact time index and alkalinity was attributable to covariation with soil base saturation and cation exchange capacity, while another portion was found to be independent of these factors. Although our results indicate that catchments with long soil contact time indices are most likely to produce high alkalinity base flow, a sensitivity analysis of TOPMODEL suggests that surface waters of these same watersheds may be susceptible to alkalinity depressions during storm events, due to the role of flow paths.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR025i005p00829","usgsCitation":"Wolock, D., Hornberger, G., Beven, K., and Campbell, W., 1989, The relationship of catchment topography and soil hydraulic characteristics to lake alkalinity in the northeastern United States: Water Resources Research, v. 25, no. 5, p. 829-837, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR025i005p00829.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"829","endPage":"837","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224438,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505baf22e4b08c986b324589","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wolock, D.M. 0000-0002-6209-938X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6209-938X","contributorId":36601,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolock","given":"D.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371587,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hornberger, G.M.","contributorId":68463,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hornberger","given":"G.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371589,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Beven, K.J.","contributorId":62759,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beven","given":"K.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371588,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Campbell, W.G.","contributorId":83278,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Campbell","given":"W.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371590,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70015871,"text":"70015871 - 1989 - Circular convection during subsurface injection of liquid waste, St. Petersburg, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-12T10:45:57","indexId":"70015871","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Circular convection during subsurface injection of liquid waste, St. Petersburg, Florida","docAbstract":"Injection of liquid waste into a highly transmissive, saltwater-bearing, fractured dolomite underlying the city of St. Petersburg, Florida, provided an opportunity to study density-dependent flow associated with two miscible and density-different liquids. The injection zone was 98 m thick with a radial hydraulic conductivity of 762 m/d and a vertical hydraulic conductivity of 152 m/d. Mean chloride concentrations of the injectant during two tests of 91 and 366 days duration were 180 and 170 mg/L, respectively, whereas chloride concentration of native salt water ranged from 19,000 to 20,000 mg/L. During the 366-day test, chloride concentration in water from a well open to the upper part of the injection zone 223 m from the injection well approximately stabilized at about 4000 mg/L. Relatively constant chloride concentrations in water from this observation well at a level significantly greater than the injectant concentration suggested the hypothesis that circular convection with saltwater flow added chloride ions to the injection zone flow sampled at the observation well. In order to assess the acceptability of the circular convection hypothesis, information was required about the velocity field during injection. Mass transport model simulations were used to provide this information, after determining that the fractured injection zone could be treated as an equivalent porous medium with a single porosity. The mass transport model was calibrated using the 91-day test data from two observation wells 223 m from the injection well. The model was then run without parameter changes to simulate the 366-day test. Mass fractions of injectant computed for four observation wells during the 366-day test compared favorably with observed mass fractions. Observed mass fractions were calculated as a function of chloride concentration and density. Comparisons between model-computed mass fraction and velocity fields in a radial section showed circular convection, with salt water flowing toward the injection well in the lower part of the injection zone. The salt water then mixed with the injectant, and the mixture flowed away from the injection well in the upper part of the injection zone. On the basis of the model results and the assumed reasonableness of treating the injection zone as an equivalent porous medium with a single porosity, the hypothesis of circular convection with saltwater flow during subsurface injection of liquid waste into a highly transmissive saltwater-bearing fractured dolomite was judged acceptable.
