The survival and growth rates of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdnieri) were concurrently measured with selected limnological characteristics in nine small (surface area < 25 sq hectometers) lakes in the Matanuska-Susitna Borough. The project goal was to develop empirical models for predicting rainbow trout growth rates from the following variables: total phosphorus concentration, chlorophyll a concentration, Secchi disc transparency, or the morphoedaphic index--a means of characterizing potential biological productivity. No suitable model could be developed from the data collected during 1982 and 1983. The lack of significant correlation was attributed in part to the wide variation in survival of rainbow trout. Winterkills, caused by severe depletion of dissolved oxygen, were suspected in four of the lakes. Varied levels of fishing pressure and competition with threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) also influenced survival of rainbow trout but their effects were overshadowed by winterkill. Predictive capability was also reduced because of inconsistencies in rankings generated by each of the four limnological variables chosen as indicators of potential biological productivity. A lake ranked low in productivity by one variable was commonly ranked high in productivity by another variable. The survivability of rainbow trout stocked in lakes such as these nine may be a more important indicator of potential biomass production than are indicators of lake fertility. Assessments of a lake 's susceptibility to winterkill and the degree of competition with threespine stickleback are suggested as important topics for additional research.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri854292","usgsCitation":"Woods, P.F., 1985, Limnology of nine small lakes, Matanuska-Susitna Borough, Alaska, and the survival and growth rates of rainbow trout: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 85-4292, iv, 32 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri854292.","productDescription":"iv, 32 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":414141,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_36430.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":59341,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4292/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":123988,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4292/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Matanuska-Susitna Borough, Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -149.817,\n 61.833\n ],\n [\n -149.817,\n 61.45\n ],\n [\n -148.267,\n 61.45\n ],\n [\n -148.267,\n 61.833\n ],\n [\n -149.817,\n 61.833\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a50f9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Woods, P. F.","contributorId":97509,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woods","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203490,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70013064,"text":"70013064 - 1985 - Lacustrine-humate model for primary uranium ore deposits, Grants uranium region, New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-12T17:04:16.864261","indexId":"70013064","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":701,"text":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lacustrine-humate model for primary uranium ore deposits, Grants uranium region, New Mexico","docAbstract":"Two generations of uranium ore, primary and redistributed, occur in fluvial sandstones of the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation in the San Juan basin; the two stages of ore formation can be related to the hydrologic history of the basin. Primary ore formed soon after Morrison deposition, in the Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous, and a model, the lacustrine-humate model, is offered that views primary mineralization as a diagenetic event related to early pore fluid evolution. The basic premise is that the humate, a pore-filling organic material closely associated with primary ore, originated as humic acids dissolved in pore waters of greenish-gray lacustrine mudstones deposited in the mud-flat facies of the Brushy Basin Member and similar \"K\" shale beds in the Westwater Can on Member. During compaction associated with early burial, formation water expelled from lacustrine mudstone units carried these humic acids into adjacent sandstone beds where the organics precipitated, forming the humate deposits that concentrated uranium.
During the Tertiary, much later in the hydrologic history of the basin, when Jurassic sediments were largely compacted, oxygenated ground water flowed basinward from uplifted basin margins. This invasion of Morrison sandstone beds by oxidizing ground waters redistributed uranium from primary ores along redox boundaries, forming ore deposits that resemble roll-front-type uranium ores.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG)","doi":"10.1306/94885589-1704-11D7-8645000102C1865D","usgsCitation":"Turner-Peterson, C., 1985, Lacustrine-humate model for primary uranium ore deposits, Grants uranium region, New Mexico: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 69, no. 11, p. 1990-2020, https://doi.org/10.1306/94885589-1704-11D7-8645000102C1865D.","productDescription":"31 p.","startPage":"1990","endPage":"2020","numberOfPages":"31","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220347,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","otherGeospatial":"Grants uranium region","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -108.64038174995106,\n 36.04693775500846\n ],\n [\n -108.64038174995106,\n 34.70563438153877\n ],\n [\n -106.912022747075,\n 34.70563438153877\n ],\n [\n -106.912022747075,\n 36.04693775500846\n ],\n [\n -108.64038174995106,\n 36.04693775500846\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"69","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4130e4b0c8380cd6537f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Turner-Peterson, C. E.","contributorId":53958,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turner-Peterson","given":"C. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365203,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70012917,"text":"70012917 - 1985 - Remote sensing; a geophysical perspective","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-18T16:14:20.587013","indexId":"70012917","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1808,"text":"Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Remote sensing; a geophysical perspective","docAbstract":"In this review of developments in the field of remote sensing from a geophysical perspective, the subject is limited to the electromagnetic spectrum from 0.4 mu m to 25 cm. Three broad energy categories are covered: solar reflected, thermal infrared, and microwave.The reflected solar region has been the most intensely studied. Photointerpretation of images from individual spectral bands or from color composites remains the most widely used method of analysis. New instrumentation and digital processing, based on analysis of laboratory and field spectra, provide significant advances that are beginning to be applied to resource exploration. Color compositing techniques have been effectively used to detect the characteristic spectral reflectance features of iron oxides and hydroxyl-bearing materials in satellite multispectral data for mapping areas of hydrothermal alteration. Airborne spectrometers can now detect individual spectral features of many minerals which are diagnostic of different stages of hydrothermal alteration. Evolution was from discrimination, based on empirical experience, to mineralogic identification and leading to quantification. Current developments also indicate new, promising extensions to vegetated terrains.Advances in thermal infrared studies are due to development of thermal models that permit mapping of physical property variations and to detection of spectral differences that provide important compositional information. Analysis techniques are still in their infancy, and thermal satellite data remain appropriate only for regional investigations.Microwave data have been acquired mainly with radar systems, which can provide very high resolution from space, but use of textural and slope information has had limited application. Long-wavelength radiation has been shown to penetrate dry materials, and this may be applicable in extremely arid regions.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Exploration Geophysicists","doi":"10.1190/1.1441885","issn":"00168033","usgsCitation":"Watson, K., 1985, Remote sensing; a geophysical perspective: Geophysics, v. 50, no. 12, p. 2595-2610, https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1441885.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"2595","endPage":"2610","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222332,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"50","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aa713e4b0c8380cd851eb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Watson, K.","contributorId":39123,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watson","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364830,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70169293,"text":"70169293 - 1985 - Kinds of damage that could result from a great earthquake in the central United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-12T15:03:30","indexId":"70169293","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1435,"text":"Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Kinds of damage that could result from a great earthquake in the central United States","docAbstract":"In the winter of 1811-12 a series of three great earthquakes occurred in the New Madrid, Missouri seismic zone in the central United States. In addition to the three principal shocks, at least 15 other earthquakes of intensity VIII or more occurred within a year of the first large earthquake on December 16, 1811. The three main shocks were felt over the entire eastern United States. They were strong enough to cause minor damage cause minor damage as far away as Indiana and Ohio on the north, the Carolinas on the east, and southern Mississippi to the south. They were strong enough to cause severe or structural damage in parts of Missouri, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Tennessee, Mississippi, and Arkansas. A later section in this article describes what happened in the epicentral region. Fortunately, few people lived in the severely shaken area in 1811; that is not the case today. What would happen if a series of earthquakes as large and numerous as the \"New Madrid\" earthquakes were to occur in the New Madrid seismic zone today?
\nThe photographs accompanying this article show some typical structural damage that occurred during various earthquakes in the United States. Structural damage to buildings beings at intensity VIII in the Modified Mercalli intensity scale, a scale used for assigning numbers to earthquake effects. Minor or architectural damage (cracked plaster, windows, and chimneys) occurs at intensities VI and VII, and effects on people and small objects predominate at intensities below VI (earthquake felt, direction and duration noted, dishes broken and so forth).
