The detailed behaviour of the geomagnetic field during reversals is documented by palaeomagnetists to constrain models of the geomagnetic dynamo. Reversals are studied by measuring the magnetic remanence preserved in rocks to obtain both the direction and intensity of the ancient magnetic field.
","language":"English","publisher":"IOP Science","doi":"10.1088/0031-9112/37/7/018","usgsCitation":"Mankinen, E.A., 1986, Geophysics: A reversal of geomagnetic polarity: Physics Bulletin, v. 37, no. 7, p. 287-288, https://doi.org/10.1088/0031-9112/37/7/018.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"287","endPage":"288","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":354330,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"37","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-12-05","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5aff3835e4b0da30c1bfd9af","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mankinen, Edward A. 0000-0001-7496-2681 emank@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7496-2681","contributorId":1054,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mankinen","given":"Edward","email":"emank@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":735875,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":28149,"text":"wri854068 - 1986 - Effects of urbanization on streamflow, sediment loads, and channel morphology in Pheasant Branch basin near Middleton, Wisconsin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-07T21:11:33.502893","indexId":"wri854068","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"85-4068","title":"Effects of urbanization on streamflow, sediment loads, and channel morphology in Pheasant Branch basin near Middleton, Wisconsin","docAbstract":"A 5-year, data-collection and modeling study was conducted on Pheasant Branch basin in and near Middleton, Wisconsin. The objectives of the study were to: (1) describe the streamflow characteristics, sediment transport, and stream-channel morphology in the Pheasant Branch basin; and (2) relate the above factors to changes caused by urbanization and project the effect of urbanization on the hydrology and channel morphology of the study area.
\n\n
Streamflow data were collected at five sites for 4 years in the basin to defme present streamflow conditions. Suspended-sediment data also were collected at these sites. In addition, periodic surveys of monumented channel cross sections were made and compared with a survey from an earlier study to document changes in the channel over a period of 10 years.
\nThe suspended-sediment data show a decrease in suspended-sediment load through the fully urbanized reach of the stream in 3 of the 4 years studied. This corresponds with the slight net decrease in cross-section area in this reach for the same period. Possible explanations for the decrease in suspended-sediment loads through this reach include (1) sediment being trapped at the five drop structures and the Park Street erosion-control structure and (2) sediment being deposited in overbank areas throughout the reach. Farther downstream, the suspended-sediment load decreased through the Pheasant Branch marsh during a year of high flow but increased through the marsh in 2 of the 3 years for which complete data are available. The marsh is not acting as a net sediment trap in some years.
\nA rainfall-runoff model was calibrated and verified for the basin upstream from U.S. Highway 12. This model was used to simulate 68 years of summer flood hydrographs for three conditions: Current land use, projected urban development, and complete urban development of all lands in the basin. Analysis of simulated flood flows indicates that projected urban development would double the mean annual flood peaks at U.S. Highway 12. Complete development of the basin would increase the mean annual flood peak by a factor of 2.4.
\nFrom 1971 to 1977, the mean streambed elevation lowered by almost 2 feet, and the mean channel width increased by more than 35 percent in the reach downstream from the fully urbanized part of the basin. In other reaches, the mean streambed elevation lowered by more than a foot. Changes in channel cross sections after 1977 were smaller.
\nIncreases in flood flow would tend to enlarge the channel. An increase in the mean annual flood by a factor of 2. 0 to 2.4 will cause a 40 to 50 percent increase in channel width and a 30 to 40 percent increase in channel depth.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri854068","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the University of Wisconsin-Extension, Geological and Natural History Survey and the City of Middleton","usgsCitation":"Krug, W., and Goddard, G.L., 1986, Effects of urbanization on streamflow, sediment loads, and channel morphology in Pheasant Branch basin near Middleton, Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 85-4068, vi, 82 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri854068.","productDescription":"vi, 82 p.","numberOfPages":"94","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":415474,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_36247.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":123391,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4068/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56979,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4068/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","county":"Dane County","city":"Middleton","otherGeospatial":"Pheasant Branch","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -89.589,\n 43.049\n ],\n [\n -89.589,\n 43.16\n ],\n [\n -89.469,\n 43.16\n ],\n [\n -89.469,\n 43.049\n ],\n [\n -89.589,\n 43.049\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a26e4b07f02db60fd46","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Krug, W.R.","contributorId":23147,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krug","given":"W.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199300,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Goddard, G. L.","contributorId":10442,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goddard","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199299,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014925,"text":"70014925 - 1986 - VISCOPLASTIC FLUID MODEL FOR DEBRIS FLOW ROUTING.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:59","indexId":"70014925","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"VISCOPLASTIC FLUID MODEL FOR DEBRIS FLOW ROUTING.","docAbstract":"This paper describes how a generalized viscoplastic fluid model, which was developed based on non-Newtonian fluid mechanics, can be successfully applied to routing a debris flow down a channel. The one-dimensional dynamic equations developed for unsteady clear-water flow can be used for debris flow routing if the flow parameters, such as the momentum (or energy) correction factor and the resistance coefficient, can be accurately evaluated. The writer's generalized viscoplastic fluid model can be used to express such flow parameters in terms of the rheological parameters for debris flow in wide channels. A preliminary analysis of the theoretical solutions reveals the importance of the flow behavior index and the so-called modified Froude number for uniformly progressive flow in snout profile modeling.","conferenceTitle":"Water Forum '86: World Water Issues in Evolution, Proceedings of the Conference.","conferenceLocation":"Long Beach, CA, USA","language":"English","publisher":"ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, USA","isbn":"0872625451","usgsCitation":"Chen, C., 1986, VISCOPLASTIC FLUID MODEL FOR DEBRIS FLOW ROUTING., Water Forum '86: World Water Issues in Evolution, Proceedings of the Conference., Long Beach, CA, USA, p. 10-18.","startPage":"10","endPage":"18","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224059,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc0ebe4b08c986b32a3b6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chen, Cheng-lung","contributorId":30752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chen","given":"Cheng-lung","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369623,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70014590,"text":"70014590 - 1986 - Fourier power spectra of the geomagnetic field for circular paths on the Earth's surface.