I used northern pintails (Anas acuta) collected from August through March 1979-82 in the Sacramento Valley, California to derive equations to predict ether-extracted carcass fat, carcass protein, and skeletal lean dry weight. Ether-extracted carcass fat was best predicted by total fat depot weight (wet skin, abdominal fat, and intestinal fat) (r2 = 0.94) and estimates based on carcass water content (r2 = 0.93-0.98). Measured carcass protein was best predicted by a multiple regression including total protein depot weight (breast muscles, leg muscles, and gizzard) and tarsus length (R2 = 0.79). I predicted skeletal lean dry weight by a multiple regression incorporating culmen, tarsus, and wing length (R2 = 0.77). Predicted carcass fat agreed well with measured carcass fat in an independent data set of 30 pintails using total fat depot (r2 = 0.92-0.96) and carcass water (r2 = 0.97-0.99), but predicted carcass protein agreed less well with measured protein.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3801318","usgsCitation":"Miller, M.R., 1989, Estimating carcass fat and protein in northern pintails during the nonbreeding season: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 53, no. 1, p. 123-129, https://doi.org/10.2307/3801318.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"123","endPage":"129","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133818,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Sacramento Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.92010720240859,\n 39.368415331346114\n ],\n [\n -121.92010720240859,\n 38.453726657480416\n ],\n [\n -120.9862693117838,\n 38.453726657480416\n ],\n [\n -120.9862693117838,\n 39.368415331346114\n ],\n [\n -121.92010720240859,\n 39.368415331346114\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"53","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fc9ea","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, Michael R.","contributorId":45796,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Miller","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":12709,"text":"Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":310960,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70015391,"text":"70015391 - 1989 - Subsurface temperatures and geothermal gradients on the North Slope, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:55","indexId":"70015391","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3412,"text":"Society of Petroleum Engineers of AIME, (Paper) SPE","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Subsurface temperatures and geothermal gradients on the North Slope, Alaska","docAbstract":"Geothermal gradients as interpreted from a series of high-resolution stabilized well-bore-temperature surveys from 46 North Slope, Alaska, wells vary laterally and vertically throughout the near-surface sediment (0-2,000 m). The data from these surveys have been used in conjunction with depths of ice-bearing permafrost, as interpreted from 102 well logs, to project geothermal gradients within and below the ice-bearing permafrost sequence. The geothermal gradients calculated from the projected temperature profiles are similar to the geothermal gradients measured in the temperature surveys. Measured and projected geothermal gradients in the ice-bearing permafrost sequence range from 1.5??C/100m in the Prudhoe Bay area to 5.1??C/100m in the National Petroleum Reserve in Alaska (NPRA).","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Society of Petroleum Engineers of AIME, (Paper) SPE","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Collett, T.S., Bird, K.J., and Magoon, L.B., 1989, Subsurface temperatures and geothermal gradients on the North Slope, Alaska: Society of Petroleum Engineers of AIME, (Paper) SPE.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224035,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9d90e4b08c986b31d903","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Collett, Timothy S. 0000-0002-7598-4708 tcollett@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7598-4708","contributorId":1698,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Collett","given":"Timothy","email":"tcollett@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":255,"text":"Energy Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":370832,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bird, Kenneth J. kbird@usgs.gov","contributorId":1015,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bird","given":"Kenneth","email":"kbird@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":255,"text":"Energy Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":370831,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Magoon, Leslie B. lmagoon@usgs.gov","contributorId":2383,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Magoon","given":"Leslie","email":"lmagoon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":370833,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70015461,"text":"70015461 - 1989 - Manganese oxidation model for rivers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-19T14:24:46","indexId":"70015461","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3718,"text":"Water Resources Bulletin","printIssn":"0043-1370","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Manganese oxidation model for rivers","docAbstract":"The presence of manganese in natural waters (>0.05 mg/L) degrades water-supply quality. A model was devised to predict the variation of manganese concentrations in river water released from an impoundment with the distance downstream. The model is one-dimensional and was calibrated using dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, pH, manganese, and hydraulic data collected in the Duck River, Tennessee. The results indicated that the model can predict manganese levels under various conditions. The model was then applied to the Chattahoochee River, Georgia. Discrepancies between observed and predicted may be due to inadequate pH data, precipitation of sediment particles, unsteady flow conditions in the Chattahoochee River, inaccurate rate expressions for the low pH conditions, or their combinations.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Water Resources Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Water Resources Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.1989.tb03072.x","issn":"00431370","usgsCitation":"Hess, G.W., Kim, B.R., and Roberts, P.J., 1989, Manganese oxidation model for rivers: Water Resources Bulletin, v. 25, no. 2, p. 359-365, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1989.tb03072.x.","startPage":"359","endPage":"365","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":267748,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1989.tb03072.x"},{"id":224423,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4cc1e4b0c8380cd69e6d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hess, Glen W.","contributorId":19136,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hess","given":"Glen","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371005,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kim, Byung R.","contributorId":10161,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kim","given":"Byung","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371004,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Roberts, Philip J.W.","contributorId":43108,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roberts","given":"Philip","email":"","middleInitial":"J.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371006,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70015448,"text":"70015448 - 1989 - Characterization of coal-derived hydrocarbons and source-rock potential of coal beds, San Juan Basin, New Mexico and Colorado, U.S.A.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-23T01:02:51.44729","indexId":"70015448","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2033,"text":"International Journal of Coal Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Characterization of coal-derived hydrocarbons and source-rock potential of coal beds, San Juan Basin, New Mexico and Colorado, U.S.A.","docAbstract":"Coal beds are considered to be a major source of nonassociated gas in the Rocky Mountain basins of the United States. In the San Juan basin of northwestern New Mexico and southwestern Colorado, significant quantities of natural gas are being produced from coal beds of the Upper Cretaceous Fruitland Formation and from adjacent sandstone reservoirs. Analysis of gas samples from the various gas-producing intervals provided a means of determining their origin and of evaluating coal beds as source rocks.
