{"pageNumber":"1488","pageRowStart":"37175","pageSize":"25","recordCount":165309,"records":[{"id":70193607,"text":"70193607 - 2013 - The Chaitén rhyolite lava dome: Eruption sequence, lava dome volumes, rapid effusion rates and source of the rhyolite magma","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-02-11T17:03:00.983319","indexId":"70193607","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":766,"text":"Andean Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Chaitén rhyolite lava dome: Eruption sequence, lava dome volumes, rapid effusion rates and source of the rhyolite magma","docAbstract":"<p><span>We use geologic field mapping and sampling, photogrammetric analysis of oblique aerial photographs, and digital elevation models to document the 2008-2009 eruptive sequence at Chaitén Volcano and to estimate volumes and effusion rates for the lava dome. We also present geochemical and petrologic data that contribute to understanding the source of the rhyolite and its unusually rapid effusion rates. The eruption consisted of five major phases: 1. An explosive phase (1-11 May 2008); 2. A transitional phase (11-31 May 2008) in which low-altitude tephra columns and simultaneous lava extrusion took place; 3. An exogenous lava flow phase (June-September 2008); 4. A spine extrusion and endogenous growth phase (October 2008-February 2009); and 5. A mainly endogenous growth phase that began after the collapse of a prominent Peléean spine on 19 February 2009 and continued until the end of the eruption (late 2009 or possibly earliest 2010). The 2008-2009 rhyolite lava dome has a total volume of approximately 0.8 km3. The effusion rate averaged 66 m3s-1 during the first two weeks and averaged 45 m3s-1 for the first four months of the eruption, during which 0.5 km3 of rhyolite lava was erupted. These are among the highest rates measured world-wide for historical eruptions of silicic lava. Chaitén’s 2008-2009 lava is phenocryst-poor obsidian and microcrystalline rhyolite with 75.3±0.3% SiO2. The lava was erupted at relatively high temperature and is remarkably similar in composition and petrography to Chaitén’s pre-historic rhyolite. The rhyolite’s normative composition plots close to that of low pressure (100-200 MPa) minimum melts in the granite system, consistent with estimates of approximately 5 to 10 km source depths based on phase equilibria and geodetic studies. Calcic plagioclase, magnesian orthopyroxene and aluminous amphibole among the sparse phenocrysts suggest derivation of the rhyolite by melt extraction from a more mafic magmatic mush. High temperature and relatively low viscosity enabled rapid magma ascent and high effusion rates during the dome-forming phases of the 2008-2009 eruption.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Servicio Nacional de Geología y Minería","doi":"10.5027/andgeoV40n2-a06","usgsCitation":"Pallister, J.S., Diefenbach, A.K., Burton, W.C., Munoz, J., Griswold, J.P., Lara, L.E., Lowenstern, J.B., and Valenzuela, C.E., 2013, The Chaitén rhyolite lava dome: Eruption sequence, lava dome volumes, rapid effusion rates and source of the rhyolite magma: Andean Geology, v. 40, no. 2, p. 277-294, https://doi.org/10.5027/andgeoV40n2-a06.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"277","endPage":"294","ipdsId":"IP-046247","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474056,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5027/andgeov40n2-a06","text":"External Repository"},{"id":348132,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Chile","otherGeospatial":"Chaitén Volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -72.69790649414062,\n              -42.87143519624264\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.60177612304688,\n              -42.87143519624264\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.60177612304688,\n              -42.80698811255234\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.69790649414062,\n              -42.80698811255234\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.69790649414062,\n              -42.87143519624264\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"40","issue":"2","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-05-30","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59fc2eaee4b0531197b27fee","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pallister, John S. 0000-0002-2041-2147 jpallist@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2041-2147","contributorId":2024,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pallister","given":"John","email":"jpallist@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":719590,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Diefenbach, Angela K. 0000-0003-0214-7818 adiefenbach@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0214-7818","contributorId":1084,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Diefenbach","given":"Angela","email":"adiefenbach@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":719587,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Burton, William C. 0000-0001-7519-5787 bburton@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7519-5787","contributorId":1293,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burton","given":"William","email":"bburton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":719957,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Munoz, Jorge","contributorId":199618,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Munoz","given":"Jorge","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":719958,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Griswold, Julia P. griswold@usgs.gov","contributorId":4148,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Griswold","given":"Julia","email":"griswold@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":719959,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Lara, Luis E.","contributorId":40500,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lara","given":"Luis","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":719960,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Lowenstern, Jacob B. 0000-0003-0464-7779 jlwnstrn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0464-7779","contributorId":2755,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lowenstern","given":"Jacob","email":"jlwnstrn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":719961,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Valenzuela, Carolina E.","contributorId":199617,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Valenzuela","given":"Carolina","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":719962,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":70176402,"text":"70176402 - 2013 - Gas hydrate formation rates from dissolved-phase methane in porous laboratory specimens","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-09-13T09:25:42","indexId":"70176402","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Gas hydrate formation rates from dissolved-phase methane in porous laboratory specimens","docAbstract":"<p><span>Marine sands highly saturated with gas hydrates are potential energy resources, likely forming from methane dissolved in pore water. Laboratory fabrication of gas hydrate-bearing sands formed from dissolved-phase methane usually requires 1–2 months to attain the high hydrate saturations characteristic of naturally occurring energy resource targets. A series of gas hydrate formation tests, in which methane-supersaturated water circulates through 100, 240, and 200,000 cm</span><sup>3</sup><span> vessels containing glass beads or unconsolidated sand, show that the rate-limiting step is dissolving gaseous-phase methane into the circulating water to form methane-supersaturated fluid. This implies that laboratory and natural hydrate formation rates are primarily limited by methane availability. Developing effective techniques for dissolving gaseous methane into water will increase formation rates above our observed (1 ± 0.5) × 10</span><sup>−7</sup><span> mol of methane consumed for hydrate formation per minute per cubic centimeter of pore space, which corresponds to a hydrate saturation increase of 2 ± 1% per day, regardless of specimen size.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"AGU Publications","doi":"10.1002/grl.50809","usgsCitation":"Waite, W., and Spangenberg, E., 2013, Gas hydrate formation rates from dissolved-phase methane in porous laboratory specimens: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 40, no. 16, p. 4310-4315, https://doi.org/10.1002/grl.50809.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"4310","endPage":"4315","ipdsId":"IP-050964","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474038,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/grl.50809","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":328585,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"40","issue":"16","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":11,"text":"Pembroke PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-08-19","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57d92339e4b090824ffa1a84","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Waite, William F. 0000-0002-9436-4109 wwaite@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9436-4109","contributorId":625,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waite","given":"William F.","email":"wwaite@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":648609,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Spangenberg, E.K.","contributorId":71513,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spangenberg","given":"E.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":648610,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70193611,"text":"70193611 - 2013 - Very long period conduit oscillations induced by rockfalls at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-02T13:37:27","indexId":"70193611","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Very long period conduit oscillations induced by rockfalls at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii","docAbstract":"<p><span>Eruptive activity at the summit of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii, beginning in 2010 and continuing to the present time is characterized by transient outgassing bursts accompanied by very long period (VLP) seismic signals triggered by rockfalls from the vent walls impacting a lava lake in a pit within the Halemaumau pit crater. We use raw data recorded with an 11-station broadband network to model the source mechanism of signals accompanying two large rockfalls on 29 August 2012 and two smaller average rockfalls obtained by stacking over all events with similar waveforms to improve the signal-to-noise ratio. To determine the source centroid location and source mechanism, we minimize the residual error between data and synthetics calculated by the finite difference method for a point source embedded in a homogeneous medium that takes topography into account. We apply a new waveform inversion method that accounts for the contributions from both translation and tilt in horizontal seismograms through the use of Green's functions representing the seismometer response to translation and tilt ground motions. This method enables a robust description of the source mechanism over the period range 1–1000 s. The VLP signals associated with the rockfalls originate in a source region ∼1 km below the eastern perimeter of the Halemaumau pit crater. The observed waveforms are well explained by a simple volumetric source with geometry composed of two intersecting cracks including an east striking crack (dike) dipping 80° to the north, intersecting a north striking crack (another dike) dipping 65° to the east. Each rockfall is marked by a similar step-like inflation trailed by decaying oscillations of the volumetric source, attributed to the efficient coupling at the source centroid location of the pressure and momentum changes induced by the rock mass impacting the top of the lava column. Assuming a simple lumped parameter representation of the shallow magmatic system, the observed pressure and volume variations can be modeled with the following attributes: rockfall volume (200–4500 m</span><sup>3</sup><span>), length of magma column (120–210 m), diameter of pipe connecting the Halemaumau pit crater to the subjacent dike system (6 m), average thickness of the two underlying dikes (3–6 m), and effective magma viscosity (30–210 Pa s). Most rockfalls occur during episodes of sustained deflation of the Kilauea summit. The mass loss rate in the shallow magmatic system is estimated to be 1400–15,000 kg s</span><sup>−1</sup><span><span>&nbsp;</span>based on measurements of the temporal variation of VLP period in the two large rockfalls that occurred on 29 August 2012.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"AGU","doi":"10.1002/jgrb.50376","usgsCitation":"Chouet, B.A., and Dawson, P.B., 2013, Very long period conduit oscillations induced by rockfalls at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 118, no. 10, p. 5352-5371, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrb.50376.