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-25T00:13:17.464733","indexId":"70014590","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2310,"text":"Journal of Geomagnetism & Geoelectricity","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fourier power spectra of the geomagnetic field for circular paths on the Earth's surface.","docAbstract":"The Fourier power spectra of geomagnetic component values, synthesized from spherical harmonic models, have been computed for circular paths on the Earth's surface. They are not found to be more useful than is the spectrum of magnetic energy outside the Earth for the purpose of separating core and crustal sources of the geomagnetic field. The Fourier power spectra of N and E geomagnetic components along nearly polar great circle paths exhibit some unusual characteristics that are explained by the geometric perspective of Fourier series on spheres developed by Yee.
","language":"English","publisher":"J-STAGE","usgsCitation":"Alldredge, L., and Benton, E., 1986, Fourier power spectra of the geomagnetic field for circular paths on the Earth's surface.: Journal of Geomagnetism & Geoelectricity, v. 38, no. 8, p. 807-821.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"807","endPage":"821","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225717,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"38","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a139be4b0c8380cd546ea","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Alldredge, L.R.","contributorId":53457,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alldredge","given":"L.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368744,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Benton, E.R.","contributorId":100550,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benton","given":"E.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368745,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014869,"text":"70014869 - 1986 - Seismically induced landslides: current research by the US Geological Survey.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:34","indexId":"70014869","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1774,"text":"Geologia Applicata e Idrogeologia","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seismically induced landslides: current research by the US Geological Survey.","docAbstract":"We have produced a regional seismic slope-stability map and a probabilistic prediction of landslide distribution from a postulated earthquake. For liquefaction-induced landslides, in situ measurements of seismically induced pore-water pressures have been used to establish an elastic model of pore pressure generation. -from Authors","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geologia Applicata e Idrogeologia","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"04353870","usgsCitation":"Harp, E.L., Wilson, R.C., Keefer, D.K., and Wieczorek, G.F., 1986, Seismically induced landslides: current research by the US Geological Survey.: Geologia Applicata e Idrogeologia, v. 21, no. 2, p. 159-173.","startPage":"159","endPage":"173","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225857,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"21","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8b88e4b08c986b3178df","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harp, E. L.","contributorId":59026,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harp","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369484,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wilson, R. C.","contributorId":50889,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369483,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Keefer, D. K.","contributorId":21176,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keefer","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369481,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wieczorek, G. F.","contributorId":50143,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wieczorek","given":"G.","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369482,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70014549,"text":"70014549 - 1986 - A numerical investigation of head waves and leaky modes in fluid- filled boreholes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-18T16:05:12.842116","indexId":"70014549","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1808,"text":"Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A numerical investigation of head waves and leaky modes in fluid- filled boreholes","docAbstract":"Although synthetic borehole seismograms can be computed for a wide range of borehole conditions, the physical nature of shear and compressional head waves in fluid-filled boreholes is poorly understood. This paper presents a series of numerical experiments designed to explain the physical mechanisms controlling head-wave propagation in boreholes. These calculations demonstrate the existence of compressional normal modes equivalent to shear normal modes, or pseudo-Rayleigh waves, with sequential cutoff frequencies spaced between the cutoff frequencies for the shear normal modes. Major contributions to head-wave spectra occur in discrete peaks at frequencies just below mode cutoff for both compressional and shear modes. This result is confirmed by calculations with synthetic waveforms at frequencies corresponding to mode cutoff, and by branch-cut integrals designed to yield independent spectra for the compressional mode. For soft formations where shear velocity falls below acoustic velocity in the borehole fluid, leaky compressional normal modes attain properties similar to those of shear normal modes in the case of hard rock. In the limit of vanishing S-wave velocity, this result is formally related to a fluid-fluid waveguide with undamped compressional normal modes. Synthetic waveforms demonstrate that high-amplitude arrivals, traveling at velocities less than the acoustic velocity of the borehole fluid and at frequencies above a few kilohertz, represent the Airy phase of the compressional mode and are not a tube wave. Comparison of synthetic waveforms with waveforms obtained in soft sea sediments indicates that the predicted Airy phase arrivals are present in the experimental data.