{"pageNumber":"1483","pageRowStart":"37050","pageSize":"25","recordCount":40845,"records":[{"id":9924,"text":"ofr85131 - 1985 - Simple models of frictional heating by an earthquake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:29","indexId":"ofr85131","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"85-131","title":"Simple models of frictional heating by an earthquake","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr85131","usgsCitation":"Lachenbruch, A., 1985, Simple models of frictional heating by an earthquake: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 85-131, 9 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr85131.","productDescription":"9 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":144025,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1985/0131/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":37710,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1985/0131/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db64960c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lachenbruch, A.H.","contributorId":76737,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lachenbruch","given":"A.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":160521,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":2303,"text":"wsp2261 - 1985 - Subsurface storage of freshwater in South Florida; a digital model analysis of recoverability","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":10315,"text":"ofr83536 - 1983 - Subsurface storage of freshwater in South Florida; a digital analysis of recoverability","indexId":"ofr83536","publicationYear":"1983","noYear":false,"title":"Subsurface storage of freshwater in South Florida; a digital analysis of recoverability"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":2303,"text":"wsp2261 - 1985 - Subsurface storage of freshwater in South Florida; a digital model analysis of recoverability","indexId":"wsp2261","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"title":"Subsurface storage of freshwater in South Florida; a digital model analysis of recoverability"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:20","indexId":"wsp2261","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2261","title":"Subsurface storage of freshwater in South Florida; a digital model analysis of recoverability","docAbstract":"As part of a study of the feasibility of recovering freshwater injected and stored underground in south Florida, a digital solute-transport model was used to investigate the relation of recovery efficiency to the variety of hydrogeologic conditions that could prevail in brackish artesian aquifers and to a variety of management alternatives. The analyses employed a modeling approach in which the control for sensitivity testing was a hypothetical aquifer considered representative of permeable zones in south Florida that might be used for storage of freshwater. Parameter variations in the tests represented possible variations in aquifer conditions in the area. The applicability of the analyses to south Florida limestone aquifers required the assumption that flow nonuniformities in those aquifers are small on the scale of volumes of water likely to be injected, and that their effect could be represented as hydrodynamic dispersion. \r\n\r\nGenerally, it was shown that a loss of recovery efficiency is caused by (1) processes causing mixing of injected freshwater with native saline water (hydrodynamic dispersion), (2) processes causing the more or less irreversible displacement of the injected freshwater with respect to the well (buoyancy stratification, background hydraulic gradients, and interlayer dispersion), or (3) processes causing injection and withdrawal flow patterns to be dissimilar (directionally biased well-bore plugging, and dissimilar injection and withdrawal schedules in multiple-well systems). Other results indicated that recovery efficiency improves considerably with successive cycles, providing that each recovery phase ends when the chloride concentration of withdrawn water exceeds established criteria for potability (usually 250 milligrams per liter), and that freshwater injected into highly permeable or highly saline aquifers (such as the 'boulder zone') would buoy rapidly. \r\n\r\nMany hydrologic conditions were posed for model analysis. To have obtained comparable results with operational testing would have been more costly by orders of magnitude. The tradeoff is that the validity of results obtained from computer modeling is somewhat less certain. In particular, results must be qualified with observations that (1) the complex set of processes lumped as hydrodynamic dispersion is represented with a somewhat simplified mathematical approximation, and (2) other flow processes in limestone injection zones are as yet incompletely understood. Despite such reservations, the study is considered a practical example of the use of transport models in ground-water investigations.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp2261","usgsCitation":"Merritt, M.L., 1985, Subsurface storage of freshwater in South Florida; a digital model analysis of recoverability: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2261, v, 44 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2261.","productDescription":"v, 44 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":137699,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2261/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":28125,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2261/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699aca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Merritt, Michael L.","contributorId":29392,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Merritt","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144979,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":15403,"text":"ofr85288 - 1985 - Description and preliminary testing of the CDSN Seismic Sensor Systems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-07-17T11:00:06","indexId":"ofr85288","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"85-288","title":"Description and preliminary testing of the CDSN Seismic Sensor Systems","docAbstract":"

The China Digital Seismograph Network (CDSN) is being designed and installed to provide the People's Republic of China with the facilities needed to create a national digital database for earthquake research. The CDSN, which is being developed jointly by the PRC State Seismological Bureau and the U.S. Geological Survey, will consist initially of nine digitally-recording seismograph stations, a data management system to be used for compiling network-day tapes, and a depot maintenance center. Data produced by the network will be shared with research scientists throughout the world.

A national seismograph network must be designed to support a variety of research objectives. From this standpoint, the choices and tradeoffs involved in specifying signal bandwidth, resolution, and dynamic range are the most important decisions in system design. As in the case of the CDSN, these decisions are made during the selection and design of the seismic sensor system and encoder components. The purpose of this report is to describe the CDSN sensor systems, their important signal characteristics, and the results of preliminary tests that have been performed on the instruments.

Four overlapping data bands will be recorded at each station: short period (SP), broadband (BB), long period (LP), and very long period (VLP). Amplitude response curves are illustrated in Figure I. Vertical and horizontal components will be recorded for each data band. The SP and LP channels will be recorded with sufficient sensitivities to resolve earth background noise at seismically quiet sites. The BB channels will have a lower sensitivity and are intended for broadband recording of moderate-to-large body-wave signals and for increasing the effective amplitude range in the short- and long-period bands. The VLP channel does not provide additional spectral coverage at long periods; its purpose is to make use of on-site filtration and decimation to reduce post processing requirements for VLP studies. Early plans also included a triaxial set of low-sensitivity accelerometers for recording strong signals from large local and regional earthquakes. The accelerometers are not being installed; however, they may be added in the future.

The short-period signals will be derived from a three-component set of PRC-supplied Model DJ-I SP seismometers and US-supplied SP amplifiers. The seismometers will be installed in surface or shallow subsurface vaults, except at two of the stations where they will be installed in boreholes. The BB, LP, and VLP signals will be derived from Streckeisen STS-1 broadband sensor systems installed in vaults, except at one site where the LP signals only will-be derived from a KS-36000 borehole seismometer installed at a depth of 100 meters.

Analog signals will be sampled and quantized by an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) that is part of the recording system. Sampling rates chosen for the CDSN are as follows:

* SP 40 samples/second

* BB 20 samples/second

* LP 1 sample/second

* VLP 6 samples/minute

The ADC 16-bit data word format makes use of 14 bits to quantize the signal and 2 bits to specify an automatically ranged gain of 1, 8, 32, or 128. This will provide 84 dB of resolution and up to 42 dB of gain ranging for a total opera- ting range of 126 dB peak to peak.

Magnetic tape cartridges, each having a capacity of 67 megabytes, will be used for recording the digital data. LP and VLP data will be recorded continu- ously. SP and BB data will be processed through an automatic signal detector of the type described by Murdock and Hutt (1983), and only detected events will be stored on tape. Detection parameters, such as turn-on sensitivity and mini- mum recording duration for the SP and BB channels, will be fully programmable and easily changed. One or more of the data channels may also be recorded on analog recorders.

