{"pageNumber":"1485","pageRowStart":"37100","pageSize":"25","recordCount":40837,"records":[{"id":70226903,"text":"70226903 - 1985 - A constitutive equation for mass-movement behavior","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-20T20:26:15.029186","indexId":"70226903","displayToPublicDate":"1985-03-01T14:22:02","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2309,"text":"Journal of Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A constitutive equation for mass-movement behavior","docAbstract":"<div class=\"col-lg-9 article__content\"><div class=\"article__body show-references \"><div class=\"hlFld-Abstract\"><div class=\"abstractSection abstractInFull\"><p>A phenomenological constitutive equation can serve as a basis for modeling and classifying mass-movement processes. The equation is derived using the principles of continuum mechanics and several simplifying assumptions about mass-movement behavior. These assumptions represent idealizations of field behavior, but they appear highly justifiable in light of the geomorphological insight that can be gained through modeling application of a mathematically tractable constitutive equation. The equation represents coupled pressure-dependent plastic yield and nonlinear viscous flow deformation components. The plastic yield component is a generalization of the Coulomb criterion to three-dimensional stress states, and the effect of pore-water pressures is accounted for by treating normal stresses as effective stresses. The nonlinear viscous flow component is a dimensionally homogeneous form of a three-dimensional power-law equation. Straightforward laboratory and field experiments can be used to estimate all plastic and viscous parameters in the constitutive equation. Reduction of the three-dimensional constitutive equation to two-and one-dimensional forms shows that it embodies, as special cases, many other constitutive models for mass movement. These include models of creeping, slumping, sliding, and flowing types of deformation. The equation may, therefore, serve as a conceptual basis for rheological classification of diverse mass-movement phenomena.</p></div></div></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"University of Chicago Press","doi":"10.1086/628937","usgsCitation":"Iverson, R.M., 1985, A constitutive equation for mass-movement behavior: Journal of Geology, v. 93, no. 2, p. 143-160, https://doi.org/10.1086/628937.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"143","endPage":"160","costCenters":[{"id":157,"text":"Cascades Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":393115,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"93","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Iverson, Richard M. 0000-0002-7369-3819 riverson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7369-3819","contributorId":536,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Iverson","given":"Richard","email":"riverson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":828733,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70120936,"text":"70120936 - 1985 - Effects of flood control alternatives on fish and wildlife resources of the Malheur-Harney lakes basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-18T14:26:41","indexId":"70120936","displayToPublicDate":"1985-03-01T14:15:31","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"seriesNumber":"WELUT-85/W06","title":"Effects of flood control alternatives on fish and wildlife resources of the Malheur-Harney lakes basin","docAbstract":"<p>Malheur Lake is the largest freshwater marsh in the western contiguous United States and is one of the main management units of the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge in southeastern Oregon. The marsh provides excellent waterfowl production habitat as well as vital migration habitats for birds in the Pacific flyway. Water shortages have typically been a problem in this semiarid area; however, record snowfalls and cool summers have recently caused Malheur Lake to rise to its highest level in recorded history. This has resulted in the loss of approximately 57,000 acres of important wildlife habitat as well as extensive flooding of local ranches, roads, and railroad lines. Because of the importance of the Refuge, any water management plan for the Malheur-Harney Lakes Basin needs to consider the impact of management alternatives on the hydrology of Malheur Lake.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>The facilitated modeling workshop described in this report was conducted January 14-18, 1985, under the joint sponsorship of the Portland Ecological Services Field Office and the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge, Region 1, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS). The Portland Field Office is responsible for FWS reporting requirements on Federal water resource projects while the Refuge staff has management responsibility for much of the land affected by high water levels in the Malheur-Harney Lakes Basin. The primary objective of the workshop was to begin gathering and analyzing information concerning potential fish and wildlife impacts, needs, and opportunities associated with proposed U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (COE) flood control alternatives for Malheur Lake. The workshop was structured around the formulation of a computer model that would simulate the hydrologic effects of the various alternatives and any concommitant changes in vegetation communities and wildlife use patterns.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>The simulation model is composed of three connected submodels. The Hydrology submodel calculates changes in lake volume, elevation, and surface area, as well as changes in water quality, that result from the proposed water management projects (upstream storage, upstream diversions, drainage canals) and the no action alternative. The Vegetation submodel determines associated changes in the areal extent of wetland and upland vegetation communities. Finally, the Wildlife submodel calculates indices of abundance or habitat suitability for colonial nesting birds (great egret, double-crested cormorant, white-faced ibis), greater sandhill crane, diving ducks, tundra swan, dabbling ducks, and Canada goose based on hydrologic and vegetation conditions. The model represents the Malheur-Harney Lakes Basin, but provides water quantity and quality indicators associated with additional flows that might occur in the Malheur River Basin. Several management scenarios, representing various flood control alternatives and assumptions concerning future runoff, were run to analyze model behavior. Scenario results are not intended as an analysis of all potential management actions or assumptions concerning future runoff. Rather, they demonstrate the type of analysis that could be conducted if the model was sufficiently refined and tested.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Early in a model development project, the <u>process</u> of building the model is usually of greater benefit than the model itself.  The model building process stimulates interaction among agencies, assists in integrating existing information, and helps identify research needs.  These benefits usually accrue even in the absence of real predictive power in the resulting model.  This workshop initiated interaction among the primary State and Federal resource and development agencies in a nonadversarial forum.  The exchange of information and expertise among agencies provided the FWS with the best information currently available for use in the Planning Aid Letter it will develop at the Reconnaissance state of the COE study.  If the COE subsequently initiates a Feasability Study, this information will be refined further and will aid the FWS in preparing its Coordination Act Report on any flood control alternative proposed by the COE.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>The model building and testing process also helped identify model limitations and more general information needs that should be evaluated for further study prior to preparation of an FWS Coordination Act Report.  Major needs associated with the Hydrology submodel include a more detailed representation of hydrologic units (separately consider Harney Lake, Mud Lake, and Malheur Lake or the three hydrological units within Malheur Lake, rather than a combined lake system) and explicitly representation of groundwater storage and discharge in water budget calculations.  A better representation of the hydrological units will require more detailed topographic data for the basin, capacity-elevation and elevation-surface area curves for each unit, and better water flow data between the units.  Additional water quality parameters and constraints on proposed canal operation due to conditions in the Malheur River might also be added.  Key Vegetation submodel needs include fine-tuning existing vegetation relationships in the model and adding relationships to address the influence of historical conditions on vegetation development, effects of very rapid changes in lake level, effects of wildlife populations (e.g., carp, muskrat), responses of vegetation to habitat management actions (e.g, haying, grazing, burning), and better representation of sago pondweed dynamics.  A complementary geographic information system might also be developed for spatial analyses.  Major needs that should be evaluated for the Wildlife submodel include addition of other wildlife species that have important effects on habitat on the Refuge (e.g., carp, muskrat) and consideration of additional life-cycle requisites and controlling variable for species presently in the model.  Some of these limitations could perhaps be overcome if historical data on habitat conditions were developed to use with historical data on wildlife populations.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Western Energy and Land Use Team","publisherLocation":"Fort Collins, CO","usgsCitation":"Hamilton, D.B., Auble, G.T., Ellison, R.A., and Roelle, J.E., 1985, Effects of flood control alternatives on fish and wildlife resources of the Malheur-Harney lakes basin, 51 p.","productDescription":"51 p.","numberOfPages":"51","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":292467,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Malheur Lake","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -118.974578,43.253095 ], [ -118.974578,43.415232 ], [ -118.629841,43.415232 ], [ -118.629841,43.253095 ], [ -118.974578,43.253095 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53f25fe1e4b033341871890d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hamilton, David B. hamiltond@usgs.gov","contributorId":193,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hamilton","given":"David","email":"hamiltond@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":498647,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Auble, Gregor T. 0000-0002-0843-2751 aubleg@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0843-2751","contributorId":2187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Auble","given":"Gregor","email":"aubleg@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":498648,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ellison, Richard A.","contributorId":19087,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellison","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498650,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Roelle, James E. roelleb@usgs.gov","contributorId":2330,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roelle","given":"James","email":"roelleb@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":498649,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70120900,"text":"70120900 - 1985 - Effects of flow alterations on trout, angling, and recreation in the Chattahoochee River between Buford Dam and Peachtree Creek","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-18T12:01:45","indexId":"70120900","displayToPublicDate":"1985-03-01T11:56:51","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"title":"Effects of flow alterations on trout, angling, and recreation in the Chattahoochee River between Buford Dam and Peachtree Creek","docAbstract":"<p>In 1974 county governments in the Atlanta vicinity realized that \ndemands on the Chattahoochee River for water supply plus the streamflow \nrequired for water quality nearly equaled the minimum flow in the river. \nIncreased demands for water supply in the following years could not be \nsupplied under the then existing flow regime in the river. In response \nto the anticipated shortage of water, the Atlanta Regional Commission, a \nmulticounty agency responsible for comprehensive regional planning in \nthe Atlanta region, was contracted to prepare water demand projections \nto the year 2010 and identify alternatives for meeting projected water \ndemands. The results of this study are published in an extensive final \nreport, the Metropolitan Atlanta Area Water Resources Management Study \n(1981). Requests for copies should be directed to the District \nEngineer, Savannah District.