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"5352","endPage":"5371","ipdsId":"IP-051372","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474151,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrb.50376","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":348094,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Kilauea Volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -155.36453247070312,\n              19.32539900916396\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.12832641601562,\n              19.32539900916396\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.12832641601562,\n              19.51578670986151\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.36453247070312,\n              19.51578670986151\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.36453247070312,\n              19.32539900916396\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"118","issue":"10","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-10-07","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59fc2eaee4b0531197b27fe9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chouet, Bernard A. 0000-0001-5527-0532 chouet@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5527-0532","contributorId":3304,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chouet","given":"Bernard","email":"chouet@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":719619,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dawson, Phillip B. dawson@usgs.gov","contributorId":2751,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dawson","given":"Phillip","email":"dawson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":719620,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70159359,"text":"70159359 - 2013 - Metadata squared: enhancing its usability for volunteered geographic information and the GeoWeb","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-22T17:58:21","indexId":"70159359","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Metadata squared: enhancing its usability for volunteered geographic information and the GeoWeb","docAbstract":"<p><span>The Internet has brought many changes to the way geographic information is created and shared. One aspect that has not changed is metadata. Static spatial data quality descriptions were standardized in the mid-1990s and cannot accommodate the current climate of data creation where nonexperts are using mobile phones and other location-based devices on a continuous basis to contribute data to Internet mapping platforms. The usability of standard geospatial metadata is being questioned by academics and neogeographers alike. This chapter analyzes current discussions of metadata to demonstrate how the media shift that is occurring has affected requirements for metadata. Two case studies of metadata use are presented&mdash;online sharing of environmental information through a regional spatial data infrastructure in the early 2000s, and new types of metadata that are being used today in OpenStreetMap, a map of the world created entirely by volunteers. Changes in metadata requirements are examined for usability, the ease with which metadata supports coproduction of data by communities of users, how metadata enhances findability, and how the relationship between metadata and data has changed. We argue that traditional metadata associated with spatial data infrastructures is inadequate and suggest several research avenues to make this type of metadata more interactive and effective in the GeoWeb.</span></p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Crowdsourcing geographic knowledge volunteered geographic information (VGI) in theory and practice","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","publisherLocation":"Dordrecht; New York","doi":"10.1007/978-94-007-4587-2_4","usgsCitation":"Poore, B.S., and Wolf, E.B., 2013, Metadata squared: enhancing its usability for volunteered geographic information and the GeoWeb, chap. <i>of</i> Crowdsourcing geographic knowledge volunteered geographic information (VGI) in theory and practice, p. 43-64, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4587-2_4.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"43","endPage":"64","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":242,"text":"Eastern Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":310571,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-06-29","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"562a08d9e4b011227bf1fd91","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Sui, Daniel Z.","contributorId":149381,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sui","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"Z.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":578216,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Elwood, Sarah","contributorId":149382,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Elwood","given":"Sarah","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":578217,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Goodchild, Michael F.","contributorId":149383,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Goodchild","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":578218,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Poore, Barbara S. bspoore@usgs.gov","contributorId":2541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poore","given":"Barbara","email":"bspoore@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":578214,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wolf, Eric B. ebwolf@usgs.gov","contributorId":4535,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolf","given":"Eric","email":"ebwolf@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":578215,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70193596,"text":"70193596 - 2013 - Preliminary report on the Late Pleistocene and Holocene diatoms of Swamp Lake, Yosemite National Park, California, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-30T13:46:22","indexId":"70193596","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3081,"text":"Phytotaxa","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Preliminary report on the Late Pleistocene and Holocene diatoms of Swamp Lake, Yosemite National Park, California, USA","docAbstract":"Swamp Lake, Yosemite National Park, is the only known lake in California containing long sequences of varved sediments and thus has the potential to provide a high-resolution record of climate variability. This preliminary analysis of the diatom assemblages from a 947-cm-long composite sediment core (freeze core FZ02–05; 0–67 cm, Livingstone core 02–05; 53–947 cm) shows that the lake has been freshwater, oligotrophic, and circumneutral to alkaline throughout its ~16,000-year-long history. The first sediments deposited in the lake show that the vegetation in the watershed was sparse, allowing organic matter-poor silt and clay to be deposited in the basin. The basin filled quickly to a depth of at least 5 m and remained at least that deep for most of the sediment record. Several short intervals provided evidence of large fluctuations in lake level during the Holocene. The upper 50 cm of the core contains evidence of the Medieval Climate Anomaly and Little Ice Age.","language":"English","publisher":"Magnolia Press","doi":"10.11646/phytotaxa.127.1.14","usgsCitation":"Starratt, S.W., and Anderson, R., 2013, Preliminary report on the Late Pleistocene and Holocene diatoms of Swamp Lake, Yosemite National Park, California, USA: Phytotaxa, v. 127, no. 1, p. 128-149, https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.127.1.14.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"128","endPage":"149","ipdsId":"IP-042680","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474042,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.127.1.14","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":349599,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Swamp Lake, Yosemite National Park","volume":"127","issue":"1","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-08-29","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a610312e4b06e28e9c254b6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Starratt, Scott W. 0000-0001-9405-1746 sstarrat@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9405-1746","contributorId":2891,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Starratt","given":"Scott","email":"sstarrat@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":719551,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Anderson, R. Scott","contributorId":6983,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Anderson","given":"R. Scott","affiliations":[{"id":7034,"text":"School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Sustainability at Northern Arizona University, in Flagstaff","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":719552,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11}]}}
,{"id":70193798,"text":"70193798 - 2013 - Management guidelines for enhancing Cerulean Warbler breeding habitat in Appalachian hardwood forests","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-20T15:35:58","indexId":"70193798","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"title":"Management guidelines for enhancing Cerulean Warbler breeding habitat in Appalachian hardwood forests","docAbstract":"<p>The Cerulean Warbler (Setophaga cerulea) is a migratory songbird that breeds in mature deciduous forests of eastern North America. Cerulean Warblers (hereafter, ceruleans) require heavily forested landscapes for nesting and, within Appalachian forests, primarily occur on ridge tops and steep, upper slopes. They are generally associated with oakdominated (Quercus spp.) stands that contain gaps in the forest canopy, that have large diameter trees (&gt;16 inches diameter breast height (dbh)), and that have well-developed understory-and upper-canopy layers. Ceruleans primarily use the midand upper-canopy where they glean insects from the surface of leaves and conceal their open cup nests. Because they are severely declining across much of their range (Fig. 1), habitat management is a high priority. Management for this species can also improve conditions for a number of other wildlife species that depend on the same structure.</p>","language":"English","publisher":" American Bird Conservancy","usgsCitation":"Wood, P., Sheehan, J., Keyser, P.D., Buehler, D.A., Larkin, J., Rodewald, A.D., Stoleson, S.H., Wigley, T.B., Mizel, J., Boves, T.J., George, G., Bakermans, M.H., Beachy, T.A., Evans, A., McDermott, M., Newell, F.L., Perkins, K.A., and White, M., 2013, Management guidelines for enhancing Cerulean Warbler breeding habitat in Appalachian hardwood forests, iii, 25 p.","productDescription":"iii, 25 p.","numberOfPages":"29","ipdsId":"IP-041124","costCenters":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":350151,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Appalachian Mountains","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a610312e4b06e28e9c254b4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wood, Petra pbwood@usgs.gov","contributorId":169812,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wood","given":"Petra","email":"pbwood@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34541,"text":"West Virginia Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":725292,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sheehan, James","contributorId":169745,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sheehan","given":"James","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":725293,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Keyser, Patrick D.","contributorId":146945,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Keyser","given":"Patrick","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":12716,"text":"University of Tennessee","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":725294,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Buehler, David A.","contributorId":176238,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Buehler","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":12716,"text":"University of Tennessee","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":725295,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Larkin, Jeff","contributorId":199993,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Larkin","given":"Jeff","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":725296,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Rodewald, Amanda D.","contributorId":169748,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rodewald","given":"Amanda","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":725297,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Stoleson, Scott H.","contributorId":98149,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stoleson","given":"Scott","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":725298,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Wigley, T. Bently","contributorId":169749,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wigley","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"Bently","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":725299,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Mizel, Jeremy","contributorId":199994,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mizel","given":"Jeremy","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":725300,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Boves, Than J.","contributorId":169750,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Boves","given":"Than","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":725301,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"George, Greg","contributorId":201442,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"George","given":"Greg","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":725302,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Bakermans, Marja H.","contributorId":169752,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bakermans","given":"Marja","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":33354,"text":"Worcester Polytechnic Institute","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":725303,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Beachy, Tiffany A.","contributorId":169753,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Beachy","given":"Tiffany","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":725304,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Evans, Andrea","contributorId":169754,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Evans","given":"Andrea","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":725305,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"McDermott, Molly E. 0000-0002-0000-0831","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0000-0831","contributorId":169743,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McDermott","given":"Molly E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":725306,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Newell, Felicity L.","contributorId":169755,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Newell","given":"Felicity","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":725307,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16},{"text":"Perkins, Kelly A.","contributorId":169756,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Perkins","given":"Kelly","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":725308,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":17},{"text":"White, Matt","contributorId":201443,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"White","given":"Matt","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":725309,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":18}]}}