A CDSN recording system was not available at the time that the preliminary tests were performed on the CDSN sensor systems.  This did not interfere with the principal goals of the testing which were to determine the best sensor installation techniques and to demonstrate the operational performance of the sensor systems, especially with regard to instrument noise and detection capability.  When the CDSN recording system is available, additional tests will be performed to measure distortion levels in the full system and components.  Distortion tests have been performed on the Streckeisen STS-1 broadband seismometers, the most critical component from the standpoint of linearity, and the results of the tests are reported by Wielandt and Streckeisen (1982).  Calibration accuracy and stability are also important sensor system characteristics that cannot be defined without additional testing.  These tests will be performed as the instruments are installed at the stations and periodically during operation.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr85288","usgsCitation":"Peterson, J., and Tilgner, E.E., 1985, Description and preliminary testing of the CDSN Seismic Sensor Systems: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 85-288, 63 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr85288.","productDescription":"63 p.","costCenters":[{"id":122,"text":"Albuquerque Seismological Laboratory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":147957,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1985/0288/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":9714,"rank":299,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1985/0288/ofr85-288.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.06 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 1985-0288"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab1e4b07f02db66e370","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peterson, Jon","contributorId":67522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"Jon","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":171078,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tilgner, Edwin E.","contributorId":66702,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tilgner","given":"Edwin","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":171077,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":15601,"text":"ofr85200 - 1985 - Compilation and analyses of aquifer performance tests in eastern Kansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:01","indexId":"ofr85200","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"85-200","title":"Compilation and analyses of aquifer performance tests in eastern Kansas","docAbstract":"Selected aquifer-test data from 36 counties in eastern Kansas were collected from numerous sources and publications in order to produce a documented compilation of aquifer tests in one report. Data were obtained chiefly from private consulting firms and from government agencies. Hydraulic properties determined included transmissivity, storage coefficient (where observation well was available), and in some cases hydraulic properties of a confining layer. The aquifers tested comprised three main types of rocks--consolidated rock deposits, glacial deposits, and alluvial deposits that include the ' Equus beds, ' an extensive alluvial deposit in south-central Kansas. The Theis recovery equation and the Cooper-Jacob modified nonequilibrium equation were the two principal solution methods used. Other methods used included the Theis nonequilibrium equation, the Hantush-Jacob equation for a leaky confined aquifer, Hantush 's modified leaky equation in which storage from a confining layer was considered, the Boulton 's delayed-yield equation. Additionally, a specific-capacity method of estimating transmissivity was used when only a single drawdown value was available. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr85200","usgsCitation":"Reed, T., and Burnett, R., 1985, Compilation and analyses of aquifer performance tests in eastern Kansas: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 85-200, iv, 125 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr85200.","productDescription":"iv, 125 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":147464,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1985/0200/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":44567,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1985/0200/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ee4b07f02db6aa418","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reed, T.B.","contributorId":56658,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reed","given":"T.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":171418,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burnett, R.D.","contributorId":54609,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burnett","given":"R.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":171417,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":13700,"text":"ofr85296 - 1985 - Tabulation of modal and chemical analyses for Silver Plume Quartz Monzonite (Silver Plume Granite), Berthoud Plutonic Suite, Front Range, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:57","indexId":"ofr85296","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"85-296","title":"Tabulation of modal and chemical analyses for Silver Plume Quartz Monzonite (Silver Plume Granite), Berthoud Plutonic Suite, Front Range, Colorado","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr85296","usgsCitation":"Gable, D.J., 1985, Tabulation of modal and chemical analyses for Silver Plume Quartz Monzonite (Silver Plume Granite), Berthoud Plutonic Suite, Front Range, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 85-296, 11 p. :map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr85296.","productDescription":"11 p. :map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":146821,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1985/0296/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":42255,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1985/0296/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":42256,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1985/0296/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":42257,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1985/0296/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adee4b07f02db68745e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gable, D. J.","contributorId":36569,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gable","given":"D.","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":168257,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":2128,"text":"wsp2259 - 1985 - The ground-water system and possible effects of underground coal mining in the Trail Mountain area, central Utah","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":19845,"text":"ofr8467 - 1984 - The ground-water system and possible effects of underground coal mining in the Trail Mountain area, central Utah","indexId":"ofr8467","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"title":"The ground-water system and possible effects of underground coal mining in the Trail Mountain area, central Utah"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":2128,"text":"wsp2259 - 1985 - The ground-water system and possible effects of underground coal mining in the Trail Mountain area, central Utah","indexId":"wsp2259","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"title":"The ground-water system and possible effects of underground coal mining in the Trail Mountain area, central Utah"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-31T17:07:40","indexId":"wsp2259","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2259","title":"The ground-water system and possible effects of underground coal mining in the Trail Mountain area, central Utah","docAbstract":"

The ground-water system was studied in the Trail Mountain area in order to provide hydrologic information needed to assess the hydrologic effects of underground coal mining. Well testing and spring data indicate that water occurs in several aquifers. The coal-bearing Blackhawk-Star Point aquifer is regional in nature and is the source of most water in underground mines in the region. One or more perched aquifers overlie the Blackhawk-Star Point aquifer in most areas of Trail Mountain.

Aquifer tests indicate that the transmissivity of the Blackhawk-Star Point aquifer, which consists mainly of sandstone, siltstone, and shale, ranges from about 20 to 200 feet squared per day in most areas of Trail Mountain. The specific yield of the aquifer was estimated at 0.05, and the storage coefficient is about IxlO\"6 per foot of aquifer where confined.

The main sources of recharge to the multiaquifer system are snowmelt and rain, and water is discharged mainly by springs and by leakage along streams. Springs that issue from perched aquifers are sources of water for livestock and wildlife on Trail Mountain.

Water in all aquifers is suitable for most uses. Dissolved solids concentrations range from about 250 to 700 milligrams per liter, and the predominant dissolved constituents generally are calcium, magnesium, and bicarbonate.

Future underground coal mines will require dewatering when they penetrate the Blackhawk-Star Point aquifer. A finitedifference, three-dimensional computer model was used to estimate the inflow of water to various lengths and widths of a hypothetical dewatered mine and to estimate drawdowns of potentiometric surfaces in the partly dewatered aquifer. The estimates were made for a range of aquifer properties and premining hydraulic gradients that were similar to those on Trail Mountain. The computer simulations indicate that mine inflows could be several hundred gallons per minute and that potentiometric surfaces of the partly dewatered aquifer could be drawn down by several hundred feet during a reasonable life span of a mine. Because the Blackhawk-Star Point aquifer is separated from overlying perched aquifers by an unsaturated zone, mine dewatering alone would not affect perched aquifers. Mine dewatering would not significantly change water quality in the Blackhawk-Star Point aquifer.