The rank of coal beds in the Fruitland Formation in the central part of the San Juan basin, where major gas production occurs, increases to the northeast and ranges from high-volatile B bituminous coal to medium-volatile bituminous coal (Rm values range from 0.70 to 1.45%). On the basis of chemical, isotopic and coal-rank data, the gases are interpreted to be thermogenic. Gases from the coal beds show little isotopic variation (δ13C1 values range −43.6 to −40.5 ppt), are chemically dry (C1/C1–5 values are > 0.99), and contain significant amounts of CO2 (as much as 6%). These gases are interpreted to have resulted from devolatilization of the humic-type bituminous coal that is composed mainly of vitrinite. The primary products of this process are CH4, CO2 and H2O.
The coal-generated, methane-rich gas is usually contained in the coal beds of the Fruitland Formation, and has not been expelled and has not migrated into the adjacent sandstone reservoirs. In addition, the coal-bed reservoirs produce a distinctive bicarbonate-type connate water and have higher reservoir pressures than adjacent sandstones. The combination of these factors indicates that coal beds are a closed reservoir system created by the gases, waters, and associated pressures in the micropore coal structure.
In contrast, gases produced from overlying sandstones in the Fruitland Formation and underlying Pictured Cliffs Sandstone have a wider range of isotopic values (δ13C1 values range from −43.5 to −38.5 ppt), are chemically wetter (C1/C1–5 values range from 0.85 to 0.95), and contain less CO2 (< 2%). These gases are interpreted to have been derived from type III kerogen dispersed in marine shales of the underlying Lewis Shale and nonmarine shales of the Fruitland Formation.
In the underlying Upper Cretaceous Dakota Sandstone and Tocito Sandstone Lentil of the Mancos Shale, another gas type is produced. This gas is associated with oil at intermediate stages of thermal maturity and is isotopically lighter and chemically wetter at the intermediate stage of thermal maturity as compared with gases derived from dispersed type III kerogen and coal; this gas type is interpreted to have been generated from type II kerogen.
Organic matter contained in coal beds and carbonaceous shales of the Fruitland Formation has hydrogen indexes from Rock-Eval pyrolysis between 100 and 350, and atomic H:C ratios between 0.8 and 1.2. Oxygen indexes and atomic O:C values are less than 24 and 0.3, respectively. Extractable hydrocarbon yields are as high as 7,000 ppm. These values indicate that the coal beds and carbonaceous shales have good potential for the generation of liquid hydrocarbons. Voids in the coal filled with a fluorescent material that is probably bitumen is evidence that liquid hydrocarbon generation has taken place. Preliminary oil-source rock correlations based on gas chromatography and stable carbon isotope ratios of C15+ hydrocarbons indicate that the coals and (or) carbonaceous shales in the Fruitland Formation may be the source of minor amounts of condensate produced from the coal beds at relatively low levelsof thermal maturity (Rm=0.7).