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Many of the identified alternatives to increase future water supply \nfor the Atlanta area would result in modifications to the present flow \nregime within the Chattahoochee River between Buford Dam (river mile \n348.3) and its confluence with Peachtree Creek (river mile 300.5). The \npresent preferred alternative is construction of a reregulation dam at \nabout river mile 342. The proposed reregulation dam would release a \nmuch more constant flow than the peaking flows presently released from \nBuford Dam (generally, a maximum release of approximately 9000 cfs or \nminimum release of about 550 cfs) by storing the generation releases \nfrom Buford Dam for gradual release during non-generation periods. The anticipated minimum release from the rereg dam would he approximately \n1U5U cfs (based on contractual obligations to the Southeast Power \nAdministration to supply a minimum of 11 hours of peaking power per week \nfrom Buford Dam). The average annual release from the proposed \nreregulation dam into the Chattahoochee River would be approximately \n2000 cfs (based on USGS flow records) and the median release would he \napproximately 1500 cfs (value obtained from Savannah District). The \nproposed reregulation dam would have sufficient storage to provide some \nopportunity for flow management to optimize uses other than water supply \nand water quality.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Flow modifications (and resultant water quality changes) within \nthis reach of the Chattahoochee River to meet increased demands for \nwater supply may have an effect on other beneficial uses of this \nimportant natural resource. In addition to supplying a significant \nproportion of the water supply for metropolitan Atlanta and providing \nfor water quality, the Chattahoochee River also is used extensively for \nrecreation and supports a valuable trout fishery. Altered flows in the \nchannel to meet water supply needs may have an impact on river \nrecreation and trout habitat.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station","publisherLocation":"Vicksburg, MS","usgsCitation":"Nestler, J.M., Milhouse, R.T., Troxel, J., and Fritschen, J.A., 1985, Effects of flow alterations on trout, angling, and recreation in the Chattahoochee River between Buford Dam and Peachtree Creek, 322 p.","productDescription":"322 p.","numberOfPages":"322","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":292424,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia","city":"Atlanta","otherGeospatial":"Chattahoochee River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -85.1923,33.059 ], [ -85.1923,34.7307 ], [ -83.6154,34.7307 ], [ -83.6154,33.059 ], [ -85.1923,33.059 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53f25fe2e4b033341871890f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nestler, John M.","contributorId":55754,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nestler","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498580,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Milhouse, Robert T.","contributorId":68233,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Milhouse","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498581,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Troxel, Jay","contributorId":41758,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Troxel","given":"Jay","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498579,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fritschen, Janet A.","contributorId":88661,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fritschen","given":"Janet","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498582,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70208670,"text":"70208670 - 1985 - Mid-Atlantic Ridge coccolith and silicoflagellate biostratigraphy, Deep Sea Drilling Project Sites 558 and 563.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-24T12:48:32","indexId":"70208670","displayToPublicDate":"1985-02-24T12:33:38","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1996,"text":"Initial Reports of the D.S.D.P.","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mid-Atlantic Ridge coccolith and silicoflagellate biostratigraphy, Deep Sea Drilling Project Sites 558 and 563.","docAbstract":"<p>Low-latitude coccolith zonation can be used for biostratigraphy at Mid-Atlantic Ridge sites DSDP 558 (lat. 38°N) and DSDP 563 (lat. 34°N). The low-latitude zonal sequence from lower Oligocene to Holocene is interrupted by coolwater assemblages in upper middle Miocene and by hiatuses that removed the lower Pliocene and part of the upper Pliocene. A gap in the range of zonal guide fossil Discoaster druggii in the lower Miocene, also identified in other ocean basins, occurs at both DSDP 558 and 563. Coccoliths are abundant and moderately overgrown at both sites. Pentaliths occur in the Oligocene at DSDP 563 but are missing at DSDP 558, probably the result of diagenesis. New taxa of coccoliths identified include Cyclolithellai neoaprica Bukry, n. sp., and Sphenolithus calyculus Bukry, n. sp. </p><p>Silicoflagellates are limited to the upper Quaternary at DSDP 558 with warm-water assemblages of the Dictyocha aculeata Zone and possibly the upper Mesocena quadrangula Zone, as indicated by the presence of Dictyocha lingii. A new silicoflagellate species, Distephanus floridus Bukry, n. sp., is described. </p>","language":"English","publisher":"Texas A&M","doi":"10.2973/dsdp.proc.82.135.1985","usgsCitation":"Bukry, D., 1985, Mid-Atlantic Ridge coccolith and silicoflagellate biostratigraphy, Deep Sea Drilling Project Sites 558 and 563.: Initial Reports of the D.S.D.P., v. 82, p. 591-603, https://doi.org/10.2973/dsdp.proc.82.135.1985.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"591","endPage":"603","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488897,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"http://doi.org/10.2973/dsdp.proc.82.135.1985","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":372564,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"82","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bukry, David 0000-0003-4540-890X dbukry@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4540-890X","contributorId":3550,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bukry","given":"David","email":"dbukry@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":782955,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70121028,"text":"70121028 - 1985 - Environmental systems and management activities on the Kennedy Space Center, Merritt Island, Florida: results of a modeling workshop","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-19T10:26:37","indexId":"70121028","displayToPublicDate":"1985-02-01T09:53:42","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"seriesNumber":"WELUT-85/W05","title":"Environmental systems and management activities on the Kennedy Space Center, Merritt Island, Florida: results of a modeling workshop","docAbstract":"<p>In the early 1960's, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) began purchasing 140,000 acres on Merritt Island, Florida, in order to develop a center for space exploration.  Most of this land was acquired to provide a safety and security buffer around NASA facilities.  NASA, as the managing agency for the Kennedy Space Center (KSC), is responsible for preventing or controlling environmental pollution from the Federal facilities and activities at the Space Center and is committed to use all practicable means to protect and enhance the quality of the surrounding environment.  The Merritt Island National Wildlife Refuge was established in 1963 when management authority for undeveloped lands at KSC was transferred to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>In addition to manage for 11 Federally-listed threatened and endangered species and other resident and migratory fish and wildlife populations, the Refuge has comanagement responsibility for 19,000 acres of mosquito control impoundments and 2,500 acres of citrus groves.  The Canaveral National Seashore was developed in 1975 when management of a portion of the coastal lands was transferred from NASA to the National Park Service.  This multiagency jurisdiction on Merritt Island has resulted in a complex management environment.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>The modeling workshop described in this report was conducted May 21-25, 1984, at the Kennedy Space Center to: (1) enhance communication among the agencies with management responsibilities on Merritt Island; (2) integrate available information concerning the development, management, and ecology of Merritt Island; and (3) identify key research and monitoring needs associated with the management and use of the island's resources.  The workshop was structured around the formulation of a model that would simulate primary management and use activities on Merritt Island and their effects on upland, impoundment, and estuarine vegetation and associated wildlife.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>The simulation model is composed of four connected submodels.  The Uplands submodel calculates changes in acres and structural components of vegetation communities resulting from succession, fire, facilities development, and shuttle launch depositions, as well as the quantity and quality of surface runoff and aquifer input to an impoundment and an estuary.  The Impoundment submodel next determines water quality and quantity and changes in vegetation resulting from water level manipulation and prescribed burning.  The Estuary submodel than determines water quality parameters and acres of seagrass beds.  Finally, the Wildlife submodel calculates habitat suitability indices for key species of interest, based on vegetation conditions in the uplands and impoundments and on several hydrologic parameters.  The model represents a hypothetical management unit with 2,500 acres of uplands, a 600-acre impoundment, and a 1,500-acre section of estuary.  Two management scenarios were run to analyze model behavior.  The scenarios differ in the frequency of shuttle launches and prescribed burning, the extent of facilities development, the amount of land disposed waste material applied, and the nature and timing of impoundment water level control.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Early in a model development project, the <u>process</u> of building the model is usually of greater benefit than the model itself. The model building process stimulates interaction among agencies, assists in integrating existing information, and helps identify research needs. These benefits usually accrue even in the absence of real predictive power in the resulting model.  Open communication occurs among the Federal, State, and local agencies involved with activities on Merritt Island and the agencies have a cooperative working relationship.  The workshop provided an opportunity for all of these agencies to meet at one time and have focused discussions on the key environmental and multiagency resource management issues.  The workshop framework helped to integrate information and assumptions from a number of disciplines and agencies.  This integration occurred in the computer simulation model and among workshop participants as submodel linkages were developed and scenario results discussed.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>A number of research needs were identified at the workshop during the model building and testing exercises and associated discussions.  These needs were based on the informed judgement of researchers and managers familiar with Merritt Island or similar areas, rather than on a comprehensive literature review of sensitivity analysis of the preliminary model developed at the workshop.  Some of the needs can be addressed by interpreting the results of completed studies from similar geographic areas as they relate to Merritt Island, while other will require additional research studies on Merritt Island.  Major research needs associated with the Upland submodel include behavior of the near-surface aquifer, factors limiting slash pine regeneration, frequency and effects of natural fire on various cover types, cumulative effects of shuttle launches, and fate in upland soils of nitrogen and phosphorous from land applied waste material.  Key Impoundment submodel needs include documentation of vegetation changes in response to altered water depth, salinity, and nutrient concentrations and better specification of the functional characteristics of impoundments as chemical filters.  Important information gaps identified in the Estuary submodel include a more complete analysis of factors contributing to phytoplankton abundance, evaluation of sources of turbidity other than phytoplankton, and identification and quantification of factors limiting seagrass distribution.  Primary research needs associated with the Wildlife submodel include a survey of breeding habitat, production data, and harvest data for mottled ducks; data on the emigration and immigration of juvenile mullet (and other transient fish) in the impoundment; the contribution of various seagrasses to habitat requirements of sea trout; and the effects of dissolved oxygen on survival of juvenile sea trout.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Ideally, the modeling workshop process is iterative in nature.  