\nThe first four photographs show damage caused by intensity VIII and above. None of the damage shown in the photographs in this report occurred in earthquakes larger than the 1811-12 New Madrid shocks, and most of the examples are from considerably smaller shocks. The first two photos show damage to masonry buildings, mostly old and unreinforced, none designed to be earthquake resistant. How many such buildings are in use in your community? The second pair of photos show damage to modern structures close to the epicenter of a magnitude 6.5 earthquake, a small shock compared to the magnitudes (8.4-8.7) of the New Madrid earthquakes.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Hooper, M.G., and Algermissen, S.T., 1985, Kinds of damage that could result from a great earthquake in the central United States: Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS), v. 17, no. 3, p. 84-97.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"84","endPage":"97","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":319231,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Mississippi Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -90.81298828125,\n 37.97018468810549\n ],\n [\n -87.95654296875,\n 37.94419750075404\n ],\n [\n -88.2861328125,\n 34.876918445772084\n ],\n [\n -90.758056640625,\n 34.89494244739732\n ],\n [\n -90.81298828125,\n 37.97018468810549\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"17","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56f3be43e4b0f59b85e02ea0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hooper, M. G.","contributorId":167776,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hooper","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":623464,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Algermissen, S. T.","contributorId":39790,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Algermissen","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":623465,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70012830,"text":"70012830 - 1985 - Sulphur in char and char desulphurization by acid leaching and hydropyrolysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-29T15:02:58.701796","indexId":"70012830","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1709,"text":"Fuel","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sulphur in char and char desulphurization by acid leaching and hydropyrolysis","docAbstract":"Sulphur compounds volatilized during pyrolysis of acid-leached char were measured to determine characteristics of char desulphurization reactions. Pyrolysis of char in a hydrogen atmosphere (hydropyrolysis) produced a much higher concentration of thiophenic organics compared with that produced during pyrolysis in a nitrogen atmosphere. Hydrogen sulphide gas evolution, at progressively increasing pyrolysis temperature in a helium atmosphere, was measured on five char samples: untreated char, hydrochloric acid-leached char, and three model chars: a demineralized char and two demineralized chars incorporated with sulphur via reactions with elemental sulphur. Hydrogen sulphide gas evolution in untreated char and acid-leached char was found to peak in three temperature regions; the maxima are thought to relate to sulphur in different bonding environments. The amounts of hydrogen sulphide volatilized were much higher for acid-leached char than for untreated char. The gas evolved from each of the remaining three samples showed a single peak region corresponding closely to one of the three peak regions observed for the first two chars. The results of this study indicate that elemental sulphur was produced during hydrochloric acid leaching of the untreated char and suggested that the improved rate of desulphurization observed in the char that had been acid-leached before hydropyrolysis was due in part to the conversion of strongly bound mineral sulphur forms to more weakly bound sulphur forms that are predominantly elemental sulphur in character, and are more easily removed by hydrogen.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-2361(85)90001-8","issn":"00162361","usgsCitation":"Chou, I., and Loffredo, D., 1985, Sulphur in char and char desulphurization by acid leaching and hydropyrolysis: Fuel, v. 64, no. 6, p. 731-734, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-2361(85)90001-8.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"731","endPage":"734","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222038,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"64","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9debe4b08c986b31db9b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chou, I.-M. 0000-0001-5233-6479","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5233-6479","contributorId":44283,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chou","given":"I.-M.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":364628,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Loffredo, D.M.","contributorId":61951,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loffredo","given":"D.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364629,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70175614,"text":"70175614 - 1985 - Digital models for simulation of ground-water hydrology of the Chicot and Evangeline aquifers along the Gulf Coast of Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-17T13:29:00","indexId":"70175614","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5176,"text":"Texas Department of Water Resources Report","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":2}},"seriesNumber":"289","title":"Digital models for simulation of ground-water hydrology of the Chicot and Evangeline aquifers along the Gulf Coast of Texas","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Texas Department of Water Resources","usgsCitation":"Carr, J.E., Meyer, W., Sandeen, W., and McLane, I.R., 1985, Digital models for simulation of ground-water hydrology of the Chicot and Evangeline aquifers along the Gulf Coast of Texas: Texas Department of Water Resources Report 289, 101 p.","productDescription":"101 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":326696,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57b58ac3e4b03bcb0104bb80","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carr, J. E.","contributorId":49373,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carr","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":645829,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Meyer, W.R.","contributorId":81141,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyer","given":"W.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":645830,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sandeen, W.M.","contributorId":102488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sandeen","given":"W.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":645831,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McLane, I. R.","contributorId":173782,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McLane","given":"I.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":645832,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70012992,"text":"70012992 - 1985 - Simulation of ground-water flow in southeastern Oahu, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-20T23:01:02.001701","indexId":"70012992","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Simulation of ground-water flow in southeastern Oahu, Hawaii","docAbstract":"On the leeward side of southeastern Oahu, Hawaii, near-vertical dikes have intruded the gently dipping and highly permeable lava flows of the Koolau mountain. These dikes bound the study area on the north and west and internally divide it into the Waialae and Wailupe-Hawaii Kai aquifers. Recharge to these aquifers, 6 and 9 million gallons per day respectively, has created Ghyben-Herzberg lenses that freely float on sea water and discharge to the sea through coastal sediments. In the Waialae area, where rainfall is high and where thick (poorly permeable) coastal sediments inhibit the discharge of fresh water, heads are 8 to 15 feet above sea level. Lower rainfall and thin coastal sediments that allow easy discharge cause heads to be only 1 to 5 feet in the Wailupe-Hawaii Kai area.
The flow of ground water and the effects of future water development were simulated using AQUIFEM, a two-dimensional finite-element flow model, modified for aquifers containing a sea-water interface. The model provides accurate simulation of observed heads averaged over several years and predicts an additional area-wide head decline of about 1 foot when three recently drilled wells are put into production.
