Ground water in the 3,458-square-mile lower Susquehanna River basin occupies secondary openings in bedrock. The distribution of openings is a function of lithology, depth, and topography. Local flow systems account for most of the total ground-water flow. Average annual recharge for the lower basin is 1,857 million gallons per day, most of which discharges to streams. The water table is a subdued replica of land surface; its depth varies with topography, but is generally 20 to 70 feet below land surface. Ground water circulates to depths of 500 to 600 feet below the water table.
A digital model of regional, unconfined ground-water flow was developed and used to evaluate the ground-water resources of the lower basin. On the basis of lithologic and hydrologic differences, the area was subdivided into 21 hydrogeologic units, each with different hydrologic characteristics. Each unit was divided into two layers to handle decreasing secondary permeability with depth. A finite-difference grid with square blocks approximately one mile on a side was used. The model was calibrated under steady-state and transient conditions. The model-generated results were compared to estimated water-table altitudes and estimated base flows in the steady-state calibration. In the transient calibration, the model-generated results were compared to observed changes in water-table altitude from November 1, 1980 through April 22, 1981.
Hydraulic conductivity increases from hilltops to valley bottoms. The average hydraulic conductivity for carbonate units is about 21 feet per day, which is an order of magnitude greater than the corresponding averages for Paleozoic sedimentary, Triassic sedimentary, and crystalline units. The Cumberland Valley carbonate rocks have the greatest average hydraulic conductivity--about 174 feet per day in valley bottoms. The average gaining-stream leakage coefficient for all carbonate units is about 16 feet per day, which is two orders of magnitude greater than the corresponding averages for the other lithologies. The Cumberland Valley carbonate rocks have the greatest gaining-stream leakage coefficient--about 43 feet per day. The specific yields are 0.035, 0.020, 0.020 and 0.007 for the carbonate, Paleozoic sedimentary, crystalline, and Triassic sedimentary units, respectively.
The calibrated model was used to simulate the effects of a ground-water withdrawal of 1 inch per year on water-table altitudes and average annual base flows in the modeled area. The overall effect is least for the carbonate units and greatest for the Triassic sedimentary units. The model also was used to simulate a standardized potential yield for each unit by assuming that the maximum acceptable consequence of a hypothetical withdrawal scheme is an ultimate 50-percent reduction in average annual base flow. Based on this, the potential yield for the modeled area is 891 million gallons per day. The Cumberland Valley carbonate rocks have the greatest potential yield--0.47 million gallons per day per square mile. The carbonate units have the greatest average potential yield, followed by the Paleozoic sedimentary, crystalline, and Triassic sedimentary units. About 90 percent of the eventual decline in water-table altitudes and the eventual reduction in average annual base flows occurs within five years of the implementation of the hypothetical withdrawal scheme. Nearly all of the ground water withdrawn is derived from reduced discharge to streams.
The calibrated model can be used to provide estimates of the impacts of ground-water development schemes on regional ground-water levels and base flows of streams. It can not be used to simulate local cones of depression or local base-flow changes. The reliability of the model is a function of its approximation of the physical characteristics of the ground-water flow system, the two calibrations, various simplifying assumptions, and the lack of calibration under ground-water withdrawal conditions. It can be used in steady-state or transient mode to assess the effects of both natural and artificial stresses.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr84748","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Susquehanna River Basin Commission","usgsCitation":"Gerhart, J.M., and Lazorchick, G.J., 1985, Evaluation of the ground-water resources of the lower Susquehanna River basin, Pennsylvania and Maryland: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 84-748, Report: ix, 183 p.; 2 Plates: 30.03 x 23.75 inches and 29.77 x 23.98 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr84748.","productDescription":"Report: ix, 183 p.; 2 Plates: 30.03 x 23.75 inches and 29.77 x 23.98 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":141903,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1984/0748/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":405493,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1984/0748/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":405492,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1984/0748/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":405491,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1984/0748/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Maryland, Pennsylvania","otherGeospatial":"Susquehanna River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76.761474609375,\n 39.5633531658293\n ],\n [\n -75.948486328125,\n 39.5633531658293\n ],\n [\n -75.948486328125,\n 40.14109012528468\n ],\n [\n -76.761474609375,\n 40.14109012528468\n ],\n [\n -76.761474609375,\n 39.5633531658293\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a08e4b07f02db5fa4ab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gerhart, James M.","contributorId":35717,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gerhart","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":159109,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lazorchick, George J.","contributorId":18743,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lazorchick","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":159110,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":234,"text":"wsp2270 - 1985 - Selected papers in the hydrologic sciences, 1985; May 1985","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":10347,"text":"ofr84811 - 1984 - Preliminary modeling of an aquifer thermal-energy storage system","indexId":"ofr84811","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"title":"Preliminary modeling of an aquifer thermal-energy storage system"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":234,"text":"wsp2270 - 1985 - Selected papers in the hydrologic sciences, 1985; May 1985","indexId":"wsp2270","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"title":"Selected papers in the hydrologic sciences, 1985; May 1985"},"id":1},{"subject":{"id":20720,"text":"ofr8466 - 1984 - Low-level radioactive ground-water contamination from a cold scrap recovery operation, Wood River Junction, Rhode Island","indexId":"ofr8466","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"title":"Low-level radioactive ground-water contamination from a cold scrap recovery operation, Wood River Junction, Rhode Island"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":234,"text":"wsp2270 - 1985 - Selected papers in the hydrologic sciences, 1985; May 1985","indexId":"wsp2270","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"title":"Selected papers in the hydrologic sciences, 1985; May 1985"},"id":2}],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-24T19:16:56.430592","indexId":"wsp2270","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2270","title":"Selected papers in the hydrologic sciences, 1985; May 1985","docAbstract":"The University of Minnesota, the Minnesota Geological Survey, and the U.S. Geological Survey are studying the feasibility of storing water at a temperature of 150 degrees Celsius in the Franconia-Ironton-Galesville aquifer. The Aquifer Thermal-Energy Storage project has a doublet-well design with a well spacing of approximately 250 meters. One well will be used for cool-water supply, and, the other, for hot-water injection. The U.S. Geological Survey is constructing a model of ground-water flow and thermal-energy transport to aid in determining the efficiency of the Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage system. A preliminary model of radial flow and thermal-energy transport was constructed, based on hydraulic and thermal properties of the Franconia-Ironton-Galesville aquifer determined in previous studies. \r\n\r\nThe model was used to investigate the sensitivity of model results to various hydraulic and thermal properties and to study the potential for buoyancy flow within the aquifer and the effect of various cyclic injection-withdrawal schemes on the relative thermal efficiency of the aquifer. \r\n\r\nSensitivity analysis was performed assuming 8 days of injection of 150-degree-Celsius water at 18.9 liters per second, 8 days of storage, and 8 days of withdrawal of hot water at 18.9 liters per second. The analysis indicates that, for practical ranges of hydraulic and thermal properties, rock-heat capacity is the least important property and thermal dispersivity is the most important property used to compute temperature and aquifer thermal efficiency. \r\n\r\nThe amount of buoyancy flow was examined for several values of hydraulic conductivity and ratios of horizontal to vertical hydraulic conductivities. For the assumed base values of hydraulic and thermal properties, buoyancy flow was negligible. The greatest simulated buoyancy flow resulted from simulations in which horizontal hydraulic conductivity was increased to 10 times the base value, and the vertical hydraulic conductivity was set equal to the horizontal hydraulic conductivity. \r\n\r\nThe effects of various injection-withdrawal rates and durations on computed values of aquifer relative thermal efficiency and final well-bore temperature were studied for five 1-year hypothetical test cycles of injection and withdrawal. The least efficient scheme was 8 months injection of 150-degree-Celsius water and 4 months of withdrawal of hot water at 18.9 liters per second. The most efficient scheme was obtained with 6 months of injection of 150-degree-Celsius water at 18.9 liters per second and 6 months of withdrawal of hot water at 37.8 liters per second. The hypothetical simulations indicate that the subsequent calibrated model of the doublet-well system will be a valuable tool in determining the most efficient system operation.