Subsidence will occur above future underground mines, but the effects on the ground-water system cannot be quantified. Subsidence fractures possibly could extend from the roof of a mine into a perched aquifer several hundred feet above. Such fractures would increase down ward percolation of water through the perching bed, and spring discharge from the perched aquifer could decrease. Flow through subsidence fractures also could increase recharge to the Blackhawk-Star Point aquifer and increase inflows to underground mines.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/wsp2259","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Bureau of Land Management","usgsCitation":"Lines, G.C., 1985, The ground-water system and possible effects of underground coal mining in the Trail Mountain area, central Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2259, v, 32 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2259.","productDescription":"v, 32 p.","numberOfPages":"38","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":27728,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2259/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":138279,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2259/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","otherGeospatial":"Trail Mountain","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2ae4b07f02db612291","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lines, Gregory C.","contributorId":50502,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lines","given":"Gregory","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144711,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":25820,"text":"wri844330 - 1985 - Water quality and streamflow data for the West Fork Trinity River in Fort Worth, Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-24T23:02:29.862557","indexId":"wri844330","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"84-4330","title":"Water quality and streamflow data for the West Fork Trinity River in Fort Worth, Texas","docAbstract":"Water-quality data were collected on a 13.6-mile reach of the West Fork Trinity River in Fort Worth, Texas to test a dynamic Lagrangian model. Flow was steady. Loads of dissolved constituents varied with time at the beginning of the study reach and in the reach, primarily because of photosynthesis. River quality was fairly good despite low dissolved oxygen measured in the headwaters and the significant sewage load from the tributaries. Diel and longitudinal trends were defined by sampling at fixed sites and by following dyed parcels of water. Nitrification, deoxygenation, reaeration, and photosynthesis affected the dissolved oxygen balance. Independent estimates of some of the rate coefficients were 0.1 to 0.2, 0.8, and 0 to 3.6 , all per day, for deoxygenation, nitrification, and reaeration, respectively. (USGS)","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri844330","usgsCitation":"McCutcheon, S.C., 1985, Water quality and streamflow data for the West Fork Trinity River in Fort Worth, Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 84-4330, ix, 101 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri844330.","productDescription":"ix, 101 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":392127,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_36168.htm"},{"id":54571,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4330/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":158051,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4330/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","city":"Fort Worth","otherGeospatial":"West Fork Trinity River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -97.32032775878906,\n 32.7428148750609\n ],\n [\n -97.17269897460938,\n 32.7428148750609\n ],\n [\n -97.17269897460938,\n 32.7907379828099\n ],\n [\n -97.32032775878906,\n 32.7907379828099\n ],\n [\n -97.32032775878906,\n 32.7428148750609\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2be4b07f02db6130ce","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McCutcheon, S. C.","contributorId":44190,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCutcheon","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195203,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":18968,"text":"ofr85111 - 1985 - Shipboard playback for ocean bottom instrument package; modification II","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:32","indexId":"ofr85111","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"85-111","title":"Shipboard playback for ocean bottom instrument package; modification II","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr85111","usgsCitation":"Fredericks, J., Evenden, G., and Dodd, J.E., 1985, Shipboard playback for ocean bottom instrument package; modification II: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 85-111, 1 v. 69 p. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr85111.","productDescription":"1 v. 69 p. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":151502,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1985/0111/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":48378,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1985/0111/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fae4b07f02db5f3fbf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fredericks, J.J.","contributorId":77517,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fredericks","given":"J.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":180070,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Evenden, G. I.","contributorId":52960,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evenden","given":"G. I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":180068,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dodd, J. E.","contributorId":57867,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dodd","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":180069,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1970,"text":"wsp2264 - 1985 - Simulating unsteady transport of nitrogen, biochemical oxygen demand, and dissolved oxygen in the Chattahoochee River downstream from Atlanta, Georgia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-30T10:24:57","indexId":"wsp2264","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2264","title":"Simulating unsteady transport of nitrogen, biochemical oxygen demand, and dissolved oxygen in the Chattahoochee River downstream from Atlanta, Georgia","docAbstract":"As part of an intensive water-quality assessment of the Chattahoochee River, repetitive water-quality measurements were made at 12 sites along a 69-kilometer reach of the river downstream of Atlanta, Georgia. Concentrations of seven constituents (temperature, dissolved oxygen, ultimate carbonaceous biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), organic nitrogen, ammonia, nitrite, and nitrate) were obtained during two periods of 36 hours, one starting on August 30, 1976, and the other starting on May 31, 1977. The study reach contains one large and several small sewage outfalls and receives the cooling water from two large powerplants. \r\n\r\nAn unsteady water-quality model of the Lagrangian type was calibrated using the 1977 data and verified using the 1976 data. The model provided a good means of interpreting these data even though both the flow and the pollution loading rates were highly unsteady. A kinetic model of the cascade type accurately described the physical and biochemical processes occurring in the river. All rate coefficients, except reaeration coefficients and those describing the resuspension of BOD, were fitted to the 1977 data and verified using the 1976 data. \r\n\r\nThe study showed that, at steady low flow, about 38 percent of the BOD settled without exerting an oxygen demand. At high flow, this settled BOD was resuspended and exerted an immediate oxygen demand. About 70 percent of the ammonia extracted from the water column was converted to nitrite, but the fate of the remaining 30 percent is unknown. Photosynthetic production was not an important factor in the oxygen balance during either run.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wsp2264","usgsCitation":"Jobson, H.E., 1985, Simulating unsteady transport of nitrogen, biochemical oxygen demand, and dissolved oxygen in the Chattahoochee River downstream from Atlanta, Georgia: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2264, v, 36 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2264.","productDescription":"v, 36 p. ","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":138296,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2264/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":27346,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2264/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia","city":"Atlanta","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -84.9462890625,\n 33.284619968887675\n ],\n [\n -83.91357421875,\n 33.284619968887675\n ],\n [\n -83.91357421875,\n 34.14363482031264\n ],\n [\n -84.9462890625,\n 34.14363482031264\n ],\n [\n -84.9462890625,\n 33.284619968887675\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db649345","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jobson, Harvey E.","contributorId":27032,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jobson","given":"Harvey","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144454,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1899,"text":"wsp2258 - 1985 - Geohydrology and water resources of the Papago Farms-Great Plain area, Papago Indian Reservation, Arizona, and the upper Rio Sonoyta area, Sonora, Mexico","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":19423,"text":"ofr83774 - 1983 - Geohydrology and water resources of the Papago Farms-Great Plain area, Papago Indian Reservation, Arizona, and the upper Rio Sonoyta area, Sonora, Mexico","indexId":"ofr83774","publicationYear":"1983","noYear":false,"title":"Geohydrology and water resources of the Papago Farms-Great Plain area, Papago Indian Reservation, Arizona, and the upper Rio Sonoyta area, Sonora, Mexico"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":1899,"text":"wsp2258 - 1985 - Geohydrology and water resources of the Papago Farms-Great Plain area, Papago Indian Reservation, Arizona, and the upper Rio Sonoyta area, Sonora, Mexico","indexId":"wsp2258","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"title":"Geohydrology and water resources of the Papago Farms-Great Plain area, Papago Indian Reservation, Arizona, and the upper Rio Sonoyta area, Sonora, Mexico"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-06T21:50:17.069165","indexId":"wsp2258","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2258","title":"Geohydrology and water resources of the Papago Farms-Great Plain area, Papago Indian Reservation, Arizona, and the upper Rio Sonoyta area, Sonora, Mexico","docAbstract":"The Papago Farms-Great Plain and upper Rio Sonoyta study area includes about 490 square miles in south-central Arizona and north-central Sonora, Mexico. The area is characterized by a broad, deep, sediment-filled basin bounded by low, jagged fault-block mountains. The climate is arid to semiarid. The climate and abundant ground water provide favorable conditions for irrigated agriculture. Annual precipitation averages 5 to 8 inches per year on the desert floor. Runoff, which occurs as intermittent streamflow and sheetflow, is too short lived and too laden with suspended sediment to be a reliable source for irrigation or public supply. \r\n\r\nNearly all the water used to irrigate more than 5,000 cultivated acres in the study area is withdrawn from the unconsolidated to partly consolidated basin fill. The ground water occurs in the deposits under unconfined (water-table) conditions with a saturated thickness that ranges from zero along the mountain fronts to more than 8,000 feet in the center of the basin. The amount of recoverable ground water in storage to a depth of 400 feet below the 1978-80 water table is estimated to be about 10 million acre-feet. Depths to water range from about 500 feet near the southern boundary of the study area to about 150 feet in the center of the study area. Ground water enters the area principally as underflow beneath the San Simon and Chukut Kuk Washes and as recharge along the mountain fronts. On the basis of model results, annual inflow to the ground-water system is estimated to be about 4,390 acre-feet. Ground water moves through the study area along paths that encircle a virtually impermeable unit in the basin center, termed 'the lakebed-clay deposits,' and moves westward to an outflow point beneath the Rio Sonoyta south of Cerro La Nariz. Rates of water movement range from less than I foot per year in clays to about 160 feet per year in well-sorted, coarse stream-channel deposits. Transmissivities along the basin margins range from 10,000 to 40,000 feet squared per day, whereas transmissivities in the basin-center lakebed-clay deposits are estimated to be less than 100 feet squared per day. Most Wells that are located along the basin margin and tap more than 300 feet of saturated basin fill in the upper1,000 feet of the aquifer should yield from 500 to 3,000 gallons per minute to properly constructed and developed wells. Specific capacities should range from 10 to 50 gallons per minute per foot of drawdown. \r\n\r\nThe water in the aquifer is moderate to poor in chemical quality for irrigation and public-supply use. The ground water is mainly a sodium bicarbonate type with dissolved-solids concentrations that range from about 250 to 5,000 milligrams per liter and average about 530 milligrams per liter. The poorest quality water is associated with the basin-center lakebed-clay deposits. In most of the basin, the water contains fluoride concentrations that exceed the maximum contaminant levels acceptable for drinking water. Waters from the basin-center lakebed-clay deposits are also anomalously high in dissolved arsenic and unacceptable for public supply. High concentrations of sodium and bicarbonate in the ground water of the study area present potential hazards to most crops, and the use of this type of water requires careful farm-management practices. \r\n\r\nIn 1981 outflow resulting from withdrawals of water from the aquifer was about 23,2'00 acre-feet. Storage is being depleted at a rate of about 19,000 acre-feet per year. On the basis of a mathematical simulation of the groundwater system and withdrawal rates in 1981, storage depletion and drawdown of the water table were projected to 1991. Water-level declines in 199t were estimated to be as much as 20 feet at Papago Farms and more than 40 feet in the area south of the basin-center lakebed-clay deposits. The estimated amount of depletion in 1991 of ground water stored in the upper 400 feet of the aquifer is less than 3.0 percent of the total amou","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wsp2258","usgsCitation":"Hollett, K.J., 1985, Geohydrology and water resources of the Papago Farms-Great Plain area, Papago Indian Reservation, Arizona, and the upper Rio Sonoyta area, Sonora, Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2258, v, 44 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2258.","productDescription":"v, 44 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":411525,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_25496.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":138423,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2258/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":27196,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2258/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"Mexico, United States","state":"Arizona, Sonora","otherGeospatial":"Papago Farms-Great Plain area, Papago Indian Reservation, upper Rio Sonoyta area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -112.083,\n 31.908\n ],\n [\n -112.566,\n 31.908\n ],\n [\n -112.566,\n 31.375\n ],\n [\n -112.083,\n 31.375\n ],\n [\n -112.083,\n 31.908\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8b1c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hollett, Kenneth J.","contributorId":40580,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hollett","given":"Kenneth","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144334,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":14246,"text":"ofr85641 - 1985 - Federal-State Cooperative Program in Kansas, seminar proceedings, July 1985","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:38","indexId":"ofr85641","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"85-641","title":"Federal-State Cooperative Program in Kansas, seminar proceedings, July 1985","docAbstract":"During the past few years, water-resource management in Kansas has undergone reorientation with the creation of the Kansas Water Authority and the Kansas Water office. New thrusts toward long-term goals based on the Kansas State Water plan demand strong communication and coordination between all water-related agencies within the State. The seminar discussed in this report was an initial step by the Kansas Water Office to assure the continued presence of a technical-coordination process and to provide an opportunity for the U.S. Geological Survey to summarize their technical-informational activities in Kansas for the benefit of State and Federal water agencies with the State. The seminar was held on July 8 and 9, 1985, in Lawrence, Kansas. The agenda included a summary of the data-collection activities and short synopses of projects completed within the past year and those currently underway. The data program discussions described the information obtained at the surface water, groundwater, water quality, and sediment sites in Kansas. Interpretive projects summarized included studies in groundwater modeling, areal hydrologic analysis, regional analysis of floods , low-flow, high-flow, and flow-volume characteristics, water quality of groundwater and lakes, and traveltime and transit-loss analysis. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr85641","usgsCitation":"Huntzinger, T., 1985, Federal-State Cooperative Program in Kansas, seminar proceedings, July 1985: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 85-641, vi, 39 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr85641.","productDescription":"vi, 39 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":144679,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1985/0641/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":42933,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1985/0641/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49b8e4b07f02db5cd0e1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Huntzinger, T.L.","contributorId":67503,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huntzinger","given":"T.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":169146,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1842,"text":"wsp2254 - 1985 - Study and interpretation of the chemical characteristics of natural water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-10T08:26:03","indexId":"wsp2254","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2254","title":"Study and interpretation of the chemical characteristics of natural water","docAbstract":"

