Determinations of the aqueous solubilities of kaolinite at pH 4, and of five smectite minerals in suspensions set between pH 5 and 8, were undertaken with mineral suspensions adjusted to approach equilibrium from over- and undersaturation. After 1,237 days, Dry Branch, Georgia kaolinite suspensions attained equilibrium solubility with respect to the kaolinite, for which Keq = (2.72 ± 0.35) × 107. The experimentally determined Gibbs free energy of formation (ΔGf,2980) for the kaolinite is −3,789.51 ± 6.60 kj mol−1. Equilibrium solubilities could not be determined for the smectites because the composition of the solution phase in the smectite suspensions appeared to be controlled by the formation of gibbsite or amorphous aluminum hydroxide and not by the smectites, preventing attempts to determine valid ΔGf0 values for these complex aluminosilicate clay minerals. Reported solubility-based ΔGf0 determinations for smectites and other variable composition aluminosilicate clay minerals are shown to be invalid because of experimental deficiencies and of conceptual flaws arising from the nature of the minerals themselves. Because of the variable composition of smectites and similar minerals, it is concluded that reliable equilibrium solubilities and solubility-derived ΔGf0 values can neither be rigorously determined by conventional experimental procedures, nor applied in equilibriabased models of smectite-water interactions.
One hundred and fifty new measurements of the solubility of witherite were used to evaluate the equilibrium constant of the reaction BaCO3(cr) = Ba2+(aq) + CO32−(aq) between 0 and 90°C and 1 atm total pressure. The temperature dependence of the equilibrium constant is given by logK = 607.642 + 0.121098T − 20011.25/T − 236.4948 logT where T is in degrees Kelvin. The logK of BaCO3(cr), the Gibbs energy, the enthalpy and entropy of the reaction at 298.15 K are −8.562, 48.87 kJ · mol−1, 2.94 kJ · mol−1and −154.0 J · mol−1 · K−1, respectively. The equilibrium constants are consistent with an aqueous model that includes the ion pairs BaHCO3+(aq) and BaCO30(aq) Three different methods were used to evaluate the association constant of BaHCO3+(aq), and all yielded similar results. The temperature dependence of the association constant for the reaction Ba2+(aq) + HCO3−(aq) = BaHCO3+(aq) is given by logKBaHCO3+ = −3.0938 + 0.013669T.
\nThe log of the association constant, the Gibbs energy, the enthalpy and entropy of the reaction at 298.15°K are 0.982, −5.606 kJ · mol−1, 23.26 kJ · mol−1 and 96.8 J · mol−1 · K−1, respectively. The temperature dependence of the equilibrium constant for the reaction Ba2+(aq) + CO2−3(aq) = BaCO03(aq) is given bylogKBaCO30 = 0.113 + 0.008721T.
\nThe log of the association constant, the Gibbs energy, the enthalpy and entropy of the reaction at 298.15° K are 2.71, −15.49 kJ · mol−1, 14.84 kJ · mol−1 and 101.7 J· mol−1 · K−1.
\nThe above model leads to reliable calculations of the aqueous speciation and solubility of witherite in the system BaCO3-CO2-H2O from 0 to more than 90°C. Literature data on witherite solubility were re-evaluated and compared with the results of this study.
\nProblems in the thennodynamic selections of Ba compounds are considered. Newer data require the revision of ΔfH° and ΔfG° of Ba2+(aq) to −532.5 and −555.36 kJ · mol−1, respectively, for agreement with solubility data.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(86)90077-3","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Busenberg, E., and Plummer, N., 1986, The solubility of BaCO3(cr) (witherite) in CO2-H2O solutions between 0 and 90°C, evaluation of the association constants of BaHCO3+(aq) and BaCO30(aq) between 5 and 80°C, and a preliminary evaluation of the thermodynamic properties of Ba2+(aq): Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 50, no. 10, p. 2225-2233, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(86)90077-3.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"2225","endPage":"2233","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223849,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"50","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb040e4b08c986b324d2a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Busenberg, Eurybiades ebusenbe@usgs.gov","contributorId":2271,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Busenberg","given":"Eurybiades","email":"ebusenbe@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":369907,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Plummer, Niel 0000-0002-4020-1013 nplummer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4020-1013","contributorId":190100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plummer","given":"Niel","email":"nplummer@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":369908,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015038,"text":"70015038 - 1986 - Tectonic and magmatic development of the Great Basin of western United States during the late Cenozoic time.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:54","indexId":"70015038","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2770,"text":"Modern Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Tectonic and magmatic development of the Great Basin of western United States during the late Cenozoic time.","docAbstract":"In the later Cainozoic, approx 18 m.y. ago, the first basin and range faulting developed in the central part of the Great Basin, this extensional tectonic system resulting from drag on the North American plate as the Pacific plate moved obliquely to the NW along the San Andreas fault. The northern boundary of the Great Basin at the Snake River plain and W across SE Oregon is the tectonic zone along which the E-W extending Basin and Range province has been moving for the past 18 m.y. In the Great Basin axis a narrow N-trending zone of basalt intruded the crust at the same time that basin and range faulting developed; this belt widens northwards as it approaches the N edge of the Great Basin and becomes diffuse and widespread in SE Oregon and SW Idaho, reaching enormous dimensions in the Columbia Plateau farther N. The basalt, which replaced andesitic igneous activity in the mid-Cainozoic, was produced by widespread partial melting in the upper mantle when the tectonic regime changed from a convergent- and subduction-related system to the extensional basin and range system. The locus of magma generated migration to the E and W margins of the Great Basin simultaneously and, as it migrated, it produced a series of eruptive centres along the N boundary of the Great Basin.