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wsp2270","usgsCitation":"1985, Selected papers in the hydrologic sciences, 1985; May 1985: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2270, v, 119 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2270.","productDescription":"v, 119 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":424719,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_25565.htm","text":"Low-level radioactive ground-water contamination from a cold-scrap recovery operation, Wood River Junction, Rhode Island","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"25565"},{"id":402884,"rank":5,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_25453.htm","text":"Three-dimensional simulation of free-surface aquifers by finite-element method","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"25453"},{"id":424718,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_25517.htm","text":"An electromagnetic method for delineating ground-water contamination, Wood River Junction, Rhode Island","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"25517"},{"id":24844,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2270/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":136507,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2270/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e47e4e4b07f02db4bb4a5","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Subitzky, Seymour","contributorId":99111,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Subitzky","given":"Seymour","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":893052,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":15601,"text":"ofr85200 - 1985 - Compilation and analyses of aquifer performance tests in eastern Kansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:01","indexId":"ofr85200","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"85-200","title":"Compilation and analyses of aquifer performance tests in eastern Kansas","docAbstract":"Selected aquifer-test data from 36 counties in eastern Kansas were collected from numerous sources and publications in order to produce a documented compilation of aquifer tests in one report. Data were obtained chiefly from private consulting firms and from government agencies. Hydraulic properties determined included transmissivity, storage coefficient (where observation well was available), and in some cases hydraulic properties of a confining layer. The aquifers tested comprised three main types of rocks--consolidated rock deposits, glacial deposits, and alluvial deposits that include the ' Equus beds, ' an extensive alluvial deposit in south-central Kansas. The Theis recovery equation and the Cooper-Jacob modified nonequilibrium equation were the two principal solution methods used. Other methods used included the Theis nonequilibrium equation, the Hantush-Jacob equation for a leaky confined aquifer, Hantush 's modified leaky equation in which storage from a confining layer was considered, the Boulton 's delayed-yield equation. Additionally, a specific-capacity method of estimating transmissivity was used when only a single drawdown value was available. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr85200","usgsCitation":"Reed, T., and Burnett, R., 1985, Compilation and analyses of aquifer performance tests in eastern Kansas: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 85-200, iv, 125 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr85200.","productDescription":"iv, 125 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":147464,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1985/0200/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":44567,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1985/0200/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ee4b07f02db6aa418","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reed, T.B.","contributorId":56658,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reed","given":"T.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":171418,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burnett, R.D.","contributorId":54609,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burnett","given":"R.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":171417,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":29310,"text":"wri854335 - 1985 - A computer program for analyzing channel geometry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:51","indexId":"wri854335","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"85-4335","title":"A computer program for analyzing channel geometry","docAbstract":"The Channel Geometry Analysis Program (CGAP) provides the capability to process, analyze, and format cross-sectional data for input to flow/transport simulation models or other computational programs. CGAP allows for a variety of cross-sectional data input formats through use of variable format specification. The program accepts data from various computer media and provides for modification of machine-stored parameter values. CGAP has been devised to provide a rapid and efficient means of computing and analyzing the physical properties of an open-channel reach defined by a sequence of cross sections. CGAP 's 16 options provide a wide range of methods by which to analyze and depict a channel reach and its individual cross-sectional properties. The primary function of the program is to compute the area, width, wetted perimeter, and hydraulic radius of cross sections at successive increments of water surface elevation (stage) from data that consist of coordinate pairs of cross-channel distances and land surface or channel bottom elevations. Longitudinal rates-of-change of cross-sectional properties are also computed, as are the mean properties of a channel reach. Output products include tabular lists of cross-sectional area, channel width, wetted perimeter, hydraulic radius, average depth, and cross-sectional symmetry computed as functions of stage; plots of cross sections; plots of cross-sectional area and (or) channel width as functions of stage; tabular lists of cross-sectional area and channel width computed as functions of stage for subdivisions of a cross section; plots of cross sections in isometric projection; and plots of cross-sectional area at a fixed stage as a function of longitudinal distance along an open-channel reach. A Command Procedure Language program and Job Control Language procedure exist to facilitate program execution on the U.S. Geological Survey Prime and Amdahl computer systems respectively. (Lantz-PTT)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nOpen-File Services Section, Western Distribution Branch,","doi":"10.3133/wri854335","usgsCitation":"Regan, R., and Schaffranek, R., 1985, A computer program for analyzing channel geometry: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 85-4335, v, 49 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri854335.","productDescription":"v, 49 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123699,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4335/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58155,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4335/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b27e4b07f02db6b0a30","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Regan, R.S.","contributorId":51794,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Regan","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201323,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schaffranek, R.W.","contributorId":61468,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schaffranek","given":"R.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201324,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":30251,"text":"wri854064 - 1985 - Ground-water contamination in East Bay Township, Michigan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-06T10:15:47","indexId":"wri854064","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"85-4064","title":"Ground-water contamination in East Bay Township, Michigan","docAbstract":"Glacial deposits, as much as 360 feet thick, underlie the study area. The upper 29 to 118 feet, a sand and gravel unit, is the aquifer tapped for water by all wells in the area. This unit is underlain by impermeable clay that is at least 100 feet thick.
Ground-water flow is northeastward at an estimated rate of 3 to 6 feet per day. Hydraulic conductivities in the aquifer range from 85 to 150 feet per day; 120 feet per day provided the best match of field data in a ground-water flow model. The depth to water ranged from 1 to 20 feet.