Periods between workshops are used for research, data collection, and model refinement.  Each workshop integrates information collected since the last workshop and produces a more credible model that is more useful in evaluating management alternatives.  Participants felt that continued application of this process would help provide ongoing integration and communication among agencies and would allow each agency's planning and management activities to be viewed within the context of an overall assessment.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Western Energy and Land Use Team","publisherLocation":"Fort Collins, CO","usgsCitation":"Hamilton, D.B., Andrews, A.K., Auble, G.T., Ellison, R.A., Farmer, A.H., and Roelle, J.E., 1985, Environmental systems and management activities on the Kennedy Space Center, Merritt Island, Florida: results of a modeling workshop, 130 p.","productDescription":"130 p.","numberOfPages":"130","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":292522,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53f464cae4b073ff773a7cfe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hamilton, David B. hamiltond@usgs.gov","contributorId":193,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hamilton","given":"David","email":"hamiltond@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":498689,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Andrews, Austin K.","contributorId":85516,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andrews","given":"Austin","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498693,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Auble, Gregor T. 0000-0002-0843-2751 aubleg@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0843-2751","contributorId":2187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Auble","given":"Gregor","email":"aubleg@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":498690,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ellison, Richard A.","contributorId":19087,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellison","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498692,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Farmer, Adrian H.","contributorId":107759,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farmer","given":"Adrian","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498694,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Roelle, James E. roelleb@usgs.gov","contributorId":2330,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roelle","given":"James","email":"roelleb@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":498691,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70121024,"text":"70121024 - 1985 - Problems in estimating age-specific survival rates from recovery data of birds ringed as young","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-19T09:43:41","indexId":"70121024","displayToPublicDate":"1985-02-01T09:33:42","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2158,"text":"Journal of Animal Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Problems in estimating age-specific survival rates from recovery data of birds ringed as young","docAbstract":"<p>(1) The life table model is frequently employed in the analysis of ringer samples of young in bird populations.  The basic model is biologically unrealistic and of little use in making inferences concerning age-specific survival probabilities.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>(2) This model rests on a number of restrictive assumptions, the failure of which causes serious biases.  Several important assumptions are not met with real data and the estimators of age-specific survival are not robust enough to these failures.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>(3) Five major problems in the use of the life table method are reviewed.  Examples are provided to illustrate several of the problems involved in using this method in making inferences about survival rates and its age-specific nature.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>(4) We conclude that this is an invalid procedure and it should not be used.  Furthermore, ringing studies involving only young birds are pointless as regards survival estimation because no valid method exists for estimating age-specific or time-specific survival rates from such data.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>(5) In our view, inferences about age-specific survival rates are possible only if both young and adult (or young, subadult and adult) age classes are ringed each year for <i>k</i> years (<i>k</i> ≥ 2).</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Animal Ecology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"British Ecological Society","publisherLocation":"Cambridge","doi":"10.2307/4622","usgsCitation":"Anderson, D., Burnham, K.P., and White, G.C., 1985, Problems in estimating age-specific survival rates from recovery data of birds ringed as young: Journal of Animal Ecology, v. 54, no. 1, p. 89-98, https://doi.org/10.2307/4622.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"89","endPage":"98","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":292507,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":292506,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4622"}],"volume":"54","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53f464cee4b073ff773a7d50","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anderson, David R.","contributorId":8413,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"David R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498682,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burnham, Kenneth P.","contributorId":95025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burnham","given":"Kenneth","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":189,"text":"Colorado Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":498684,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"White, Gary C.","contributorId":26256,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498683,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70012262,"text":"70012262 - 1985 - Geologic evidence for recurrent moderate to large earthquakes near Charleston, South Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-29T16:51:38.37726","indexId":"70012262","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-25T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geologic evidence for recurrent moderate to large earthquakes near Charleston, South Carolina","docAbstract":"Multiple generations of earthquake-induced sand blows in Quaternary sediments and soils near Charleston, South Carolina, are evidence of recurrent moderate to large earthquakes in that area. The large 1886 earthquake, the only historic earthquake known to have produced sand blows at Charleston, probably caused the youngest observed blows. Older (late Quaternary) sand blows in the Charleston area indicate at least two prehistoric earthquakes with shaking severities comparable to the 1886 event.","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.227.4685.408","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Obermeier, S.F., Gohn, G., Weems, R.E., Gelinas, R.L., and Rubin, M., 1985, Geologic evidence for recurrent moderate to large earthquakes near Charleston, South Carolina: Science, v. 227, no. 4685, p. 408-411, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.227.4685.408.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"408","endPage":"411","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222126,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"South Carolina","city":"Charleston","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -80.23766840980811,\n              33.05374758564791\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.23766840980811,\n              32.64023784340705\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.68626154183539,\n              32.64023784340705\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.68626154183539,\n              33.05374758564791\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.23766840980811,\n              33.05374758564791\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"227","issue":"4685","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a195be4b0c8380cd55970","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Obermeier, Stephen F.","contributorId":102482,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Obermeier","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363120,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gohn, Gregory 0000-0003-2000-479X ggohn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2000-479X","contributorId":219822,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gohn","given":"Gregory","email":"ggohn@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":363121,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Weems, Robert E. 0000-0002-1907-7804 rweems@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1907-7804","contributorId":2663,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weems","given":"Robert","email":"rweems@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":363122,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gelinas, R. L.","contributorId":95059,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gelinas","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363124,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Rubin, Meyer","contributorId":107283,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rubin","given":"Meyer","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363123,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70013136,"text":"70013136 - 1985 - Speciation and stasis in marine Ostracoda: Climatic modulation of evolution","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-29T16:55:43.876111","indexId":"70013136","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-04T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Speciation and stasis in marine Ostracoda: Climatic modulation of evolution","docAbstract":"<p><span>Morphologic and paleozoogeographic analysis of Cenozoic marine Ostracoda from the Atlantic, Caribbean, and Pacific indicates that climatic change modulates evolution by disrupting long-term stasis and catalyzing speciation during sustained, unidirectional climatic transitions and, conversely, by maintaining morphologic stasis during rapid, high-frequency climatic oscillations. In the middle Pliocene, 4 to 3 million years ago, at least six new species of&nbsp;</span><i>Puriana</i><span>&nbsp;suddenly appeared as the Isthmus of Panama closed, changing oceanographic circulation and global climate. Since then morphologic stasis has characterized ancestral and descendant species during many glacial-interglacial cycles. The frequency and duration of climatic events have more impact on ostracode evolution than the magnitude of climatic changes.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.227.4682.60","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Cronin, T.M., 1985, Speciation and stasis in marine Ostracoda: Climatic modulation of evolution: Science, v. 227, no. 4682, p. 60-63, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.227.4682.60.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"60","endPage":"63","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220407,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"227","issue":"4682","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b94e9e4b08c986b31acb5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cronin, Thomas M. 0000-0001-9522-3992 tcronin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9522-3992","contributorId":304640,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cronin","given":"Thomas","email":"tcronin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":365373,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70168848,"text":"70168848 - 1985 - Water resources of north-central Iowa","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-29T20:23:27.606703","indexId":"70168848","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T16:45:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5106,"text":"Iowa Geological Survey Water Atlas","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":2}},"seriesNumber":"7","title":"Water resources of north-central Iowa","docAbstract":"<p>One of man's fundamental needs is water. &nbsp;Modern man needs both a safe and dependable supply of water to maintain his present economic, industrial, and cultural level. &nbsp;In order to use this natural resource in the most efficient and beneficial manner, a basic knowledge and understanding of water sources, and of the occurrence and potential of each source, needs to be gained. &nbsp;To provide this information, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Iowa Geological Survey, has compiled this atlas. &nbsp;It describes the water resources available for development in an 11-county area in north-central Iowa. The report contains information on the quantity, quality, and use of water from all known sources of water. &nbsp;This information is presented to aid water users and developers who are searching for and evaluating sources of water for specific sites. &nbsp;It also will be an aid to water planners and managers who must develop the available water resources on a regional basis.