Water levels have been continuously recorded since March 1978 in a well in Fremont Valley, where several strands of the adjacent Garlock fault zone have exhibited both left-lateral displacement and components of normal displacement. Differences in water levels indicate that a fault segment lies between the observation well and a nearby irrigation well. During the 4-year recording period, six sharp fluctuations, or “spikes,” were noted. These fluctuations, occurring over 2- to 4-day periods, have amplitudes of 15–30 cm. They appear to be the result of creep events on a nearby fault. Two types of creep events are plausible: (1) normal slip on an en echelon trace of the Garlock fault less than 300 m south of the well, with the north side up relative to Fremont Valley or (2) left-lateral slip on the same fault. Because of the nature of the fluctuations we favor the latter interpretation. Dislocation models utilizing exponential, arc tangent, and skewed cosine functions were used to analyze the water level fluctuations, associated pressure distribution, and fault displacements. The results suggest that creep on the fault ranges from several millimeters to a centimeter for individual events. Estimates of cumulative creep for the period 1978–1982 range from 20 to 50 mm, depending on the particular model employed.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB090iB02p01911","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Lippincott, D.K., Bredehoeft, J.D., and Moyle, W.R., 1985, Recent movement on the Garlock Fault as suggested by water level fluctuations in a well in Fremont Valley, California: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 90, no. B2, p. 1911-1924, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB090iB02p01911.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"1911","endPage":"1924","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":222032,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"90","issue":"B2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a9333e4b0c8380cd80c81","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lippincott, Diane K.","contributorId":46218,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lippincott","given":"Diane","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364296,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bredehoeft, John D.","contributorId":86747,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bredehoeft","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364298,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Moyle, W. R. Jr.","contributorId":85938,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moyle","given":"W.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364297,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70013037,"text":"70013037 - 1985 - Persisting effects of armored military maneuvers on some soils of the Mojave Desert","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:36","indexId":"70013037","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1540,"text":"Environmental Geology and Water Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Persisting effects of armored military maneuvers on some soils of the Mojave Desert","docAbstract":"Soil compaction and substrate modification produced during large-scale armored military maneuvers in the early 1940s were examined in 1981 at seven sites in California's eastern Mojave Desert Recording penetrometer measurements show that tracks left by a single pass of an M3 \"medium\" tank have average soil resistance values that are 50% greater than those of the surrounding untracked soil in the upper 20 cm At one site, measurements made along short segments of track that have been visually eliminated by erosion and deposition processes show a 73% increase in penetrometer resistance over adjacent, undisturbed soils Dirt roadways at three former base camp locations could not be penetrated below 5-10 cm because of extreme compaction Soil bulk density was not as sensitive an indicator of soil compaction as was penetrometer resistance Density values in the upper 10 cm of soil are not significantly different between tank tracks and undisturbed soils at most sites, and roadways at two base camps show an average increase in bulk density of only 12% over adjacent soils. Trench excavations across tank tracks show that physical modifications of the substrate can extend vertically beneath a track to a depth of 25 cm and outward from a track's edge to 50 cm These soil disturbances are probably major factors that encourage accelerated soil erosion throughout the manuever area and also retard or prevent the return of vegetation to pre-disturbance conditions ?? 1985 Springer-Verlag New York Inc.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Geology and Water Sciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF02528800","issn":"00990094","usgsCitation":"Prose, D., 1985, Persisting effects of armored military maneuvers on some soils of the Mojave Desert: Environmental Geology and Water Sciences, v. 7, no. 3, p. 163-170, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02528800.","startPage":"163","endPage":"170","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":204997,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02528800"},{"id":220010,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"7","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a76ffe4b0c8380cd783dc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Prose, D.V.","contributorId":92682,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prose","given":"D.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365136,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70012733,"text":"70012733 - 1985 - The copper-nickel concentration log: A tool for stratigraphic interpretation within the ultramafic and basal zones of the stillwater complex, Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-10T13:17:41.754813","indexId":"70012733","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2302,"text":"Journal of Geochemical Exploration","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The copper-nickel concentration log: A tool for stratigraphic interpretation within the ultramafic and basal zones of the stillwater complex, Montana","docAbstract":"An analogue to the electric well log was devised for copper-nickel concentration drill-hole data from the Basal and lower part of the Ultramafic zones of the Stillwater Complex using automated data processing. The copper-nickel concentration logs graphically represent intensity (concentration) values that reflect the distribution of the elements in sulfide and silicate minerals. Four major patterns are recognized by their characteristic variations in copper and nickel intensity: (1) relatively flat, low-level copper-intensity signatures associated with arcuate nickel-intensity patterns that correlate with rocks in the Peridotite member of the Ultramafic zone; (2) arcuate or bulb-like patterns of copper and nickel intensity that correlate closely with the Basal bronzite cumulate member of the Basal zone; (3) complex patterns consisting of intervals of low-intensity copper and moderate-intensity nickel, spikes of high nickel and copper intensity, and high copper intensity associated with low nickel intensity that correlate respectively with cordierite-pyroxene hornfels, massive sulfide, norites and mineralized diabase dikes in the Basal norite member; and (4) large intervals of extremely low copper and nickel intensity that correlate with quartz-orthopyroxene hornfels. The recognition and interpretation of these patterns allow two- and three-dimensional stratigraphic and lithologic reconstructions to be done by means of concentration-log correlations instead of variable quality lithologic logging.