Chemical anlayses indicate that ground water is contaminated with organic chemicals from near the Hangar/Administration building at the U.S. Coast Guard Air Station to East Bay, about 4,300 feet northeast. The plume, which follows ground-water flow lines, ranges from 180 to 400 feet wide. In the upper reach of the plume, hydrocarbons less dense than water occur at the surface of the water table; they move downward in the aquifer as they move toward East Bay. Maximum concentrations of the major organic compounds include: benzene, 3,390 micrograms per liter; toluene, 55,500 micrograms per liter; xylene, 3,900 micrograms per liter; tetrachloroethylene, 3,410 micrograms per liter; and bis (2-ethyl hexyl) phthalate, 2,100 micrograms per liter. Soils are generally free of these hydrocarbons; however, in the vicinity of past drum storage, aircraft maintenance operations, and fuel storage and dispensing, as much as 1,100 micrograms per kilogram of tetrachloroethylene and 1,500 micrograms per kilogram of bis (2-ethyl hexyl) phthalate were detected. At a few locations higher molecular weight hydrocarbons, characteristic of petroleum distillates, were found.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Lansing, MI","doi":"10.3133/wri854064","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Coast Guard","usgsCitation":"Twenter, F.R., Cummings, T., and Grannemann, N., 1985, Ground-water contamination in East Bay Township, Michigan: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 85-4064, Document: ix, 63 p.; 5 Plates: 23.24 x 35.59 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri854064.","productDescription":"Document: ix, 63 p.; 5 Plates: 23.24 x 35.59 inches or smaller","costCenters":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":59038,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4064/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":59039,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4064/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":123443,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4064/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":59040,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4064/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":59041,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4064/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":59042,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4064/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":59043,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4064/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan","otherGeospatial":"East Bay Township","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -85.57439804077148,\n 44.74164292754147\n ],\n [\n -85.56602954864502,\n 44.75276788055599\n ],\n [\n -85.5673599243164,\n 44.7531640722716\n ],\n [\n -85.56911945343018,\n 44.753986923310066\n ],\n [\n -85.57062149047852,\n 44.75490118850054\n ],\n [\n -85.57225227355957,\n 44.75599828763615\n ],\n [\n -85.57353973388672,\n 44.75706489182693\n ],\n [\n -85.57529926300047,\n 44.7584971579133\n ],\n [\n -85.57585716247559,\n 44.7592894600709\n ],\n [\n -85.57611465454102,\n 44.760234113828844\n ],\n [\n -85.58675765991211,\n 44.746885637908065\n ],\n [\n -85.57439804077148,\n 44.74164292754147\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699997","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Twenter, F. R.","contributorId":81080,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Twenter","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202934,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cummings, T. R.","contributorId":104082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cummings","given":"T. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202935,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Grannemann, N.G.","contributorId":11221,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grannemann","given":"N.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202933,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":29303,"text":"wri844223 - 1985 - Trap efficiency of a sediment-control pond below a block-cut coal mine in Fayette County, Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-20T08:17:43","indexId":"wri844223","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"84-4223","title":"Trap efficiency of a sediment-control pond below a block-cut coal mine in Fayette County, Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"The U. S. Geological Survey determined the efficiency of a pond constructed to control sediment from a surface coal mine site by measuring runoff and sediment loads at the inlet to and discharge from the pond during storms. The pond is below a 17.9-acre block-cut coal mine in Fayette County, Pennsylvania and has a permanent pool capacity of 60,000 cu ft. The capacity at the principal spillway and the emergency spillway are 128,900 and 175,500 cu ft, respectively. The pond is equipped with a 3-inch flow control valve, used by the mine operator to regulate the pond stage between the permanent pool and the principal spillway. Data were collected during five moderate storms when the 3-inch control valve was intentionally opened. The ration between the quantity of water in the pond at the start of the storm and the quantity to runoff to the pond was calculated for each storm. The ratios were 3.6, 2.5, 8.6, 2.9, and 1.5 for the five storms. The measured trap efficiencies were 98.1, 92.8, 99.6, 99.1, and 98.2%, for the five storms. (USGS)","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri844223","usgsCitation":"Reed, L., DiLissio, L., and Stump, D., 1985, Trap efficiency of a sediment-control pond below a block-cut coal mine in Fayette County, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 84-4223, iv, 16 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri844223.","productDescription":"iv, 16 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":58151,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4223/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":159379,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4223/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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L.A.","contributorId":14454,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reed","given":"L.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201310,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"DiLissio, L.E.","contributorId":52224,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DiLissio","given":"L.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201312,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stump, D.E.","contributorId":38194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stump","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201311,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":29294,"text":"wri854248 - 1985 - Digital model for simulating steady-state ground-water and heat flow","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:45","indexId":"wri854248","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"85-4248","title":"Digital model for simulating steady-state ground-water and heat flow","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri854248","usgsCitation":"Reed, J., 1985, Digital model for simulating steady-state ground-water and heat flow: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 85-4248, iv, 134 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri854248.","productDescription":"iv, 134 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":121818,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4248/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58137,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4248/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a96e4b07f02db65aa16","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reed, J.E.","contributorId":41801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reed","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201291,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":29529,"text":"wri854279 - 1985 - A two-constituent solute-transport model for ground water having variable density","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-21T15:33:42","indexId":"wri854279","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"85-4279","title":"A two-constituent solute-transport model for ground water having variable density","docAbstract":"A numerical model has been developed to simulate solute transport and dispersion of either one or two constituents in groundwater where there is two-dimensional, density-dependent flow. The model is a modified version of the one documented by Konikow and Bredehoeft (1978), which uses finite-difference methods and the method of characteristics to solve the flow and transport equations. The model was tested on an idealized seawater intrusion problem for which an analytical solution has been developed. The results were nearly identical to those of other numerical models tested on the same problem. A description of the formats for the input data, a sample of input and output for a two-constituent example problem, and a listing of the Fortran program are presented. (Author 's abstract)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri854279","usgsCitation":"Sanford, W., and Konikow, L.F., 1985, A two-constituent solute-transport model for ground water having variable density: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 85-4279, v, 88 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri854279.","productDescription":"v, 88 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":58367,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4279/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":123479,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4279/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b16e4b07f02db6a54d8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sanford, W. E. 0000-0002-6624-0280","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6624-0280","contributorId":102112,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sanford","given":"W. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201668,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Konikow, Leonard F. 0000-0002-0940-3856 lkonikow@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0940-3856","contributorId":158,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Konikow","given":"Leonard","email":"lkonikow@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":201667,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":26190,"text":"wri854120 - 1985 - Water-quality assessment and wastewater-management alternatives for Dardenne Creek in St. Charles County, Missouri","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-10T19:54:15.356545","indexId":"wri854120","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"85-4120","title":"Water-quality assessment and wastewater-management alternatives for Dardenne Creek in St. Charles County, Missouri","docAbstract":"The quality of water in the 15 mile downstream reach of Dardenne Creek in St. Charles County, Missouri, was assessed to determine if it met the Missouri water quality standards. Concentrations of dissolved oxygen and total ammonia failed to meet water quality standards downstream from the Harvester-Dardenne and St. Peters Wastewater-Treatment Plants. The QUAL-II SEMCOG water quality model was calibrated and verified using two independent data sets from Dardenne Creek. Management alternatives using current, design capacity, and future expansion wastewater discharges from the St. Peters Wastewater-Treatment Plant were evaluated. Results of the computer simulation indicate that a nitrification-type advanced-treatment facility installed at the plant would produce a 5-day carbonaceous biochemical oxygen demand of 10 mg/L. An effluent limit of 5.0 mg/L of 5-day carbonaceous biochemical oxygen demand would further improve the water quality of Dardenne Creek; however, an additional treatment process, such as sand filtration, would be needed to meet this criterion.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri854120","usgsCitation":"Berkas, W., and Lodderhose, J.R., 1985, Water-quality assessment and wastewater-management alternatives for Dardenne Creek in St. Charles County, Missouri: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 85-4120, vi, 51 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri854120.","productDescription":"vi, 51 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":395802,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_36285.htm"},{"id":54987,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4120/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":118720,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4120/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Missouri","county":"St. Charles County","otherGeospatial":"Dardenne Creek","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -90.667,\n 38.75\n ],\n [\n -90.5,\n 38.75\n ],\n [\n -90.5,\n 38.875\n ],\n [\n -90.667,\n 38.875\n ],\n [\n -90.667,\n 38.75\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5faabf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Berkas, W.R.","contributorId":59808,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berkas","given":"W.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195960,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lodderhose, J. R.","contributorId":94342,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lodderhose","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195961,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":30584,"text":"wri854107 - 1985 - Seismic-refraction study of suspected drift-filled bedrock valleys in Ramsey County, Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-02T12:17:36","indexId":"wri854107","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"85-4107","title":"Seismic-refraction study of suspected drift-filled bedrock valleys in Ramsey County, Minnesota","docAbstract":"Seismic-refraction surveys were made across suspected buried, drift-filled bedrock valleys believed to underlie two sites of known ground-water contamination the Twin Cities Army Ammunition Plant (TCAAP) near New Brighton and the former Koppers Coke Plant in St. Paul, Ramsey County, Minnesota. Refraction data were collected along two lines at each site; each line traversed the axis of a suspected valley.