-R.A.H.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Modern Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00267775","usgsCitation":"McKee, E., and Noble, D.C., 1986, Tectonic and magmatic development of the Great Basin of western United States during the late Cenozoic time.: Modern Geology, v. 10, no. 1, p. 39-49.","startPage":"39","endPage":"49","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223852,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba450e4b08c986b320246","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McKee, E.H.","contributorId":20736,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKee","given":"E.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369912,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Noble, D. C.","contributorId":60627,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Noble","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369913,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015040,"text":"70015040 - 1986 - Seismic measurements of the internal properties of fault zones","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-07T15:49:47.356543","indexId":"70015040","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3209,"text":"Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seismic measurements of the internal properties of fault zones","docAbstract":"The internal properties within and adjacent to fault zones are reviewed, principally on the basis of laboratory, borehole, and seismic refraction and reflection data. The deformation of rocks by faulting ranges from intragrain microcracking to severe alteration. Saturated microcracked and mildly fractured rocks do not exhibit a significant reduction in velocity, but, from borehole measurements, densely fractured rocks do show significantly reduced velocities, the amount of reduction generally proportional to the fracture density. Highly fractured rock and thick fault gouge along the creeping portion of the San Andreas fault are evidenced by a pronounced seismic low-velocity zone (LVZ), which is either very thin or absent along locked portions of the fault. Thus there is a correlation between fault slip behavior and seismic velocity structure within the fault zone; high pore pressure within the pronounced LVZ may be conductive to fault creep. Deep seismic reflection data indicate that crustal faults sometimes extend through the entire crust. Models of these data and geologic evidence are consistent with a composition of deep faults consisting of highly foliated, seismically anisotropic mylonites.
","largerWorkTitle":"","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","publisherLocation":"","doi":"10.1007/BF00875723","issn":"00334553","usgsCitation":"Mooney, W.D., and Ginzburg, A., 1986, Seismic measurements of the internal properties of fault zones: Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH, v. 124, no. 1-2, p. 141-157, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00875723.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"141","endPage":"157","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":223909,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"124","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8b2ee4b08c986b31765b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mooney, Walter D. 0000-0002-5310-3631 mooney@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5310-3631","contributorId":3194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mooney","given":"Walter","email":"mooney@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":369917,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ginzburg, A.","contributorId":78472,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ginzburg","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369918,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015041,"text":"70015041 - 1986 - Thalenite from Arizona.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:54","indexId":"70015041","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":738,"text":"American Mineralogist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Thalenite from Arizona.","docAbstract":"Thalenite occurs as a minor constituent of a single small pegmatite within an extensive area of granite a few miles S of Kingman, Arizona. Partly crystalline and partly metamict, this thalenite has composition Y3(Si3O10)(OH), with extensive substitution of Y by REE, especially Dy, Er and Yb. Upon heating, even at moderate T, both the crystalline and the metamict thalenite are converted to a phase with a structure corresponding with that of thortveitite, Sc2Si2O7.-J.A.Z.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"American Mineralogist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"0003004X","usgsCitation":"Fitzpatrick, J., and Pabst, A., 1986, Thalenite from Arizona.: American Mineralogist, v. 71, no. 1-2, p. 188-193.","startPage":"188","endPage":"193","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223910,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"71","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba606e4b08c986b320e31","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fitzpatrick, J.","contributorId":28744,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fitzpatrick","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369919,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pabst, A.","contributorId":93203,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pabst","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369920,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014894,"text":"70014894 - 1986 - Regression approximations for transport model constraint sets in combined aquifer simulation-optimization studies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-14T08:42:15","indexId":"70014894","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Regression approximations for transport model constraint sets in combined aquifer simulation-optimization studies","docAbstract":"Problems involving the combined use of contaminant transport models and nonlinear optimization schemes can be very expensive to solve. This paper explores the use of transport models with ordinary regression and regression on ranks to develop approximate response functions of concentrations at critical locations as a function of pumping and recharge at decision wells. These response functions combined with other constraints can often be solved very easily and may suggest reasonable starting points for combined simulation-management modeling or even relatively efficient operating schemes in themselves.