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0375-6742(85)90022-6","issn":"03756742","usgsCitation":"Drew, L., Bawiec, W., Page, N., and Schuenemeyer, J., 1985, The copper-nickel concentration log: A tool for stratigraphic interpretation within the ultramafic and basal zones of the stillwater complex, Montana: Journal of Geochemical Exploration, v. 23, no. 2, p. 117-137, https://doi.org/10.1016/0375-6742(85)90022-6.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"117","endPage":"137","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222373,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505baa66e4b08c986b32280b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Drew, L.J.","contributorId":69157,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drew","given":"L.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364384,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bawiec, W.J.","contributorId":71540,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bawiec","given":"W.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364385,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Page, N.J.","contributorId":38125,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Page","given":"N.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364383,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schuenemeyer, J.H.","contributorId":106094,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schuenemeyer","given":"J.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364386,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70012762,"text":"70012762 - 1985 - Lognormal field size distributions as a consequence of economic truncation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:43","indexId":"70012762","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2554,"text":"Journal of the International Association for Mathematical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lognormal field size distributions as a consequence of economic truncation","docAbstract":"The assumption of lognormal (parent) field size distributions has for a long time been applied to resource appraisal and evaluation of exploration strategy by the petroleum industry. However, frequency distributions estimated with observed data and used to justify this hypotheses are conditional. Examination of various observed field size distributions across basins and over time shows that such distributions should be regarded as the end result of an economic filtering process. Commercial discoveries depend on oil and gas prices and field development costs. Some new fields are eliminated due to location, depths, or water depths. This filtering process is called economic truncation. Economic truncation may occur when predictions of a discovery process are passed through an economic appraisal model. We demonstrate that (1) economic resource appraisals, (2) forecasts of levels of petroleum industry activity, and (3) expected benefits of developing and implementing cost reducing technology are sensitive to assumptions made about the nature of that portion of (parent) field size distribution subject to economic truncation. ?? 1985 Plenum Publishing Corporation.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of the International Association for Mathematical Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Kluwer Academic Publishers-Plenum Publishers","doi":"10.1007/BF01032925","issn":"00205958","usgsCitation":"Attanasi, E.D., and Drew, L., 1985, Lognormal field size distributions as a consequence of economic truncation: Journal of the International Association for Mathematical Geology, v. 17, no. 4, p. 335-351, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01032925.","startPage":"335","endPage":"351","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222743,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205292,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01032925"}],"volume":"17","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a494ae4b0c8380cd684b8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Attanasi, E. D. 0000-0001-6845-7160","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6845-7160","contributorId":107672,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Attanasi","given":"E.","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364459,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Drew, L.J.","contributorId":69157,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drew","given":"L.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364458,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70012362,"text":"70012362 - 1985 - Active tectonic and magmatic processes beneath Long Valley Caldera, eastern California: An overview","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-27T15:46:20.934599","indexId":"70012362","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":6453,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Active tectonic and magmatic processes beneath Long Valley Caldera, eastern California: An overview","docAbstract":"Geological, chronological, and structural studies of the Long Valley-Mono/Inyo Craters area document a long history of related volcanic eruptions and earthquakes controlled by regional extensional tectonics of the Basin and Range province. This activity has persisted for hundreds of thousands of years and is likely to continue. The Long Valley magma chamber had a volume approaching 3000 km3 prior to its climatic caldera-forming eruption 0.7 m.y. ago but has been reduced to less than a third of this volume by cooling, eruption, and crystallization. Seismic evidence indicates that the main mass of the present Long Valley magma chamber is about 10 km in diameter and that its roof is 8–10 km deep with smaller cupolas as