Modern declination charts of the United States show almost no details. Greater detail may be of value to surveyors trying to follow old land deed descriptions, or to pilots of small planes or small pleasure boats operating in inland waterways. It would be extremely expensive to make adequate declination measurements needed for such a chart. It was hoped that declination details could be derived from the information contained in the existing magnetic anomaly map of the United States. This could be realized only if all of the survey data were corrected to a common epoch, at which time a main-field vector model was known, before the anomaly values were computed. Because this was not done, accurate declination values cannot be determined. In spite of this conclusion, declination values were computed using a common main-field model for the entire United States to see how well they compared with observed values. The provisional geomagnetic reference field for 1978.5 was used as the main-field model. The computed detailed declination values were found to compare less favorably with observed values of declination than declination values computed from the IGRF 1985 model itself. This result indicates that the computed anomaly elements or their combination with main-field values cannot be used as accurate anomaly values, but they may be used as an indication of where anomalies probably occur.
Water resources data for the 1988 water year for South Carolina consist of records of stage, discharge, and water quality of streams; stage and contents of lakes and reservoirs; and levels of ground-water wells. This volume contains records for water discharge at 104 gaging stations, stage only at 18 gaging stations, stage and contents at 12 lakes and reservoirs, water-quality at 61 gaging stations, and water levels at 43 observation wells. Also included are data for 41 crest-stage partial-record stations and discharge measurement information at 4 locations. Locations of these sites are shown on figures 3, 4, 5, and 6. Additional water data were collected at various sites not involved in the systematic data-collection program. These data represent that part of the National Water Data System collected by the U. S. Geological Survey and cooperating State and Federal agencies in South Carolina.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wdrSC881","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the State of South Carolina and with other local and Federal agencies","usgsCitation":"Bennett, C., Hayes, R., Jones, K., and Cooney, T., 1989, Water resources data for South Carolina, water year 1988: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report SC-88-1, viii, 480 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrSC881.","productDescription":"viii, 480 p.","numberOfPages":"492","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":382000,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1988/sc-88-1/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":382623,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1988/sc-88-1/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"South 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\"}}]}","contact":"","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fcda3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"James, R.W.","contributorId":70434,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"James","given":"R.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":257163,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Simmons, R.H.","contributorId":19982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simmons","given":"R.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":257162,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Strain, B.F.","contributorId":76388,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Strain","given":"B.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":257164,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Smigaj, M.J.","contributorId":17682,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smigaj","given":"M.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":257161,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70179792,"text":"70179792 - 1988 - Water use data for public water suppliers and self supplied industry in Utah: 1984, 1985","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-31T16:07:42","indexId":"70179792","displayToPublicDate":"2016-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5267,"text":"Utah Division of Water Rights Water-Use Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":2}},"seriesNumber":"6","title":"Water use data for public water suppliers and self supplied industry in Utah: 1984, 1985","docAbstract":"This publication is the sixth in a continuing series of reports presenting water use data for Utah. The data are collected by the State of Utah, Division of Water Rights, for the National Water Use Information Program. This is a cooperative effort with the U.S. Geological Survey. Most states contribute information in some form to the program.