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR022i004p00581","usgsCitation":"Alley, W.M., 1986, Regression approximations for transport model constraint sets in combined aquifer simulation-optimization studies: Water Resources Research, v. 22, no. 4, p. 581-586, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR022i004p00581.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"581","endPage":"586","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225280,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a933fe4b0c8380cd80cdc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Alley, William M. walley@usgs.gov","contributorId":1661,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alley","given":"William","email":"walley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":369549,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70015641,"text":"70015641 - 1986 - Recalibration and predictive reliability of a solute-transport model of an irrigated stream-aquifer system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-18T12:02:05","indexId":"70015641","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Recalibration and predictive reliability of a solute-transport model of an irrigated stream-aquifer system","docAbstract":"A solute-transport model of an irrigated stream-aquifer system was recalibrated because of discrepancies between prior predictions of ground-water salinity trends during 1971-1982 and the observed outcome in February 1982. The original model was calibrated with a 1-year record of data collected during 1971-1972 in an 18-km reach of the Arkansas River Valley in southeastern Colorado. The model is improved by incorporating additional hydrologic processes (salt transport through the unsaturated zone) and through reexamination of the reliability of some input data (regression relationship used to estimate salinity from specific conductance data). Extended simulations using the recalibrated model are made to investigate the usefulness of the model for predicting long-term trends of salinity and water levels within the study area. Predicted ground-water levels during 1971-1982 are in good agreement with the observed, indicating that the original 1971-1972 study period was sufficient to calibrate the flow model. However, long-term simulations using the recalibrated model based on recycling the 1971-1972 data alone yield an average ground-water salinity for 1982 that is too low by about 10%. Simulations that incorporate observed surface-water salinity variations yield better results, in that the calculated average ground-water salinity for 1982 is within 3% of the observed value. Statistical analysis of temporal salinity variations of the applied surface water indicates that at least a 4-year sampling period is needed to accurately calibrate the transport model.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(86)90120-4","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Person, M., and Konikow, L.F., 1986, Recalibration and predictive reliability of a solute-transport model of an irrigated stream-aquifer system: Journal of Hydrology, v. 87, no. 1-2, p. 145-165, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(86)90120-4.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"145","endPage":"165","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":224050,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -105.99609375,\n 36.96744946416934\n ],\n [\n -101.9970703125,\n 36.96744946416934\n ],\n [\n -101.9970703125,\n 39.70718665682654\n ],\n [\n -105.99609375,\n 39.70718665682654\n ],\n [\n -105.99609375,\n 36.96744946416934\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"87","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a95cae4b0c8380cd81c2d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Person, M.","contributorId":20876,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Person","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371428,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Konikow, Leonard F. 0000-0002-0940-3856 lkonikow@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0940-3856","contributorId":158,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Konikow","given":"Leonard","email":"lkonikow@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":371429,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014881,"text":"70014881 - 1986 - Alternate forms of the associated Legendre functions for use in geomagnetic modeling.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-25T00:12:27.3837","indexId":"70014881","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2310,"text":"Journal of Geomagnetism & Geoelectricity","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Alternate forms of the associated Legendre functions for use in geomagnetic modeling.","docAbstract":"An inconvenience attending traditional use of associated Legendre functions in global modeling is that the functions are not separable with respect to the two indices (order and degree). In 1973 Merilees suggested a way to avoid the problem by showing that associated Legendre functions of order m and degree m+k can be expressed in terms of elementary functions as
Pmm+k(θ)=sinm(θ)∑ki=0amkicos(iθ)
where amki, the constants to be determined, are somewhat analogous to Fourier coefficients. Merilees noted that there are several advantages to using this form, but he also raises a question of precision for degree and order greater than 25. This note calls attention to some possible gains in time savings and accuracy in geomagnetic modeling based upon this form. For this purpose, expansions of associated Legendre polynomials in terms of sines and cosines of multiple angles are displayed up to degree and order 10. Examples are also given explaining how some surface spherical harmonics can be transformed into true Fourier series for selected polar great circle paths.