The chemical composition of natural water is derived from many different sources of solutes, including gases and aerosols from the atmosphere, weathering and erosion of rocks and soil, solution or precipitation reactions occurring below the land surface, and cultural effects resulting from human activities. Broad interrelationships among these processes and their effects can be discerned by application of principles of chemical thermodynamics. Some of the processes of solution or precipitation of minerals can be closely evaluated by means of principles of chemical equilibrium, including the law of mass action and the Nernst equation. Other processes are irreversible and require consideration of reaction mechanisms and rates. The chemical composition of the crustal rocks of the Earth and the composition of the ocean and the atmosphere are significant in evaluating sources of solutes in natural freshwater.

\n

The ways in which solutes are taken up or precipitated and the amounts present in solution are influenced by many environmental factors, especially climate, structure and position of rock strata, and biochemical effects associated with life cycles of plants and animals, both microscopic and macroscopic. Taken together and in application with the further influence of the general circulation of all water in the hydrologic cycle, the chemical principles and environmental factors form a basis for the developing science of natural-water chemistry.

\n

Fundamental data used in the determination of water quality are obtained by the chemical analysis of water samples in the laboratory or onsite sensing of chemical properties in the field. Sampling is complicated by changes in the composition of moving water and by the effects of particulate suspended material. Some constituents are unstable and require onsite determination or sample preservation. Most of the constituents determined are reported in gravimetric units, usually milligrams per liter or milliequivalents per liter.

\n

More than 60 constituents and properties are included in water analyses frequently enough to provide a basis for consideration of the sources from which each is generally derived, the most probable forms of elements and ions in solution, solubilitycontrols, expected concentration ranges, and other chemical factors. Mechanisms that control concentrations of elements commonly present in amounts less than a few tens of micrograms per liter cannot always be easily ascertained, but present information suggests that many are controlled by solubility of their hydroxides or carbonates or by sorption on solid particles. Many dissolved organic compounds can now be specifically determined.

\n

Chemical analyses may be grouped and statistically evaluated by means, medians, frequency distributions, or ion correlations to summarize large volumes of data. Graphing of analyses or of groups of analyses aids in showing chemical relationships among water, probable sources of solutes, areal water-quality regimen, temporal and spatial variation, and water-resources evaluation. Graphs may show water type based on chemical composition, relationships among ions, or groups of ions in individual waters or many waters considered simultaneously. The relationships of water quality to hydrogeologic characteristics, such as stream discharge rate or ground-water flow patterns, can be shown by mathematical equations, graphs, and maps.

\n

About 80 water analyses selected from the literature are tabulated to illustrate the relationships described, and some of these, along with many others that are not tabulated, are also used in demonstrating graphing and mapping techniques.

\n

Relationships of water composition to source rock type are illustrated by graphs of some of the tabulated analyses. Human activities may modify water composition extensively through direct effects of pollution and indirect results of water development, such as intrusion of seawater in groundwater aquifers.

\n

Water-quality standards for domestic, agricultural, and industrial use have been published by various agencies. Irrigation project requirements for water quality are particularly intricate.