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Exploration Geophysicists","doi":"10.1190/1.1442192","issn":"00168033","usgsCitation":"Paillet, F.L., and Cheng, C., 1986, A numerical investigation of head waves and leaky modes in fluid- filled boreholes: Geophysics, v. 51, no. 7, p. 1438-1449, https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1442192.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"1438","endPage":"1449","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":480132,"rank":2,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/75062","text":"External Repository"},{"id":226095,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"51","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e4c8e4b0c8380cd4691e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Paillet, Frederick L.","contributorId":63820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paillet","given":"Frederick","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368651,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cheng, C.H.","contributorId":94443,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cheng","given":"C.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368652,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1001273,"text":"1001273 - 1986 - Winter ecology of bald eagles in southcentral Nebraska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-27T07:10:42","indexId":"1001273","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3111,"text":"Prairie Naturalist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Winter ecology of bald eagles in southcentral Nebraska","docAbstract":"Approximately 200 bald eagles wintered along a 370-km section of the Platte and North Platte rivers in Nebraska during the winters of 1978-79 and 1979-80. A preponderance of the wintering eagles were adults, with the adult:subadult ratio highest during the harsh winter of 1978-79. Nocturnal roosts were located primarily in tree plantings near the river, with mean tree age at the roosts ranging from 39 to 84 years. Bald eagles utilized a diverse prey base that included fish, birds, and mammals. Remains of 56 prey species were identified from pellets; 76% of pellets contained birds, 34% mammals, and 11% fish. Eagles foraged principally on fish when ice covered less than 80% of channels and water levels were moderate to low. Waterfowl and mammals dominated the diet when the river was almost entirely frozen or water levels were high. Mallards, eastern cottontails, and carp were the principal avian, mammalian, and piscine prey, respectively. Eagles traveled long distances from the river to feed on field-feeding waterfowl when alternate prey were not available. Fish were underrated in pellets because body components are more digestible than other major prey consumed.","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Lingle, G., and Krapu, G., 1986, Winter ecology of bald eagles in southcentral Nebraska: Prairie Naturalist, v. 18, no. 2, p. 65-78.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"65","endPage":"78","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133789,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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","largerWorkType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings, 3rd International Symposium on River Sedimentation","conferenceTitle":"3rd International Symposium on River Sedimentation","conferenceLocation":"Jackson, Wyo.","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Cheng, R.T., 1986, Modeling of estuarine hydrodynamics - a mixture of art and science, in Proceedings, 3rd International Symposium on River Sedimentation, Jackson, Wyo., p. 1468-1475.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"1468","endPage":"1475","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":324971,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5780cebae4b081161682237b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cheng, R. T.","contributorId":23138,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cheng","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":641995,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70176399,"text":"70176399 - 1986 - Seismic Computerized Alert Network","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-09-12T14:36:40","indexId":"70176399","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1437,"text":"Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seismic Computerized Alert Network","docAbstract":"In 1985 the USGS devised a model for a Seismic Computerized Alert Network (SCAN) that would use continuous monitoring of seismic data from existing types of instruments to provide automatic, highly-reliable early warnings of earthquake shaking. In a large earthquake, substantial damaging ground motions may occur at great distances from the earthquake's epicenter.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"1986, Seismic Computerized Alert Network: Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS), v. 18, no. 4, p. 153-153.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"153","endPage":"153","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":328529,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57d7d1c5e4b090824ff98e3c","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Spall, Henry","contributorId":77933,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spall","given":"Henry","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":648602,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70197501,"text":"70197501 - 1986 - Paleomagnetism of the Tertiary Clarno Formation of central Oregon and its significance for the tectonic history of the Pacific Northwest","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-06-07T15:52:10","indexId":"70197501","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Paleomagnetism of the Tertiary Clarno Formation of central Oregon and its significance for the tectonic history of the Pacific Northwest","docAbstract":"The Clarno Formation, a mostly Eocene and partly early Oligocene sequence of andesitic lavas and volcaniclastic rocks, is the oldest Tertiary formation exposed in north central Oregon. Remanent magnetization directions at 46 sites in the lavas provide a paleomagnetic pole at 84°N, 278°E with a 95% confidence cone of 7°. Comparison of this pole with the North American reference pole for Eocene time indicates that the Clarno Formation has rotated 16° clockwise with an uncertainty of 10° but has undergone no significant latitudinal displacement. Further comparison with paleomagnetic data from the Miocene Columbia River Basalt Group and Steens Basalt shows that large‐scale block rotations in the eastern Columbia Embayment ceased sometime between 38 m.y. and 15 m.y. A paleogeographic reconstruction for 38 m.y. is offered which is consistent with the observed rotation of the Clarno and with the other paleomagnetic data from the Pacific Northwest, which are briefly reviewed. This reconstruction shows that it is possible to account for virtually all of the paleomagnetically indicated rotations in pre‐Miocene Tertiary rocks of the Pacific Northwest by an extensional tectonic model. As a consequence, only part of the rotations in the pre‐Tertiary rocks of the eastern Columbia Embayment need to be the result of accretionary tectonics. The initiation of magmatism in the eastern Columbia Embayment that is represented by the Clarno Formation itself may have been contemporaneous with the beginning of crustal extension in the Pacific Northwest.