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"State of Iowa","publisherLocation":"Iowa City, IA","collaboration":"Prepared by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the Iowa Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Buchmiller, R., Gaillot, G., and Soenksen, P.J., 1985, Water resources of north-central Iowa: Iowa Geological Survey Water Atlas 7, xi, 93 p.","productDescription":"xi, 93 p.","numberOfPages":"103","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":318601,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":493151,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70168848/IGS_Water_Atlas_Number_7.pdf","text":"Report","size":"12.4 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-92.5536,42.9059],[-92.5549,42.8172],[-92.5548,42.7299],[-92.5554,42.6409],[-92.5553,42.555],[-92.6755,42.5558],[-92.7925,42.556],[-92.9101,42.5557],[-93.0284,42.5562],[-93.1473,42.5561],[-93.2637,42.5564],[-93.3819,42.557],[-93.5002,42.557],[-93.6191,42.5565],[-93.7367,42.5568],[-93.8563,42.557],[-93.972,42.5566],[-93.9714,42.6434],[-94.0942,42.6438],[-94.2101,42.6437],[-94.3279,42.6435],[-94.4457,42.644],[-94.4456,42.7304],[-94.4456,42.8181],[-94.4456,42.9068],[-94.4449,42.9932],[-94.4448,43.0823],[-94.4441,43.1688],[-94.4434,43.2557],[-94.4428,43.3448],[-94.4421,43.4336],[-94.4412,43.5035],[-94.2487,43.504],[-94.0783,43.5043],[-93.9691,43.5044],[-93.6782,43.5047],[-93.6485,43.5045],[-93.4964,43.504],[-93.2844,43.5032],[-93.0502,43.5034],[-93.0238,43.5035],[-92.8805,43.5033],[-92.553,43.5027],[-92.554,43.4304],[-92.5545,43.343],[-92.5545,43.2561],[-92.5544,43.2129],[-92.5538,43.1688],[-92.5543,43.0828],[-92.5543,42.9928],[-92.5536,42.9059]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Butler\",\"state\":\"IA\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56dabff9e4b015c306f84d39","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Buchmiller, Robert","contributorId":82742,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buchmiller","given":"Robert","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":621984,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gaillot, Gary","contributorId":167361,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gaillot","given":"Gary","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":621985,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Soenksen, P. J.","contributorId":71575,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Soenksen","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":621986,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70114204,"text":"70114204 - 1985 - Hydrogeology, digital solute-transport simulation, and geochemistry of the Lower Cretaceous aquifer system near Baltimore, Maryland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-08T15:11:45","indexId":"70114204","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T13:01:54","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":121,"text":"Maryland Geological Survey Report of Investigations","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":2}},"seriesNumber":"43","title":"Hydrogeology, digital solute-transport simulation, and geochemistry of the Lower Cretaceous aquifer system near Baltimore, Maryland","docAbstract":"<p>This study was made to develop information on the hydrogeology and ground-water geochemistry of the Patuxent and Patapsco aquifers (Lower Cretaceous) near Baltimore, Maryland. This information is needed to evaluate the availability and chemical quality of water from these aquifers.</p><p>The Patuxent aquifer unconformably overlies Lower Paleozoic and Precambrian basement rocks and consists primarily of medium- to coarse-grained quartz sand. Discontinuous lenses of gravel and silty clay are commonly interbedded with the sand-sized material. The Patuxent aquifer in this area attains a thickness of 250 feet and transmissivities range from 2,000 to 8,000 feet squared per day. The Patuxent is the most productive source of ground water in the Baltimore area. In 1982, approximately 11 million gallons of water per day was produced from this unit. Several cones of depression, ranging from 30 to 50 feet below sea level, have developed in response to this pumping stress.</p><p>The Arundel Formation conformably overlies the Patuxent aquifer. The Arundel is composed predominantly of clay and ranges from 0 to 150 feet thick. The Arundel exhibits very low vertical hydraulic conductivities that are on the order of 10<sup>-9</sup> to 10<sup>-11</sup> feet per second. This unit acts as the upper confining bed of the Patuxent aquifer in much of the project area. The Patapsco aquifer unconformably overlies the Arundel Formation and is a medium- to fine-grained quartz sand. The Patapsco functions as a water-table aquifer in much of the project area. Although the Patapsco has been heavily pumped in the past, pumpage from that aquifer in Baltimore was negligible in 1982.</p><p>Brackish-water contamination of the Patuxent and Patapsco aquifers has been a major water-quality problem since the early 1900's. The Patuxent aquifer presently (1982) contains a circular plume of brackish-water contamination about 5 miles in diameter. This plume is centered on the Harbor district and has enlarged measurably since 1945. The Patapsco aquifer has a smaller zone of brackish-water contamination that has decreased in size since 1945. Borehole data demonstrate that the Arundel Formation has been breached by Pleistocene river channels near the Harbor district. These erosional channels provide a conduit for brackish water to intrude into the Patuxent aquifer. A two-dimensional areal solute-transport model of the Patuxent aquifer was constructed. This model was designed to estimate the future movement of the brackish-water plume based on alternative scenarios of aquifer use. Model simulations suggest that the plume will remain relatively immobile if 1982 pumping patterns continue into the foreseeable future. However, increased pumpage in the Marley Neck peninsula could draw the plume to the southeast and increase contamination of the Fairfield area.</p><p>The water quality of the Patuxent aquifer is extremely variable. Because of this variability, it is useful to divide the aquifer into three water-quality zones: Zone 1 -- This zone corresponds to the plume of brackish-water contamination. Zone 2 -- This zone exhibits evidence of urbanization-related contamination such as measurable concentrations of organic chemicals and elevated concentrations of trace elements and total organic carbon. Zone 3 -- Water composition in this zone is controlled exclusively by naturally occurring chemical processes. These processes are dominated by reactions involving dissolved iron. Near the outcrop area, oxidation of pyrite and lignite consumes dissolved oxygen and produces ledges of iron hydroxide-cemented sandstones and conglomerates. The predominant dissolved iron species in oxic water is Fe(OH)<sub>2</sub><sup>+</sup>. Downgradient, the water becomes anoxic and sulfate reduction becomes an important process. The predominant dissolved iron species in anoxic water is Fe<sup>2+</sup>.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Maryland Geological Survey","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the United States Department of the Interior Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Chapelle, F.H., 1985, Hydrogeology, digital solute-transport simulation, and geochemistry of the Lower Cretaceous aquifer system near Baltimore, Maryland: Maryland Geological Survey Report of Investigations 43, Report: vi, 120 p.; 2 Plates: 12.35 x 15.77 inches and 13.82 x 9.30 inches.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 120 p.; 2 Plates: 12.35 x 15.77 inches and 13.82 x 9.30 inches","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":290145,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":290144,"rank":4,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70114204/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"60.51 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":290142,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70114204/plate-1.pdf","text":"Plate 1","size":"699.75 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Plate 1"},{"id":290143,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70114204/plate-2.pdf","text":"Plate 2","size":"369.62 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Plate 2"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maryland","city":"Baltimore","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -76.798553,39.025052 ], [ -76.798553,39.45104 ], [ -76.315842,39.45104 ], [ -76.315842,39.025052 ], [ -76.798553,39.025052 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53aa9df3e4b065055fab166b","contributors":{"compilers":[{"text":"with a section compiled by Kean, Tracey M.","contributorId":16756,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"with a section compiled by Kean","given":"Tracey","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":681410,"contributorType":{"id":3,"text":"Compilers"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Chapelle, Francis H. chapelle@usgs.gov","contributorId":1350,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapelle","given":"Francis","email":"chapelle@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":559,"text":"South Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":495266,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70247994,"text":"70247994 - 1985 - Analysis of gravity data in volcanic terrain and gravity anomalies and subvolcanic intrusions in the Cascade Range, U.S.A., and at other selected volcanoes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-08-30T17:49:46.327196","indexId":"70247994","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T12:35:19","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"28","title":"Analysis of gravity data in volcanic terrain and gravity anomalies and subvolcanic intrusions in the Cascade Range, U.S.A., and at other selected volcanoes","docAbstract":"<p>Gravity data were investigated to reveal the presence of subvolcanic intrusions. With few exceptions, these intrusions produce a detectable gravity anomaly. In the past, these gravity anomalies have often been overlooked or misinterpreted because the data reduction procedure was inadequate. A pragmatic method for reducing and interpreting reconnaissance gravity data from volcanoes as well as gravity models of a variety of volcanoes is developed.</p><p>Large calderas (diameters greater than 15 km) have relatively low-density intrusions beneath them. All other large volcanic systems that would include small calderas (diameters less than 15 km) have relatively high-density intrusions beneath them. The density contrasts that produce the observed anomalies occur between the intrusion, whose density is usually greater than 2.6 g/cm<sup>3</sup>, and the country rock. Commonly, the shallow country rock is an older volcanic layer with a density less than 2.5 g/cm<sup>3</sup>. The result of the contrast is a positive anomaly over the intrusion. For larger calderas, the surrounding volcanic layer is usually thin and overlies dense metamorphic and plutonic country rocks. In this case, we find the intrusion commonly less dense than country rock. The result is a negative anomaly.</p><p>In modeling volcanoes of the Cascade Range, gravity data and geologic considerations required a bottom on the intrusion. This may be an actual bottom or the depth at which the density contrast between the intrusion and the country rock disappears. The tops of the intrusions are usually shallow and are significantly wider than overlying craters or calderas. Calderas are associated with wider intrusions. Some intrusions are single cooling units, but more commonly they are an accumulation of the unerupted portions of individual magmatic injections. These injections could occur periodically throughout the life of the volcano, and would generally be accompanied by eruption. Comparing the volume of the intrusion and the volume of the volcanic edifice indicates that only a small part of a magma injection erupts, although some of the apparent intrusive material may be reworked older volcanics. Exceptions to the general discussion presented tend to be related to the nature of the country rock.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"The utility of regional gravity and magnetic anomaly maps","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Society of Exploration Geophysicists","doi":"10.1190/1.0931830346.ch28","usgsCitation":"Williams, D.L., and Finn, C.A., 1985, Analysis of gravity data in volcanic terrain and gravity anomalies and subvolcanic intrusions in the Cascade Range, U.S.A., and at other selected volcanoes, chap. 28 <i>of</i> The utility of regional gravity and magnetic anomaly maps, p. 361-374, https://doi.org/10.1190/1.0931830346.ch28.