shallow as 4–5 km. Although a chamber of this size is probably capable of producing an eruption approaching 30 km3 of lava, the record over the past 0.5 m.y. suggests that eruptions of 1 km3 or less are far more likely. Models proposed for the current ground uplift and seismicity within the caldera require inflation of 0.1–0.2 km3 by additional magma since mid-1979, and some models suggest that inflation was accompanied by injection of a thin dike or dikes (probably of silicic magma) into the ring fracture zone beneath the south moat. Several of the M 5.8–6.2 earthquakes that occurred in the region beginning in 1978 had non-double-couple focal mechanisms. Whether these unusual mechanisms indicate injection of mafic (low-viscosity) magma at midcrustal depths in the Sierra Nevada block south of the caldera remains debatable. Studies of calderas of various ages throughout the world indicate that episodes of unrest are relatively common and do not invariably culminate in eruptions. Although current unrest is concentrated in the south moat of Long Valley caldera, the Inyo/Mono Craters probably hold a greater potential for producing an eruption in the foreseeable future. The Inyo/Mono Craters have erupted at 500-year intervals over the past 2000–3000 years, whereas the Long Valley magma chamber has erupted at about 200,000-year intervals over the past 700,000 years. In either case, a major earthquake near the caldera could strongly influence the course of volcanic activity.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB090iB13p11111","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Hill, D., Bailey, R., and Ryall, A., 1985, Active tectonic and magmatic processes beneath Long Valley Caldera, eastern California: An overview: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 90, no. B13, p. 11111-11120, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB090iB13p11111.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"11111","endPage":"11120","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222074,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"90","issue":"B13","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e6ade4b0c8380cd475a2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hill, D.P.","contributorId":27432,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"D.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363373,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bailey, R. A.","contributorId":87531,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bailey","given":"R. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363374,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ryall, A.S.","contributorId":7695,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ryall","given":"A.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363372,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":2002136,"text":"2002136 - 1985 - A model of climatic variables affecting bighorn lamb survival in Canyonlands National Park, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:03","indexId":"2002136","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":91,"text":"Technical Report","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"CPSU/UNLV 031/02","title":"A model of climatic variables affecting bighorn lamb survival in Canyonlands National Park, Utah","docAbstract":"No abstract available at this time","language":"English","publisher":"National Park Service","usgsCitation":"Douglas, C.L., and Annable, C., 1985, A model of climatic variables affecting bighorn lamb survival in Canyonlands National Park, Utah: Technical Report CPSU/UNLV 031/02, 18 p.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"0","endPage":"18","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":198225,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6adf50","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Douglas, C. L.","contributorId":64586,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Douglas","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":326041,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Annable, C.","contributorId":24053,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Annable","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":326040,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70012342,"text":"70012342 - 1985 - The transverse and oblique cylindrical equal-area projection of the ellipsoid.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-12T21:00:11","indexId":"70012342","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":797,"text":"Annals of the Association of American Geographers","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The transverse and oblique cylindrical equal-area projection of the ellipsoid.","docAbstract":"The formulas for the ellipsoidal projection are derived for both forward and inverse computations and consist of modifying the formulas obtained by using the authalic sphere so that the scale along the central line of the projection is constant. Fourier series are used to eliminate recurring numerical integration and other lengthy trigonometric computations of co-ordinates.-from Author","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Annals of the Association of American Geographers","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.1467-8306.1985.tb00077.x","usgsCitation":"Snyder, J., 1985, The transverse and oblique cylindrical equal-area projection of the ellipsoid.: Annals of the Association of American Geographers, v. 75, no. 3, p. 431-442, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8306.1985.tb00077.x.","startPage":"431","endPage":"442","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222715,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":269222,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8306.1985.tb00077.x"}],"volume":"75","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-03-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb13ae4b08c986b325285","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Snyder, J.P.","contributorId":79235,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snyder","given":"J.