","language":"English","publisher":"AGU","doi":"10.1029/JB091iB14p14089","usgsCitation":"Gromme, C.S., Beck, M.E., Wells, R., and Engebretson, D.C., 1986, Paleomagnetism of the Tertiary Clarno Formation of central Oregon and its significance for the tectonic history of the Pacific Northwest: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 91, no. B14, p. 14089-14103, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB091iB14p14089.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"14089","endPage":"14103","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":354834,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"91","issue":"B14","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gromme, C. Sherman","contributorId":22236,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gromme","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"Sherman","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":737474,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Beck, Myrl E. Jr.","contributorId":60700,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beck","given":"Myrl","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":737475,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wells, Ray E. 0000-0002-7796-0160 rwells@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7796-0160","contributorId":2692,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wells","given":"Ray E.","email":"rwells@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":737476,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Engebretson, David C.","contributorId":205487,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Engebretson","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":737477,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70176398,"text":"70176398 - 1986 - Prototype operational earthquake prediction system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-09-12T14:27:53","indexId":"70176398","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1437,"text":"Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Prototype operational earthquake prediction system","docAbstract":"An objective if the U.S. Earthquake Hazards Reduction Act of 1977 is to introduce into all regions of the country that are subject to large and moderate earthquakes, systems for predicting earthquakes and assessing earthquake risk. In 1985, the USGS developed for the Secretary of the Interior a program for implementation of a prototype operational earthquake prediction system in southern California.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"1986, Prototype operational earthquake prediction system: Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS), v. 18, no. 4, p. 151-152.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"151","endPage":"152","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":328528,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57d7d1c3e4b090824ff98e0e","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Spall, Henry","contributorId":77933,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spall","given":"Henry","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":648599,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70014610,"text":"70014610 - 1986 - Effect of height and orientation ( microclimate) on geomorphic degradation rates and processes, late-glacial terrace scarps in central Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-28T12:27:18.302067","indexId":"70014610","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effect of height and orientation ( microclimate) on geomorphic degradation rates and processes, late-glacial terrace scarps in central Idaho","docAbstract":"Terrace scarps can serve as a nearly ideal natural laboratory for the study of the evolution of slopes. This paper examines the effects of scarp size (height) and orientation (microclimate) by keeping constant variables such as age, lithology, and regional climate.
If a scarp degrades as a closed system, and downslope movement is directly proportional to surface gradient, the evolution of the scarp is modeled by the diffusion equation. For a group of scarps of same age and known starting angle, the diffusion-equation model predicts the relation between maximum scarp angle (\uD835\uDEC9) and scarp height (h). Late Pleistocene terrace scarps now as steep as 33.25°, as well as measured angles of repose for sand and gravel, require a starting angle as steep as 33.5°. For latest Pleistocene Idaho and Utah scarps, as h increases, \uD835\uDEC9 is gentler (more degraded) than modeled by the diffusion equation with a constant rate coefficient. The degradation-rate coefficient (c) increases tenfold with scarp height; it should not change with scarp height if downslope movement is solely determined by surface gradient (to the first power). Soil wash appears to be responsible for this departure from the diffusion-equation model, for transport rate by soil wash is a function of scarp size (height).
South-facing scarps are less vegetated and more degraded than north-facing scarps. For scarps 2 m high, the degradation rate (c*) on S-facing scarps is 2 times that on N-facing scarps; for 10-m scarps, it is 5 times.
The observed dependence of the rate coefficient c* on scarp height can be removed by normalizing c* to values for west-facing scarps of the same height. The residual c* values calculated by this method correlate well with differences in incident solar radiation resulting from the different scarp orientations and maximum gradients. This correlation demonstrates the importance of orientation on slope processes and their rates through the differences in freeze-thaw cycles, soil moisture, and vegetative cover.