\nDrift-filled bedrock valleys were thought to incise the Prairie du Chien-Jordan aquifer to an altitude between 500 and 560 feet above sea level at the TCAAP site. The interpretation of one seismic profile indicates that a valley probably does not exist under the area surveyed; the modeled depth profile shows the bedrock surface ranging between altitudes of about 700 to 780 feet. Interpretation of a second seismic profile just south of the TCAAP indicates that a shallow valley may exist under the northern half of the line; the modeled depth profile shows that the bedrock surface declines from an altitude of about 780 feet to about 690 feet over a horizontal distance of 400 feet.
\nA drift-filled bedrock valley was thought to incise the St. Peter aquifer to an altitude between 770 and 800 feet above sea level at the Koppers site. The interpretation of a seismic profile just east of the Koppers site is not conclusive, but suggests that a bedrock valley may be present near the middle of the line. The interpretation of a second seismic profile across the westward extension of the same suspected valley also is not conclusive, but suggests that a bedrock valley may be present at the north end of the line. The optimal field layout for each line at the site (longer shot offsets) could not be obtained because of limited space available in the densely developed residential neighborhoods.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"St. Paul, MN","doi":"10.3133/wri854107","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"Woodward, D.G., 1985, Seismic-refraction study of suspected drift-filled bedrock valleys in Ramsey County, Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 85-4107, iv, 20 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri854107.","productDescription":"iv, 20 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":160279,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4107/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":59342,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4107/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","county":"Ramsey County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-93.0207,45.1258],[-92.9838,45.1247],[-92.9875,44.8924],[-92.9978,44.8924],[-93.0191,44.8929],[-93.0229,44.8948],[-93.0294,44.8966],[-93.0357,44.904],[-93.0447,44.9122],[-93.0498,44.9168],[-93.0524,44.9204],[-93.0608,44.9209],[-93.0666,44.921],[-93.0904,44.9215],[-93.0897,44.9251],[-93.0975,44.9252],[-93.0981,44.9215],[-93.1084,44.922],[-93.1271,44.9225],[-93.1297,44.9198],[-93.1342,44.9175],[-93.1375,44.9143],[-93.1426,44.9102],[-93.1504,44.9039],[-93.1556,44.9002],[-93.164,44.8979],[-93.1704,44.8975],[-93.1775,44.8989],[-93.1833,44.8998],[-93.1897,44.9026],[-93.1955,44.904],[-93.1987,44.9085],[-93.2026,44.9122],[-93.2038,44.9145],[-93.2058,44.9172],[-93.2051,44.9209],[-93.2044,44.9263],[-93.2044,44.9305],[-93.2031,44.935],[-93.2037,44.9405],[-93.2044,44.9441],[-93.2063,44.9469],[-93.2062,44.9583],[-93.2059,45.0373],[-93.2272,45.0373],[-93.2262,45.1255],[-93.0207,45.1258]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Ramsey\",\"state\":\"MN\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f3e4b07f02db5efcfc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Woodward, D. G.","contributorId":106458,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woodward","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203492,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":26511,"text":"wri854003 - 1985 - Transit losses and traveltimes for reservoir releases during drought conditions along the Neosho River from Council Grove Lake to Iola, east-central Kansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-02T21:23:29.205216","indexId":"wri854003","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"85-4003","title":"Transit losses and traveltimes for reservoir releases during drought conditions along the Neosho River from Council Grove Lake to Iola, east-central Kansas","docAbstract":"Knowledge of the transit losses and water-wave traveltimes in the Neosho River for varying reservoir-release volumes and durations is necessary for proper management of water supply. Two reaches were studied along the Neosho River in east-central Kansas. The upper reach is from Council Grove Lake to John Redmond Reservoir, a distance of 83.0 river miles. The lower reach is from John Redmond Reservoir to Iola, Kansas, a distance of 56.3 river miles. Channel and aquifer characteristics were estimated from available data and used in a streamflow routing model. These estimated characteristics were verified using the model by comparing simulated reservoir releases to observed reservoir releases. The verified model then was used to simulate transit losses (or gains) and traveltimes for selected reservoir release volumes and durations from Council Grove Lake to Iola. Transit losses and traveltimes were investigated for the selected reservoir releases while under a severe drought antecedent streamflow condition (zero base flow) and a less severe drought antecedent streamflow condition (2% drought base flows). The largest total transit loss from Council Grove Lake to Iola occurred during the severe drought antecedent streamflow condition, small reservoir release rates, and long reservoir release durations. The total transit loss included water that was temporarily lost to bank storage. For a severe drought condition, transit losses ranged from 1,100 acre-ft for a release volume of 1,840 acre-ft for a duration of 50 days to 6 ,280 acre-ft for a release volume of 6,280 acre-ft for a duration of 365 days. For a less severe drought condition, transit losses ranged from 860 acre-ft to 3,234 acre-ft for the same release volumes and durations as for the severe drought condition. (Author 's abstract)","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri854003","usgsCitation":"Carswell, W., and Hart, R.J., 1985, Transit losses and traveltimes for reservoir releases during drought conditions along the Neosho River from Council Grove Lake to Iola, east-central Kansas: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 85-4003, vi, 40 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri854003.","productDescription":"vi, 40 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":391291,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_36202.htm"},{"id":55381,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4003/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":157854,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4003/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Kansas","city":"Iola","otherGeospatial":"Council Grove Lake, Neosho River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -96.5,\n 37.829\n ],\n [\n -95.383,\n 37.829\n ],\n [\n -95.383,\n 38.705\n ],\n [\n -96.5,\n 38.705\n ],\n [\n -96.5,\n 37.829\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f5e4b07f02db5f0b38","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carswell, W. J.","contributorId":71213,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carswell","given":"W. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196519,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hart, R. J.","contributorId":62607,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hart","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196518,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":29018,"text":"wri844247 - 1985 - Estimation of selected flow and water-quality characteristics of Alaskan streams","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:53","indexId":"wri844247","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"84-4247","title":"Estimation of selected flow and water-quality characteristics of Alaskan streams","docAbstract":"Although hydrologic data are either sparse or nonexistent for large areas of Alaska, the drainage area, area of lakes, glacier and forest cover, and average precipitation in a hydrologic basin of interest can be measured or estimated from existing maps. Application of multiple linear regression techniques indicates that statistically significant correlations exist between properties of basins determined from maps and measured streamflow characteristics. This suggests that corresponding characteristics of ungaged basins can be estimated. Streamflow frequency characteristics can be estimated from regional equations developed for southeast, south-central and Yukon regions. Statewide or modified regional equations must be used, however, for the southwest, northwest, and Arctic Slope regions where there is a paucity of data. Equations developed from basin characteristics are given to estimate suspended-sediment values for glacial streams and, with less reliability, for nonglacial streams. Equations developed from available specific conductance data are given to estimate concentrations of major dissolved inorganic constituents. Suggestions are made for expanding the existing data base and thus improving the ability to estimate hydrologic characteristics for Alaskan streams. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri844247","usgsCitation":"Parks, B., and Madison, R.J., 1985, Estimation of selected flow and water-quality characteristics of Alaskan streams: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 84-4247, v, 64 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri844247.","productDescription":"v, 64 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":159516,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4247/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57883,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4247/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ae4b07f02db65d5e3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Parks, Bruce","contributorId":87542,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parks","given":"Bruce","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200799,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Madison, R. J.","contributorId":84734,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Madison","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200798,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":26726,"text":"wri844344 - 1985 - Simulated effects of increased recharge on the ground-water flow system of Yucca Mountain and vicinity, Nevada-California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-07T22:23:34.953002","indexId":"wri844344","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"84-4344","title":"Simulated effects of increased recharge on the ground-water flow system of Yucca Mountain and vicinity, Nevada-California","docAbstract":"A study was performed to assess the potential effects of changes in future climatic conditions on the groundwater system in the vicinity of Yucca Mountain, the site of a potential mined geologic repository for high-level nuclear wastes. These changes probably would result in greater rates of precipitation and, consequently, greater rates of recharge. The study was performed by simulating the groundwater system, using a two-dimensional, finite-element, groundwater flow model. The simulated position of the water table rose as much as 130 meters near the