A simulation nonlinear multiple-regression methodology for estimating parameters that characterize the transport of contaminants is developed and demonstrated. Finite difference contaminant transport simulation is combined with a nonlinear weighted least squares multiple-regression procedure. The technique provides optimal parameter estimates and gives statistics for assessing the reliability of these estimates under certain general assumptions about the distributions of the random measurement errors. Monte Carlo analysis is used to estimate parameter reliability for a hypothetical homogeneous soil column for which concentration data contain large random measurement errors. The value of data collected spatially versus data collected temporally was investigated for estimation of velocity, dispersion coefficient, effective porosity, first-order decay rate, and zero-order production. The use of spatial data gave estimates that were 2–3 times more reliable than estimates based on temporal data for all parameters except velocity. Comparison of estimated linear and nonlinear confidence intervals based upon Monte Carlo analysis showed that the linear approximation is poor for dispersion coefficient and zero-order production coefficient when data are collected over time. In addition, examples demonstrate transport parameter estimation for two real one-dimensional systems. First, the longitudinal dispersivity and effective porosity of an unsaturated soil are estimated using laboratory column data. We compare the reliability of estimates based upon data from individual laboratory experiments versus estimates based upon pooled data from several experiments. Second, the simulation nonlinear regression procedure is extended to include an additional governing equation that describes delayed storage during contaminant transport. The model is applied to analyze the trends, variability, and interrelationship of parameters in a mourtain stream in northern California.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR022i008p01303","usgsCitation":"Wagner, B.J., and Gorelick, S.M., 1986, A statistical methodology for estimating transport parameters: Theory and applications to one-dimensional advectivec-dispersive systems: Water Resources Research, v. 22, no. 8, p. 1303-1315, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR022i008p01303.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"1303","endPage":"1315","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224069,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aaf8ae4b0c8380cd87652","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wagner, Brian J. bjwagner@usgs.gov","contributorId":427,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wagner","given":"Brian","email":"bjwagner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":369946,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gorelick, Steven M.","contributorId":69295,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gorelick","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369947,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014580,"text":"70014580 - 1986 - Nd, O and Sr isotopic constraints on the origin of Precambrian rocks, southern Black Hills, South Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-03T15:30:47.763869","indexId":"70014580","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nd, O and Sr isotopic constraints on the origin of Precambrian rocks, southern Black Hills, South Dakota","docAbstract":"The Nd, O and Sr isotopic characteristics of Precambrian metasedimentary, metavolcanic and granitic rocks from the Black Hills of South Dakota are examined. Two late-Archean granites (2.5-2.6 Ga) have Tdm ages of 3.05 and 3.30 Ga, suggesting that at least one of the granites was derived through the melting of significantly older crust. Early-Proterozoic metasedimentary rocks have Tdm ages that range from 2.32 to 2.45 Ga. These model ages, in conjunction with probable stratigraphic ages ranging from 1.9 to 2.2 Ga, indicate that mantle-derived material was added to the continental crust of this region during the early-Proterozoic. Previous studies of the Harney Peak Granite complex have reported U-Pb and Rb-Sr ages of about 1.71 Ga and most granite samples examined in this study have Sr isotopic compositions consistent with that age. Two granite samples taken from the same sill, however, give two-point Rb-Sr and Sm-Nd ages of 2.08 ±0.08 and 2.20 ±0.20Ga (∑2200Nd = −15.5), respectively. In addition, whole-rock and apatite samples of the spatially associated Tin Mountain pegmatite give a Sm-Nd isochron age of 2000 ±100 Ma (∑2200Nd = −5.8 ±1.8).
The Sm-Nd, O and Rb-Sr isotopic systematics of these granitic rocks have been complicated to some degree by both crystallization and post-crystallization processes, and the age of the pegmatite and parts of the Harney Peak Granite complex remain uncertain. Processes that probably complicated the isotopic systematics of these rocks include derivation from heterogeneous source material, assimilation, mixing of REE between granite and country rock during crystallization via a fluid phase and post-crystallization mobility of Sr. The Nd isotopic compositions of the pegmatite and the Harney Peak Granite indicate that they were not derived primarily from the exposed metasedimentary rocks.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(86)90230-9","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Walker, R., Hanson, G.N., Papike, J.J., and O’Neil, J.R., 1986, Nd, O and Sr isotopic constraints on the origin of Precambrian rocks, southern Black Hills, South Dakota: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 50, no. 12, p. 2833-2846, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(86)90230-9.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"2833","endPage":"2846","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225520,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"50","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a63c3e4b0c8380cd72694","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Walker, R.J.","contributorId":105859,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walker","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368722,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hanson, G. N.","contributorId":81152,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanson","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368721,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Papike, J. J.","contributorId":18488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Papike","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368719,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"O’Neil, J. R.","contributorId":69633,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Neil","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368720,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70015179,"text":"70015179 - 1986 - Quantitative estimation of undiscovered mineral resources: A case study of US Forest Service Wilderness tracts in the Pacific Mountain system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-08T18:25:12.55426","indexId":"70015179","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Quantitative estimation of undiscovered mineral resources: A case study of US Forest Service Wilderness tracts in the Pacific Mountain