","language":"English","publisher":"Utah Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water Rights","publisherLocation":"Salt Lake City, UT","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the State of Utah, Division of Water Rights","usgsCitation":"Johnson, B., and Jackson, S., 1988, Water use data for public water suppliers and self supplied industry in Utah: 1984, 1985: Utah Division of Water Rights Water-Use Report 6, viii, 131 p.","productDescription":"viii, 131 p.","numberOfPages":"142","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":333291,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"587f3df8e4b0d96de2564595","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, Brent","contributorId":100053,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Brent","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":658717,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jackson, Steven","contributorId":178400,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jackson","given":"Steven","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":658718,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70162048,"text":"70162048 - 1988 - Use of a portable electric barrier to estimate Chinook salmon escapement in a turbid Alaskan river","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-10-16T15:16:02.993246","indexId":"70162048","displayToPublicDate":"2016-01-12T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of a portable electric barrier to estimate Chinook salmon escapement in a turbid Alaskan river","docAbstract":"We developed a portable electric barrier to aid in the capture of adult chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha undergoing spawning migrations up a turbid stream in south-central Alaska. In 1981, we tagged and released 157 chinook salmon after diverting them from the main-stem Killey River into a conventional trap with the aid of the electric barrier. On the basis of returns of tagged salmon to Benjamin Creek, a clear-water tributary of the upper Killey River, we estimated spawners in the drainage to number 8,000 fish. Two different statistical approaches to the mark–recapture data yielded similar estimates. Through several modifications of the electric barrier, we were able to reduce mortality associated with the barrier's use.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/1548-8675(1988)008<0475:UOAPEB>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Palmisano, A., and Burger, C.V., 1988, Use of a portable electric barrier to estimate Chinook salmon escapement in a turbid Alaskan river: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 8, no. 4, p. 475-480, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8675(1988)008<0475:UOAPEB>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"475","endPage":"480","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":314226,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Benjamin Creek, Killey River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -150.11306762695312,\n 60.42402131894633\n ],\n [\n -150.00045776367188,\n 60.42402131894633\n ],\n [\n -150.00045776367188,\n 60.4810779702316\n ],\n [\n -150.11306762695312,\n 60.4810779702316\n ],\n [\n -150.11306762695312,\n 60.42402131894633\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"8","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"569623dce4b039675d00a3b9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Palmisano, A.","contributorId":54368,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Palmisano","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":588402,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burger, C. V.","contributorId":58219,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burger","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":588403,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70159105,"text":"70159105 - 1988 - Land cover mapping of the upper Kuskokwim Resource Managment Area using LANDSAT and a digital data base approach","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-04-13T13:43:31.46543","indexId":"70159105","displayToPublicDate":"2015-07-20T12:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"Land cover mapping of the upper Kuskokwim Resource Managment Area using LANDSAT and a digital data base approach","docAbstract":"Digital land cover and terrain data for the Upper Kuskokwim Resource Hanagement Area (UKRMA) were produced by the U.S. Geological Survey, Earth Resources Observation Systems Field Office, Anchorage, Alaska for the Bureau of Land Management. These and other environmental data, were incorporated into a digital data base to assist in the management and planning of the UKRMA. The digital data base includes land cover classifications, elevation, slope, and aspect data centering on the UKRMA boundaries. The data are stored on computer compatible tapes at a 50-m pixel size. Additional digital data in the data base include: (a) summer and winter Landsat multispectral scanner (MSS) data registered to a 50-m Universal Transverse Mercator grid; (b) elevation, slope, aspect, and solar illumination data; (c) soils and surficial geology; and (e) study area boundary. The classification of Landsat MSS data resulted in seven major classes and 24 subclasses. Major classes include: forest, shrubland, dwarf scrub, herbaceous, barren, water, and other. The final data base will be used by resource personnel for management and planning within the UKRMA.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/70159105","usgsCitation":"Markon, C.J., 1988, Land cover mapping of the upper Kuskokwim Resource Managment Area using LANDSAT and a digital data base approach, 11 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70159105.","productDescription":"11 p.","numberOfPages":"19","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":309930,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/70159105.jpg"},{"id":310352,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70159105/report.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Kuskowim River, Stony River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -160.400390625,\n 59.689926220143356\n ],\n [\n -160.400390625,\n 63.27318217465046\n ],\n [\n -151.611328125,\n 63.27318217465046\n ],\n [\n -151.611328125,\n 59.689926220143356\n ],\n [\n -160.400390625,\n 59.689926220143356\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5620ce82e4b06217fc478af5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Markon, Carl J. markon@usgs.gov","contributorId":2499,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Markon","given":"Carl","email":"markon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":577607,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70157487,"text":"70157487 - 1988 - Relationship between annual runoff and watershed area for the eastern United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-09-24T13:34:27","indexId":"70157487","displayToPublicDate":"2015-03-16T09:15:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3718,"text":"Water Resources Bulletin","printIssn":"0043-1370","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Relationship between annual runoff and watershed area for the eastern United States","docAbstract":"As part of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's effort to determine the long-term effects of acidic deposition on surface water chemistry, annual runoff was estimated for about 1000 ungaged sites in the eastern U.S. using runoff contour maps. One concern in using contour maps was that a bias may be introduced in the runoff estimates due to the size of the 1000 ungaged sites relative to the size of the watersheds used in developing the maps. To determine if a bias was present the relationship between the annual runoff (expressed as depth) and the watershed area for the Northeast (NE) and Southern Blue Ridge Province (SBRP) was tested using five regional data bases. One short-term data base (1984 Water Year, n = 531) and two long-term data bases (1940–57, n = 134 and 1951–80, n = 342) were used in the NE. In the SBRP one short-term database (1984 Water Year, n = 531) and one long-term data base (1951–80, n = 60) were used. For the NE and the SBRP, runoff was not directly correlated with watershed area using the five regional databases. Also, runoff normalized by precipitation was not related to watershed area.