,{"id":70187039,"text":"70187039 - 2013 - Pre-eruptive magmatic conditions at Augustine Volcano, Alaska, 2006: Evidence from amphibole geochemistry and textures","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-19T15:49:15","indexId":"70187039","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2420,"text":"Journal of Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pre-eruptive magmatic conditions at Augustine Volcano, Alaska, 2006: Evidence from amphibole geochemistry and textures","docAbstract":"<p>Variations in the geochemistry and texture of amphibole phenocrysts erupted from Augustine Volcano in 2006 provide new insights into pre- and syn-eruptive magma storage and mixing. Amphiboles are rare but present in all magma compositions (low- to high-silica andesites) from the 3 month long eruption. Unzoned magnesiohornblende in the high- and low-silica andesites exhibit limited compositional variability, relatively high SiO<sub>2</sub> (up to 49·7 wt %), and relatively low Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> (&lt; 11·1 wt %). Intermediate-silica andesites and quenched mafic enclaves contain amphiboles that vary in composition (e.g. SiO<sub>2</sub> 40·8–48·9 wt %, Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> 6·52–15·2 wt %) and classification (magnesiohornblende–magnesiohastingsite–tschermakite). Compositional variation in amphibole is primarily controlled by temperature-dependent substitutions. Both high- and low-silica andesites represent remnant magmas that were stored in the shallow crust at 4–8 km depth, remaining distinct owing to a complex subsurface plumbing system. Intermediate-silica andesites and quenched mafic inclusions represent pre-eruptive hybrids of resident high- and low-silica andesite magmas and an intruding basalt. Amphiboles in explosive phase high-silica andesites are largely euhedral and unreacted, consistent with the high magma flux rates from depth during this phase (up to 13 800 m<sup>3</sup> s<sup>–1</sup>). Phenocrysts from the other lithologies have reaction rims that range from 1 to &gt;1000 μm in thickness. Reaction rim microlite sizes correlate with reaction rim thicknesses. Reaction rims &lt;50 μm thick contain microlites 1–10 μm in length whereas reaction rims &gt;80 μm thick contain microlites 10–100 μm in length. Differentiating between heating- and decompression-induced amphibole reaction rim formation is problematic because of a lack of experimental constraints. We attempt a new approach to assessing reaction rim formation, based on a kinetic theory of crystal nucleation and growth, in which the differences in reaction rim textures represent different degrees of amphibole disequilibrium. Large crystals and low number densities suggest relatively lower levels of disequilibrium resulting in growth-dominated crystallization. Smaller crystals and larger number densities are indicative of higher nucleation rates and a high driving force.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1093/petrology/egt037","usgsCitation":"De Angelis, S., Larsen, J.D., and Coombs, M.L., 2013, Pre-eruptive magmatic conditions at Augustine Volcano, Alaska, 2006: Evidence from amphibole geochemistry and textures: Journal of Petrology, v. 54, no. 9, p. 1939-1961, https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egt037.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"1939","endPage":"1961","ipdsId":"IP-049353","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":339998,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Augustine Volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -153.66302490234375,\n              59.279914277804906\n            ],\n            [\n              -153.2537841796875,\n              59.279914277804906\n            ],\n            [\n              -153.2537841796875,\n              59.44228245633653\n            ],\n            [\n              -153.66302490234375,\n              59.44228245633653\n            ],\n            [\n              -153.66302490234375,\n              59.279914277804906\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"54","issue":"9","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-07-12","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58f877c2e4b0b7ea54521c40","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"De Angelis, Sarah","contributorId":191167,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"De Angelis","given":"Sarah","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":692057,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Larsen, Jessica D","contributorId":156309,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Larsen","given":"Jessica","email":"","middleInitial":"D","affiliations":[{"id":6752,"text":"University of Alaska Fairbanks","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":692058,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Coombs, Michelle L. 0000-0002-6002-6806 mcoombs@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6002-6806","contributorId":2809,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coombs","given":"Michelle","email":"mcoombs@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":692056,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70178489,"text":"70178489 - 2013 - Integrated hydrologic modeling of a transboundary aquifer system —Lower Rio Grande","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-20T10:47:07","indexId":"70178489","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Integrated hydrologic modeling of a transboundary aquifer system —Lower Rio Grande","docAbstract":"<p>For more than 30 years the agreements developed for the aquifer systems of the lower Rio Grande and related river compacts of the Rio Grande River have evolved into a complex setting of transboundary conjunctive use. The conjunctive use now includes many facets of water rights, water use, and emerging demands between the states of New Mexico and Texas, the United States and Mexico, and various water-supply agencies. The analysis of the complex relations between irrigation and streamflow supplyand-demand components and the effects of surface-water and groundwater use requires an integrated hydrologic model to track all of the use and movement of water. MODFLOW with the Farm Process (MFFMP) provides the integrated approach needed to assess the stream-aquifer interactions that are dynamically affected by irrigation demands on streamflow allotments that are supplemented with groundwater pumpage. As a first step to the ongoing full implementation of MF-FMP by the USGS, the existing model (LRG_2007) was modified to include some FMP features, demonstrating the ability to simulate the existing streamflow-diversion relations known as the D2 and D3 curves, departure of downstream deliveries from these curves during low allocation years and with increasing efficiency upstream, and the dynamic relation between surface-water conveyance and estimates of pumpage and recharge. This new MF-FMP modeling framework can now internally analyze complex relations within the Lower Rio Grande Hydrologic Model (LRGHM_2011) that previous techniques had limited ability to assess.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"MODFLOW and more 2013--Translating science into practice","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"language":"English","publisher":"Colorado School of Mines, Integrated Groundwater Modeling Center","publisherLocation":"Golden, CO","usgsCitation":"Hanson, R.T., Schmid, W., Knight, J.E., and Maddock, T., 2013, Integrated hydrologic modeling of a transboundary aquifer system —Lower Rio Grande, <i>in</i> MODFLOW and more 2013--Translating science into practice, p. 57-61.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"57","endPage":"61","ipdsId":"IP-042752","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":333539,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"publishingServiceCenter":{"id":1,"text":"Sacramento PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58833023e4b0d0023163779a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hanson, Randall T. 0000-0002-9819-7141 rthanson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9819-7141","contributorId":801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanson","given":"Randall","email":"rthanson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":654190,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schmid, Wolfgang","contributorId":140408,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schmid","given":"Wolfgang","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6624,"text":"University of Arizona, Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":654192,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Knight, Jacob E. 0000-0003-0271-9011 jknight@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0271-9011","contributorId":5143,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knight","given":"Jacob","email":"jknight@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":654189,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Maddock, Thomas III","contributorId":32983,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maddock","given":"Thomas","suffix":"III","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":654191,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12}]}}
,{"id":70177802,"text":"70177802 - 2013 - Autumn monitoring of resident avifauna on Guana Island, British Virgin Islands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-10-21T14:50:13","indexId":"70177802","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2967,"text":"Ornitologia Neotropical","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Autumn monitoring of resident avifauna on Guana Island, British Virgin Islands","docAbstract":"<p>Although the Caribbean region is considered a biodiversity hotspot and a priority for ecological conservation efforts, little information exists on population trends of West Indian landbirds. We combined avian survey data collected from three studies spanning a 16-year period on a small island with a minimal human presence in the British Virgin Islands. Although abundances varied among surveys, the same species were detected with rare exceptions. Despite stability in species composition, the resident landbirds were variable in their individual detectabilities. Survey detections relatively mirrored net captures for some species, but are quite different for others. We suspect that this is likely due to differences in detectability due to species-specific behaviors mediated by environmental conditions, such as rainfall, during the month or months prior to our surveys. It is difficult to assess the influence of timing or amount of precipitation on bird detections rates among our surveys due to a lack of consistent collection of location-specific weather data in the British Virgin Islands. Our study suggests monitoring efforts conducted in concert with collection of site-specific climate data would facilitate improved interpretation of survey data and a better understanding of avian species response to climate mediated changes. </p>","language":"English","publisher":"Neotropical Ornithological Society","usgsCitation":"Boal, C.W., Wunderle, J.M., and Arendt, W.J., 2013, Autumn monitoring of resident avifauna on Guana Island, British Virgin Islands: Ornitologia Neotropical, v. 24, no. 3, p. 335-343.