Scarp morphology may be used to estimate age, if one accounts for the effects of climate and for scarp height, orientation, and lithology. For example, using the dated Bonneville shoreline scarps for calibration and comparing only scarps of equal height, we estimate the Drum Mountains fault scarps to be 9,000 yr old. This age is about twice that produced by previous diffusion-equation calculations that have not accounted for the height as we have here, but it is the same as independent geologic estimates of their age.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1986)97<869:EOHAOM>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Pierce, K.L., and Colman, S.M., 1986, Effect of height and orientation ( microclimate) on geomorphic degradation rates and processes, late-glacial terrace scarps in central Idaho: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 97, no. 7, p. 869-885, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1986)97<869:EOHAOM>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"869","endPage":"885","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226034,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"97","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a05e7e4b0c8380cd50fff","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pierce, K. L.","contributorId":12404,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pierce","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368802,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Colman, Steven M. 0000-0002-0564-9576","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0564-9576","contributorId":77482,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colman","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":368803,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014664,"text":"70014664 - 1986 - Analysis of thematic map classification error matrices.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:32","indexId":"70014664","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3052,"text":"Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Analysis of thematic map classification error matrices.","docAbstract":"The classification error matrix expresses the counts of agreement and disagreement between the classified categories and their verification. Thematic mapping experiments compare variables such as multiple photointerpretation or scales of mapping, and produce one or more classification error matrices. This paper presents a tutorial to implement a typical problem of a remotely sensed data experiment for solution by the linear model method.-from Author","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Rosenfield, G., 1986, Analysis of thematic map classification error matrices.: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, v. 52, no. 5, p. 681-686.","startPage":"681","endPage":"686","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225846,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"52","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eb42e4b0c8380cd48cfc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rosenfield, G.H.","contributorId":94670,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosenfield","given":"G.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368946,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70014580,"text":"70014580 - 1986 - Nd, O and Sr isotopic constraints on the origin of Precambrian rocks, southern Black Hills, South Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-03T15:30:47.763869","indexId":"70014580","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nd, O and Sr isotopic constraints on the origin of Precambrian rocks, southern Black Hills, South Dakota","docAbstract":"The Nd, O and Sr isotopic characteristics of Precambrian metasedimentary, metavolcanic and granitic rocks from the Black Hills of South Dakota are examined. Two late-Archean granites (2.5-2.6 Ga) have Tdm ages of 3.05 and 3.30 Ga, suggesting that at least one of the granites was derived through the melting of significantly older crust. Early-Proterozoic metasedimentary rocks have Tdm ages that range from 2.32 to 2.45 Ga. These model ages, in conjunction with probable stratigraphic ages ranging from 1.9 to 2.2 Ga, indicate that mantle-derived material was added to the continental crust of this region during the early-Proterozoic. Previous studies of the Harney Peak Granite complex have reported U-Pb and Rb-Sr ages of about 1.71 Ga and most granite samples examined in this study have Sr isotopic compositions consistent with that age. Two granite samples taken from the same sill, however, give two-point Rb-Sr and Sm-Nd ages of 2.08 ±0.08 and 2.20 ±0.20Ga (∑2200Nd = −15.5), respectively. In addition, whole-rock and apatite samples of the spatially associated Tin Mountain pegmatite give a Sm-Nd isochron age of 2000 ±100 Ma (∑2200Nd = −5.8 ±1.8).
The Sm-Nd, O and Rb-Sr isotopic systematics of these granitic rocks have been complicated to some degree by both crystallization and post-crystallization processes, and the age of the pegmatite and parts of the Harney Peak Granite complex remain uncertain. Processes that probably complicated the isotopic systematics of these rocks include derivation from heterogeneous source material, assimilation, mixing of REE between granite and country rock during crystallization via a fluid phase and post-crystallization mobility of Sr. The Nd isotopic compositions of the pegmatite and the Harney Peak Granite indicate that they were not derived primarily from the exposed metasedimentary rocks.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(86)90230-9","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Walker, R., Hanson, G.N., Papike, J.J., and O’Neil, J.R., 1986, Nd, O and Sr isotopic constraints on the origin of Precambrian rocks, southern Black Hills, South Dakota: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 50, no. 12, p. 2833-2846, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(86)90230-9.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"2833","endPage":"2846","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225520,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"50","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a63c3e4b0c8380cd72694","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Walker, R.J.","contributorId":105859,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walker","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368722,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hanson, G. N.","contributorId":81152,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanson","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368721,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Papike, J. J.","contributorId":18488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Papike","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368719,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"O’Neil, J. R.","contributorId":69633,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Neil","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368720,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70014879,"text":"70014879 - 1986 - Satellite orientation and position for geometric correction of scanner imagery.