\n

Fundamental knowledge of processes that control natural-water composition is required for rational management of water quality.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wsp2254","usgsCitation":"Hem, J.D., 1985, Study and interpretation of the chemical characteristics of natural water (3rd ed.): U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2254, Document: xii, 263 p.; 4 Plates: 17.4 x 18.5 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2254.","productDescription":"Document: xii, 263 p.; 4 Plates: 17.4 x 18.5 inches or smaller","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":138511,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wsp2254.JPG"},{"id":326296,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2254/plate-2a.pdf","text":"Plate 2-A","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":326295,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2254/plate-1.pdf","text":"Plate 1","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":326297,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2254/plate-2b.pdf","text":"Plate 2-B","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":326298,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2254/plate-3.pdf","text":"Plate 3","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":326299,"rank":7,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/wsp2254/pdf/wsp2254a.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":20,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wsp2254","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"3rd ed.","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699d0d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hem, John David","contributorId":42577,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hem","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"David","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144239,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1818,"text":"wsp2206 - 1985 - Simulation of an aquifer test on the Tesuque Pueblo Grant, New Mexico","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":48536,"text":"ofr801022 - 1980 - Simulation of an aquifer test on the Tesuque Pueblo Grant, New Mexico","indexId":"ofr801022","publicationYear":"1980","noYear":false,"title":"Simulation of an aquifer test on the Tesuque Pueblo Grant, New Mexico"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":1818,"text":"wsp2206 - 1985 - Simulation of an aquifer test on the Tesuque Pueblo Grant, New Mexico","indexId":"wsp2206","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"title":"Simulation of an aquifer test on the Tesuque Pueblo Grant, New Mexico"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:15","indexId":"wsp2206","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2206","title":"Simulation of an aquifer test on the Tesuque Pueblo Grant, New Mexico","docAbstract":"An aquifer test was designed and conducted in the anisotropic dipping beds of the Tesuque Formation on the Tesuque Pueblo Grant, New Mexico. The three-dimensional digital model used to analyze the test approximated the response to the test. The analysis of the geohydrology of the test site in combination with the model calibration has provided estimates of average aquifer characteristics for the group of beds penetrated at the test site; the hydraulic conductivity parallel to the beds is about 2 feet per day, the hydraulic conductivity normal to the beds is about 0.0001 foot per day or lower, the specific yield is about 0.15, and the specific storage is about 2 x 10 -6 per foot.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp2206","usgsCitation":"Hearne, G.A., 1985, Simulation of an aquifer test on the Tesuque Pueblo Grant, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2206, iv, 24 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2206.","productDescription":"iv, 24 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":137042,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2206/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":27014,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2206/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7ee4b07f02db64859a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hearne, Glenn A.","contributorId":50882,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hearne","given":"Glenn","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144205,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":14347,"text":"ofr853 - 1985 - Geology of the Precambrian rocks of the Jabal Habashi Quadrangle, sheet 26F, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-09-16T17:56:09","indexId":"ofr853","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"85-3","title":"Geology of the Precambrian rocks of the Jabal Habashi Quadrangle, sheet 26F, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","docAbstract":"

The Jabal Habashi quadrangle contains formations of Lower Paleozoic and Cenozoic age, unconformably overlying part of the Precambrian Arabian Shield. The Precambrian formations include metamorphosed and strongly deformed volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks and plutons of calc-alkalic, mafic to intermediate composition, dated at about 645 Ma. These are unconformably overlain by the Maraghan formation of the Murdama group, composed of sandstone and siltstone deposited in a vast sedimentary basin present in the region between about 640 to 620 Ma. On the northwestern margin of this large basin, a smaller, fault-controlled basin was filled by the Hibshi formation, a sequence of conglomerate, sandstones, tuffs and minor lava flows, which dates from 632 Ma. Other volcanic rocks from this period probably accumulated around caldera-like volcanoes.

\n

The deposition of the Maraghan and Hibshi formations was interrupted by moderate deformation and metamorphism. About 617 Ma ago, the region was intruded by many granodiorite, granite and subordinate gabbro, diorite and peralkaline granite plutons. Gold-bearing quartz veins formed as a result of this intrusive event.

\n

A gap in the geologic record of nearly 40 Ma followed, ended by the emplacement of more evolved syenogranite and alkali-feldspar granite plutons. Hydrothermal alteration of one of these granites led to the formation of tin greisen; other granites contain anomalous amounts of rare-earth elements.

\n

The stable rock mass created by these geologic processes was extensively eroded at the end of the Precambrian, and was subsequently covered by flat-lying Lower Paleozoic clastic rocks, the Saq Sandstone of Cambrian (?) to early Ordovician age, and the Tabuk Formation, largely siltstone and claystone, of early Ordovician to early Silurian age. Another major gap in the record, extending from the early Paleozoic to late Cenozoic, ended by the extrusion of basaltic lava flows and cinder cones in the northern part of the quadrangle, about 1.8 Ma ago. The volcanic activity, preceded by tilting of the region and the stripping back of the Paleozoic rocks to expose the Precambrian again, was linked to rifting in the Arabian Shield and the opening of the Red Sea.

\n

The final event in the quadrangle was the onset of the present-day type of climate and erosion pattern, leading to the development of drainage channels partly filled by sand and small sabkhah deposits, and surfaces covered by recently cemented gravels.    

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr853","usgsCitation":"Johnson, P., Williams, P.L., and Fuller, F.J., 1985, Geology of the Precambrian rocks of the Jabal Habashi Quadrangle, sheet 26F, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 85-3, Report: iv, 87 p., ill.; Maps: 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr853.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 87 p., ill.; Maps: 28 cm.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":148339,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1985/0003/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":43018,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1985/0003/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":43019,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1985/0003/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":43020,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1985/0003/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"Saudi Arabia","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 42,\n 26\n ],\n [\n 42,\n 27\n ],\n [\n 43.5,\n 27\n ],\n [\n 43.5,\n 26\n ],\n [\n 42,\n 26\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67e7fa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, P.R.","contributorId":37332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"P.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":169298,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Williams, P. L.","contributorId":79109,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":169300,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fuller, F. J. (compiler)","contributorId":41003,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fuller","given":"F.","suffix":"(compiler)","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":169299,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1817,"text":"wsp2205 - 1985 - Mathematical model of the Tesuque aquifer system near Pojoaque, New Mexico","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":9419,"text":"ofr801023 - 1980 - Mathematical model of the Tesuque aquifer system underlying Pojoaque River basin and vicinity, New Mexico","indexId":"ofr801023","publicationYear":"1980","noYear":false,"title":"Mathematical model of the Tesuque aquifer system underlying Pojoaque River basin and vicinity, New Mexico"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":1817,"text":"wsp2205 - 1985 - Mathematical model of the Tesuque aquifer system near Pojoaque, New Mexico","indexId":"wsp2205","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"title":"Mathematical model of the Tesuque aquifer system near Pojoaque, New Mexico"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:15","indexId":"wsp2205","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2205","title":"Mathematical model of the Tesuque aquifer system near Pojoaque, New Mexico","docAbstract":"A three-dimensional digital model of ground-water flow was constructed to represent the dipping anisotropic beds of the Tesuque aquifer system underlying the Pojoaque River basin and vicinity, New Mexico. Simulations of steady-state conditions and historical ground-water withdrawals were consistent with observed data. The model was used to simulate the response of the aquifer system to an irrigation-development plan in the Pojoaque River basin. Storage is the main source of water; 34.05 cubic feet per second (86 percent of the withdrawal rate) was simulated to be withdrawn from storage after 50 years of withdrawals for irrigation development. The maximum simulated water-level decline was 334 feet, and the net simulated streamflow capture from the Rio Grande and the Santa Cruz, Pojoaque, and Santa Fe Rivers was 5.63 cubic feet per second (14 percent of the withdrawal rate). The sensitivity of the model was tested by varying aquifer characteristics to the limits of the plausible range. Change in hydraulic head in the Pojoaque River basin is most sensitive to hydraulic conductivity. In all simulations, after 50 years of withdrawals, the maximum simulated decline in hydraulic head ranged between 210 and 474 feet, storage in the aquifer system was the source of 80 to 90 percent of the water withdrawn from wells, and streamflow capture from the Rio Grande and its tributaries plus irrigation diversions from the tributaries of the Pojoaque River simulated a decrease in the flow of the Rio Grande of between 17.13 and 21.11 cubic feet per second.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp2205","usgsCitation":"Hearne, G.A., 1985, Mathematical model of the Tesuque aquifer system near Pojoaque, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2205, vii, 75 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2205.","productDescription":"vii, 75 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":137216,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2205/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":27013,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2205/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a27e4b07f02db60ffd1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hearne, Glenn A.","contributorId":50882,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hearne","given":"Glenn","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144204,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1756,"text":"wsp2209 - 1985 - Digital models of ground-water flow in the Cape Cod aquifer system, Massachusetts","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":9275,"text":"ofr8067 - 1981 - Digital models of ground-water flow in the Cape Cod aquifer system, Massachusetts","indexId":"ofr8067","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"title":"Digital models of ground-water flow in the Cape Cod aquifer system, Massachusetts"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":1756,"text":"wsp2209 - 1985 - Digital models of ground-water flow in the Cape Cod aquifer system, Massachusetts","indexId":"wsp2209","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"title":"Digital models of ground-water flow in the Cape Cod aquifer system, Massachusetts"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:15","indexId":"wsp2209","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2209","title":"Digital models of ground-water flow in the Cape Cod aquifer system, Massachusetts","docAbstract":"The Cape Cod aquifer system was simulated with three-dimensional finite-difference ground-water-flow models. Five areas were modeled to provide tools that can be used to evaluate the hydrologic impacts of regional water development and waste disposal. \r\n\r\nThe model boundaries were selected to represent the natural hydrologic boundaries of the aquifer. The boundary between fresh and saline ground water was treated as an interface along which there is no dispersion. The saline-water zone was treated as static (nonflowing). \r\n\r\nComparisons of calculated and observed values of head, position of the boundary between fresh and saline water, and ground-water discharge (at locations where data were available) indicate that the simulated groundwater reservoirs generally agree with field conditions. \r\n\r\nModel analyses indicate that the total steady-state freshwater-flow rate through the five modeled areas is approximately 412 cubic feet per second.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp2209","usgsCitation":"Guswa, J.H., and LeBlanc, D.R., 1985, Digital models of ground-water flow in the Cape Cod aquifer system, Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2209, v, 112 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2209.","productDescription":"v, 112 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":137146,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2209/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":26861,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2209/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a95e4b07f02db659744","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Guswa, John H.","contributorId":97881,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guswa","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144089,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"LeBlanc, Denis R. 0000-0002-4646-2628 dleblanc@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4646-2628","contributorId":1696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LeBlanc","given":"Denis","email":"dleblanc@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":144088,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":15513,"text":"ofr85271 - 1985 - A critical overview of and proposed working model for hydrocarbon microseepage","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:08","indexId":"ofr85271","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"85-271","title":"A critical overview of and proposed working model for hydrocarbon microseepage","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr85271","usgsCitation":"Price, L., 1985, A critical overview of and proposed working model for hydrocarbon microseepage: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 85-271, ii, 86 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr85271.","productDescription":"ii, 86 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":148299,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1985/0271/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":44479,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1985/0271/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b25e4b07f02db6af617","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Price, L.C.","contributorId":48575,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Price","given":"L.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":171244,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":9106,"text":"ofr84748 - 1985 - Evaluation of the ground-water resources of the lower Susquehanna River basin, Pennsylvania and Maryland","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":9106,"text":"ofr84748 - 1985 - Evaluation of the ground-water resources of the lower Susquehanna River basin, Pennsylvania and Maryland","indexId":"ofr84748","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"title":"Evaluation of the ground-water resources of the lower Susquehanna River basin, Pennsylvania and Maryland"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":1663,"text":"wsp2284 - 1988 - Evaluation of the ground-water resources of the lower Susquehanna River basin, Pennsylvania and Maryland","indexId":"wsp2284","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"title":"Evaluation of the ground-water resources of the lower Susquehanna River basin, Pennsylvania and Maryland"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":1663,"text":"wsp2284 - 1988 - Evaluation of the ground-water resources of the lower Susquehanna River basin, Pennsylvania and Maryland","indexId":"wsp2284","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"title":"Evaluation of the ground-water resources of the lower Susquehanna River basin, Pennsylvania and Maryland"},"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-23T20:08:54.206848","indexId":"ofr84748","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"84-748","title":"Evaluation of the ground-water resources of the lower Susquehanna River basin, Pennsylvania and Maryland","docAbstract":"