system","docAbstract":"The need by land managers and planners for more quantitative measures of mineral values has prompted scientists at the U.S. Geological Survey to test a probabilistic method of mineral resource assessment on a portion of the wilderness lands that have been studied by the Survey during the past 20 years. A quantitative estimate of undiscovered mineral resources is made by linking the techniques of subjective estimation, geologic mineral deposit models, and Monte Carlo simulation. The study, which uses grade-tonnage and occurrence models for 21 geologic deposit types, considers 91 U.S. Forest Service wilderness tracts in California, Nevada, Oregon, and Washington. Estimates of the amounts of the 11 metals contained in undiscovered mineral deposits of the types studied range from negligible to several years of U.S. consumption. Although these estimates are limited to metals contained in undiscovered deposits of a small number of metallic mineral deposit types, the assessment procedure can be expanded by the use of additional deposit models and by using information about identified mineral resources. This will allow models of economic processes such as exploration, development, and production to be applied.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.81.1.80","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Drew, L., Bliss, J.D., Bowen, R.W., Bridges, N., Cox, D.P., DeYoung, J.H., Houghton, J., Ludington, S.D., Menzie, W., Page, N., Root, D.H., and Singer, D.A., 1986, Quantitative estimation of undiscovered mineral resources: A case study of US Forest Service Wilderness tracts in the Pacific Mountain system: Economic Geology, v. 81, no. 1, p. 80-88, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.81.1.80.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"80","endPage":"88","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224190,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"81","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1986-02-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a9216e4b0c8380cd8064f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Drew, L.J.","contributorId":69157,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drew","given":"L.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370261,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bliss, J. D.","contributorId":25564,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bliss","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":891702,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bowen, R. W.","contributorId":72394,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bowen","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":891703,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bridges, N.J.","contributorId":20320,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bridges","given":"N.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":891704,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Cox, Dennis P. dcox@usgs.gov","contributorId":2766,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cox","given":"Dennis","email":"dcox@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":891705,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"DeYoung, J. H.","contributorId":75908,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeYoung","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":891706,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Houghton, J.C.","contributorId":72801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Houghton","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":891707,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Ludington, Steven D.","contributorId":107777,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ludington","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":891708,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Menzie, W. D.","contributorId":52916,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Menzie","given":"W. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":891709,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Page, Norman J.","contributorId":333031,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Page","given":"Norman J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":891710,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Root, D. H.","contributorId":74019,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Root","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":891711,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Singer, Donald A. dsinger@usgs.gov","contributorId":5601,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Singer","given":"Donald","email":"dsinger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":891712,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12}]}} ,{"id":70014564,"text":"70014564 - 1986 - ANALYSIS OF STRONG-MOTION EARTHQUAKE RECORDS FROM A WELL-INSTRUMENTED EARTH DAM.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:34","indexId":"70014564","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"ANALYSIS OF STRONG-MOTION EARTHQUAKE RECORDS FROM A WELL-INSTRUMENTED EARTH DAM.","docAbstract":"Strong-motion records from Long Valley Dam during the Mammoth Lakes earthquake sequence of May 1980 are analyzed to determine the main features of the dam's motions. The dam was instrumented with 22 accelerometers on its embankment and in the immediate vicinity, and more than 60 high-quality, long-duration accelerograms were recorded for the three largest earthquakes of the sequence. Free-field responses are compared with embankment responses to help establish the amplification of the structural motions and to identify modes of vibration of the structure.","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the Third U. S. National Conference on Earthquake Engineering.","conferenceLocation":"Charleston, SC, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Earthquake Engineering Research Inst","publisherLocation":"El Cerrito, CA, USA","isbn":"0943198070","usgsCitation":"Fedock, J.J., 1986, ANALYSIS OF STRONG-MOTION EARTHQUAKE RECORDS FROM A WELL-INSTRUMENTED EARTH DAM., Proceedings of the Third U. S. National Conference on Earthquake Engineering., Charleston, SC, USA, p. 729-740.","startPage":"729","endPage":"740","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225263,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e62de4b0c8380cd471fe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fedock, Joseph J.","contributorId":37082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fedock","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368682,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70014563,"text":"70014563 - 1986 - FUNDAMENTAL MODAL BEHAVIOR OF AN EARTHQUAKE-EXCITED BRIDGE.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:34","indexId":"70014563","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"FUNDAMENTAL MODAL BEHAVIOR OF AN EARTHQUAKE-EXCITED BRIDGE.","docAbstract":"The magnitude 6. 1 Morgan Hill, California, earthquake of April 24, 1984, produced a set of acceleration records at the freeway overpass in San Jose carrying I-280/I-680 across U. S. 101, 12 km from the epicenter. Peak accelerations reached 0. 10 g at ground level and 0. 16 g in the box girder. The integrated displacements at frequencies higher than 3 Hz permit the identification of the fundamental modes and frequencies. The horizontal modes have frequencies of 308 and 3. 