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"335","endPage":"343","ipdsId":"IP-053415","costCenters":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":330323,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":330322,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://sora.unm.edu/node/133379"}],"volume":"24","issue":"3","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":8,"text":"Raleigh PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5810cb41e4b0f497e79749de","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boal, Clint W. 0000-0001-6008-8911 cboal@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6008-8911","contributorId":1909,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boal","given":"Clint","email":"cboal@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":651825,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wunderle, Joseph M. Jr.","contributorId":25653,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wunderle","given":"Joseph","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651828,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Arendt, Wayne J.","contributorId":176182,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Arendt","given":"Wayne","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651829,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70177799,"text":"70177799 - 2013 - A simple device for measuring the minimum current velocity to maintain semi-buoyant fish eggs in suspension","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-10-25T10:52:33","indexId":"70177799","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3111,"text":"Prairie Naturalist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A simple device for measuring the minimum current velocity to maintain semi-buoyant fish eggs in suspension","docAbstract":"<p>Pelagic broadcast spawning cyprinids are common to Great Plains rivers and streams. This reproductive guild produces non-adhesive semi-buoyant eggs that require sufficient current velocity to remain in suspension during development. Although studies have shown that there may be a minimum velocity needed to keep the eggs in suspension, this velocity has not been estimated directly nor has the influence of physicochemical factors on egg buoyancy been determined. We developed a simple, inexpensive flow chamber that allowed for evaluation of minimum current velocity needed to keep semi-buoyant eggs in suspension at any time frame during egg development. The device described here has the capability of testing the minimum current velocity needed to keep semi-buoyant eggs in suspension at a wide range of physicochemical conditions. We used gellan beads soaked in freshwater for 0, 24, and 48 hrs as egg surrogates and evaluated minimum current velocities necessary to keep them in suspension at different combinations of temperature (20.0 ± 1.0° C, 25.0 ± 1.0° C, and 28.0 ± 1.0° C) and total dissolved solids (TDS; 1,000 mg L-1, 3,000 mg L-1, and 6,000 mg L-1). We found that our methodology generated consistent, repeatable results within treatment groups. Current velocities ranging from 0.001–0.026 needed to keep the gellan beads in suspension were negatively correlated to soak times and TDS and positively correlated with temperature. The flow chamber is a viable approach for evaluating minimum current velocities needed to keep the eggs of pelagic broadcast spawning cyprinids in suspension during development.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Prairie Naturalist","usgsCitation":"Mueller, J.S., Cheek, B.D., Chen, Q., Groeschel, J.R., Brewer, S.K., and Grabowski, T.B., 2013, A simple device for measuring the minimum current velocity to maintain semi-buoyant fish eggs in suspension: Prairie Naturalist, v. 45, p. 84-89.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"84","endPage":"89","ipdsId":"IP-042927","costCenters":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":330364,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":330363,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.sdstate.edu/2013-archive"}],"volume":"45","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":8,"text":"Raleigh PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58106f99e4b0f497e7961121","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mueller, Julia S.","contributorId":176241,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mueller","given":"Julia","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651975,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cheek, Brandon D.","contributorId":172955,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cheek","given":"Brandon","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651976,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Chen, Qingman","contributorId":176242,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chen","given":"Qingman","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651977,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Groeschel, Jillian R.","contributorId":172958,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Groeschel","given":"Jillian","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651978,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Brewer, Shannon K. 0000-0002-1537-3921 skbrewer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1537-3921","contributorId":2252,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brewer","given":"Shannon","email":"skbrewer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":651822,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Grabowski, Timothy B. 0000-0001-9763-8948 tgrabowski@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9763-8948","contributorId":4178,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grabowski","given":"Timothy","email":"tgrabowski@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":651979,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70193015,"text":"70193015 - 2013 - A critique of the use of indicator-species scores for identifying thresholds in species responses","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-21T13:56:53","indexId":"70193015","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1699,"text":"Freshwater Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A critique of the use of indicator-species scores for identifying thresholds in species responses","docAbstract":"<p>Identification of ecological thresholds is important both for theoretical and applied ecology. Recently, Baker and King (2010, King and Baker 2010) proposed a method, threshold indicator analysis (TITAN), to calculate species and community thresholds based on indicator species scores adapted from Dufrêne and Legendre (1997). We tested the ability of TITAN to detect thresholds using models with (broken-stick, disjointed broken-stick, dose-response, step-function, Gaussian) and without (linear) definitive thresholds. TITAN accurately and consistently detected thresholds in step-function models, but not in models characterized by abrupt changes in response slopes or response direction. Threshold detection in TITAN was very sensitive to the distribution of 0 values, which caused TITAN to identify thresholds associated with relatively small differences in the distribution of 0 values while ignoring thresholds associated with large changes in abundance. Threshold identification and tests of statistical significance were based on the same data permutations resulting in inflated estimates of statistical significance. Application of bootstrapping to the split-point problem that underlies TITAN led to underestimates of the confidence intervals of thresholds. Bias in the derivation of the z-scores used to identify TITAN thresholds and skewedness in the distribution of data along the gradient produced TITAN thresholds that were much more similar than the actual thresholds. This tendency may account for the synchronicity of thresholds reported in TITAN analyses. The thresholds identified by TITAN represented disparate characteristics of species responses that, when coupled with the inability of TITAN to identify thresholds accurately and consistently, does not support the aggregation of individual species thresholds into a community threshold.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"The University of Chicago Press","doi":"10.1899/12-056.1","usgsCitation":"Cuffney, T.F., and Qian, S.S., 2013, A critique of the use of indicator-species scores for identifying thresholds in species responses: Freshwater Science, v. 32, no. 2, p. 471-488, https://doi.org/10.1899/12-056.1.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"471","endPage":"488","ipdsId":"IP-037231","costCenters":[{"id":476,"text":"North Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474030,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://www.bioone.org/doi/10.1899/12-056.1","text":"External Repository"},{"id":349218,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"32","issue":"2","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":8,"text":"Raleigh PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a610313e4b06e28e9c254be","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cuffney, Thomas F. 0000-0003-1164-5560 tcuffney@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1164-5560","contributorId":517,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cuffney","given":"Thomas","email":"tcuffney@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":717656,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Qian, Song S.","contributorId":198934,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Qian","given":"Song","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":717657,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11}]}}
,{"id":70148073,"text":"70148073 - 2013 - Demography and population status of polar bears in western Hudson Bay","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-16T14:07:46","indexId":"70148073","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"title":"Demography and population status of polar bears in western Hudson Bay","docAbstract":"<ul>\n<li>We evaluated the demography and population status of the Western Hudson Bay (WH) polar bear subpopulation for the period 1984-2011, using live-recapture data from research studies and management actions, and dead-recovery data from polar bears harvested for subsistence purposes or removed during human-bear conflicts.</li>\n<li>We used a Bayesian implementation of multistate capture-recapture models, coupled with a matrix-based demographic projection model, to integrate several types of data and to incorporate sampling uncertainty, and demographic and environmental stochasticity across the polar bear life cycle. This approach allowed for estimation of a suite of vital rates, including survival and reproduction. These vital rates were used to parameterize a Bayesian population model to evaluate population trends and project potential population outcomes under different environmental scenarios.</li>\n<li>Survival of female polar bears of all age classes was significantly correlated with sea ice conditions; particularly with the timing of sea ice break-up in the spring and formation in the fall and the interaction of the two. This is consistent with previous findings linking body condition and survival of WH polar bears to environmental changes associated with climatic warming and supports the ecological dependence of polar bears on the availability of sea ice.</li>\n<li>Survival of male polar bears was not correlated with sea ice conditions. This was likely because a higher proportion of mortality for males was caused by humans rather than by natural factors. For example, approximately 73% of mortality for young male bears (i.e., 5-9 years old) was due to direct human-caused removals, largely because of sex selectivity in the subsistence harvest.</li>\n<li>The declining trend in size of the WH subpopulation over the period 1987-2004 was similar to a previous analysis (Regehr et al. 2007), suggesting consistency between the two demographic evaluations. Point estimates of abundance were somewhat lower using the updated statistical approach. It is important to recognize that the analyzed data were not collected in a manner that is optimal for estimating abundance and that the goal of the current analysis was to estimate vital rates and demographic trends.</li>\n<li>Estimates of population growth rate were also derived using a Bayesian population model based on estimated survival and reproductive rates from the multistate capture-recapture model. For the recent decade 2001-2011, the growth rate of the female segment of the population was 1.02 (95% CI = 0.98-1.06). Apparently stable to positive population growth for females may be due in large part to nonlinearity (i.e., short-term stability) in the long-term observed and forecasted trend toward earlier sea ice break-up in western Hudson Bay.</li>\n<li>The 2011 abundance estimate from this analysis was 806 bears with a 95% Bayesian credible interval of 653-984. This is lower than, but broadly consistent with, the abundance estimate of 1,030 (95% confidence interval = 745-1406) from a 2011 aerial survey (Stapleton et al. 2014). The capture-recapture and aerial survey approaches have different spatial and temporal coverage of the WH subpopulation and, consequently, the effective study population considered by each approach is different.