U.S. Department of Energy 's preferred repository area at Yucca Mountain for a simulation involving a 100-percent increase in precipitation compared to modern-day conditions. Despite the water table rise, no flooding of the potential repository would occur at its current proposed location. According to the simulation, springs would discharge south and west of Timber Mountain, along Fortymile Canyon, in the Amargosa Desert near Lathrop Wells and Franklin Lake playa, and near Furnace Creek Ranch in Death Valley, where they presently discharge. Simulated directions of groundwater flow paths near the potential repository area generally would be the same for the baseline (modern-day climate) and the increased-recharge simulations, but the magnitude of flow would increase by 2 to 4 times that of the baseline-simulation flow. (USGS)","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri844344","usgsCitation":"Czarnecki, J., 1985, Simulated effects of increased recharge on the ground-water flow system of Yucca Mountain and vicinity, Nevada-California: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 84-4344, vi, 38 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri844344.","productDescription":"vi, 38 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":392615,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_36179.htm"},{"id":55601,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4344/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":158270,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4344/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Yucca Mountain and vicinity","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.883,\n 36.217\n ],\n [\n -116,\n 36.217\n ],\n [\n -116,\n 37\n ],\n [\n -116.883,\n 37\n ],\n [\n -116.883,\n 36.217\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f9e4b07f02db5f37c3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Czarnecki, J.B.","contributorId":51768,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Czarnecki","given":"J.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196895,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":28179,"text":"wri844324 - 1985 - Hydrology of Fritchie Marsh, coastal Louisiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:50","indexId":"wri844324","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"84-4324","title":"Hydrology of Fritchie Marsh, coastal Louisiana","docAbstract":"Fritchie Marsh, near Slidell, Louisiana, is being considered as a disposal site for sewage effluent. A two-dimensional, finite element, surface water modeling systems was used to solve the shallow water equations for flow. Factors affecting flow patterns are channel locations, inlets, outlets, islands, marsh vegetation, marsh geometry, stage of the West Pearl River, flooding over the lower Pearl River basin, gravity tides, wind-induced currents, and sewage discharge to the marsh. Four steady-state simulations were performed for two hydrologic events at two rates of sewage discharge. The events, near tide with no wind or rain and neap tide with a tide differential across the marsh, were selected as worst-case events for sewage effluent dispersion and were assumed as steady state events. Because inflows and outflows to the marsh are tidally affected, steady state simulations cannot fully define the hydraulic characteristics of the marsh for all hydrologic events. Model results and field data indicate that, during near tide with little or no rain, large parts of the marsh are stagnant; and sewage effluent, at existing and projected flows, has minimal effect on marsh flows. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri844324","usgsCitation":"Kuniansky, E., 1985, Hydrology of Fritchie Marsh, coastal Louisiana: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 84-4324, iv, 23 p. :ill., maps (one col.) ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri844324.","productDescription":"iv, 23 p. :ill., maps (one col.) ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123790,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4324/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57012,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4324/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":57013,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4324/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":57014,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4324/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":57015,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4324/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a17e4b07f02db604935","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kuniansky, E. L.","contributorId":82342,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kuniansky","given":"E. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199343,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":28923,"text":"wri844212 - 1985 - Classification of stream basins in southeastern Ohio according to extent of surface coal mining","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:47","indexId":"wri844212","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"84-4212","title":"Classification of stream basins in southeastern Ohio according to extent of surface coal mining","docAbstract":"Water-quality data were collected from streams grenadine 35 basins in the southeaster-Ohio coal region to evaluate and categorize the effect of surface coal mining on stream quality. The study area is underlain by rocks of Pennsylvanian age, the most important coal-producing formations of which are the Allegheny and Monogahela Formations.\r\n\r\nThe study area contains 276 data-collection sites, each of which was sampled four times over a 3-year period. Water and bed-material samples were collected. Each site was classified as 'abandoned,' reclaimed,' unmined,' or mixed,' depending on the proportion of the drainage basin disturbed by mining, and if mined, on the present condition of the mine. Of the 130 sites in the Monogahela Formation, 18 percent were classified as abandoned, 2 percent as reclaimed, 10 percent as unmined, and 70 percent as mixed. Of the 146 sites in the Allegheny Formation, 14 percent were classified as abandoned, 11 percent as unmined, and 75 percent as mixed.\r\n\r\nStreams draining the carbonate-bearing Monogahela Formation have a significantly greater buffering capacity than streams draining the Allegheny Formation. THere are significant differences in specific conductance; pH; alkalinity; acidity; hardness; total and dissolve manganese, and aluminum; dissolved nickel, zinc, and sulfate; and dissolved solids among mining-disturbance types in the Allegheny Formation. However, in stream draining the Monogahela Formation, only hardness, sulfur, dissolved solids, and dissolved manganese are significantly different among mining-disturbance types.\r\n\r\nDiscriminant-function analysis of water-quality data was used to classify each 'mixed' site into one of four categories: Abandoned, reclaimed, unmined, or uncertain. In addition, observations in each of the first three categories were classified as strongly, moderately, or weakly characteristic of that category. The discriminant function was based on specific conductance, pH, acidity, dissolved sulfate, dissolved aluminum and dissolved manganese in streams draining the Allegheny Formation, and was based on specific conductance, dissolved sulfate, and alkalinity for streams draining the Monogahela Formation.\r\n\r\nOf the 'mixed' sites in the Monogahela Formation, 46 percent were reclassified as abandoned, 11 percent as reclaimed, 18 percent as unmined, and 24 percent as uncertain. One site was not classified because of insufficient data. Of the 'mixed' sites in the Allegheny Formation, 27 percent were reclassified as abandoned, 57 percent as unmined, and 15 percent as uncertain. Four sites were not classified because of insufficient data.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey, Water Resources Division,","doi":"10.3133/wri844212","usgsCitation":"Childress, C., 1985, Classification of stream basins in southeastern Ohio according to extent of surface coal mining: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 84-4212, iv, 83 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri844212.","productDescription":"iv, 83 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":126872,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4212/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57796,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4212/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e47c8e4b07f02db4ababe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Childress, C.J.","contributorId":88734,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Childress","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200625,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":26261,"text":"wri834024 - 1985 - The ground-water system in the LaGrange Aquifer near LaGrange, southeastern Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-20T16:03:07","indexId":"wri834024","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"83-4024","title":"The ground-water system in the LaGrange Aquifer near LaGrange, southeastern Wyoming","docAbstract":"Groundwater is being developed from the La Grange aquifer in southeastern Wyoming. It consists of saturated permeable alluvium that is hydraulically connected with most of the underlying White River Group. In the area of principal interest east of Horse Creek, Hawk Springs Reservoir and 14 adjacent wells used to supplement surface-water supply in the reservoir are in a natural discharge area. Upgradient of the reservoir there are 28 irrigation wells in about a 6-square-mile area. In this area, water levels declined between 3 and 12 feet from 1973 to 1978 causing concern about the effects of well pumpage on the hydrologic system. A digital model was developed and used to simulate the two-dimensional groundwater flow system in the unconfined La Grange aquifer. Transient simulations were made for 1973-78 using 12 time periods and for 1978-80 using 25 time periods. The calibrated digital model was used to simulate four 6-month pumping alternatives including three hypothetical alternatives for the area of principal interest east of Horse Creek. The reservoir altitude was held constant, approximating a reservoir volume 7,000 acre-feet. Pumping alternative 1 simulated historic conditions for 1973-78 including monthly recharge from precipitation which was included in the next three pumping alternatives. For pumping alternative 1, the calculated rate of discharge at the end of the 6-month simulation was 5.2 cubic feet per second from the aquifer to the reservoir. At the end of the 6-month simulations for pumping alternatives 2 and 3, the calculated rate of discharge to the reservoir was decreased to 0.4 cubic feet per second by pumpage from the 14 wells and to 3.8 cubic feet per second by pumpage from the 28 irrigation wells. For pumping alternative 4, pumpage from the total 42 wells resulted in a 1.0 cubic feet per second loss from the reservoir to the aquifer. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri834024","usgsCitation":"Borchert, W.B., 1985, The ground-water system in the LaGrange Aquifer near LaGrange, southeastern Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 83-4024, vi, 56 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri834024.","productDescription":"vi, 56 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":5050,"text":"WY-MT Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":157795,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1983/4024/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55068,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1983/4024/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":55072,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1983/4024/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":110156,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_35670.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"35670"},{"id":55069,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1983/4024/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":55070,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1983/4024/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":55071,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1983/4024/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a8fe4b07f02db655587","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Borchert, W. B.","contributorId":34965,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Borchert","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196077,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":39661,"text":"pp1360 - 1985 - Evaluating earthquake hazards in the Los Angeles region— An earth-science perspective","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-19T21:30:19.084438","indexId":"pp1360","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1360","title":"Evaluating earthquake hazards in the Los Angeles region— An earth-science perspective","docAbstract":"Potentially destructive earthquakes are inevitable in the Los Angeles region of California, but hazards prediction can provide a basis for reducing damage and loss. This volume identifies the principal geologically controlled earthquake hazards of the region (surface faulting, strong shaking, ground failure, and tsunamis), summarizes methods for characterizing their extent and severity, and suggests opportunities for their reduction. \r\n\r\nTwo systems of active faults generate earthquakes in the Los Angeles region: northwest-trending, chiefly horizontal-slip faults, such as the San Andreas, and west-trending, chiefly vertical-slip faults, such as those of the Transverse Ranges. Faults in these two systems have produced more than 40 damaging earthquakes since 1800. Ninety-five faults have slipped in late Quaternary time (approximately the past 750,000 yr) and are judged capable of generating future moderate to large earthquakes and displacing the ground surface. Average rates of late Quaternary slip or separation along these faults provide an index of their relative activity. The San Andreas and San Jacinto faults have slip rates measured in tens of millimeters per year, but most other faults have rates of about 1 mm/yr or less. Intermediate rates of as much as 6 mm/yr characterize a belt of Transverse Ranges faults that extends from near Santa Barbara to near San Bernardino. The dimensions of late Quaternary faults provide a basis for estimating the maximum sizes of likely future earthquakes in the Los Angeles region: moment magnitude .(M) 8 for the San Andreas, M 7 for the other northwest-trending elements of that fault system, and M 7.5 for the Transverse Ranges faults. Geologic and seismologic evidence along these faults, however, suggests that, for planning and designing noncritical facilities, appropriate sizes would be M 8 for the San Andreas, M 7 for the San Jacinto, M 6.5 for other northwest-trending faults, and M 6.5 to 7 for the Transverse Ranges faults. The geologic and seismologic record indicates that parts of the San Andreas and San Jacinto faults have generated major earthquakes having recurrence intervals of several tens to a few hundred years. In contrast, the geologic evidence at points along other active faults suggests recurrence intervals measured in many hundreds to several thousands of years. The distribution and character of late Quaternary surface faulting permit estimation of the likely location, style, and amount of future surface displacements. \r\n\r\nAn extensive body of geologic and geotechnical information is used to evaluate areal differences in future levels of shaking. Bedrock and alluvial deposits are differentiated according to the physical properties that control shaking response; maps of these properties are prepared by analyzing existing geologic and soils maps, the geomorphology of surficial units, and. geotechnical data obtained from boreholes. The shear-wave velocities of near-surface geologic units must be estimated for some methods of evaluating shaking potential. Regional-scale maps of highly generalized shearwave velocity groups, based on the age and texture of exposed geologic units and on a simple two-dimensional model of Quaternary sediment distribution, provide a first approximation of the areal variability in shaking response. More accurate depictions of near-surface shear-wave velocity useful for predicting ground-motion parameters take into account the thickness of the Quaternary deposits, vertical variations in sediment .type, and the correlation of shear-wave velocity with standard penetration resistance of different sediments. A map of the upper Santa Ana River basin showing shear-wave velocities to depths equal to one-quarter wavelength of a 1-s shear wave demonstrates the three-dimensional mapping procedure. \r\n\r\nFour methods for predicting the distribution and strength of shaking from future earthquakes are presented. These techniques use different measures of strong-motion","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp1360","usgsCitation":"1985, Evaluating earthquake hazards in the Los Angeles region— An earth-science perspective: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1360, xii, 505 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1360.","productDescription":"xii, 505 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":388205,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_74284.htm"},{"id":119439,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1360/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":67381,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1360/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Los Angeles","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.88281249999999,\n 33.100745405144245\n ],\n [\n -115.94970703125,\n 33.100745405144245\n ],\n [\n -115.94970703125,\n 35.29943548054545\n ],\n [\n -119.88281249999999,\n 35.29943548054545\n ],\n [\n -119.88281249999999,\n 33.100745405144245\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5fb09b","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Ziony, Joseph I.","contributorId":82766,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ziony","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":749949,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":28910,"text":"wri834263 - 1985 - Calibration procedure for a daily flow model of small watersheds with snowmelt runoff in the Green River coal region of Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-06T20:34:32.885086","indexId":"wri834263","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"83-4263","title":"Calibration procedure for a daily flow model of small watersheds with snowmelt runoff in the Green River coal region of Colorado","docAbstract":"A calibration procedure was developed for the U.S. Geological Survey 's Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System for watersheds in which snowmelt is the major contributor to runoff. The model uses daily values of air temperature and precipitation as input and the output is mean daily discharge. The procedure appears sufficient to calibrate both streamflow volume and the timing of mean daily discharge if other model parameters are reasonably estimated. Model structure and sensitivity analysis suggest that one of the most important parameters is the available water-holding capacity of the soil (SMAX). Changing this parameter through a series of iterations, the calibration procedure minimizes the error between observed and predicted annual discharge. The calibration suggests that the single parameter SMAX may be sufficient for optimizing both the volumes and the timing of runoff, assuming other model parameters are adequately estimated. Additional optimization on parameters sensitive to timing does not appear to improve prediction. This indicates that these parameters were estimated accurately prior to calibration. Further investigation is needed on more watersheds to determine SMAX 's ability to calibrate volume and timing with a constant set of other model parameter values.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri834263","usgsCitation":"Norris, J.M., and Parker, R.S., 1985, Calibration procedure for a daily flow model of small watersheds with snowmelt runoff in the Green River coal region of Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 83-4263, iv, 32 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri834263.","productDescription":"iv, 32 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":411518,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_35891.