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:33","indexId":"70014879","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3052,"text":"Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Satellite orientation and position for geometric correction of scanner imagery.","docAbstract":"The USGS Mini Image Processing System currently relies on a polynomial method for geometric correction of Landsat multispectral scanner (MSS) data. A large number of ground control points are required because polynomials do not model the sources of error. In order to reduce the number of necessary points, a set of mathematical equations modeling the Landsat satellite motions and MSS scanner has been derived and programmed. A best fit to the equations is obtained by using a least-squares technique that permits computation of the satellite orientation and position parameters based on only a few control points.-from Author","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Salamonowicz, P., 1986, Satellite orientation and position for geometric correction of scanner imagery.: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, v. 52, no. 4, p. 491-499.","startPage":"491","endPage":"499","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226048,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"52","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b86e3e4b08c986b3161ab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Salamonowicz, P.H.","contributorId":80019,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Salamonowicz","given":"P.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369504,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70014586,"text":"70014586 - 1986 - Effect of discharge on the chlorophyll a distribution in the tidally-influenced Potomac River","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-09-08T15:06:34.276103","indexId":"70014586","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1583,"text":"Estuaries","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effect of discharge on the chlorophyll a distribution in the tidally-influenced Potomac River","docAbstract":"In the tidal Potomac River, high river discharges during the spring are associated with high chlorophylla concentrations in the following in the following summer, assuming that summertime light and temperature conditions are favorable. Spring floods deliver large loads of particulate N and P to the tidal river. This particulate N and P could be mineralized by bacteria to inorganic N and P and released to the water column where it is available for phytoplankton use during summertime. However, during the study period relatively low concentrations of chlorophylla (less than 50 μg l−1 occurred in the tidal river if average monthly discharge during July or August exceeded 200 m3s−1. Discharge and other conditions combined to produce conditions favorable for nuisance levels of chlorophylla (greater than 100 μg l−1 approximately one year out of four. Chlorophylla maxima occurred in the Potomac River transition zone and estuary during late winter (dinoflagellates) and spring (diatoms). Typical seasonal peak concentrations were achieved at discharges as high as 970 m3 s−1, but sustained discharges greater than 1,100 m3 s−1 retarded development. Optimum growth conditions occurred following runoff events of 10 to 15 d duration which produced transit times to the transition zone of 7 to 10 d. Wet years with numerous moderate-sized runoff events, such as 1980, tend to produce greater biomass in the transition zone and estuary than do dry years such as 1981.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.2307/1352097","issn":"15592723","usgsCitation":"Bennett, J.P., Woodward, J., and Shultz, D., 1986, Effect of discharge on the chlorophyll a distribution in the tidally-influenced Potomac River: Estuaries, v. 9, no. 4, p. 250-260, https://doi.org/10.2307/1352097.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"250","endPage":"260","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225650,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Potomac River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -78.0029296875,\n 36.73888412439431\n ],\n [\n -75.5859375,\n 36.73888412439431\n ],\n [\n -75.5859375,\n 39.70718665682654\n ],\n [\n -78.0029296875,\n 39.70718665682654\n ],\n [\n -78.0029296875,\n 36.73888412439431\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"9","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a05d4e4b0c8380cd50fa6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bennett, J. P.","contributorId":52103,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bennett","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368734,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Woodward, J.W.","contributorId":107038,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woodward","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368736,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Shultz, D.J.","contributorId":60246,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shultz","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368735,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70175234,"text":"70175234 - 1986 - Interannual variability in biochemistry of partially mixed estuaries: Dissolved silicate cycles in northern San Francisco Bay","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-02T16:28:46","indexId":"70175234","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Interannual variability in biochemistry of partially mixed estuaries: Dissolved silicate cycles in northern San Francisco Bay","docAbstract":"Much of the interannual variability in partially mixed estuaries in dissolved inorganic nutrient and dissolved oxygen patterns results from an enhancement or reduction of their annual cycle (generally via climatic forcing). In northern San Francisco Bay estuary the annual cycle of dissolved silicate supply peaks in spring and the effect of phytoplankton removal peaks in fall. Because riverine silicate sources are enhanced in wet years and reduced in dry years, the annual silicate cycle is modified accordingly. Effects of phytoplankton removal are reduced and delayed in wet years and enhanced and advanced (seen earlier) in dry years. Similar reasoning can apply to interpreting and understanding other mechanisms and rates.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Estuarine variability","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Academic Press","doi":"10.1016/B978-0-12-761890-6.50012-5","usgsCitation":"Peterson, D.H., Cayan, D.R., and Festa, J.F., 1986, Interannual variability in biochemistry of partially mixed estuaries: Dissolved silicate cycles in northern San Francisco Bay, chap. of Estuarine variability, p. 123-138, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-761890-6.50012-5.