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363325,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70012344,"text":"70012344 - 1985 - Simulated fissioning of uranium and testing of the fission-track dating method","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-06T20:03:53","indexId":"70012344","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2913,"text":"Nuclear Tracks and Radiation Measurements (1982)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Simulated fissioning of uranium and testing of the fission-track dating method","docAbstract":"A computer program (FTD-SIM) faithfully simulates the fissioning of 238U with time and 235U with neutron dose. The simulation is based on first principles of physics where the fissioning of 238U with the flux of time is described by Ns = ??f 238Ut and the fissioning of 235U with the fluence of neutrons is described by Ni = ??235U??. The Poisson law is used to set the stochastic variation of fissioning within the uranium population. The life history of a given crystal can thus be traced under an infinite variety of age and irradiation conditions. A single dating attempt or up to 500 dating attempts on a given crystal population can be simulated by specifying the age of the crystal population, the size and variation in the areas to be counted, the amount and distribution of uranium, the neutron dose to be used and its variation, and the desired ratio of 238U to 235U. A variety of probability distributions can be applied to uranium and counting-area. The Price and Walker age equation is used to estimate age. The output of FTD-SIM includes the tabulated results of each individual dating attempt (sample) on demand and/or the summary statistics and histograms for multiple dating attempts (samples) including the sampling age. An analysis of the results from FTD-SIM shows that: (1) The external detector method is intrinsically more precise than the population method. (2) For the external detector method a correlation between spontaneous track count, Ns, and induced track count, Ni, results when the population of grains has a stochastic uranium content and/or when the counting areas between grains are stochastic. For the population method no correlation can exist. (3) In the external detector method the sampling distribution of age is independent of the number of grains counted. In the population method the sampling distribution of age is highly dependent on the number of grains counted. (4) Grains with zero-track counts, either in Ns or Ni, are in integral part of fissioning theory and under certain circumstances must be included in any estimate of age. (5) In estimating standard error of age the standard error of Ns and Ni and ?? must be accurately estimated and propagated through the age equation. Several statistical models are presently available to do so. ?? 1985.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Nuclear Tracks and Radiation Measurements (1982)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0735-245X(85)90126-7","issn":"0735245X","usgsCitation":"McGee, V., Johnson, N., and Naeser, C.W., 1985, Simulated fissioning of uranium and testing of the fission-track dating method: Nuclear Tracks and Radiation Measurements (1982), v. 10, no. 3, p. 365-379, https://doi.org/10.1016/0735-245X(85)90126-7.","startPage":"365","endPage":"379","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221817,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":268862,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0735-245X(85)90126-7"}],"volume":"10","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8fa8e4b08c986b319073","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McGee, V.E.","contributorId":36295,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGee","given":"V.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363328,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, N.M.","contributorId":105429,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"N.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363329,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Naeser, C. W.","contributorId":17582,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Naeser","given":"C.","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363327,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70012192,"text":"70012192 - 1985 - Terrestrial vs. marine depositional model—A new assessment of subsurface Lower Pennsylvanian rocks of southwestern Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-30T12:28:59.810095","indexId":"70012192","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Terrestrial vs. marine depositional model—A new assessment of subsurface Lower Pennsylvanian rocks of southwestern Virginia","docAbstract":"A reinterpretation of the origin of subsurface rocks in southwestern Virginia and southeastern Kentucky suggests that, contrary to commonly accepted ideas, the Mississippian-Pennsylvanian Systemic boundary is an unconformity and the Lower Pennsylvanian quartz arenite sequences were deposited in a fluvial environment. Because Pennsylvanian strata of the Pocahontas and Lee Formations appear to have been deposited at the same time in adjacent valleys, the Pocahontas, which generally has been considered to be older and to underlie the Lee, is considered here to be equivalent to the basal part of the Middlesboro Member of the Lee Formation.
Two classes of field evidence firmly establish that late Wisconsin glacial Lake Missoula drained periodically as scores of colossal jökulhlaups (glacier-outburst floods). (1) More than 40 successive, flood-laid, sand-to-silt graded rhythmites accumulated in back-flooded valleys in southern Washington. Hiatuses are indicated between flood-laid rhythmites by loess and volcanic ash beds. Disconformities and nonflood sediment between rhythmites are generally scant because precipitation was modest, slopes gentle, and time between floods short. (2) In several newly analyzed deposits of Pleistocene glacial lakes in northern Idaho and Washington, lake beds comprising 20 to 55 varves (average = 30–40) overlie each successive bed of Missoula-flood sediment. These and many other lines of evidence are hostile to the notion that any two successive major rhythmites were deposited by one flood; they dispel the notion that the prodigious floods numbered only a few.
The only outlet of the 2,500-km3 glacial Lake Missoula was through its great ice dam, and so the dam became incipiently buoyant before the lake could rise enough to spill over or around it. Like Grímsvötn, Iceland, Lake Missoula remained sealed as long as any segment of the glacial dam remained grounded; when the lake rose to a critical level ∼600 m in depth, the glacier bed at the seal became buoyant, initiating underflow from the lake. Subglacial tunnels then grew exponentially, leading to catastrophic discharge. Calculations of the water budget for the lake basin (including input from the Cordilleran ice sheet) suggest that the lakes filled every three to seven decades. The hydrostatic prerequisites for a jökulhlaup were thus re-established scores of times during the 2,000- to 2,500-yr episode of last-glacial damming.
J Harlen Bretz's “Spokane flood” outraged geologists six decades ago, partly because it seemed to flaunt catastrophism. The concept that Lake Missoula discharged regularly as jökulhlaups now accords Bretz's catastrophe with uniformitarian principles.