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Chapter A provides a comprehensive, yet concise, review of the \"State of the Earth's Cryosphere at the Beginning of the 21st Century: Glaciers, Global Snow Cover, Floating Ice, and Permafrost and Periglacial Environments,\" and a \"Map/Poster of the Earth's Dynamic Cryosphere,\" and a set of eight \"Supplemental Cryosphere Notes\" about the Earth's Dynamic Cryosphere and the Earth System. The next 10 chapters, B through K, are arranged geographically and present glaciological information from Landsat and other sources of historic and modern data on each of the geographic areas. Chapter B covers Antarctica; Chapter C, Greenland; Chapter D, Iceland; Chapter E, Continental Europe (except for the European part of the former Soviet Union), including the Alps, the Pyrenees, Norway, Sweden, Svalbard (Norway), and Jan Mayen (Norway); Chapter F, Asia, including the European part of the former Soviet Union, China, Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Nepal, and Bhutan; Chapter G, Turkey, Iran, and Africa; Chapter H, Irian Jaya (Indonesia) and New Zealand; Chapter I, South America; Chapter J, North America (excluding Alaska); and Chapter K, Alaska. Chapters A–D each include map plates.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp1386","usgsCitation":"1988, Satellite image atlas of glaciers of the world: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1386, Chapters A-K, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1386.","productDescription":"Chapters A-K","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":320,"text":"Glacier Studies Project","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":267198,"rank":2,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp_1386.png"},{"id":265317,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/p1386/"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"511a2115e4b084e2824d6997","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Williams, Richard S. 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Both value-improvement and policy-improvement techniques are used in the algorithms. Computing procedures are also described. The algorithms are appropriate for processes that are either finite or infinite, deterministic or stochastic, discounted or undiscounted, in any meaningful combination of these features. Computing procedures are described in terms of initial data processing, bound improvements, process reduction, and testing and solution. Application of the methodology is illustrated with an example involving natural resource management. 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Kenneth","contributorId":107798,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"Kenneth","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335106,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5220786,"text":"5220786 - 1988 - Effects of dietary fluoride on reproduction in eastern screech-owls","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-12T15:42:34.347507","indexId":"5220786","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:19:05","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":887,"text":"Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of dietary fluoride on reproduction in eastern screech-owls","docAbstract":"Sixty-six eastern screech-owls (Otus asio) were paired and randomly assigned to dietary treatment groups of 0, 40, or 200 ppm (mg/kg) fluoride (as sodium fluoride) in November 1981. Hatching success was adversely affected at the 200 ppm (mg/kg) level, suggesting potential detrimental impacts to wild populations exposed to fluoride pollution. Eggshell thickness was unaffected. Although fluoride concentrations were elevated in bone and eggshells, large variations among individuals were observed as well as a trend for eggshell residues to increase with sequence of laying. Females had higher residues of fluoride in bone than males. Although fluoride levels in bone and eggshells are useful indicators of exposure, the variability in residues among individuals makes residue data from field collections of limited usefulness in assessing hazards in wild birds.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF01056027","usgsCitation":"Pattee, O.H., Wiemeyer, S.N., and Swineford, D.M., 1988, Effects of dietary fluoride on reproduction in eastern screech-owls: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 17, no. 2, p. 213-218, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01056027.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"213","endPage":"218","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":193922,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2fe4b07f02db615c70","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pattee, O. H.","contributorId":46459,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pattee","given":"O.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":332488,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wiemeyer, Stanley N.","contributorId":78279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiemeyer","given":"Stanley","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":332489,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Swineford, D. M.","contributorId":106839,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swineford","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":332490,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5220001,"text":"5220001 - 1988 - Distribution patterns during winter and fidelity to wintering areas of American black ducks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-11T13:00:35.615637","indexId":"5220001","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:19:04","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1176,"text":"Canadian Journal of Zoology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Distribution patterns during winter and fidelity to wintering areas of American black ducks","docAbstract":"Title III of the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act (ANILCA, 1980) established the Selawik National Wildlife Refuge (SNWR). Section 304 of the Act requires the Secretary of Interior to \"prepare, and from time to time revise, a comprehensive conservation plan\" for the refuge. Before developing a plan for the refuge, the Secretary shall \"identify and describe--a) the populations and habitats of the fish and wildlife resources of the refuge; b) the special values of the refuge as well as any other archeological, cultural, ecological, geological, historical, palentological, scenic, or wilderness value of the refuge; c) areas within the refuge that are suitable for use as administrative sites or visitor facilities...; d) present the potential requirements for access with respect to the refuge...; and e) significant problems which may adversely affect the populations and habitats of fish and wildlife identified and described...\" (ANILCA, 1980). Vegetation, water, and terrain (elevation, slope, and aspect) are the components of habitat and can be used in the determination of the above requirements.