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"123","endPage":"138","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":326002,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57a1c430e4b006cb45552c20","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Wolfe, Douglas A.","contributorId":111899,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolfe","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":644457,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Peterson, David H.","contributorId":147316,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Peterson","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":644454,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cayan, Daniel R. 0000-0002-2719-6811 drcayan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2719-6811","contributorId":1494,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cayan","given":"Daniel","email":"drcayan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":644455,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Festa, John F.","contributorId":173382,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Festa","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":644456,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70014980,"text":"70014980 - 1986 - Summary of pre-1980 tephra-fall deposits erupted from Mount St. Helens, Washington State, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:00","indexId":"70014980","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1109,"text":"Bulletin of Volcanology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Summary of pre-1980 tephra-fall deposits erupted from Mount St. Helens, Washington State, USA","docAbstract":"Mount St. Helens has been a prolific source of tephra-fall deposits for about 40 000 years. These tephra deposits (1) record numerous explosive eruptions, (2) form important regional time-stratigraphic marker beds, and (3) record repeated changes in composition within and between eruptive periods. Recognized tephra strata record more than 100 explosive eruptive events at Mount St. Helens; those tephra strata are classified as beds, layers, and sets. Tephra sets, each of which consists of a group of beds and layers, define in part the nine eruptive periods recognized at the volcano. Individual tephra sets are distinguished from stratigraphically adjacent sets by differences in composition or by evidence of clapsed time. Several tephra units from Mount St. Helens form important marker beds at distances of hundreds of kilometers downwind from the volcano. Cummingtonite phenocrysts, which are known in ejecta from only Mount St. Helens in the Pacific Northwest, characterize some marker beds and readily identify their source. The tephra sequence also records eruption of the mafic andesites that mark the appearance of the modern Mount St. Helens and numerous changes in composition among dacite, basalt, and andesite since that time. ?? 1986 Springer-Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of Volcanology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF01073510","issn":"02588900","usgsCitation":"Mullineaux, D.R., 1986, Summary of pre-1980 tephra-fall deposits erupted from Mount St. Helens, Washington State, USA: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 48, no. 1, p. 17-26, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01073510.","startPage":"17","endPage":"26","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223958,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205433,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01073510"}],"volume":"48","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9ea1e4b08c986b31e024","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mullineaux, D. R.","contributorId":64248,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mullineaux","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369764,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70014936,"text":"70014936 - 1986 - To accrete or not accrete, that is the question","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-08T12:49:47","indexId":"70014936","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1795,"text":"Geologische Rundschau","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"To accrete or not accrete, that is the question","docAbstract":"Along modern convergent margins tectonic processes span a spectrum from accretion to erosion. The process of accretion is generally recognized because it leaves a geologic record, whereas the process of erosion is generally hypothetical because it produces a geologic hiatus. Major conditions that determine the dominance of accretion or erosion at modern convergent margins are: 1) rate and direction of plate convergence, 2) sediment supply and type in the trench, and 3) topography of the subducting ocean floor. Most change in structure has been ascribed to plate motion, but both erosion and accretion are observed along the same convergence margin. Thus sediment supply and topography are probably of equivalent importance to plate motion because both erosion and accretion are observed under constant conditions of plate convergence. The dominance of accretion or erosion at a margin varies with the thickness of trench sediment. In a sediment flooded trench, the proportions of subducted and accreted sediment are commonly established by the position of a decollement along a weak horizon in the sediment section. Thus, the vertical variation of sediment strength and the distribution of horizontal stress are important factors. Once deformation begins, the original sediment strength is decreased by sediment remolding and where sediment thickens rapidly, increases in pore fluid pressure can be pronounced. In sediment-starved trenches, where the relief of the subducting ocean floor is not smoothed over, the front of the margin must respond to the topography subducted as well as that accreted. The hypothesized erosion by the drag of positive features against the underside of the upper plate (a high stress environment) may alternate with erosion due to the collapse of a margin front into voids such as graben (a low stress environment). ?? 1986 Ferdinand Enke Verlag Stuttgart.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geologische Rundschau","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF01770175","issn":"00167835","usgsCitation":"von Huene, R.E., 1986, To accrete or not accrete, that is the question: Geologische Rundschau, v. 75, no. 1, p. 1-15, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01770175.","startPage":"1","endPage":"15","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224225,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205457,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01770175"}],"volume":"75","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb429e4b08c986b326204","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"von Huene, Roland E. 0000-0003-1301-3866 rvonhuene@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1301-3866","contributorId":191070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"von Huene","given":"Roland","email":"rvonhuene@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":7065,"text":"USGS emeritus","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":369655,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":2000111,"text":"2000111 - 1986 - Habitat suitability index models: northern pintail (Gulf Coast wintering)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-16T10:58:13","indexId":"2000111","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":8,"text":"Biological Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"82(10.121)","title":"Habitat suitability index models: northern pintail (Gulf Coast wintering)","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","publisherLocation":"Washington, DC","usgsCitation":"Howard, R., and Kantrud, H., 1986, Habitat suitability index models: northern pintail (Gulf Coast wintering): Biological Report 82(10.121), 17 p.