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":57780,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1983/4263/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":124055,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1983/4263/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Green River coal region","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -107.433,\n 40.683\n ],\n [\n -107.433,\n 40.183\n ],\n [\n -106.75,\n 40.183\n ],\n [\n -106.75,\n 40.683\n ],\n [\n -107.433,\n 40.683\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e5e4b07f02db5e703c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Norris, J. M.","contributorId":87953,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Norris","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200603,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Parker, R. S.","contributorId":104510,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parker","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":28175,"text":"wri854216 - 1985 - Projected ground-water development, ground-water levels, and stream-aquifer leakage in the South Fork Solomon River Valley between Webster Reservoir and Waconda Lake, north-central Kansas, 1979-2020","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:50","indexId":"wri854216","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"85-4216","title":"Projected ground-water development, ground-water levels, and stream-aquifer leakage in the South Fork Solomon River Valley between Webster Reservoir and Waconda Lake, north-central Kansas, 1979-2020","docAbstract":"A two-dimensional finite difference computer model was used to project changes in the potentiometric surface, saturated thickness, and stream aquifer leakage in an alluvial aquifer resulting from four instances of projected groundwater development. The alluvial aquifer occurs in the South Fork Solomon River valley between Webster Reservoir and Waconda Lake in north-central Kansas. In the first two projections, pumpage for irrigation was held constant at 1978 rates throughout the projection period (1979-2020). In the second two projections, the 1978 pumpage was progressively increased each yr through 2020. In the second and fourth projections, surface water diversions in the Osborne Irrigation Canal were decreased by 50 %. For the third and fourth projections, each grid-block in the modeled area was classified initially as one of six types according to whether it represented irrigable or nonirrigable land, to its saturated thickness, to its location inside or outside the canal-river area, and to its pumping rate. The projected base-flow rates (leakage from the aquifer to the river) were lower during the irrigation season (June, July, and August) than during the other months of the yr because of the decline in hydraulic head produced by groundwater pumpage. Stream depletion, calculated as a decrease below the average (1970-78) estimated winter base-flow rate of 16.5 cu ft/sec, varied inversely with base flow. For the first two projections, a constant annual cycle of well pumpage and recharge was used throughout the projection period. Aquifer leakage to the river was nearly constant by the mid-to-late 1990's, implying that flow conditions had attained a stabilized annual cycle. The third and fourth projections never attained an annual stabilized cycle because the irrigation pumpage rate was increased each year. By the early 1980's, the hydraulic head had fallen below river stage, reversing the hydraulic gradient at the stream-aquifer interface and resulting in net leakage from the river to the aquifer during the summer months. By the early 1990 's, the projected potentiometric surface of the aquifer was lower than the river stage even during the winter and spring months. (Author 's abstract)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/wri854216","usgsCitation":"Kume, J., Lindgren, R.J., and Stullken, L., 1985, Projected ground-water development, ground-water levels, and stream-aquifer leakage in the South Fork Solomon River Valley between Webster Reservoir and Waconda Lake, north-central Kansas, 1979-2020: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 85-4216, Report: vi, 42 p.; Plate, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri854216.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 42 p.; Plate","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":159288,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4216/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57008,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4216/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":57009,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4216/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ae4b07f02db65d9a7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kume, Jack","contributorId":100843,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kume","given":"Jack","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199337,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lindgren, R. J.","contributorId":70808,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lindgren","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199336,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stullken, L.E.","contributorId":59049,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stullken","given":"L.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199335,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":27138,"text":"wri844187 - 1985 - Water-resources monitoring in the Cottonwood Creek area, Shasta and Tehama counties, California, 1982-83","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-29T22:26:03.691324","indexId":"wri844187","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"84-4187","title":"Water-resources monitoring in the Cottonwood Creek area, Shasta and Tehama counties, California, 1982-83","docAbstract":"The Cottonwood Creek study area in the Redding basin, California , contains a network of wells established to provide baseline information on ground-water levels and quality prior to the completion of two proposed dams, one on Cottonwood Creek and one on South Fork Cottonwood Creek. Analysis of monthly ground-water levels from September 1982 through September 1983 shows lowest water levels in autumn and highest in spring. The ground-water surface slopes east and has a mound at Anderson-Cottonwood Irrigation District Canal near the town of Cottonwood. Future studies here could provide additional information needed for subsequent modeling studies. Data are insufficient upstream from the damsites, specifically in areas of future impoundment where the monitoring network could be expanded. Comparison of ground-water quality samples collected from periods of lowest and highest water levels showed little chemical variation. Ground water is good to excellent with respect to recommended drinking-water standards. Ground-water types north of Cottonwood Creek are sodium magnesium or magnesium sodium bicarbonate and south of Cottonwood Creek are calcium magnesium or magnesium calcium bicarbonate. Surface-water samples from Cottonwood and South Fork Cottonwood Creeks indicate water chemically similar to ground water south of Cottonwood Creek. (USGS)","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri844187","usgsCitation":"Fogelman, R.P., and Evenson, K.D., 1985, Water-resources monitoring in the Cottonwood Creek area, Shasta and Tehama counties, California, 1982-83: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 84-4187, Report: iv, 70 p.; 4 Plates: 35.97 x 26.25 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri844187.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 70 p.; 4 Plates: 35.97 x 26.25 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":118704,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4187/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56011,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4187/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":56012,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4187/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":56008,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4187/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":56009,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4187/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":56010,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4187/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":411206,"rank":7,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_36051.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Shasta County, Tehama County","otherGeospatial":"Cottonwood Creek area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.167,\n 40.5\n ],\n [\n -122.617,\n 40.5\n ],\n [\n -122.617,\n 40.25\n ],\n [\n -122.167,\n 40.25\n ],\n [\n -122.167,\n 40.5\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e4beb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fogelman, R. P.","contributorId":96688,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fogelman","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197621,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Evenson, K. D.","contributorId":85978,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evenson","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197620,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":29161,"text":"wri854083 - 1985 - Estimation of vertical hydraulic conductivity of the clay layer between the Eutaw and Gordo aquifers in the vicinity of Faunsdale, Marengo County, Alabama","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:45","indexId":"wri854083","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"85-4083","title":"Estimation of vertical hydraulic conductivity of the clay layer between the Eutaw and Gordo aquifers in the vicinity of Faunsdale, Marengo County, Alabama","docAbstract":"The vertical hydraulic conductivity of the confining bed between the Eutaw and Gordo aquifers in the vicinity of Faunsdale, in northeast Marengo County, Alabama, is 1x10(-5) foot per day or less. Modeling vertical conductivities larger than 1x50(-5) foot per day produced drawdowns in the Eutaw aquifer greater than those observed in a test where 750 gallons per minute were pumped from the Gordo aquifer. Modeling has shown that vertical hydraulic conductivity of the confining bed is the controlling factor on the drawdown in the Eutaw aquifer. At equilibrium (steady-state) pumping 750 gallons per minute there was 3 feet of drawdown in the Eutaw aquifer with a confining bed conductivity of 1x10(-5) foot per day. When the conductivity was decreased to 1x10(-6) foot per day drawdown in the Eutaw aquifer was only 0.35 foot. A conductivity of 1x10(-5) foot per day in the 48-hour simulation reproduced the drawdown in the well from the 48-hour pumping test, but the conductivity may be as small as an untested 1x10(-6) foot per day. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri854083","usgsCitation":"Planert, M., and Sparkes, A., 1985, Estimation of vertical hydraulic conductivity of the clay layer between the Eutaw and Gordo aquifers in the vicinity of Faunsdale, Marengo County, Alabama: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 85-4083, v, 23 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri854083.","productDescription":"v, 23 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":119021,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4083/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58036,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4083/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ae4b07f02db5fb19b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Planert, Michael","contributorId":56659,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Planert","given":"Michael","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201055,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sparkes, A.K.","contributorId":104943,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sparkes","given":"A.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201056,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":27130,"text":"wri854301 - 1985 - Water-quality of Lake Conroe on the West Fork San Jacinto River, southeastern Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-05T21:29:13.879172","indexId":"wri854301","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"85-4301","title":"Water-quality of Lake Conroe on the West Fork San Jacinto River, southeastern Texas","docAbstract":"Thermal stratification in Lake Conroe, Texas usually begins to develop in March and persists until October. Thermal stratification has resulted in significant seasonal and areal variations in the concentrations of dissolved oxygen, dissolved iron, dissolved manganese, total inorganic nitrogen, and total phosphorus.