Ground water in the 3,458-square-mile lower Susquehanna River basin occupies secondary openings in bedrock. The distribution of openings is a function of lithology, depth, and topography. Local flow systems account for most of the total ground-water flow. Average annual recharge for the lower basin is 1,857 million gallons per day, most of which discharges to streams. The water table is a subdued replica of land surface; its depth varies with topography, but is generally 20 to 70 feet below land surface. Ground water circulates to depths of 500 to 600 feet below the water table.

A digital model of regional, unconfined ground-water flow was developed and used to evaluate the ground-water resources of the lower basin. On the basis of lithologic and hydrologic differences, the area was subdivided into 21 hydrogeologic units, each with different hydrologic characteristics. Each unit was divided into two layers to handle decreasing secondary permeability with depth. A finite-difference grid with square blocks approximately one mile on a side was used. The model was calibrated under steady-state and transient conditions. The model-generated results were compared to estimated water-table altitudes and estimated base flows in the steady-state calibration. In the transient calibration, the model-generated results were compared to observed changes in water-table altitude from November 1, 1980 through April 22, 1981.

Hydraulic conductivity increases from hilltops to valley bottoms. The average hydraulic conductivity for carbonate units is about 21 feet per day, which is an order of magnitude greater than the corresponding averages for Paleozoic sedimentary, Triassic sedimentary, and crystalline units. The Cumberland Valley carbonate rocks have the greatest average hydraulic conductivity--about 174 feet per day in valley bottoms. The average gaining-stream leakage coefficient for all carbonate units is about 16 feet per day, which is two orders of magnitude greater than the corresponding averages for the other lithologies. The Cumberland Valley carbonate rocks have the greatest gaining-stream leakage coefficient--about 43 feet per day. The specific yields are 0.035, 0.020, 0.020 and 0.007 for the carbonate, Paleozoic sedimentary, crystalline, and Triassic sedimentary units, respectively.

The calibrated model was used to simulate the effects of a ground-water withdrawal of 1 inch per year on water-table altitudes and average annual base flows in the modeled area. The overall effect is least for the carbonate units and greatest for the Triassic sedimentary units. The model also was used to simulate a standardized potential yield for each unit by assuming that the maximum acceptable consequence of a hypothetical withdrawal scheme is an ultimate 50-percent reduction in average annual base flow. Based on this, the potential yield for the modeled area is 891 million gallons per day. The Cumberland Valley carbonate rocks have the greatest potential yield--0.47 million gallons per day per square mile. The carbonate units have the greatest average potential yield, followed by the Paleozoic sedimentary, crystalline, and Triassic sedimentary units. About 90 percent of the eventual decline in water-table altitudes and the eventual reduction in average annual base flows occurs within five years of the implementation of the hypothetical withdrawal scheme. Nearly all of the ground water withdrawn is derived from reduced discharge to streams.