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"0","endPage":"16","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":197923,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7ee4b07f02db648633","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Howard, R.J. 0000-0001-7264-4364","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7264-4364","contributorId":86452,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howard","given":"R.J.","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":325107,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kantrud, H.A.","contributorId":28553,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kantrud","given":"H.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325106,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014908,"text":"70014908 - 1986 - Adaptation of the Carter-Tracy water influx calculation to groundwater flow simulation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-14T08:41:16","indexId":"70014908","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Adaptation of the Carter-Tracy water influx calculation to groundwater flow simulation","docAbstract":"The Carter-Tracy calculation for water influx is adapted to groundwater flow simulation with additional clarifying explanation not present in the original papers. The Van Everdingen and Hurst aquifer-influence functions for radial flow from an outer aquifer region are employed. This technique, based on convolution of unit-step response functions, offers a simple but approximate method for embedding an inner region of groundwater flow simulation within a much larger aquifer region where flow can be treated in an approximate fashion. The use of aquifer-influence functions in groundwater flow modeling reduces the size of the computational grid with a corresponding reduction in computer storage and execution time. The Carter-Tracy approximation to the convolution integral enables the aquifer influence function calculation to be made with an additional storage requirement of only two times the number of boundary nodes more than that required for the inner region simulation. It is a good approximation for constant flow rates but is poor for time-varying flow rates where the variation is large relative to the mean. A variety of outer aquifer region geometries, exterior boundary conditions, and flow rate versus potentiometric head relations can be used. The radial, transient-flow case presented is representative. An analytical approximation to the functions of Van Everdingen and Hurst for the dimensionless potentiometric head versus dimensionless time is given.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR022i003p00423","usgsCitation":"Kipp, K.L., 1986, Adaptation of the Carter-Tracy water influx calculation to groundwater flow simulation: Water Resources Research, v. 22, no. 3, p. 423-428, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR022i003p00423.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"423","endPage":"428","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225475,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e625e4b0c8380cd471b9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kipp, Kenneth L. klkipp@usgs.gov","contributorId":1633,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kipp","given":"Kenneth","email":"klkipp@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":369584,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70014541,"text":"70014541 - 1986 - Palynological evidence for the historic expansion of juniper and desert shrubs in Arizona, U.S.A.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-20T15:49:55","indexId":"70014541","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3275,"text":"Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Palynological evidence for the historic expansion of juniper and desert shrubs in Arizona, U.S.A.","docAbstract":"Analysis of the sediment of Pecks Lake, Yavapai County, Arizona, has permitted the first reported palynological evidence for the historic expansion of juniper and desert shrubs in the American Southwest. The palynological evidence is supported by the comparison of modern and historical photographs, which shows the regional expansion of pinyon-juniper woodland, and the local increase of mesquite and creosote bush. A gradual increase in juniper pollen percentages began over 2000 years ago, but the rate of increase abruptly accelerated after the historic introduction of grazing animals. In contrast, juniper percentages did not increase during a prehistoric interval of intense disturbance by humans, about A.D. 1200, and a different weed flora was present. Prehistorically, water depth was greatest at ca. 600 B.C. and was lowest just prior to the arrival of Europeans. Regional climate has gradually cooled since the beginning of the record at 2630 B.P. ?? 1986.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/0034-6667(86)90026-6","issn":"00346667","usgsCitation":"Davis, O., and Turner, R.M., 1986, Palynological evidence for the historic expansion of juniper and desert shrubs in Arizona, U.S.A.: Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, v. 49, no. 3-4, p. 177-193, https://doi.org/10.1016/0034-6667(86)90026-6.","startPage":"177","endPage":"193","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":269794,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0034-6667(86)90026-6"},{"id":226028,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"49","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a748ee4b0c8380cd776d4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Davis, O.K.","contributorId":83680,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"O.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368635,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Turner, R. M.","contributorId":62585,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turner","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368634,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014543,"text":"70014543 - 1986 - Transient electromagnetic sounding for groundwater","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-20T09:16:22","indexId":"70014543","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1808,"text":"Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Transient electromagnetic sounding for groundwater","docAbstract":"The feasibility of using the transient electromagnetic sounding (TS or TDEM) method for groundwater exploration can be studied by means of numerical models. As examples of its applicability to groundwater exploration, we study four groundwater exploration problems: (1) mapping of alluvial fill and gravel zones over bedrock; (2) mapping of sand and gravel lenses in till; (3) detection of salt or brackish water interfaces in freshwater aquifers; and (4) determination of hydrostratigraphy. These groundwater problems require determination of the depth to bedrock; location of resistive, high‐porosity zones associated with fresh water; determination of formation resistivity to assess water quality; and determination of lithology and geometry, respectively. The TS method is best suited for locating conductive targets, and has very good vertical resolution. Unlike other sounding techniques where the receiver‐transmitter array must be expanded to sound more deeply, the depth of investigation for the TS method is a function of the length of time the transient is recorded. Present equipment limitations require that exploration targets with resistivities of 50 Ω ⋅ m or more be at least 50 m deep to determine their resistivity. The maximum depth of exploration is controlled by the geoelectrical section and background electromagnetic (EM) noise. For a particular exploration problem, numerical studies are recommended to determine if the target is detectable.