\nVolume-weighted-average concentration of dissolved solids generally was < 120 mg/L, that of dissolved chloride generally was < 22 mg/L, and that of dissolved sulfate was < 10 mg/L in Lake Conroe during the 1973-82 water years. The concentrations of each of these constituents usually were largest during the summer. The water was moderately hard (hardness > 60 but < 120 mg/L as calcium carbonate).
\nThe average concentrations of dissolved oxygen at most sites in the downstream one-half of the lake averaged 3.2 mg/L during summer stratification and > 9 mg/L during winter circulation. The concentrations at most sites in the headwaters of the lake averaged < 4.3 mg/L during the summer and < 7.9 mg/L during the winter. Water below depths of 25 to 35 ft usually contained < 1 mg/L dissolved oxygen during the summer.
\nThe concentrations of dissolved iron and dissolved manganese in water throughout the reservoir during winter circulation and in water near the reservoir surface during summer stratification were < 100 micrograms/L. The greatest concentration occurred during summer stagnation near the reservoir bottom at a deep site near Lake Conroe Dam.
\nThe concentrations of total inorganic nitrogen and total phosphorus were greatest during summer stratification in water near the reservoir bottom at deep sites. No accumulation of these constituents within the reservoir was detected during the study.
\nThe densities and composition of algal populations varied seasonally. Algal densities were greatest during the summer with blue-green algae being the predominant phylum.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Austin, TX","doi":"10.3133/wri854301","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the City of Houston","usgsCitation":"Flugrath, M.W., Andrews, F.L., and McPherson, E., 1985, Water-quality of Lake Conroe on the West Fork San Jacinto River, southeastern Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 85-4301, vi, 153 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri854301.","productDescription":"vi, 153 p.","numberOfPages":"159","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":55990,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4301/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":123884,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4301/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":415304,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_36437.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","otherGeospatial":"Lake Conroe, San Jacinto River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -95.7,\n 30.344\n ],\n [\n -95.7,\n 30.542\n ],\n [\n -95.517,\n 30.542\n ],\n [\n -95.517,\n 30.344\n ],\n [\n -95.7,\n 30.344\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e478ee4b07f02db48996a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Flugrath, Marvin W.","contributorId":173557,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Flugrath","given":"Marvin","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Andrews, Freeman L.","contributorId":91486,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andrews","given":"Freeman","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197602,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McPherson, Emma","contributorId":85629,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McPherson","given":"Emma","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197603,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":26807,"text":"wri854190 - 1985 - Hydrogeology, water quality, and ground-water development alternatives in the Beaver-Pasquiset ground-water reservoir, Rhode Island","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:33","indexId":"wri854190","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"85-4190","title":"Hydrogeology, water quality, and ground-water development alternatives in the Beaver-Pasquiset ground-water reservoir, Rhode Island","docAbstract":"In a 23 sq mi study area, the Beaver-Pasquiset groundwater reservoir within the Pawcatuck River basin in southern Rhode Island, stratified drift is the only principal geologic unit capable of producing yields > 350 gal/min. Transmissivity of the aquifer ranges from 7,200 to 24,300 sq ft/day. Water table conditions prevail in the aquifer, which is in good hydraulic connection with perennial streams and ponds. A digital model of two-dimensional groundwater flow was used to simulate the interaction between surface water and groundwater, and to evaluate the impact of alternative schemes of groundwater development on groundwater levels, pond levels, and streamflow in the Beaver-Pasquiset groundwater reservoir. Transient simulations of theoretical pumpage were made for a drought period (1963-66) and a wet period (1976-78). The areas most favorable for development of high-capacity wells (350 gal/min or more) are along the Beaver River and near Pasquiset Pond. The water is soft and generally contains < 100 mg/L dissolved solids. Locally, groundwater contains elevated concentrations of iron and manganese (7.5 and 3.7 mg/L, respectively), southeast of Pasquiset Pond, and will require treatment if used for public supply. The groundwater reservoir was simulated with a two-dimensional finite-difference model using a block-centered grid consisting of 33 rows and 75 columns. Differences between measured and simulated water table altitudes for the final steady state run for 21 selected observation wells averaged +0.07 ft. Combined pumping rates for simulation of groundwater development alternatives at eight sites ranged from 3.25 to 7.00 Mgal/d. Pumping rates for individual wells ranged from 0.25 to 1.50 Mgal/d. Transient simulations suggest that the Beaver-Pasquiset groundwater reservoir is capable of sustaining a pumping rate of 4.25 Mgal/d during years of average groundwater recharge with minimal impact on groundwater levels, pond levels, and streamflow. During extreme drought periods (1965 and 1966) it would be necessary to reduce pumpage below 3.25 Mgal/d to maintain flow in both the Beaver River and Pasquiset Brook. (Author 's abstract)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri854190","usgsCitation":"Dickerman, D., and Ozbilgin, M., 1985, Hydrogeology, water quality, and ground-water development alternatives in the Beaver-Pasquiset ground-water reservoir, Rhode Island: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 85-4190, x, 104 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri854190.","productDescription":"x, 104 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123777,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4190/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55695,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4190/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2de4b07f02db614827","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dickerman, D.C.","contributorId":48601,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dickerman","given":"D.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197038,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ozbilgin, M.M.","contributorId":76789,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ozbilgin","given":"M.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197039,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":26285,"text":"wri844316 - 1985 - Evaluation of the precipitation-runoff modeling system, Beaver Creek basin, Kentucky","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:25","indexId":"wri844316","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"84-4316","title":"Evaluation of the precipitation-runoff modeling system, Beaver Creek basin, Kentucky","docAbstract":"The Precipitation Runoff Modeling System (PRMS) was evaluated with data from Cane branch and Helton Branch in the Beaver Creek basin of Kentucky. Because of previous studies, 10.6 years of record were available to establish a data base for the basin including 60 storms for Cane Branch and 50 storms for Helton Branch. The model was calibrated initially using data from the 1956-58 water years. Runoff predicted by the model was 94.7% of the observed runoff at Cane Branch (mined area) and 96.9% at Helton Branch (unmined area). After the model and data base were modified, the model was refitted to the 1956-58 data for Helton Branch. It then predicted 98.6% of the runoff for the 10.6-year period. The model parameters from Helton Branch were then used to simulate the Cane Branch runoff and discharge. The model predicted 102.6% of the observed runoff at Cane Branch for the 10.6 years. The simulations produced reasonable storm volumes and peak discharges. Sensitivity analysis of model parameters indicated the parameters associated with soil moisture are the most sensitive. The model was used to predict sediment concentration and daily sediment load for selected storm periods. The sediment computations indicated the model can be used to predict sediment concentrations during storm events. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri844316","usgsCitation":"Bower, D., 1985, Evaluation of the precipitation-runoff modeling system, Beaver Creek basin, Kentucky: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 84-4316, v, 39 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri844316.","productDescription":"v, 39 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":118702,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4316/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55093,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4316/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a08e4b07f02db5fa05f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bower, D.E.","contributorId":99592,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bower","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196114,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}