The calibrated model can be used to provide estimates of the impacts of ground-water development schemes on regional ground-water levels and base flows of streams. It can not be used to simulate local cones of depression or local base-flow changes. The reliability of the model is a function of its approximation of the physical characteristics of the ground-water flow system, the two calibrations, various simplifying assumptions, and the lack of calibration under ground-water withdrawal conditions. It can be used in steady-state or transient mode to assess the effects of both natural and artificial stresses.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr84748","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Susquehanna River Basin Commission","usgsCitation":"Gerhart, J.M., and Lazorchick, G.J., 1985, Evaluation of the ground-water resources of the lower Susquehanna River basin, Pennsylvania and Maryland: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 84-748, Report: ix, 183 p.; 2 Plates: 30.03 x 23.75 inches and 29.77 x 23.98 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr84748.","productDescription":"Report: ix, 183 p.; 2 Plates: 30.03 x 23.75 inches and 29.77 x 23.98 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":141903,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1984/0748/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":405493,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1984/0748/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":405492,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1984/0748/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":405491,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1984/0748/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Maryland, Pennsylvania","otherGeospatial":"Susquehanna River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76.761474609375,\n 39.5633531658293\n ],\n [\n -75.948486328125,\n 39.5633531658293\n ],\n [\n -75.948486328125,\n 40.14109012528468\n ],\n [\n -76.761474609375,\n 40.14109012528468\n ],\n [\n -76.761474609375,\n 39.5633531658293\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a08e4b07f02db5fa4ab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gerhart, James M.","contributorId":35717,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gerhart","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":159109,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lazorchick, George J.","contributorId":18743,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lazorchick","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":159110,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":25868,"text":"wri854092 - 1985 - Description of water-systems operations in the Arkansas River basin, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:31","indexId":"wri854092","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"85-4092","title":"Description of water-systems operations in the Arkansas River basin, Colorado","docAbstract":"To facilitate a current project modeling the hydrology of the Arkansas River basin in Colorado, a description of the regulation of water in the basin is necessary. The geographic and climatic setting of the Arkansas River basin that necessitates the use, reuse, importation, and storage of water are discussed. The history of water-resource development in the basin, leading to the present complex of water systems, also is discussed. Municipal, irrigation, industrial, and multipurpose water systems are described. System descriptions are illustrated with schematic line drawings, and supplemented with physical data tables for the lakes, tunnels, conduits, and canals in the various systems. Copies of criteria under which certain of the water systems operate, are included. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri854092","usgsCitation":"Abbott, P., 1985, Description of water-systems operations in the Arkansas River basin, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 85-4092, xii, 67 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri854092.","productDescription":"xii, 67 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123984,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4092/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54617,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4092/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":54618,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4092/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":54619,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4092/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":54620,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4092/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":54621,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4092/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aaae4b07f02db668ffd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Abbott, P.O.","contributorId":21154,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Abbott","given":"P.O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195397,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1290,"text":"wsp2253 - 1985 - Geohydrology and model analysis of stream-aquifer system along the Arkansas River in Kearny and Finney Counties, southwestern Kansas","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":8645,"text":"ofr83222 - 1983 - Geohydrology and model analysis of the stream-aquifer system along the Arkansas River in Kearny and Finney counties, southwestern Kansas","indexId":"ofr83222","publicationYear":"1983","noYear":false,"title":"Geohydrology and model analysis of the stream-aquifer system along the Arkansas River in Kearny and Finney counties, southwestern Kansas"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":1290,"text":"wsp2253 - 1985 - Geohydrology and model analysis of stream-aquifer system along the Arkansas River in Kearny and Finney Counties, southwestern Kansas","indexId":"wsp2253","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"title":"Geohydrology and model analysis of stream-aquifer system along the Arkansas River in Kearny and Finney Counties, southwestern Kansas"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-10T20:43:50.995415","indexId":"wsp2253","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2253","title":"Geohydrology and model analysis of stream-aquifer system along the Arkansas River in Kearny and Finney Counties, southwestern Kansas","docAbstract":"A study was made, in cooperation with the Division of Water Resources, Kansas State Board of Agriculture, to determine geohydrologic conditions in an area comprising nearly 850,000 acres along the Arkansas River valley in Kearny and Finney Counties, southwestern Kansas. The Arkansas River meanders atop and interacts hydraulically with the area's multilayered, unconsolidated aquifer system. Declines in static water levels in wells in the heavily pumped lower aquifer ranged from 20 to 80 feet during 1974-80. The river is dry in much of the area. \r\n\r\nA digital computer model was calibrated to simulate the trends of historic water levels. Simulated 1974-80 conditions depicted an average annual recharge to the unconsolidated aquifer system of 66,900 acre-feet from precipitation and 36,200 acre-feet from river and canal seepage and boundary inflow. Simulated average annual discharge consisted of 634,800 acre-feet from pumpage and boundary outflow. Simulated average annual recharge to the unconsolidated aquifer system was 531,700 acre-feet less than average annual discharge, indicating the ground-water resource is currently (1982) being mined in the study area. \r\n\r\nSimulation also indicated that there would be sufficient saturated thickness in 2005 for irrigation if 1980 hydrologic conditions continued. Seepage losses from the Arkansas River and irrigation canals are a major source of recharge to the unconsolidated aquifer system. Therefore, the amount of flow in the Arkansas River would be important in determining the rate of future water-level declines in the study area. Streamflow seepage losses could be decreased by (1) decreasing the number of wells pumping in the study area in order to reduce downward leakage from the valley aquifer, or (2) increasing streamflow discharge in order to recharge the valley aquifer. The rate and direction of flow between the river and the valley aquifer depend on the hydraulic conductivity of the streambed and the hydraulic gradient between the river stage and the water table. As long as river stage remains high, the water table in the valley aquifer continues to rise. Seepage from the river to the valley aquifer decreases as the altitude difference between the river stage and the valley aquifer decreases, becoming insignificant when the water level in the valley aquifer nearly equals river stage. However, a rise in the water table in the valley aquifer because of recharge from the river will correspond to increased downward leakage to the lower aquifer, impeding recharge to the valley aquifer.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wsp2253","usgsCitation":"Dunlap, L.E., Lindgren, R.J., and Sauer, C.G., 1985, Geohydrology and model analysis of stream-aquifer system along the Arkansas River in Kearny and Finney Counties, southwestern Kansas: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2253, viii, 52 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2253.","productDescription":"viii, 52 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":137016,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2253/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":411665,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_25532.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":26271,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2253/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Kansas","county":"Finney County, Kearny County","otherGeospatial":"Arkansas River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -100.6667,\n 38.167\n ],\n [\n -101.5,\n 38.167\n ],\n [\n -101.5,\n 37.75\n ],\n [\n -100.6667,\n 37.75\n ],\n [\n -100.6667,\n 38.167\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8d08","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dunlap, L. E.","contributorId":45685,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dunlap","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143508,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lindgren, Richard J. lindgren@usgs.gov","contributorId":1667,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lindgren","given":"Richard","email":"lindgren@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":143507,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sauer, C. G.","contributorId":52548,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sauer","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143509,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":14735,"text":"ofr85391 - 1985 - Mineral deposit models; theory and practice","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:07","indexId":"ofr85391","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"85-391","title":"Mineral deposit models; theory and practice","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr85391","usgsCitation":"Ludington, S., Barton, P.B., and Johnson, K.M., 1985, Mineral deposit models; theory and practice (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 85-391, 19 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr85391.","productDescription":"19 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":1003,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1985/ofr-85-0391/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":148983,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a61e4b07f02db63590c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ludington, Steve","contributorId":106848,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ludington","given":"Steve","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":169927,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barton, Paul B. Jr.","contributorId":68406,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barton","given":"Paul","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":169926,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnson, Kathleen M. kjohnson@usgs.gov","contributorId":2110,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Kathleen","email":"kjohnson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":169925,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":9893,"text":"ofr82770 - 1985 - Spirit Lake dam-failure flood routing assessment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:11","indexId":"ofr82770","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"82-770","title":"Spirit Lake dam-failure flood routing assessment","docAbstract":"Potential clear-water floodflows resulting