9 Hz and include ground level motions up to 90% of peak deck motion. The soil-structure system contributes to these modes.","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the Third U. S. National Conference on Earthquake Engineering.","conferenceLocation":"Charleston, SC, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Earthquake Engineering Research Inst","publisherLocation":"El Cerrito, CA, USA","isbn":"0943198070","usgsCitation":"Brady, A., and Çelebi, M., 1986, FUNDAMENTAL MODAL BEHAVIOR OF AN EARTHQUAKE-EXCITED BRIDGE., Proceedings of the Third U. S. National Conference on Earthquake Engineering., Charleston, SC, USA, p. 2225-2235.","startPage":"2225","endPage":"2235","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225262,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0e85e4b0c8380cd534cf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brady, A. G.","contributorId":61794,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brady","given":"A. G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368681,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Çelebi, M.","contributorId":36946,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Çelebi","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368680,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014554,"text":"70014554 - 1986 - Design and cost analysis of rapid aquifer restoration systems using flow simulation and quadratic programming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-20T22:53:12.574099","indexId":"70014554","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Design and cost analysis of rapid aquifer restoration systems using flow simulation and quadratic programming","docAbstract":"Detailed two-dimensional flow simulation of a complex ground-water system is combined with quadratic and linear programming to evaluate design alternatives for rapid aquifer restoration. The design model ensures that a contaminant plume is removed and treated within four years at the least possible cost. Rapid restoration is accomplished by maintaining specified velocities around the plume perimeter toward a group of pumping wells located near the plume center. Ground-water velocities are adjusted to include the effects of solute retardation due to sorption. As a simplification, the model does not account for hydrodynamic dispersion. Results show how treatment and pumping costs depend dynamically on the type of treatment process, the capacity of pumping and injection wells, and the number of wells. The design for an inexpensive treatment process minimizes pumping costs, while an expensive process results in the minimization of treatment costs. Substantial reductions in pumping costs occur with increases in injection capacity or in the number of wells. Treatment costs are reduced by expansions in pumping capacity or injection capacity. The analysis identifies maximum pumping and injection capacities.
","language":"English","publisher":"National Groundwater Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1986.tb01694.x","usgsCitation":"Lefkoff, L., and Gorelick, S., 1986, Design and cost analysis of rapid aquifer restoration systems using flow simulation and quadratic programming: Groundwater, v. 24, no. 6, p. 777-790, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1986.tb01694.x.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"777","endPage":"790","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226227,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-03-21","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ff35e4b0c8380cd4f092","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lefkoff, L.J.","contributorId":47418,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lefkoff","given":"L.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368662,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gorelick, S.M.","contributorId":21589,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gorelick","given":"S.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368661,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014551,"text":"70014551 - 1986 - Field observations of bed shear stress and sediment resuspension on continental shelves, Alaska and California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-01T01:11:15.593985","indexId":"70014551","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1333,"text":"Continental Shelf Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Field observations of bed shear stress and sediment resuspension on continental shelves, Alaska and California","docAbstract":"Bed shear stress was estimated using wave and current measurements obtained with the GEOPROBE bottom-tripod system during resuspension events in Norton Sound, Alaska, and on the northern California shelf. The boundary-layer model of Grant and Madsen (1979, Journal of Geophysical Research, 84, 1797-1808) was used to compute the bed shear stress under combined wave-generated and quasi-steady currents. Resuspension events were identified by sudden, large increases in light scattering at 1.9 m above the sea floor. The shear-stress values were used to compute the Shields parameter (??). The results for Norton Sound are in excellent agreement with the Shields threshold criterion; the data for the California shelf plot somewhat above the Shields threshold curve, though generally within the scatter envelope. Although the surface sediments in each area contain substantial fine-grained fractions (mean diameters were 0.007 cm in Norton Sound and 0.002 cm on the California shelf), the results do not indicate significant cohesion, because the sediment was entrained at bed shear-stress values close to those predicted by the modified Shields curve for cohesionless fine-grained particles. We suspect that frequent wave stirring and observed plowing of the surface sediment by benthonic animals maintain a high water content and contribute to the ease with which these materials are resuspended.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0278-4343(86)90081-6","issn":"02784343","usgsCitation":"Drake, D., and Cacchione, D., 1986, Field observations of bed shear stress and sediment resuspension on continental shelves, Alaska and California: Continental Shelf Research, v. 6, no. 3, p. 415-429, https://doi.org/10.1016/0278-4343(86)90081-6.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"415","endPage":"429","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226162,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska, California","volume":"6","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0fcbe4b0c8380cd53a07","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Drake, D.E.","contributorId":48150,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drake","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368654,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cacchione, D.A.","contributorId":65448,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cacchione","given":"D.A.