</li>\n</ul>","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Research Report","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"Environment Canada","usgsCitation":"Lunn, N., Regher, E.V., Servanty, S., Converse, S.J., Richardson, E.S., and Stirling, I., 2013, Demography and population status of polar bears in western Hudson Bay, 50 p.","productDescription":"50 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-058521","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":326582,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"publishingServiceCenter":{"id":10,"text":"Baltimore PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57b43942e4b03bcb01039fa5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lunn, Nicholas J.","contributorId":78421,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lunn","given":"Nicholas J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":547162,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Regher, Eric V","contributorId":140838,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Regher","given":"Eric","email":"","middleInitial":"V","affiliations":[{"id":6661,"text":"US Fish and Wildlife Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":547165,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Servanty, Sabrina","contributorId":53296,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Servanty","given":"Sabrina","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":547164,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Converse, Sarah J. 0000-0002-3719-5441 sconverse@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3719-5441","contributorId":3513,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Converse","given":"Sarah","email":"sconverse@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":547163,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Richardson, Evan S.","contributorId":139901,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Richardson","given":"Evan","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":6962,"text":"Science and Technology Branch, Environment Canada","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":547166,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Stirling, Ian","contributorId":72079,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stirling","given":"Ian","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6962,"text":"Science and Technology Branch, Environment Canada","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":547167,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70192928,"text":"70192928 - 2013 - Analysis and simulation of regional subsidence accompanying groundwater abstraction and compaction of susceptible aquifer systems in the USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-18T19:53:27.146451","indexId":"70192928","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5070,"text":"Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Analysis and simulation of regional subsidence accompanying groundwater abstraction and compaction of susceptible aquifer systems in the USA","docAbstract":"<p><span class=\"ScopusTermHighlight\">Regional</span><span>&nbsp;aquifer-system compaction and land&nbsp;</span><span class=\"ScopusTermHighlight\">subsidence</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"ScopusTermHighlight\">accompanying</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"ScopusTermHighlight\">groundwater</span><span>&nbsp;abstraction in susceptible aquifer systems in the USA is a challenge for managing&nbsp;</span><span class=\"ScopusTermHighlight\">groundwater</span><span>&nbsp;resources and mitigating associated hazards. Developments in the assessment of&nbsp;</span><span class=\"ScopusTermHighlight\">regional</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"ScopusTermHighlight\">subsidence</span><span>&nbsp;provide more information to constrain analyses and&nbsp;</span><span class=\"ScopusTermHighlight\">simulation</span><span>&nbsp;of aquifer-system compaction. Current popular approaches to simulating vertical aquifer-system deformation (compaction), such as those embodied in the aquitard drainage model and the MODFLOW&nbsp;</span><span class=\"ScopusTermHighlight\">subsidence</span><span>&nbsp;packages, have proven useful from the perspective of&nbsp;</span><span class=\"ScopusTermHighlight\">regional</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"ScopusTermHighlight\">groundwater</span><span>&nbsp;resources assessment. However, these approaches inadequately address related local-scale hazards-ground ruptures and damages to engineered structures on the land surface arising from tensional stresses and strains&nbsp;</span><span class=\"ScopusTermHighlight\">accompanying</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"ScopusTermHighlight\">groundwater</span><span>&nbsp;abstraction. This paper presents a brief overview of the general approaches taken by the U.S. Geological Survey toward understanding aquifer-system compaction and&nbsp;</span><span class=\"ScopusTermHighlight\">subsidence</span><span>&nbsp;with regard to a) identifying the affected aquifer systems; b) making&nbsp;</span><span class=\"ScopusTermHighlight\">regional</span><span>&nbsp;assessments; c) analyzing the governing processes; and d) simulating historical and future&nbsp;</span><span class=\"ScopusTermHighlight\">groundwater</span><span>&nbsp;flow and&nbsp;</span><span class=\"ScopusTermHighlight\">subsidence</span><span>&nbsp;conditions. Limitations and shortcomings of these approaches, as well as future challenges also are discussed.</span></p>","language":"English, Spanish","publisher":"Instituto de Geológica","doi":"10.18268/BSGM2013v65n1a10","usgsCitation":"Galloway, D.L., and Sneed, M., 2013, Analysis and simulation of regional subsidence accompanying groundwater abstraction and compaction of susceptible aquifer systems in the USA: Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana, v. 65, no. 1, p. 123-136, https://doi.org/10.18268/BSGM2013v65n1a10.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"123","endPage":"136","ipdsId":"IP-024781","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5058,"text":"Office of the Chief Scientist for Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":35860,"text":"Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474164,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.18268/bsgm2013v65n1a10","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":381517,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"65","issue":"1","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a096bb2e4b09af898c9414f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Galloway, Devin L. 0000-0003-0904-5355 dlgallow@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0904-5355","contributorId":679,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Galloway","given":"Devin","email":"dlgallow@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":35860,"text":"Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":509,"text":"Office of the Associate Director for Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5078,"text":"Southwest Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5058,"text":"Office of the Chief Scientist for Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":717366,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sneed, Michelle 0000-0002-8180-382X micsneed@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8180-382X","contributorId":155,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sneed","given":"Michelle","email":"micsneed@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":717367,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70041783,"text":"70041783 - 2013 - Statewide summary for Alabama","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-21T16:09:50.539147","indexId":"70041783","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"chapter":"J","displayTitle":"Statewide Summary for Alabama","title":"Statewide summary for Alabama","docAbstract":"<p>Alabama is over 132,000 km<sup>2</sup> (51,000 miles<sup>2</sup>) in area, 483 km (300 miles) long, and 322 km (200 miles) wide (Copeland, 1968). Coastal Alabama comprises Mobile and Baldwin Counties and the surrounding State waters in the Gulf of Mexico (Figure 1; O’Neil and Mettee, 1982). It is part of both the East Gulf Coastal Plain section of the Coastal Plain province and the Mississippi-Alabama shelf section of the Continental Shelf province. Within the East Gulf Coastal Plain section, Alabama’s coastal land falls within the Southern Pine Hills and Coastal Lowlands subdivisions. The Southern Pine Hills subdivision is a sloping landscape composed of sand and clay. Its elevation varies from approximately 30 m (98 ft) near the coast to over 90 m (295 ft) in the northern areas of the two coastal counties. The Coastal Lowlands subdivision is a flat to slightly undulating plain with creeks, rivers, estuaries, and marshes leading to the surrounding bays and the Gulf of Mexico. Offshore Alabama is part of the Mississippi-Alabama section of the Continental Shelf. Barrier islands and spits in coastal Alabama include Dauphin Island, Fort Morgan Peninsula, and Perdido Key. Dauphin Island consists of a beach with dunes on the Gulf side and beaches and marshes on the north side. It was once over 24 km long, but after Hurricane Katrina it has been broken into two distinct islands. Fort Morgan Peninsula is attached to the eastern mainland and extends westward between Mobile Bay and the Gulf of Mexico. A large beach exists on the gulf side, with numerous lagoons and marshes on the bayside. Perdido Key is a narrow peninsula on the easternmost Alabama coast near the Alabama-Florida border, south of Perdido Bay. It consists of beaches and high dunes, with some marshes on the lagoon side of the peninsula.</p><p>Mobile Bay, parts of Mississippi Sound, Perdido Bay, and many smaller rivers and streams are the main bodies of water in coastal Alabama. Mobile Bay, a submerged river valley, is the largest at 1,070 km<sup>2</sup> (413 miles<sup>2</sup>) in area and 51.5 km (32 miles) in length (Mobile Bay NEP, 2008). Mobile Bay is 37 km (23 miles) wide at its maximum width near the opening to the Gulf of Mexico at the south end of the bay, and 16.1 km (10 miles) wide at the city of Mobile (Mobile Bay NEP, 2003; Mobile Bay NEP, 2008). It is remarkably shallow with an average depth of 3 m (10 ft), yet it discharges approximately 1,755.6 m<sup>3</sup> (62,000 ft<sup>3</sup>) of water every second on average (Mobile Bay NEP, 2008). Mississippi Sound runs parallel to the coasts of Mississippi and part of Alabama. The length of the Alabama portion of Mississippi Sound is approximately 26 km (16.2 miles) from the Dauphin Island bridge to the Mississippi-Alabama State line (O’Neil and Mettee, 1982). Dauphin Island separates the sound from the Gulf of Mexico. The sound drains into the Gulf of Mexico west of Dauphin Island at Petit Bois Pass, which is approximately 8 km (5 miles) wide. Mississippi Sound averages approximately 3.5 m (11.5 ft) in depth. Salt marshes, large areas of wetland scrub-shrub, and tidal creeks characterize the northern shore of Mississippi Sound, and the southern shore is composed of sandy barrier islands. Perdido Bay is located at the boundary of Baldwin County and Florida’s Escambia County. It is approximately 27 km (16.8 miles) long, 5 km (3 miles) at its widest point, and, on average, 2.4 m (7.9 ft) deep. The major fresh-water resource in&nbsp;coastal Alabama is the Mobile River, formed by the confluence of the Alabama and Tombigbee Rivers. The watershed for the Mobile River is approximately 111,369 km<sup>2</sup> (43,000 miles<sup>2</sup>) large and includes parts of Alabama, Georgia, Mississippi, and Tennessee (Handley et al., 2007). Parts of Alabama and the Florida Panhandle drain into the Perdido River basin and western coastal Alabama drains into the Escatawpa River.&nbsp;</p><p>Emergent wetlands offer valuable ecological services in coastal Alabama. Marshes provide extensive plant material, which provides energy to the detritus-based estuarine ecological system (O’Neil et al., 1983). They provide habitat for many organisms, including shrimp and crabs, whose harvest is a major industry in coastal Alabama. Marshes provide habitat for refuge, feeding, breeding, and spawning. They also remove excess nutrients from water and contribute to erosion control. Degradation of marshes by pollutants, sediments, and other impacts decreases productivity of the entire estuarine ecosystem. Among the nation’s states, Alabama ranks fifth in number of different species (144 endemic species), second in number of extinctions that have already occurred (90 extinct species) and fourth in number of species at risk for extinction (14.8% at risk out of 4,533 total species; Stein, 2002). Many species of wildlife benefit from the wetland habitats in coastal Alabama. Numerous bird species can be found in coastal Alabama emergent marshes, which provide habitat for shore- and wading-birds that inhabit salt or brackish water coastal environments (Anderson et al., 1981). Colonial seabirds nest on coastal Alabama’s islands, the mainland, and dredge disposal sites (Cooley, 1987). The Mobile-Tensaw Delta and Mobile Bay are the state’s primary migratory waterfowl coastal wintering areas (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1982). The shallow waters, abundance of fish, and vegetative cover in emergent marsh&nbsp;contribute to excellent waterfowl habitat. Emergent wetlands in Alabama also provide habitat for a multitude of endangered species, including various species of raptors and wading- and shorebirds (O’Neil et al., 1983).