from uncontrolled breaching by Spirit Lake of a debris dam deposited by the May 18 , 1980, eruption of Mount St. Helens, Washington, were evaluated. U.S. Geological Survey dam-break model K-634 was utilized, first to compute clear-water flood hydrographs for various hypothetical breach scenarios, and then to hydraulically route them downstream to the mouth of the Toutle River. Dam-break computations were obtained for 12 breach-development scenarios. Eight of the scenarios modeled breaches caused by overtopping of the June 1982 crest of the debris dam, while the other four modeled breaches resulting from overtopping of the debris dam at a possible future crest altitude of 3,490 feet. Equal numbers of scenarios, six each, were modeled for breach development durations of 0.25 hour and 1.0 hour. Peak discharges and times of arrival at selected locations for scenarios with breach development durations of 1.0 hour are presented in tables. Peak discharges computed for dam-break scenarios with breach crest widths of 400 feet are almost twice the magnitude of those computed for scenarios identical in all other respects, but with widths of 200 feet. Peak discharges computed for breaches caused by overtopping of the debris dam at an altitude of 3,531.8 feet were generally found to be roughly five times greater than those caused by overtopping at an altitude of 3,490 feet, if the breaches had identical crest elevations and crest widths. Decreases in peak discharge from Spirit Lake to the mouth of the Toutle River ranged from 16 to 26 percent for the scenarios modeled. This lack of significant attenuation is primarily due to the large volume and surface area of Spirit lake (in excess of 360,000 acre-feet and 3,000 acres, respectively, for all scenarios modeled), which result in the continued discharge of high flows long after breach development is complete. The degree of attenuation is also minimized by the generally steep narrow valleys through which the North Fork Toutle and Toutle Rivers flow. Elapsed time from beginning of breach development to arrival of peak discharges at the mouth of the Toutle River ranged from 4.3 to 7.4 hours for the scenarios modeled. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr82770","usgsCitation":"Kresch, D., 1985, Spirit Lake dam-failure flood routing assessment: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 82-770, 12 p. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr82770.","productDescription":"12 p. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":141193,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0770/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":37685,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0770/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e4b15","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kresch, D. L.","contributorId":52559,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kresch","given":"D. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":160471,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5815,"text":"pp1324 - 1985 - Tectonic implications of the Indian Run Formation— A newly recognized sedimentary mélange in the northern Virginia Piedmont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-04T20:50:03.680404","indexId":"pp1324","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1324","title":"Tectonic implications of the Indian Run Formation— A newly recognized sedimentary mélange in the northern Virginia Piedmont","docAbstract":"Sedimentary melange in the northeastern part of Fairfax County, Virginia, contains both mesoscopic and mappable fragments of Accotink Schist, Lake Barcroft Metasandstone, metagabbro, and ultramafic rocks as well as smaller fragments of other rock types. This melange was originally mapped as the Sykesville Formation, a major precursory sedimentary melange in northern Virginia and Maryland. The fragments of Accotink Schist and Lake Barcroft Metasandstone within the Sykesville were considered to be rip-ups of these units over which the Sykesville slid when finally emplaced. More recent study has shown that fragments of Accotink and Lake Barcroft are restricted to a certain area of sedimentary melange originally defined as Sykesville, and this part of the melange is now considered to be a separate mappable unit, here named the Indian Run Formation. The Indian Run underlies the sequence Accotink Schist and Lake Barcroft Metasandstone which is here formally named the Annandale Group. The Indian Run is intruded by the Occoquan Granite of Cambrian age, so it is of Cambrian or Late Proterozoic age. \r\n\r\nThe Sykesville Formation (restricted) is a much more extensive unit than the Indian Run Formation and is characterized by its contained olistoliths of the Peters Creek Schist, the unit that tectonically overlies it. The Sykesville and Peters Creek constitute a precursory melange-allochthon pair which is here termed a 'tectonic motif.' The Indian Run-Annandale pair then forms a tectonically lower motif, and the overlying pair, the Yorkshire Formation-Piney Branch Complex, forms a tectonically higher motif. The Chopawamsic Formation and underlying sedimentary melange in the area south of Fairfax County may form a tectonic motif beneath the Indian Run-Annandale tectonic motif. Thus, three and perhaps four repetitions of precursory melange-allochthon pairs occur in northern Virginia. Other percursory melanges and motifs may occur in the Maryland Piedmont to the north. \r\n\r\nThe tectonic setting of the motif formation and assemblage is uncertain at this time. A model involving the obduction of several separate sheets onto the ancestral North American continental margin is appealing in that it involves the closing and destruction of a marginal basin, a relatively simple concept. This model fails, however, to supply a source for the sediment necessary to form the precursory melanges. A trench-slope origin would supply the vast amount of needed sediment by accretion. The precursory melangeallochthon motifs would then be stacked near the base of the trench slope. This model is appealing and requires a rather complicated assemblage of continental, arc, and oceanic fragments, such as those that occur on many modern continental margins.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp1324","usgsCitation":"Drake, A., 1985, Tectonic implications of the Indian Run Formation— A newly recognized sedimentary mélange in the northern Virginia Piedmont: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1324, Report: iii, 12 p.; 1 Plate: 20.00 × 26.50 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1324.","productDescription":"Report: iii, 12 p.; 1 Plate: 20.00 × 26.50 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":104602,"rank":700,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_4803.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"4803"},{"id":32510,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1324/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":32511,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1324/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":124446,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1324/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Virginia","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -77.125,\n 38.75\n ],\n [\n -77.375,\n 38.75\n ],\n [\n -77.375,\n 38.9519\n ],\n [\n -77.125,\n 38.9519\n ],\n [\n -77.125,\n 38.75\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad9e4b07f02db684ebd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Drake, Avery Ala","contributorId":65460,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drake","given":"Avery Ala","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":151621,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":6492,"text":"pp1346 - 1985 - Stratigraphy and characteristic mollusks of the Pamunkey Group (Lower Tertiary) and the Old Church Formation of the Chesapeake Group— Virginia coastal plain","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-29T20:36:38.163122","indexId":"pp1346","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1346","title":"Stratigraphy and characteristic mollusks of the Pamunkey Group (Lower Tertiary) and the Old Church Formation of the Chesapeake Group— Virginia coastal plain","docAbstract":"Along the Pamunkey River and its tributaries can be found a very complete, well-preserved, Tertiary stratigraphic record that reflects the sea-level changes as well as the local tectonic history of the central Virginia Coastal Plain. Using this record, I have described the lower Tertiary units and proposed a sequential model for their occurrence. Sediments examined in this study range in age from early Paleocene to latest Oligocene or earliest Miocene. Upper Tertiary units are described where they occur in the same sections with the lower Tertiary beds. The Brightseat Formation (lower Paleocene), Aquia Formation (upper Paleocene), Marlboro Clay (upper Paleocene), Nanjemoy Formation (lower Eocene), Piney Point Formation (middle Eocene) and Old Church Formation (new unit, upper Oligocene and lower Miocene) were studied. The definitions of the Piscataway and Paspotansa Members of the Aquia are amended, and a lectostratotype (principal reference section) is designated for those units as well as the Aquia on the Potomac River just below the mouth of Aquia Creek. A lectostratotype section is also designated for the Nanjemoy and its two members, the Potapaco and the Woodstock. That section is on the Potomac above Popes Creek. Beds assigned to the Piney Point and Old Church Formations, previously known only in the subsurface, crop out extensively on the Pamunkey River. A hypostratotype (reference section) is selected for the Piney Point Formation on the Pamunkey River at Horseshoe. The Old Church Formation (named herein) is included in the Chesapeake Group. Areal extent of the stratigraphic units was determined by correlation of outcropping beds on the Pamunkey, Patuxent, Potomac, Rappahannock, Mattaponi, Chickahominy, and James Rivers supplemented by well data. Comparisons of the onlap histories of the Salisbury, Albemarle, and Charleston Embayments indicate a number of simultaneous transgressive events implying global sea-level rises. More restricted transgressions appear to be the result of local downwarping.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp1346","usgsCitation":"Ward, L.W., 1985, Stratigraphy and characteristic mollusks of the Pamunkey Group (Lower Tertiary) and the Old Church Formation of the Chesapeake Group— Virginia coastal plain: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1346, iv, 78 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1346.","productDescription":"iv, 78 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":389992,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_74276.htm"},{"id":33942,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1346/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":125137,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1346/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Virginia","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -77.618408203125,\n 36.9806150652861\n ],\n [\n -76.3934326171875,\n 36.9806150652861\n ],\n [\n -76.3934326171875,\n 38.591113776147445\n ],\n [\n -77.618408203125,\n 38.591113776147445\n ],\n [\n -77.618408203125,\n 36.9806150652861\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1fe4b07f02db6ab779","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ward, Lauck W.","contributorId":44145,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ward","given":"Lauck","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":152817,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":11627,"text":"ofr85287 - 1985 - Linear Q model calculations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-16T10:26:54","indexId":"ofr85287","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"85-287","title":"Linear Q model calculations","docAbstract":"

No abstract available.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr85287","usgsCitation":"Wennerberg, L., 1985, Linear Q model calculations: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 85-287, 15 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr85287.","productDescription":"15 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":145153,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1985/0287/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":39488,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1985/0287/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a5046","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wennerberg, Leif","contributorId":96008,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wennerberg","given":"Leif","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":163469,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}