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"361","endPage":"374","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":420309,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Oregon, 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L.","contributorId":10028,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":881452,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Finn, Carol A. 0000-0002-6178-0405 cfinn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6178-0405","contributorId":1326,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finn","given":"Carol","email":"cfinn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":881453,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70012920,"text":"70012920 - 1985 - Degradation of carbohydrates and lignins in buried woods","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-19T16:50:06.752297","indexId":"70012920","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Degradation of carbohydrates and lignins in buried woods","docAbstract":"<p><span>Spruce, alder, and oak woods deposited in coastal sediments were characterized&nbsp;</span><i>versus</i><span>&nbsp;their modern counterparts by quantification of individual neutral sugars and lignin-derived phenols as well as by scanning electron microscopy,&nbsp;</span><sup>13</sup><span>C NMR, and elemental analysis. The buried spruce wood from a 2500 yr old deposit was unaltered whereas an alder wood from the same horizon and an oak wood from an open ocean sediment were profoundly degraded. Individual sugar and lignin phenol analyses indicate that at least 90 and 98 wt% of the initial total polysaccharides in the buried alder and oak woods, respectively, have been degraded along with 15–25 wt% of the lignin. At least 75% of the degraded biopolymer has been physically lost from these samples. This evidence is supported by the SEM,&nbsp;</span><sup>13</sup><span>C NMR and elemental analyses, all of which indicate selective loss of the carbohydrate moiety. The following order of stability was observed for the major biochemical constituents of both buried hardwoods: vanillyl and&nbsp;</span><span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-1-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><mtext>p-</mtext><mtext>hydroxyl</mtext></math>\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\">p-hydroxyl</span></span></span><span>&nbsp;lignin structural units &gt; syringyl and lignin structural units &gt; pectin &gt; α-cellulose &gt; hemicellulose. This sequence can be explained by selective preservation of the compound middle lamella regions of the wood cell walls. The magnitude and selectivity of the indicated diagenetic reactions are sufficient to cause major changes in the chemical compositions of wood-rich sedimentary organic mixtures and to provide a potentially large&nbsp;</span><i>in situ</i><span>&nbsp;nutrient source.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(85)90165-6","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Hedges, J.I., Cowie, G., Ertel, J., James, B.R., and Hatcher, P.G., 1985, Degradation of carbohydrates and lignins in buried woods: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 49, no. 3, p. 701-711, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(85)90165-6.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"701","endPage":"711","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222386,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"49","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fe55e4b0c8380cd4ec9d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hedges, J. I.","contributorId":30757,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hedges","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364838,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cowie, G.L.","contributorId":96009,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cowie","given":"G.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364841,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ertel, J.R.","contributorId":84081,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ertel","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364839,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"James, Barbour R.","contributorId":17372,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"James","given":"Barbour","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364837,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hatcher, Patrick G.","contributorId":93625,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hatcher","given":"Patrick","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364840,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70012984,"text":"70012984 - 1985 - Interpretation with a Donnan-based concept of the influence of simple salt concentration on the apparent binding of divalent ions to the polyelectrolytes polystyrenesulfonate and dextran sulfate","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-18T08:11:02","indexId":"70012984","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2423,"text":"Journal of Physical Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Interpretation with a Donnan-based concept of the influence of simple salt concentration on the apparent binding of divalent ions to the polyelectrolytes polystyrenesulfonate and dextran sulfate","docAbstract":"It has been shown that the apparent enhancement of divalent metal ion binding to polyions such as polystyrenesulfonate (PSS) and dextran sulfate (DS) by decreasing the ionic strength of these mixed counterion systems (M2+, M+, X-, polyion) can be anticipated with the Donnan-based model developed by one of us (J.A.M.). Ion-exchange distribution methods have been employed to measure the removal by the polyion of trace divalent metal ion from simple salt (NaClO4)-polyion (NaPSS) mixtures. These data and polyion interaction data published earlier by Mattai and Kwak for the mixed counterion systems MgCl2-LiCl-DS and MgCl2-CsCl-DS have been shown to be amenable to rather precise analysis by this model. ?? 1985 American Chemical Society.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Physical Chemistry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1021/j100270a036","issn":"00223654","usgsCitation":"Marinsky, J., Baldwin, R.F., and Reddy, M., 1985, Interpretation with a Donnan-based concept of the influence of simple salt concentration on the apparent binding of divalent ions to the polyelectrolytes polystyrenesulfonate and dextran sulfate: Journal of Physical Chemistry, v. 89, no. 24, p. 5303-5307, https://doi.org/10.1021/j100270a036.","startPage":"5303","endPage":"5307","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220282,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":269600,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/j100270a036"}],"volume":"89","issue":"24","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3d89e4b0c8380cd63632","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Marinsky, J.A.","contributorId":42706,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marinsky","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365005,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Baldwin, Robert F.","contributorId":96415,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baldwin","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365006,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Reddy, M.M.","contributorId":24363,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reddy","given":"M.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365004,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70013004,"text":"70013004 - 1985 - Regional magnetotelluric surveys in hydrocarbon exploration, Parana Basin, Brazil","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-12T16:59:13.680402","indexId":"70013004","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":701,"text":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Regional magnetotelluric surveys in hydrocarbon exploration, Parana Basin, Brazil","docAbstract":"<p>The magnetotelluric geophysical method has been used effectively as a hydrocarbon exploration tool in the intracratonic Parana basin of South America. The Parana basin has an area of about 1,200,000 km<sup>2</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>(463,000 mi<sup>2</sup>), extending over portions of Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, Argentina, and Bolivia. The Paleozoic marine sedimentary rocks in the Parana basin are covered by the world's most extensive flood basalt complex, making geophysical exploration extremely difficult, although modern seismic techniques recently applied are achieving good results in some areas. The 1-2 km (3,300-6,600 ft) thick surface basalts and buried diabase sills pose no problem for the magnetotelluric method because the natural electromagnetic fields used as the energy source pass easily through the basalt. Data for the regional study were taken on six profiles with soundings spaced 8 to 15 km (5 to 9 mi) apart. The magnetotelluric sounding data outline a linear uplift known as the Ponta Grossa arch. This major structural feature cuts across the northeast-trending intracratonic basin almost perpendicularly, and is injected with numerous diabase dikes. Although its character is reasonably well known in the shallow, eastern parts of the basin, it is poorly delineated in the deeper parts of the basin where promising natural gas zones have been tested in several wells.</p><p>In the survey area, MT interpretations show that basalts have aggregate thickness of as much as 2 km (6,600 ft), and basement may be as much as 6 km (20,000 ft) below the surface. Over most of the basin, the basalts are covered by Upper Cretaceous to Holocene continental sediments of a few hundred meters thickness and are underlain by 2 to 4 km (6,600 to 13,100 ft) thick Paleozoic sediments with possible hydrocarbon potential. The Ponta Grossa arch is interpreted to be the failed arm of a triple rift system that formed during the separation of the African and South American continents. Shales of the Devonian Ponta Grossa Formation are important Parana basin source rocks for hydrocarbons, as are several Permian units. Significant electrical contrasts occur between the Permian sediments and older units, so that magnetotelluric measurements can give an indication of the regional thickness of the Permian and younger sediments to aid in interpreting hydrocarbon migration patterns and possible trap areas.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists","doi":"10.1306/AD4624E8-16F7-11D7-8645000102C1865D","usgsCitation":"Stanley, W., Saad, A.R., and Ohofugi, W., 1985, Regional magnetotelluric surveys in hydrocarbon exploration, Parana Basin, Brazil: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 69, no. 3, p. 346-360, https://doi.org/10.1306/AD4624E8-16F7-11D7-8645000102C1865D.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"346","endPage":"360","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220507,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Brazil","otherGeospatial":"Parana Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -54.160784424395956,\n              -24.04001271402015\n            ],\n            [\n              -53.56775141880476,\n              -26.510310575826978\n            ],\n            [\n              -54.018942546070036,\n              -27.535650918603928\n            ],\n            [\n              -55.61490177660099,\n              -28.15328458952623\n            ],\n            [\n              -57.026198012680666,\n              -29.85285453824617\n            ],\n            [\n              -56.16009379363277,\n              -30.63592533134573\n            ],\n            [\n              -54.20017294070783,\n              -31.705551346072788\n            ],\n            [\n              -52.512803653932394,\n              -31.05901390285873\n            ],\n            [\n              -51.368602067567736,\n              -29.84047960357273\n            ],\n            [\n              -50.174227290258926,\n              -27.66083523147509\n            ],\n            [\n              -49.1575844849707,\n              -24.511980415836106\n            ],\n            [\n              -49.9729245515324,\n              -22.911714837871344\n            ],\n            [\n              -52.791187805255475,\n              -22.61789226143965\n            ],\n            [\n              -53.77378385386086,\n              -23.19162413103946\n            ],\n            [\n              -54.160784424395956,\n              -24.04001271402015\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"69","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a933ee4b0c8380cd80cd3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stanley, William D.","contributorId":23274,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stanley","given":"William D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365048,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Saad, Antonio Roberto Roberto","contributorId":98466,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saad","given":"Antonio","suffix":"Roberto","email":"","middleInitial":"Roberto","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365050,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ohofugi, Walter","contributorId":23685,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ohofugi","given":"Walter","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365049,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70012689,"text":"70012689 - 1985 - Determination of elastic wave velocity and relative hypocenter locations using refracted waves. I. Methodology","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-29T15:46:39.969615","indexId":"70012689","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Determination of elastic wave velocity and relative hypocenter locations using refracted waves. I. Methodology","docAbstract":"<p>An arrival time difference method utilizing refracted arrivals from earthquakes in a homogeneous, layered earth model has been developed for the simultaneous determination of near-source (in situ) velocity and relative locations of earthquakes. The method is particularly applicable when analyzing data from arrays in which most of the recording stations are far (i.e., several focal depths) from a group of events. This iterative scheme locates earthquakes relative to a master event and performs an inversion for in situ velocity using a generalized inverseleast squares estimation procedure. Direct arrivals, when available, may be included to stabilize the inversion and increase the accuracy of the event locations. We tested this scheme on artificial data contaminated by random and systematic arrival time errors, gaps in azimuthal coverage, and inaccuracies in the assumed velocity model. As usual, depth is the least well-resolved hypocenter coordinate, but this scheme yielded accurate locations of most events while converging to the correct velocity model.