\nThe U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service (USFWS) has the responsibility for collecting the resource information to address the research, management, development and planning requirements identified in Section 304. Because of the brief period provided by the Act for data collection, habitat mapping, and habitat assessment, the USFWS in cooperation with the U.S. Geological Survey's EROS Field Office, used digital Landsat multispectral scanner (MSS) data and digital terrain data to produce land cover and terrain maps. A computer assisted digital analysis of Landsat MSS data was used because coverage by aerial photographs was incomplete for the refuge and because the level of detail obtained from Landsat data was adequate to meet most USFWS research, management and planning needs. Relative cost and time requirements were also factors in the decision to use the digital analysis approach.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/70159184","usgsCitation":"Markon, C.J., 1988, Selawik National Wildlife Refuge land cover mapping project users guide, 28 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70159184.","productDescription":"28 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":310007,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/70159184.jpg"},{"id":311258,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70159184/report.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Selawik National Wildlife Refuge","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -162,\n 66\n ],\n [\n -162,\n 67\n ],\n [\n -156,\n 67\n ],\n [\n -156,\n 66\n ],\n [\n -162,\n 66\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5623712ee4b06217fc47dea7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Markon, Carl J. markon@usgs.gov","contributorId":2499,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Markon","given":"Carl","email":"markon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":577787,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5230097,"text":"5230097 - 1988 - Demographic Characteristics of a Maine Woodcock Population and Effects of Habitat Management","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:22","indexId":"5230097","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T10:33:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":25,"text":"Fish and Wildlife Research","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"No. 4","title":"Demographic Characteristics of a Maine Woodcock Population and Effects of Habitat Management","docAbstract":"A population of American woodcock (Scolopax minor) was studied on a 3,401-ha area of the Moosehorn National Wildlife Refuge in northeastern Maine from 1976 through 1985. During 1976-83, from 4 to 64 clearcuts were created each year, opening up large contiguous blocks of forest. A combination of mist nets, ground traps, nightlighting techniques, and trained dogs were used to capture and band 1,884 birds during the first 5 years. Capture and recapture data (totaling 3,009 observations) were used with both demographically closed and open population models to estimate population size and, for open population models, summer survival. Flying young, especially young males, represented the greatest proportion of all captures; analysis showed that young males were more prone to capture than young females. Male courtship began about 24 March each year, usually when there was still snow in wooded areas. Males ~2 years old dominated singing grounds during April each year, but this situation changed and first-year males dominated singing grounds in May. Singing males shifted from older established singing grounds to new clearcuts soon after we initiated forest management. Many males were subdominant at singing grounds despite an abundance of unoccupied openings. Three hundred adult females were captured and, except for 1978, the majority were ~2 years old. The year in which female homing rate was lowest(1979) was preceded by the year with the largest number of l-year-old brood female captures and a summer drought. Summer survival of young was lowest in 1978 and was attributed to summer drought. The year 1979 had an abnormally cool and wet spring, and was the poorest for production of young. Capture ratios of young-to-adult females obtained by nightlighting could be used to predict production on our study area. Closed population model estimates did not seem to fit either young or adult data sets well. Instead, a partially open capture-recapture model that allowed death but no immigration seemed to fit best. Only the number of males in the population changed significantly during the study. An increase from 88 males in 1976 to 156 in 1980 was attributed to habitat management. Singingmale surveys on our area detected little change in the number of singing males, but our independent population estimates from mark-recapture data showed a larger total male population by 1980. Annual density estimates for all age and sex classes ranged from 19 to 25 birds/l00 ha. A hypothesis on the breeding system of the American woodcock is presented as well as a discussion of management implications, including the importance of creating high-quality habitat on private lands.