The authors describe the conversion of an Endeco-174 current meter to a solid-state recording current meter. A removable solid-state module was designed to fit in the space originally occupied by an 8-track tape cartridge. The module contains a CPU and 128 kilobytes of nonvolatile CMOS memory. The solid-state module communicates with any terminal or computer using an RS-232C interface at 4800 baud rate. A primary consideration for conversion was to keep modifications of the current meter to a minimum. The communication protocol was designed to emulate the Endeco tape translation unit, thus the need for a translation unit was eliminated and the original data reduction programs can be used without any modification. After conversion, the data recording section of the current meter contains no moving parts; the storage capacity of the module is equivalent to that of the original tape cartridge.
","largerWorkTitle":"Oceans Conference Record (IEEE)","conferenceTitle":"Ocean Engineering and the Environment - Conference Record.","conferenceLocation":"San Diego, CA, USA","language":"English","publisher":"IEEE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, USA","issn":"01977385","usgsCitation":"Cheng, R.T., and Wang, L., 1985, Solid state recording current meter conversion, in Oceans Conference Record (IEEE), San Diego, CA, USA, p. 752-754.","startPage":"752","endPage":"754","numberOfPages":"3","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":221884,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aaf6ae4b0c8380cd87592","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cheng, Ralph T.","contributorId":69134,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cheng","given":"Ralph","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363239,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wang, Lichen","contributorId":79622,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wang","given":"Lichen","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363240,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70013045,"text":"70013045 - 1985 - Seasonal variation in sediment transport on the Russian River shelf, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-04T15:06:31.77465","indexId":"70013045","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1333,"text":"Continental Shelf Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seasonal variation in sediment transport on the Russian River shelf, California","docAbstract":"Near-bottom currents, light transmission and scattering, and bottom pressure were measured with GEOPROBE tripods and vector-averaging current meters during June 1979 to April 1980 on the central shelf 10 km west of the Russian River, California. The instruments were located on the mid-shelf mud belt composed of bimodal sandy clayey silts contributed principally by the Russian River. During the summer season of persistent northwesterly, upwelling-favorable winds, the average and maximum current speeds 5 m above the bottom were 11 and 31 cm s−1, respectively. The mean (subtidal) flow at 5 m above bottom was poleward and slightly offshore at about 6 cm s−1. The strongest wave-generated bottom currents were about 10 cm s−1, but oscillatory velocities > 5 cm s−1 were infrequent. Suspended-matter concentrations, derived from the optical data at 1.9 m above the bottom, ranged from 1 to 6 mg l−1. The optical data show that the currents and waves were generally below threshold levels for sediment erosion through the summer. In contrast, during the autumn and, particularly, the winter months, the average and maximum concentrations of suspended matter increased substantially. The increases were primarily caused by larger waves from distant storms and short intervals of strong currents associated with local storms and, secondarily, by the large seasonal flow of the Russian River. Wind-driven and wave-generated bottom currents were as large as 37 and 45 cm s−1, respectively, during local storms in December 1979 and February 1980. Suspended-matter concentrations averaged about 7 mg l−1 during non-storm winter periods, but increased to nearly 150 mg l−1 during a December storm. Estimates of suspended-matter flux near the bottom show that the local winter storms, which had a combined duration of about 12 days, could account for 30 to 50% of the total annual suspended-sediment transport at the mid-shelf site. Although intervals of large swell were at times superimposed on southward advective currents, the major sediment-transport events were caused by strong southerly winds that produced poleward bottom currents with a significant offshore component. The primary aspects of the distribution of modern sediments on this shelf are in good agreement with the observed poleward transport.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0278-4343(85)90007-X","usgsCitation":"Drake, D., and Cacchione, D., 1985, Seasonal variation in sediment transport on the Russian River shelf, California: Continental Shelf Research, v. 4, no. 5, p. 495-514, https://doi.org/10.1016/0278-4343(85)90007-X.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"495","endPage":"514","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220120,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Russian River shelf","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.51559980216115,\n 38.6469199916873\n ],\n [\n -123.51559980216115,\n 38.21661585272099\n ],\n [\n -122.84406049552042,\n 38.21661585272099\n ],\n [\n -122.84406049552042,\n 38.6469199916873\n ],\n [\n -123.51559980216115,\n 38.6469199916873\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"4","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b88ece4b08c986b316c39","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Drake, D.E.","contributorId":48150,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drake","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365158,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cacchione, D.A.","contributorId":65448,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cacchione","given":"D.A.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":365159,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}