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/BSSA0750020415","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Shedlock, K.M., and Roecker, S.W., 1985, Determination of elastic wave velocity and relative hypocenter locations using refracted waves. I. Methodology: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 75, no. 2, p. 415-426, https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0750020415.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"415","endPage":"426","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222549,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"75","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1985-04-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fd42e4b0c8380cd4e714","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shedlock, Kaye M.","contributorId":61788,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shedlock","given":"Kaye","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364230,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Roecker, Steven W.","contributorId":34266,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roecker","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364229,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70013006,"text":"70013006 - 1985 - Correlations among hydrocarbon microseepage, soil chemistry, and uptake of micronutrients by plants, Bell Creek oil field, Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-18T23:57:41.309704","indexId":"70013006","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2302,"text":"Journal of Geochemical Exploration","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Correlations among hydrocarbon microseepage, soil chemistry, and uptake of micronutrients by plants, Bell Creek oil field, Montana","docAbstract":"<div id=\"preview-section-abstract\"><div id=\"abstracts\" class=\"Abstracts u-font-serif text-s\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-id4\" class=\"abstract author\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-sec-id5\"><p>Chelate-extractable iron and manganese concentrations in soils over and around the Bell Creek oil field suggest that compared to low average background values, there are moderate amounts of these elements directly over the production area and higher concentrations distributed in an aureole pattern around the periphery of the field. Adsorbed and organically bound iron and manganese appear to be readily taken up by plants resulting in anomalously high levels of these elements in leaves and needles over the oil field and suggesting correlation with corresponding low concentrations in soils. Iron and manganese appear to have bypassed the soil formation process where, under normal oxidizing conditions, they would have ultimately precipitated as insoluble oxides and hydroxides.</p></div></div></div></div><div id=\"preview-section-introduction\"><br></div><div id=\"preview-section-snippets\"><br></div><div id=\"preview-section-references\"><br></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0375-6742(85)90023-8","issn":"03756742","usgsCitation":"Roeming, S., and Donovan, T., 1985, Correlations among hydrocarbon microseepage, soil chemistry, and uptake of micronutrients by plants, Bell Creek oil field, Montana: Journal of Geochemical Exploration, v. 23, no. 2, p. 139-162, https://doi.org/10.1016/0375-6742(85)90023-8.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"139","endPage":"162","numberOfPages":"24","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220509,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fc4ce4b0c8380cd4e1fb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Roeming, S.S.","contributorId":94692,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roeming","given":"S.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365054,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Donovan, T.J.","contributorId":43762,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Donovan","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365053,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70012962,"text":"70012962 - 1985 - Errors and parameter estimation in precipitation-runoff modeling: 1. Theory","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-19T10:38:12","indexId":"70012962","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Errors and parameter estimation in precipitation-runoff modeling: 1. Theory","docAbstract":"<p><span>Errors in complex conceptual precipitation-runoff models may be analyzed by placing them into a statistical framework. This amounts to treating the errors as random variables and defining the probabilistic structure of the errors. By using such a framework, a large array of techniques, many of which have been presented in the statistical literature, becomes available to the modeler for quantifying and analyzing the various sources of error. A number of these techniques are reviewed in this paper, with special attention to the peculiarities of hydrologic models. Known methodologies for parameter estimation (calibration) are particularly applicable for obtaining physically meaningful estimates and for explaining how bias in runoff prediction caused by model error and input error may contribute to bias in parameter estimation.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR021i008p01195","usgsCitation":"Troutman, B.M., 1985, Errors and parameter estimation in precipitation-runoff modeling: 1. Theory: Water Resources Research, v. 21, no. 8, p. 1195-1213, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR021i008p01195.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"1195","endPage":"1213","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":222047,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"21","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-01-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0a49e4b0c8380cd522b2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Troutman, Brent M.","contributorId":195329,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Troutman","given":"Brent","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364945,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70012900,"text":"70012900 - 1985 - Three-dimensional trend mapping from wire-line logs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:01","indexId":"70012900","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2554,"text":"Journal of the International Association for Mathematical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Three-dimensional trend mapping from wire-line logs","docAbstract":"Mapping of lithofacies and porosities of stratigraphic units is complicated because these properties vary in three dimensions. The method of moments was proposed by Krumbein and Libby (1957) as a technique to aid in resolving this problem. Moments are easily computed from wireline logs and are simple statistics which summarize vertical variation in a log trace. Combinations of moment maps have proved useful in understanding vertical and lateral changes in lithology of sedimentary rock units. Although moments have meaning both as statistical descriptors and as mechanical properties, they also define polynomial curves which approximate lithologic changes as a function of depth. These polynomials can be fitted by least-squares methods, partitioning major trends in rock properties from finescale fluctuations. Analysis of variance yields the degree of fit of any polynomial and measures the proportion of vertical variability expressed by any moment or combination of moments. In addition, polynomial curves can be differentiated to determine depths at which pronounced expressions of facies occur and to determine the locations of boundaries between major lithologic subdivisions. Moments can be estimated at any location in an area by interpolating from log moments at control wells. A matrix algebra operation then converts moment estimates to coefficients of a polynomial function which describes a continuous curve of lithologic variation with depth. If this procedure is applied to a grid of geographic locations, the result is a model of variability in three dimensions. Resolution of the model is determined largely by number of moments used in its generation. The method is illustrated with an analysis of lithofacies in the Simpson Group of south-central Kansas; the three-dimensional model is shown as cross sections and slice maps. In this study, the gamma-ray log is used as a measure of shaliness of the unit. However, the method is general and can be applied, for example, to suites of neutron, density, or sonic logs to produce three-dimensional models of porosity in reservoir rocks. ?? 1985 Plenum Publishing Corporation.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of the International Association for Mathematical Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Kluwer Academic Publishers-Plenum Publishers","doi":"10.1007/BF01032935","issn":"00205958","usgsCitation":"Doveton, J., and Ke-an, Z., 1985, Three-dimensional trend mapping from wire-line logs: Journal of the International Association for Mathematical Geology, v. 17, no. 4, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01032935.","startPage":"485","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205202,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01032935"},{"id":222107,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb34be4b08c986b325cd6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Doveton, J.H.","contributorId":30237,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doveton","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364785,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ke-an, Z.","contributorId":35466,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ke-an","given":"Z.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364786,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70012676,"text":"70012676 - 1985 - Origin and evolution of the alkalic ultramafic rocks in the Coyote Peak diatreme, Humboldt County, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-19T16:55:41.540911","indexId":"70012676","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Origin and evolution of the alkalic ultramafic rocks in the Coyote Peak diatreme, Humboldt County, California","docAbstract":"<div id=\"preview-section-abstract\"><div id=\"abstracts\" class=\"Abstracts u-font-serif text-s\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-id4\" class=\"abstract author\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-sec-id5\"><p>Instrumental-neutron-activation analyses are reported for two uncontaminated rocks, a phlogopite-rich clot, and two contaminated rocks from the Coyote Peak diatreme, northwestern California. These data, combined with Nd, Sr, and Pb isotopic evidence, have been modeled to a multi-stage evolution for the uncontaminated rocks. Fertile mantle material (refractory elements 2.5× chondritic abundances;<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Rb</i>/<i>Sr</i><span>&nbsp;</span>= 0.029 by weight) was depleted about 900 m.y. ago by congruent melting and removal of ~4% basaltic liquid; this depleted residue provided the source rock from which the Coyote Peak magma was ultimately derived. About 66 m.y. ago, the depleted mantle residue was incongruently melted in the presence of H<sub>2</sub>O and CO<sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>at a total pressure &gt; 26 kb to yield ~0.5% of a Si-poor, Ca-rich melt. This melt then metasomatized depleted garnet-free harzburgite in the upper mantle at about 26 kb to produce a rock similar to phlogopite-bearing wehrlite. About 29 m.y. ago, this rock was subjected to an increase in pressure to &gt;26 kb and incongruently melted to give ~0.5% of a second-stage melt resembling olivine melilitite in composition. Enroute to the surface, about 28% olivine and 2% titanomagnetite were lost from the highly fluid melt.