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":368655,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014549,"text":"70014549 - 1986 - A numerical investigation of head waves and leaky modes in fluid- filled boreholes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-18T16:05:12.842116","indexId":"70014549","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1808,"text":"Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A numerical investigation of head waves and leaky modes in fluid- filled boreholes","docAbstract":"Although synthetic borehole seismograms can be computed for a wide range of borehole conditions, the physical nature of shear and compressional head waves in fluid-filled boreholes is poorly understood. This paper presents a series of numerical experiments designed to explain the physical mechanisms controlling head-wave propagation in boreholes. These calculations demonstrate the existence of compressional normal modes equivalent to shear normal modes, or pseudo-Rayleigh waves, with sequential cutoff frequencies spaced between the cutoff frequencies for the shear normal modes. Major contributions to head-wave spectra occur in discrete peaks at frequencies just below mode cutoff for both compressional and shear modes. This result is confirmed by calculations with synthetic waveforms at frequencies corresponding to mode cutoff, and by branch-cut integrals designed to yield independent spectra for the compressional mode. For soft formations where shear velocity falls below acoustic velocity in the borehole fluid, leaky compressional normal modes attain properties similar to those of shear normal modes in the case of hard rock. In the limit of vanishing S-wave velocity, this result is formally related to a fluid-fluid waveguide with undamped compressional normal modes. Synthetic waveforms demonstrate that high-amplitude arrivals, traveling at velocities less than the acoustic velocity of the borehole fluid and at frequencies above a few kilohertz, represent the Airy phase of the compressional mode and are not a tube wave. Comparison of synthetic waveforms with waveforms obtained in soft sea sediments indicates that the predicted Airy phase arrivals are present in the experimental data.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Exploration Geophysicists","doi":"10.1190/1.1442192","issn":"00168033","usgsCitation":"Paillet, F.L., and Cheng, C., 1986, A numerical investigation of head waves and leaky modes in fluid- filled boreholes: Geophysics, v. 51, no. 7, p. 1438-1449, https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1442192.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"1438","endPage":"1449","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":480132,"rank":2,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/75062","text":"External Repository"},{"id":226095,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"51","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e4c8e4b0c8380cd4691e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Paillet, Frederick L.","contributorId":63820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paillet","given":"Frederick","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368651,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cheng, C.H.","contributorId":94443,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cheng","given":"C.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368652,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014547,"text":"70014547 - 1986 - Color images of Kansas subsurface geology from well logs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-21T15:39:07","indexId":"70014547","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1315,"text":"Computers & Geosciences","printIssn":"0098-3004","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Color images of Kansas subsurface geology from well logs","docAbstract":"Modern wireline log combinations give highly diagnostic information that goes beyond the basic shale content, pore volume, and fluid saturation of older logs. Pattern recognition of geology from logs is made conventionally through either the examination of log overlays or log crossplots. Both methods can be combined through the use of color as a medium of information by setting the three color primaries of blue, green, and red light as axes of three dimensional color space. Multiple log readings of zones are rendered as composite color mixtures which, when plotted sequentially with depth, show lithological successions in a striking manner. The method is extremely simple to program and display on a color monitor. Illustrative examples are described from the Kansas subsurface. ?? 1986.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Computers and Geosciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/0098-3004(86)90066-X","issn":"00983004","usgsCitation":"Collins, D., and Doveton, J., 1986, Color images of Kansas subsurface geology from well logs: Computers & Geosciences, v. 12, no. 4, p. 519-526, https://doi.org/10.1016/0098-3004(86)90066-X.","startPage":"519","endPage":"526","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":266184,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0098-3004(86)90066-X"},{"id":226093,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"12","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f7bce4b0c8380cd4cc9c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Collins, D.R.","contributorId":72128,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Collins","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368649,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Doveton, J.H.","contributorId":30237,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doveton","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368648,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014543,"text":"70014543 - 1986 - Transient electromagnetic sounding for groundwater","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-20T09:16:22","indexId":"70014543","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1808,"text":"Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Transient electromagnetic sounding for groundwater","docAbstract":"The feasibility of using the transient electromagnetic sounding (TS or TDEM) method for groundwater exploration can be studied by means of numerical models. As examples of its applicability to groundwater exploration, we study four groundwater exploration problems: (1) mapping of alluvial fill and gravel zones over bedrock; (2) mapping of sand and gravel lenses in till; (3) detection of salt or brackish water interfaces in freshwater aquifers; and (4) determination of hydrostratigraphy. These groundwater problems require determination of the depth to bedrock; location of resistive, high‐porosity zones associated with fresh water; determination of formation resistivity to assess water quality; and determination of lithology and geometry, respectively. The TS method is best suited for locating conductive targets, and has very good vertical resolution. Unlike other sounding techniques where the receiver‐transmitter array must be expanded to sound more deeply, the depth of investigation for the TS method is a function of the length of time the transient is recorded. Present equipment limitations require that exploration targets with resistivities of 50 Ω ⋅ m or more be at least 50 m deep to determine their resistivity. The maximum depth of exploration is controlled by the geoelectrical section and background electromagnetic (EM) noise. For a particular exploration problem, numerical studies are recommended to determine if the target is detectable.