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","collaboration":"NTIS Accession Number: PB88-249263 3577_Dwyer.pdf","usgsCitation":"Dwyer, T., Sepik, G., Derleth, E., and McAuley, D., 1988, Demographic Characteristics of a Maine Woodcock Population and Effects of Habitat Management: Fish and Wildlife Research No. 4, iii, 29.","productDescription":"iii, 29","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202640,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab2e4b07f02db66ed68","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dwyer, T.J.","contributorId":56177,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dwyer","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":343497,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sepik, G.F.","contributorId":101348,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sepik","given":"G.F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":343498,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Derleth, E.L.","contributorId":31483,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Derleth","given":"E.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":343496,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McAuley, D.G. 0000-0003-3674-6392","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3674-6392","contributorId":15296,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McAuley","given":"D.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":343495,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":5210410,"text":"5210410 - 1988 - Bias of animal population trend estimates","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:15","indexId":"5210410","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:17","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Bias of animal population trend estimates","docAbstract":"A computer simulation study of the population trend estimator used for the Mourning Dove Call-Count Survey, Woodcock Singing Ground Survey, Breeding Bird Survey and other surveys concluded that the estimator had negligible bias in most situations but that observer covariables should not be used with less than five years of data. With rare species (e.g. two birds per route), at least five years should be used. The estimator is seriously biased towards not detecting population changes with very rare species (e.g. 0.3 birds per route). Other technical recommendations are made.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Computing Science and Statistics: Proceedings of the 20th Symposium on the Interface","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Statistical Association","publisherLocation":"Alexandria, VA","usgsCitation":"Geissler, P., and Link, W., 1988, Bias of animal population trend estimates, chap. of Computing Science and Statistics: Proceedings of the 20th Symposium on the Interface, p. 755-759.","productDescription":"xxxvii, 860","startPage":"755","endPage":"759","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":201010,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a52e4b07f02db62ad6e","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Wegman, E.J.","contributorId":111626,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wegman","given":"E.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506423,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gantz, D.T.","contributorId":113814,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gantz","given":"D.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506424,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Miller, J. J.","contributorId":54588,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506422,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Geissler, P.H.","contributorId":24038,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Geissler","given":"P.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":328378,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Link, W.A. 0000-0002-9913-0256","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9913-0256","contributorId":8815,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Link","given":"W.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":328377,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70039501,"text":"70039501 - 1988 - FOLD, federally owned Landsat data, April 1988","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-08-11T01:01:52","indexId":"70039501","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-16T10:50:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":358,"text":"FOLD, federally owned Landsat data","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"title":"FOLD, federally owned Landsat data, April 1988","docAbstract":"The FOLD data base lists all Landsat CCT's held by participating agencies. Duplicate CCT listings are maintained when more than one agency holds identical CCT's; this permits the user to select the most convenient site to obtain a copy. Copies of the listing are distributed by EDC to contributing agencies and other selected offices.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey, EROS Data Center","publisherLocation":"Sioux Falls, SD","doi":"10.3133/70039501","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1988, FOLD, federally owned Landsat data, April 1988: FOLD, federally owned Landsat data, ix, 240, https://doi.org/10.3133/70039501.","productDescription":"ix, 240","numberOfPages":"252","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":261630,"rank":800,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70039501/report.pdf"},{"id":261631,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70039501/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0e7ce4b0c8380cd5349e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":535333,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}