&nbsp;</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Emergent wetlands status and trends in the northern Gulf of Mexico: 1950-2010","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"conferenceTitle":"2013 Gulf of Mexico Alliance (GOMA) All Hands Meeting","conferenceDate":"June 25-27, 2013","conferenceLocation":"Tampa, FL","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"Handley, L.R., Spear, K.A., Jones, S., and Thatcher, C.A., 2013, Statewide summary for Alabama, 18 p.","productDescription":"18 p.","ipdsId":"IP-037807","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":344096,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":344095,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://gom.usgs.gov/web/Site/EmWetStatusTrends"}],"country":"United 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 \"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59706fdee4b0d1f9f065ab06","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Handley, Lawrence R. handleyl@usgs.gov","contributorId":3459,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Handley","given":"Lawrence","email":"handleyl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":743022,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Spear, Kathryn A. 0000-0001-8942-2856 speark@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8942-2856","contributorId":1949,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spear","given":"Kathryn","email":"speark@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":705774,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jones, Stephen","contributorId":118160,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"Stephen","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":705775,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Thatcher, Cindy A. 0000-0003-0331-071X thatcherc@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0331-071X","contributorId":2868,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thatcher","given":"Cindy","email":"thatcherc@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":423,"text":"National Geospatial Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":242,"text":"Eastern Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":705776,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70170795,"text":"70170795 - 2013 - Nyamulagira’s magma plumbing system inferred from 15 years of InSAR","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-30T11:31:00","indexId":"70170795","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Nyamulagira’s magma plumbing system inferred from 15 years of InSAR","docAbstract":"<p>Nyamulagira, located in the east of the Democratic Republic of Congo on the western branch of the East African rift, is Africa&rsquo;s most active volcano, with an average of one eruption every 3 years since 1938. Owing to the socio-economical context of that region, the volcano lacks ground-based geodetic measurements but has been monitored by interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) since 1996. A combination of 3D Mixed Boundary Element Method and inverse modelling, taking into account topography and source interactions, is used to interpret InSAR ground displacements associated with eruptive activity in 1996, 2002, 2004, 2006 and 2010. These eruptions can be fitted by models incorporating dyke intrusions, and some (namely the 2006 and 2010 eruptions) require a magma reservoir beneath the summit caldera. We investigate inter-eruptive deformation with a multi-temporal InSAR approach. We propose the following magma plumbing system at Nyamulagira by integrating numerical deformation models with other available data: a deep reservoir (c. 25 km depth) feeds a shallower reservoir (c. 4 km depth); proximal eruptions are fed from the shallow reservoir through dykes while distal eruptions can be fed directly from the deep reservoir. A dyke-like conduit is also present beneath the upper southeastern flank of Nyamulagira.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Remote Sensing of Volcanoes and Volcanic Processes: Integrating Observation and Modelling","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of London","publisherLocation":"London, UK","doi":"10.1144/SP380.9","usgsCitation":"Wauthier, C., Cayol, V., Poland, M.P., Kervyn, F., D’Oreye, N., Hooper, A., Samsonov, S., Tiampo, K., and Smets, B., 2013, Nyamulagira’s magma plumbing system inferred from 15 years of InSAR, chap. <i>of</i> Remote Sensing of Volcanoes and Volcanic Processes: Integrating Observation and Modelling, v. 380, p. 39-65, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP380.9.","productDescription":"27 p.","startPage":"39","endPage":"65","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-075418","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474165,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://uca.hal.science/hal-03049852","text":"External Repository"},{"id":324113,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"380","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-06-18","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"576a6545e4b07657d1a11e3d","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Pyle, D. M.","contributorId":172256,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pyle","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":640063,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mather, T.A.","contributorId":40789,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mather","given":"T.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":640064,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Biggs, J.","contributorId":59241,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Biggs","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":640065,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Wauthier, Christelle","contributorId":81011,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wauthier","given":"Christelle","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":628430,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cayol, Valerie","contributorId":121509,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cayol","given":"Valerie","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":628431,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Poland, Michael P. 0000-0001-5240-6123 mpoland@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5240-6123","contributorId":146118,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poland","given":"Michael","email":"mpoland@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":628429,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kervyn, Francois","contributorId":169098,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kervyn","given":"Francois","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":25416,"text":"Earth Sciences Department, Royal Museum for Central Africa","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":628432,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"D’Oreye, Nicolas","contributorId":169099,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"D’Oreye","given":"Nicolas","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":25417,"text":"Departments of Geophysics/Astrophysics, National Museum of Natural History, Walferdange, Luxembourg","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":628433,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hooper, Andrew","contributorId":169100,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hooper","given":"Andrew","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":13344,"text":"University of Leeds","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":628434,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Samsonov, Sergei","contributorId":169101,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Samsonov","given":"Sergei","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":25418,"text":"Department of Earth Sciences, Western University, Ontario","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":628435,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Tiampo, Kristy","contributorId":169102,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tiampo","given":"Kristy","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":25419,"text":"Canada Centre for Remote Sensing","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":628436,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Smets, Benoit","contributorId":169103,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Smets","given":"Benoit","affiliations":[{"id":25416,"text":"Earth Sciences Department, Royal Museum for Central Africa","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":628437,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}}
,{"id":70182180,"text":"70182180 - 2013 - Wildfire and aspect effects on hydrologic states after the 2010 Fourmile Canyon Fire","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-20T11:40:17","indexId":"70182180","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3674,"text":"Vadose Zone Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Wildfire and aspect effects on hydrologic states after the 2010 Fourmile Canyon Fire","docAbstract":"<p>Wildfire can change how soils take in, store, and release water. This study examined differences in how burned and unburned plots on north versus south-facing slope aspects respond to rainfall. The largest wildfire impacts were litter/duff combustion on burned north-facing slopes versus soil-water retention reduction on burned south-facing slopes.</p><p>Wildfire is one of the most significant disturbances in mountainous landscapes, affecting water supply and ecologic function and setting the stage for natural hazards such as flash floods. The impacts of wildfire can affect the entire hydrologic cycle. Measurements of soil-water content and matric potential in the near surface (top 30 cm) captured the hydrologic state in both burned and unburned hillslopes during the first spring through fall period (1 June–1 Oct. 2011) after the 2010 Fourmile Canyon Fire near Boulder, CO. This time span included different hydrologic periods characterized by cyclonic frontal storms (low-intensity, long duration), convective storms (high-intensity, short duration), and dry periods. In mountainous environments, aspect can also control hydrologic states, so north- vs. south-facing slopes were compared. Wildfire tended to homogenize soil-water contents across aspects and with depth in the soil, yet it also may have introduced an aspect control on matric potential that was not observed in unburned soils. Post-wildfire changes in hydrologic state were observed in south-facing soils, probably reflecting decreased soil-water retention after wildfire. North-facing soils were impacted the most, in terms of hydrologic state, by the loss of water storage in the combusted litter–duff layer and forest canopy, which had provided a large “hydrologic buffering” capacity when unburned. Unsaturated zone measurements showed increased variability in hydrologic states and more rapid state transitions in wildfire-impacted soils. A simple, qualitative analysis suggested that the range of unsaturated-zone processes along the gravity–capillarity–adsorption continuum was expanded by wildfire for a given soil. The small number of experimental plots in this study suggests that further work is needed before these conclusions can be generalized to other geographic areas.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Soil Science Society of America","doi":"10.2136/vzj2012.0089","usgsCitation":"Ebel, B.A., 2013, Wildfire and aspect effects on hydrologic states after the 2010 Fourmile Canyon Fire: Vadose Zone Journal, v. 12, no. 1, https://doi.org/10.2136/vzj2012.0089.","ipdsId":"IP-038010","costCenters":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":335829,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"12","issue":"1","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-02-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58ac0e31e4b0ce4410e7d60a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ebel, Brian A. 0000-0002-5413-3963 bebel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5413-3963","contributorId":2557,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ebel","given":"Brian","email":"bebel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":669908,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70150328,"text":"70150328 - 2013 - A Structured approach to incidental take decision making","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-07-01T11:56:53","indexId":"70150328","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1547,"text":"Environmental Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A Structured approach to incidental take decision making","docAbstract":"<p><span>Decision making related to incidental take of endangered species under U.S. law lends itself well to a structured decision making approach. Incidental take is the permitted killing, harming, or harassing of a protected species under the law as long as that harm is incidental to an otherwise lawful activity and does not &ldquo;reduce appreciably the probability of survival and recovery in the wild.&rdquo; There has been inconsistency in the process used for determining incidental take allowances across species and across time for the same species, and structured decision making has been proposed to improve decision making. I use an example decision analysis to demonstrate the process and its applicability to incidental take decisions, even under significant demographic uncertainty and multiple, competing objectives. I define the example problem, present an objectives statement and a value function, use a simulation model to assess the consequences of a set of management actions, and evaluate the tradeoffs among the different actions. The approach results in transparent and repeatable decisions.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s00267-012-9981-8","usgsCitation":"McGowan, C., 2013, A Structured approach to incidental take decision making: Environmental Management, v. 51, no. 1, p. 241-250, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-012-9981-8.