Zimbabweite (Na,K)2PbAs4(Ta,Nb,Ti)4O18, a new mineral with trivalent arsenic, has been recognized at St Anns mine, southeast of Miami, Karoi district, Zimbabwe, in kaolinized pegmatite and dump material.
The mineral is honey yellow-brown in large crystals, which are as much as 1 x 1 x 2 cm, and is clear pale yellow in thin fragments. Oxidation results in darkening of the color. There is one excellent cleavage, {010}. Zimbabweite has a Mohs hardness of 5 to 5.5, a white streak, adamantine luster, brittle fracture, is not magnetic, and does not fluoresce under either short wave or long wave ultraviolet light. dm = 6.20(3) and dc = 6.16 g/cm3. Optically, the mineral is biaxial (+), 2VZ = about 80°. Mean reflectances in air for an {010} = X-Z cleavage plate are : 589 nm--16.6 %, 470 nm--17.7 %, 546 nm--17.1 %, 650 nm--16.4 %. The indices of refraction determined by immersion methods are all greater than 2.10. Optic axis dispersion is very strong with ν > r, a = Z, b = Y, and c = X. The mineral is very pale yelow and is moderately pleochroic and X = pale yellow brown, Y = light reddish brown, and Z =reddish brown.
Zimbabweite is insoluble in common acids or bases. A chemical analysis yielded, in weight percent, Ta2O5 46.5, As2O3 26.5, PbO 15.0, Nb2O5 4.8, Na2O 3.1, K2O 1.5, TiO2 1.4, BaO 0.4, UO2 0.3, Bi2O3 0.2, H2O (total) 0.19, SnO2 0.1, F 0.04, SrO 0.02, total 100.05. A calculated formula is :
(Na1.51K0.48Ba0.04)Σ2.03Pb1.01(As4.03Bi0.01)Σ4.04(Ta3.17Nb0.55Ti0.26U0.02Sn0.01)Σ4.01O18.
Zimbabweite is orthorhombic, space group is Ccma or Cc2a, with a = 12.233(2)Å, b = 15.292(2)Å, c = 8.665(2)Å, V = 1621. 0(4) Å3, with Z = 4. No structural relationship between zimbabweite and any other tantalate minerals is apparent.
","language":"English","publisher":"Persee","doi":"10.3406/bulmi.1986.7943","usgsCitation":"Foord, E.E., Taggart, J., Gaines, R.V., Grubb, P.L., and Kristiansen, R., 1986, Zimbabweite, a new alkali-lead arsenic tantalate from St Anns mine, Karoi district, Zimbabwe: Bulletin de Mineralogie, v. 109, no. 4, p. 331-336, https://doi.org/10.3406/bulmi.1986.7943.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"331","endPage":"336","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225960,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Zimbabwe","otherGeospatial":"Karoi District","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 29.664017433816042,\n -16.606052251996815\n ],\n [\n 29.664017433816042,\n -16.817629744392306\n ],\n [\n 29.856865623007025,\n -16.817629744392306\n ],\n [\n 29.856865623007025,\n -16.606052251996815\n ],\n [\n 29.664017433816042,\n -16.606052251996815\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"109","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bd268e4b08c986b32f7cb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Foord, Eugene E.","contributorId":96319,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foord","given":"Eugene","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368611,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Taggart, Joseph E.","contributorId":8992,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taggart","given":"Joseph E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368608,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gaines, R. V.","contributorId":7852,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gaines","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368607,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Grubb, P. L .C.","contributorId":19305,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Grubb","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"L .C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368609,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kristiansen, R.","contributorId":26821,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kristiansen","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368610,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70014534,"text":"70014534 - 1986 - SITE AMPLIFICATION OF EARTHQUAKE GROUND MOTION.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:31","indexId":"70014534","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"SITE AMPLIFICATION OF EARTHQUAKE GROUND MOTION.","docAbstract":"When analyzing the patterns of damage in an earthquake, physical parameters of the total earthquake-site-structure system are correlated with the damage. Soil-structure interaction, the cause of damage in many earthquakes, involves the frequency-dependent response of both the soil-rock column and the structure. The response of the soil-rock column (called site amplification) is controversial because soil has strain-dependent properties that affect the way the soil column filters the input body and surface seismic waves, modifying the amplitude and phase spectra and the duration of the surface ground motion.","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the Third U. S. National Conference on Earthquake Engineering.","conferenceLocation":"Charleston, SC, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Earthquake Engineering Research Inst","publisherLocation":"El Cerrito, CA, USA","isbn":"0943198070","usgsCitation":"Hays, W., 1986, SITE AMPLIFICATION OF EARTHQUAKE GROUND MOTION., Proceedings of the Third U. S. National Conference on Earthquake Engineering., Charleston, SC, USA, p. 357-368.","startPage":"357","endPage":"368","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225901,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aaf5fe4b0c8380cd87558","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hays, Walter W.","contributorId":66669,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hays","given":"Walter W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368603,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}