</p><p>Coarse-grained phlogopite-rich clots in the uncontaminated rocks apparently crystallized from a latestage liquid derived from the uncontaminated melt. Contaminated rocks appear to be the result of partial assimilation of, and dilution by, ~14% Franciscan graywacke country rock.</p><p>The diatreme was emplaced near a converging plate margin where young hot oceanic mantle and crust of the Juan de Fuca plate was probably subducting obliquely beneath a thin lip of the North American plate. The unusual chemistry of the rocks may be the result of this complex tectonic setting which could also have included local strike-slip and extensional environments within the two plates pierced by the diatreme.</p></div></div></div></div><div id=\"preview-section-introduction\"><br></div><div id=\"preview-section-snippets\"><br></div><div id=\"preview-section-references\"><br></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(85)90169-3","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Morgan, J.W., Czamanske, G., and Gregory, W., 1985, Origin and evolution of the alkalic ultramafic rocks in the Coyote Peak diatreme, Humboldt County, California: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 49, no. 3, p. 749-759, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(85)90169-3.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"749","endPage":"759","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222369,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"49","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a70b3e4b0c8380cd761aa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morgan, J. W.","contributorId":92384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morgan","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364203,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Czamanske, G.K.","contributorId":26300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Czamanske","given":"G.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364201,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gregory, Wandless A.","contributorId":29132,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gregory","given":"Wandless A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364202,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70013022,"text":"70013022 - 1985 - Isotopic studies of the late Archean plutonic rocks of the Wind River Range, Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-28T21:49:47.633743","indexId":"70013022","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Isotopic studies of the late Archean plutonic rocks of the Wind River Range, Wyoming","docAbstract":"<div id=\"15238765\" class=\"article-section-wrapper js-article-section js-content-section  \" data-section-parent-id=\"0\"><p>Isotopic studies of the Rb-Sr and U-Th-Pb systems in whole-rock samples and the U-Pb systematics for zircons document the existence of two late Arehean intrusive events in the Wind River Range. All of the systems examined indicate an age of ∼2,630 ± 20 m.y. for the Louis Lake batholith. Apparent ages for the Bears Ears pluton range from 2,504 ± 40 m.y. to 2,575 ± 50 m.y. The scatter in apparent ages for the Bears Ears pluton does not appear to be primarily the result of disturbance by postintrusive events, but it may be explained by an isotopically inhomogenous magma at the time of intrusion.</p><p>Data for a few samples indicate that the Wind River Range was affected locally by a postmagmatic hydrothermal event that was approximately Tertiary in age. This event lowered δ<sup>18</sup>O values and disturbed parent-daughter relationships in most of the isotopic systems investigated, but it was recent enough that there is no demonstrable effect in the Pb-Pb system.</p><p>The Bears Ears pluton has some chemical and petrologic features that are similar to those reported for the granites in the Granite Mountains to the east. These granites are spatially associated with low-temperature uranium deposits of Tertiary age and have been shown to have lost large amounts of uranium during the early to middle Tertiary. U-Pb systematics indicate, however, that the low to moderate uranium contents and highly variable Th/U values noted for the Bears Ears pluton are best interpreted as being primary features. If uranium was lost after magma generation, the loss most likely occurred at the time of intrusion. Such a loss could account for uraniferous Precambrian pegmatites southwest of the main part of the Range.</p><p>The two intrusive units apparently were derived from different protoliths that were formed during early to middle Archean. Initial isotopic ratios and petrochemistry for the Louis Lake batholith are consistent with an early Archean trondhjemitic to tonalitic source. The protolith for the Bears Ears pluton must have been more evolved and somewhat younger. Inconsistencies as to the degree of evolution of this protolith, as inferred from isotopic and trace-element data, suggest that the protolith may have been subjected to high-grade meta-morphism that caused loss of Rb and U prior to generation of the magma.</p></div><p><br data-mce-bogus=\"1\"></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1985)96<850:ISOTLA>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Stuckless, J., Hedge, C., Worl, R.G., Simmons, K.R., Nkomo, I.T., and Wenner, D.B., 1985, Isotopic studies of the late Archean plutonic rocks of the Wind River Range, Wyoming: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 96, no. 7, p. 850-860, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1985)96<850:ISOTLA>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"850","endPage":"860","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219830,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -110.21025773572825,\n              41.72430535174155\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.26592179822839,\n              41.72430535174155\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.26592179822839,\n              44.32593257175952\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.21025773572825,\n              44.32593257175952\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.21025773572825,\n              41.72430535174155\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"96","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3fbce4b0c8380cd6478c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stuckless, J. S.","contributorId":6060,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stuckless","given":"J. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365097,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hedge, C. E.","contributorId":73611,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hedge","given":"C. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365102,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Worl, R. G.","contributorId":13984,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Worl","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365098,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Simmons, K. R.","contributorId":68771,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simmons","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365101,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Nkomo, Ignatius T.","contributorId":61044,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nkomo","given":"Ignatius","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365100,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Wenner, D. B.","contributorId":42224,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wenner","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365099,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70012904,"text":"70012904 - 1985 - Geometric accuracy of Landsat-4 and Landsat-5 Thematic Mapper images.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:10","indexId":"70012904","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3052,"text":"Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geometric accuracy of Landsat-4 and Landsat-5 Thematic Mapper images.","docAbstract":"The geometric accuracy of the Landsat Thematic Mappers was assessed by a linear least-square comparison of the positions of conspicuous ground features in digital images with their geographic locations as determined from 1:24 000-scale maps. For a Landsat-5 image, the single-dimension standard deviations of the standard digital product, and of this image with additional linear corrections, are 11.2 and 10.3 m, respectively (0.4 pixel). An F-test showed that skew and affine distortion corrections are not significant. At this level of accuracy, the granularity of the digital image and the probable inaccuracy of the 1:24 000 maps began to affect the precision of the comparison. The tested image, even with a moderate accuracy loss in the digital-to-graphic conversion, meets National Horizontal Map Accuracy standards for scales of 1:100 000 and smaller. Two Landsat-4 images, obtained with the Multispectral Scanner on and off, and processed by an interim software system, contain significant skew and affine distortions. -Authors","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Borgeson, W., Batson, R.M., and Kieffer, H.H., 1985, Geometric accuracy of Landsat-4 and Landsat-5 Thematic Mapper images.: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, v. 51, no. 12, p. 1893-1898.","startPage":"1893","endPage":"1898","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222172,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"51","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2766e4b0c8380cd59856","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Borgeson, W.T.","contributorId":47519,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Borgeson","given":"W.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364798,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Batson, R. M.","contributorId":76714,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Batson","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364799,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kieffer, H. H.","contributorId":40725,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kieffer","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364797,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70012977,"text":"70012977 - 1985 - A general earthquake-observation system (GEOS)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-26T16:56:59.96196","indexId":"70012977","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A general earthquake-observation system (GEOS)","docAbstract":"Microprocessor technology has permitted the development of a General Earthquake-Observation System (GEOS) useful for most seismic applications. Central-processing-unit control via robust software of system functions that are isolated on hardware modules permits field adaptability of the system to a wide variety of active and passive seismic experiments and straightforward modification for incorporation of improvements in technology. Various laboratory tests and numerous deployments of a set of the systems in the field have confirmed design goals, including: wide linear dynamic range (16 bit/96 dB); broad bandwidth (36 hr to 600 Hz; greater than 36 hr available); selectable sensor-type (accelerometer, seismometer, dilatometer); selectable channels (1 to 6); selectable record mode (continuous, preset, trigger); large data capacity (1. 4 to 60 Mbytes); selectable time standard (WWVB, master, manual); automatic self-calibration; simple field operation; full capability to adapt system in the field to a wide variety of experiments; low power; portability; and modest costs. System design goals for a microcomputer-controlled system with modular software and hardware components as implemented on the GEOS are presented. The systems have been deployed for 15 experiments, including: studies of near-source strong motion; high-frequency microearthquakes; crustal structure; down-hole wave propagation; teleseismicity; and earth-tidal strains.","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/BSSA0750061783","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Borcherdt, R., Fletcher, J.B., Jensen, E., Maxwell, G., VanSchaack, J., Warrick, R., Cranswick, E., Johnston, M., and McClearn, R., 1985, A general earthquake-observation system (GEOS): Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 75, no. 6, p. 1783-1825, https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0750061783.","productDescription":"43 p.","startPage":"1783","endPage":"1825","costCenters":[{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":220169,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":404449,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/ssa/bssa/article/75/6/1783/118804/A-general-earthquake-observation-system-GEOS"}],"volume":"75","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1448e4b0c8380cd5499d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Borcherdt, R. D. 0000-0002-8668-0849","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8668-0849","contributorId":32165,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Borcherdt","given":"R. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364984,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fletcher, Joe B.","contributorId":8850,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fletcher","given":"Joe","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364981,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jensen, E.G.","contributorId":19962,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jensen","given":"E.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364983,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Maxwell, G.L.","contributorId":88376,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maxwell","given":"G.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364988,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"VanSchaack, J.R.","contributorId":49515,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"VanSchaack","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364986,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Warrick, R.E.","contributorId":43774,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warrick","given":"R.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364985,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Cranswick, E.","contributorId":85948,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cranswick","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364987,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Johnston, M.J.S. 0000-0003-4326-8368","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4326-8368","contributorId":104889,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnston","given":"M.J.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364989,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"McClearn, R.","contributorId":13374,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McClearn","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364982,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}}
,{"id":70012846,"text":"70012846 - 1985 - Determining relative error bounds for the CVBEM","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-17T15:54:49.970082","indexId":"70012846","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1514,"text":"Engineering Analysis","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Determining relative error bounds for the CVBEM","docAbstract":"<p><span>The Complex Variable Boundary Element Methods provides a measure of relative error which can be utilized to subsequently reduce the error or provide information for further modeling analysis. By maximizing the relative error norm on each boundary element, a bound on the total relative error for each boundary element can be evaluated. This bound can be utilized to test CVBEM convergence, to analyze the effects of additional boundary nodal points in reducing the modeling error, and to evaluate the sensitivity of resulting modeling error within a boundary element from the error produced in another boundary element as a function of geometric distance.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0264-682X(85)90057-7","usgsCitation":"Hromadka, T., 1985, Determining relative error bounds for the CVBEM: Engineering Analysis, v. 2, no. 2, p. 75-80, https://doi.org/10.1016/0264-682X(85)90057-7.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"75","endPage":"80","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222228,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fff3e4b0c8380cd4f4c5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hromadka, T. V. II","contributorId":76464,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hromadka","given":"T. V.","suffix":"II","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364660,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70013001,"text":"70013001 - 1985 - The plumbotectonics of the West Shasta mining district, eastern Klamath Mountains, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-08T23:19:13.416275","indexId":"70013001","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The plumbotectonics of the West Shasta mining district, eastern Klamath Mountains, California","docAbstract":"<p><span>The tectonic setting comprising the West Shasta mining district has often been compared with that of primitive island arcs. Concentrations of uranium, thorium, and lead and lead isotope compositions were determined for Devonian ores and rocks of the West Shasta district, eastern Klamath Mountains, California, to help evaluate the tectonic classification. The lead isotope pattern is found to be complex. From comparison of the data with those on younger ores and rocks in the region and with those isotopic patterns found in modern tectonic terranes, however, a number of conclusions are possible. A lead isotope point for the Devonian oceanic mantle is now well established from this study on the West Shasta district. This isotopic composition is in agreement with that suggested by Slawson in 1983--i.e., from a sample of massive sulfide ore from the Golinsky deposit--with a&nbsp;</span><sup>206</sup><span>&nbsp;Pb/&nbsp;</span><sup>204</sup><span>&nbsp;Pb of 17.830, a&nbsp;</span><sup>207</sup><span>&nbsp;Pb/&nbsp;</span><sup>204</sup><span>&nbsp;Pb of 15.450, and a&nbsp;</span><sup>208</sup><span>&nbsp;Pb/&nbsp;</span><sup>204</sup><span>&nbsp;Pb of 37.313. If the Devonian mantle is analogous to the modern mantle, the determined value is probably at the more radiogenic end of the Devonian oceanic mantle array.Some samples of volcanic rocks and ores that have elevated values of&nbsp;</span><sup>207</sup><span>&nbsp;Pb/&nbsp;</span><sup>204</sup><span>&nbsp;Pb and&nbsp;</span><sup>208</sup><span>&nbsp;Pb/&nbsp;</span><sup>204</sup><span>&nbsp;Pb indicate that subducted pelagic sediments or interaction of the magmas with other sediments downsection have been involved to varying degrees in the generation of magmas. The high ratios were not attained by addition of lead to the volcanic rocks or ores during subsequent magmatic events, such as intrusion of the Permian Pit River stock to the east or of the Cretaceous Shasta Bally batholith that crops out to the south and west and may underlie part of the district. Some values of&nbsp;</span><sup>207</sup><span>&nbsp;Pb/&nbsp;</span><sup>204</sup><span>&nbsp;Pb are sufficiently high as to suggest that West Shasta may have developed nearer a continent than was previously supposed. Lead isotope data for Quaternary volcanic rocks are somewhat more radiogenic than for Cretaceous ores and plutonic rocks. Permo-Triassic ores are again a bit less radiogenic. The isotopic differences between the Permo-Triassic and Quaternary data could be accounted for by a value for&nbsp;</span><sup>238</sup><span>&nbsp;U/&nbsp;</span><sup>204</sup><span>&nbsp;Pb of 10.42 in common source material. Using this value of&nbsp;</span><sup>238</sup><span>&nbsp;U/&nbsp;</span><sup>204</sup><span>&nbsp;Pb to calculate even further back to 400 m.y., the resulting ratios are found to fall very close to the \"best value\" for the lead isotope mixing line between the Devonian mantle and pelagic sediments. We interpret this intersection to be the \"mean value\" for the assimilated Devonian sediment lead--18.250 for&nbsp;</span><sup>206</sup><span>&nbsp;Pb/&nbsp;</span><sup>204</sup><span>&nbsp;Pb and 15.582 for&nbsp;</span><sup>207</sup><span>&nbsp;Pb/&nbsp;</span><sup>204</sup><span>&nbsp;Pb. As deduced for the lead isotope composition for the Devonian mantle at this location, the pelagic sediment, lead isotope composition also is toward the more radiogenic end of the values expected for pelagic sediments in the Devonian. Lack of sediments in the observed volcanic section of the West Shasta district suggests a submerged volcanic-arc setting (as interpreted by others for the Troodos and Samail ophiolites) rather than an island-arc situation (such as the Green Tuff area of Japan) or an incipient spreading ridge setting (that might have grown to be a subaerial Iceland). The elevated values of&nbsp;</span><sup>207</sup><span>&nbsp;Pb/&nbsp;</span><sup>204</sup><span>&nbsp;Pb for some samples suggest a submerged volcanic are whereas the exceedingly low values of thorium--which is not easily mobilized during alteration events--for both basaltic andesites and plagiorhyolites is suggestive of depleted source material such as is found for most oceanic spreading centers. Elevated values of&nbsp;</span><sup>207</sup><span>&nbsp;Pb/&nbsp;</span><sup>204</sup><span>&nbsp;Pb are exceedingly rare in midocean ridge basalts and low contents of thorium are known in island arcs, so a submerged volcanic arc is the preferred interpretation. Some similarity exists between the&nbsp;</span><sup>206</sup><span>&nbsp;Pb/&nbsp;</span><sup>204</sup><span>&nbsp;Pb values of Devonian ores having elevated values of&nbsp;</span><sup>207</sup><span>&nbsp;Pb/&nbsp;</span><sup>204</sup><span>&nbsp;Pb and those of the Permo-Triassic ores of the East Shasta district, as mentioned by Slawson in 1983. This similarity is now confirmed to be a coincidence. We find it due first of all to some incorporation of sediment lead in the magmas, followed later by some migration of radiogenic lead--probably locally derived--into the ores during subsequent events. Because there was some postdepositional lead migration into the ores, some migration of copper also into the ores cannot be excluded. Lead, especially radiogenic lead, however, is more mobile than copper. As the migrating lead is deduced to have been locally derived from the observed section rather than exotically derived, any copper added was probably locally derived also.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.80.8.2136","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Doe, B.R., Delevaux, M., and Albers, J.P., 1985, The plumbotectonics of the West Shasta mining district, eastern Klamath Mountains, California: Economic Geology, v. 80, no. 8, p. 2136-2148, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.80.8.2136.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"2136","endPage":"2148","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220457,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"80","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1985-12-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505baea1e4b08c986b324221","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Doe, B. R.","contributorId":52173,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doe","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365040,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Delevaux, M.H.","contributorId":27853,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Delevaux","given":"M.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365039,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Albers, J. P.","contributorId":81505,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Albers","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365041,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70012980,"text":"70012980 - 1985 - NATIONAL WATER INFORMATION SYSTEM OF THE U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:37","indexId":"70012980","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"NATIONAL WATER INFORMATION SYSTEM OF THE U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.","docAbstract":"National Water Information System (NWIS) has been designed as an interactive, distributed data system. It will integrate the existing, diverse data-processing systems into a common system. It will also provide easier, more flexible use as well as more convenient access and expanded computing, dissemination, and data-analysis capabilities. The NWIS is being implemented as part of a Distributed Information System (DIS) being developed by the Survey's Water Resources Division. The NWIS will be implemented on each node of the distributed network for the local processing, storage, and dissemination of hydrologic data collected within the node's area of responsibility. The processor at each node will also be used to perform hydrologic modeling, statistical data analysis, text editing, and some administrative work.","conferenceTitle":"International Conference on Interactive Information and Processing Systems for Meteorology, Oceanography, and Hydrology (Preprints of Papers).","conferenceLocation":"Los Angeles, CA, USA","language":"English","publisher":"American Meteorological Soc","publisherLocation":"Boston, MA, USA","usgsCitation":"Edwards, M.D., 1985, NATIONAL WATER INFORMATION SYSTEM OF THE U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY., International Conference on Interactive Information and Processing Systems for Meteorology, Oceanography, and Hydrology (Preprints of Papers)., Los Angeles, CA, USA, p. 94-96.","startPage":"94","endPage":"96","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220224,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6135e4b0c8380cd71844","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Edwards, Melvin D.","contributorId":94305,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edwards","given":"Melvin","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364994,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
]}