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"241","endPage":"250","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-033430","costCenters":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":305531,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"51","issue":"1","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":8,"text":"Raleigh PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-11-21","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55950f2be4b0b6d21dd6cbd0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McGowan, Conor P. 0000-0002-7330-9581 cmcgowan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7330-9581","contributorId":3381,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGowan","given":"Conor P.","email":"cmcgowan@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":556709,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70157195,"text":"70157195 - 2013 - Tampa Bay","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-11-04T17:36:23.024016","indexId":"70157195","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Tampa Bay","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Emergent wetlands status and trends in the northern Gulf of Mexico 1950-2010","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Handley, L., Spear, K., Cross, L., Baumstark, R., Moyer, R., and Thatcher, C., 2013, Tampa Bay, chap. <i>of</i> Emergent wetlands status and trends in the northern Gulf of Mexico 1950-2010, 18 p.","productDescription":"18 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":308097,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","city":"Tampa","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -82.55201533253813,\n              27.82366270965666\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.42647866704623,\n              27.80423191898055\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.42647866704623,\n              27.852802375506627\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.41549420881572,\n              27.890256155533976\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.4327555003212,\n              27.902737870914223\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.41235579217893,\n              27.94433318867867\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.22248158562269,\n              27.959580794044726\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.23817366880944,\n              28.341450144020072\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.72305903927013,\n              28.351117500831805\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.74659716404989,\n              28.329019392398322\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.74659716404989,\n              28.29448189859835\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.77013528882891,\n              28.23366868595552\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.814073121751,\n              28.18665290377949\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.76699687219217,\n              28.1534528381208\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.73090508086311,\n              28.157603409679524\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.73090508086311,\n              28.124394332578234\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.67127516475503,\n              27.9900695433616\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.54103087430762,\n              27.9263105160163\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.5661382074054,\n              27.85141494985679\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.55201533253813,\n              27.82366270965666\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55f3fb31e4b0ba2c1a0078bf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Handley, Larry","contributorId":66803,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Handley","given":"Larry","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":572218,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Spear, Kathryn 0000-0001-8942-2856","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8942-2856","contributorId":21453,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spear","given":"Kathryn","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":572219,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cross, Lindsay","contributorId":17134,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cross","given":"Lindsay","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":572220,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Baumstark, René","contributorId":17903,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baumstark","given":"René","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":572221,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Moyer, Ryan","contributorId":48460,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moyer","given":"Ryan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":572222,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Thatcher, Cindy A.","contributorId":79604,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thatcher","given":"Cindy A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":572223,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70158616,"text":"70158616 - 2013 - Future climate: Projected average","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-11-01T17:39:00.934053","indexId":"70158616","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Future climate: Projected average","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Assessment of climate change in southwest United States: a report prepared for the National Climate Assessment","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Island Press","publisherLocation":"Washington, [DC]","usgsCitation":"Cayan, D., Tyree, M., Kunkel, K.E., Castro, C., Gershunov, A., Barsugli, J., Ray, A., Overpeck, J., Anderson, M., Russell, J., Rajagopalan, B., Rangwala, I., and Duffy, P., 2013, Future climate: Projected average, chap. <i>of</i> 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,{"id":70158611,"text":"70158611 - 2013 - Cross-scale morphology","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-29T16:20:46.752742","indexId":"70158611","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Cross-scale morphology","docAbstract":"<p><span>The scaling of physical, biological, ecological and social phenomena is a major focus of efforts to develop simple representations of complex systems. Much of the attention has been on discovering universal scaling laws that emerge from simple physical and geometric processes. However, there are regular patterns of departures both from those scaling laws and from continuous distributions of attributes of systems. Those departures often demonstrate the development of self-organized interactions between living systems and physical processes over narrower ranges of scale.</span></p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Encyclopedia of environmetrics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"John Wiley & Sons, Ltd","publisherLocation":"Chichester, UK","doi":"10.1002/9780470057339.vac061.pub2","usgsCitation":"Allen, C.R., Holling, C.S., and Garmestani, A.S., 2013, Cross-scale morphology, chap. <i>of</i> Encyclopedia of environmetrics, v. 2, https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470057339.vac061.pub2.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-039688","costCenters":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":502616,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/ncfwrustaff/176","text":"External Repository"},{"id":309462,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","edition":"2nd","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-01-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56349513e4b048076347fc75","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"El-Shaarawi, Abdel H.","contributorId":114059,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"El-Shaarawi","given":"Abdel","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":576305,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Piegorsch, Walter W.","contributorId":112670,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piegorsch","given":"Walter","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":576306,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Allen, Craig R. 0000-0001-8655-8272 allencr@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8655-8272","contributorId":1979,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allen","given":"Craig","email":"allencr@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":576302,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Holling, Crawford S.","contributorId":20511,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holling","given":"Crawford","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":576303,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Garmestani, Ahjond S.","contributorId":77285,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garmestani","given":"Ahjond","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":576304,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70190993,"text":"70190993 - 2013 - Broad timescale forcing and geomorphic mediation of tidal marsh flow and temperature dynamics","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-20T11:44:26","indexId":"70190993","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1584,"text":"Estuaries and Coasts","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Broad timescale forcing and geomorphic mediation of tidal marsh flow and temperature dynamics","docAbstract":"<p><span>Tidal marsh functions are driven by interactions between tides, landscape morphology, and emergent vegetation. Less often considered are the diurnal pattern of tide extremes and seasonal variation of solar insolation in the mix of tidal marsh driver interactions. This work demonstrates how high-frequency hydroperiod and water temperature variability emerges from disparate timescale interactions between tidal marsh morphology, tidal harmonics, and meteorology in the San Francisco Estuary. We compare the tidal and residual flow and temperature response of neighboring tidal sloughs, one possessing natural tidal marsh morphology, and one that is modified for water control. We show that the natural tidal marsh is tuned to lunar phase and produces tidal and fortnight water temperature variability through interacting tide, meteorology, and geomorphic linkages. In contrast, temperature variability is dampened in the modified slough where overbank marsh plain connection is severed by levees. Despite geomorphic differences, a key finding is that both sloughs are heat sinks in summer by latent heat flux-driven residual upstream water advection and sensible and long-wave heat transfer. The precession of a 335-year tidal harmonic assures that these dynamics will shift in the future. Water temperature regulation appears to be a key function of natural tidal sloughs that depends critically on geomorphic mediation. We investigate approaches to untangling the relative influence of sun versus tide on residual water and temperature transport as a function of system morphology. The findings of this study likely have ecological consequences and suggest physical process metrics for tidal marsh restoration performance.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s12237-013-9639-7","usgsCitation":"Enwright, C., Culberson, S., and Burau, J.R., 2013, Broad timescale forcing and geomorphic mediation of tidal marsh flow and temperature dynamics: Estuaries and Coasts, v. 36, no. 6, p. 1319-1339, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12237-013-9639-7.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"1319","endPage":"1339","ipdsId":"IP-039006","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474050,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12237-013-9639-7","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":345920,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Suisun Marsh","volume":"36","issue":"6","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":1,"text":"Sacramento PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-05-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59c37e3ce4b091459a631709","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Enwright, Christopher","contributorId":196584,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Enwright","given":"Christopher","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":34641,"text":"California Delta Science Program","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":710854,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Culberson, Steven","contributorId":84284,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Culberson","given":"Steven","affiliations":[{"id":6661,"text":"US Fish and Wildlife Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":710855,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Burau, Jon R. 0000-0002-5196-5035 jrburau@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5196-5035","contributorId":1500,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burau","given":"Jon","email":"jrburau@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":710853,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70156864,"text":"70156864 - 2013 - Water quality status and trends in the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-28T15:39:06.997563","indexId":"70156864","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Water quality status and trends in the United States","docAbstract":"<p><span>Information about water quality is vital to ensure long-term availability and sustainability of water that is safe for drinking and recreation and suitable for industry, irrigation, fish, and wildlife. Protecting and enhancing water quality is a national priority, requiring information on water-quality status and trends, progress toward clean water standards, continuing problems, and emerging challenges. In this brief review, we discuss U.S. Geological Survey assessments of nutrient pollution, pesticides, mixtures of organic wastewater compounds (known as emerging contaminants), sediment-bound contaminants (like lead and DDT), and mercury, among other contaminants. Additionally, aspects of land use and current and emerging challenges associated with climate change are presented. Climate change must be considered, as water managers continue their efforts to maintain sufficient water of good quality for humans and for the ecosystem.</span></p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Monitoring water quality","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/B978-0-444-59395-5.00002-9","usgsCitation":"Larsen, M.C., Hamilton, P.A., and Werkheiser, W.H., 2013, Water quality status and trends in the United States, chap. <i>of</i> Monitoring water quality, p. 19-57, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-59395-5.00002-9.","productDescription":"39 p.","startPage":"19","endPage":"57","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-036094","costCenters":[{"id":505,"text":"Office of the AD Climate and Land-Use Change","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":307756,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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             -107.05,\n                49\n              ],\n              [\n                -104.04826,\n                48.99986\n              ],\n              [\n                -100.65,\n                49\n              ],\n              [\n                -97.22872,\n                49.0007\n              ],\n              [\n                -95.15907,\n                49\n              ],\n              [\n                -95.15609,\n                49.38425\n              ],\n              [\n                -94.81758,\n                49.38905\n              ]\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      },\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"name\": \"United States\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"560bb71ee4b058f706e53f96","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Ahuja, Satinder","contributorId":59343,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ahuja","given":"Satinder","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":570859,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Larsen, Matthew C. mclarsen@usgs.gov","contributorId":1568,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larsen","given":"Matthew","email":"mclarsen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":570856,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hamilton, Pixie A. pahamilt@usgs.gov","contributorId":1068,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hamilton","given":"Pixie","email":"pahamilt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":570857,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Werkheiser, William H. whwerkhe@usgs.gov","contributorId":3635,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Werkheiser","given":"William","email":"whwerkhe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":570858,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70189522,"text":"70189522 - 2013 - Report A: Fish distribution and population dynamics in Rock Creek, Klickitat County, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-17T11:38:44","indexId":"70189522","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"title":"Report A: Fish distribution and population dynamics in Rock Creek, Klickitat County, Washington","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey collaborated with the Yakama Nation starting in fall of 2009 to study the fish populations in Rock Creek, a Washington State tributary of the Columbia River 21 kilometers upstream of John Day Dam. Prior to this study, very little was known about the ESA-listed (threatened) Mid-Columbia River steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) population in this arid watershed with intermittent stream flow. The objectives of the study were to quantify fish habitat, document fish distribution, abundance, and movement, and identify areas of high salmonid productivity. To accomplish these objectives, we electrofished in the spring and fall, documenting the distribution and relative abundance of all fish species to evaluate the influence of biotic factors on salmonid productivity and survival. We surveyed the distribution of perennial pools and established a network of automated temperature recording devices from river kilometer (rkm) 2 to 23 in Rock Creek and rkm 0 to 8 in Squaw Creek, a major tributary entering Rock Creek at rkm 13, to better understand the abiotic factors influencing the salmonid populations. Salmonid abundance estimates were conducted using a mark-recapture method in a systematic subsample of the perennial pools. The proportion and timing of salmonids migrating from these pools were assessed by building, installing, and operating two passive integrated transponder (PIT) tag interrogation systems at rkm 5 and at the confluence with Squaw Creek (rkm 13). From fall 2009 to fall 2012, we PIT-tagged 3,088 O. mykiss and 151 coho salmon (O. kisutch) during electrofishing efforts. In the lowest flow periods of 2010 to 2012, we found that an average of 36% of the surveyed streambed length was dry, and 17% remained as perennial pools. The maximum temperature recorded in those pools was 24.4°C, but most pools had a maximum temperature that was less than 21°C. O. mykiss were present in most pools, and non-native fish species, such as smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu), were typically found downstream of rkm 5. Coho salmon were present in nearly every pool that was sampled in 2011, but were rare in 2009, 2010, and 2012. About 27% of the PIT-tagged O. mykiss and 38% of the PIT-tagged coho were detected outmigrating to the Columbia River. Of those fish, 92% (n=695) were detected leaving Rock Creek as smolts in April and May. As of November 2013, 9 O. mykiss and 4 coho that we tagged in Rock Creek as juveniles have returned as adults to Bonneville Dam. Also, an additional 34 PIT-tagged adult steelhead, and 6 PIT-tagged coho that were tagged by other groups have been detected in Rock Creek, of which, 22 were of known origin (tagged as juveniles). Of these, 85% were tagged or released in the Snake River. The PIT-tag interrogation systems will be operated for several more years to allow time for the fish tagged as juveniles to return as adults and complete their life cycles. The Yakama Nation will use the information collected from this study to prioritize and gauge the effectiveness of ongoing and future restoration actions.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Rock Creek fish and habitat assessment for prioritization of restoration and protection actions","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"language":"English","publisher":"Bonneville Power Administration","usgsCitation":"Allen, B., Munz, C.S., and Harvey, E., 2013, Report A: Fish distribution and population dynamics in Rock Creek, Klickitat County, Washington, 78 p.","productDescription":"78 p.","startPage":"A1","endPage":"A78","ipdsId":"IP-053715","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":343942,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":343867,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index 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.6111,45.9588],[-121.6113,46.0435],[-121.5188,46.0428]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Klickitat\",\"state\":\"WA\"}}]}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"596dcca6e4b0d1f9f062757c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Allen, Brady ballen@usgs.gov","contributorId":147932,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allen","given":"Brady","email":"ballen@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":705020,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Munz, Carrie S. cmunz@usgs.gov","contributorId":3582,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Munz","given":"Carrie","email":"cmunz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":705021,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Harvey, Elaine","contributorId":194683,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Harvey","given":"Elaine","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":705022,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70193584,"text":"70193584 - 2013 - Convection in a volcanic conduit recorded by bubbles","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-03T18:31:15","indexId":"70193584","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Convection in a volcanic conduit recorded by bubbles","docAbstract":"<p><span>Microtextures of juvenile pyroclasts from Kīlauea’s (Hawai‘i) early A.D. 2008 explosive activity record the velocity and depth of convection within the basaltic magma-filled conduit. We use X-ray microtomography (μXRT) to document the spatial distribution of bubbles. We find small bubbles (radii from 5 μm to 70 μm) in a halo surrounding larger millimeter-size bubbles. This suggests that dissolved water was enriched around the larger bubbles—the opposite of what is expected if bubbles grow as water diffuses into the bubble. Such volatile enrichment implies that the volatiles within the large bubbles were redissolving into the melt as they descended into the conduit by the downward motion of convecting magma within the lava lake. The thickness of the small bubble halo is ∼100–150 μm, consistent with water diffusing into the melt on time scales on the order of 10</span><sup>3</sup><span><span>&nbsp;</span>s. Eruptions, triggered by rockfall, rapidly exposed this magma to lower pressures, and the haloes of melt with re-dissolved water became sufficiently supersaturated to cause nucleation of the population of smaller bubbles. The required supersaturation pressures are consistent with a depth of a few hundred meters and convection velocities of the order of 0.1 m s</span><sup>−1</sup><span>, similar to the circulation velocity observed on the surface of the Halema‘uma‘u lava lake.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/G33685.1","usgsCitation":"Carey, R.J., Manga, M., Degruyter, W., Gonnermann, H.M., Swanson, D., Houghton, B.F., Orr, T.R., and Patrick, M.R., 2013, Convection in a volcanic conduit recorded by bubbles: Geology, v. 41, no. 4, p. 395-398, https://doi.org/10.1130/G33685.1.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"395","endPage":"398","ipdsId":"IP-038712","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":502475,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Convection_in_a_volcanic_conduit_recorded_by_bubbles/22899326","text":"External Repository"},{"id":348080,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawai'i","otherGeospatial":"Kīlauea","volume":"41","issue":"4","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59fc2eafe4b0531197b28000","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carey, Rebecca J.","contributorId":145530,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Carey","given":"Rebecca","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":16141,"text":"University of Tasmania","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":719533,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Manga, Michael","contributorId":84679,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manga","given":"Michael","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":719534,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Degruyter, Wim","contributorId":145532,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Degruyter","given":"Wim","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6609,"text":"UC Berkeley","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":719535,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gonnermann, Helge M.","contributorId":48465,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gonnermann","given":"Helge","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":35613,"text":"Department of Earth Science, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":719536,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Swanson, Donald donswan@usgs.gov","contributorId":140000,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swanson","given":"Donald","email":"donswan@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":719537,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Houghton, Bruce F. 0000-0002-7532-9770","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7532-9770","contributorId":140077,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Houghton","given":"Bruce","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":6977,"text":"University of Hawai`i at Hilo","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":13351,"text":"University of Hawaii Cooperative Studies Unit","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":719538,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Orr, Tim R. 0000-0003-1157-7588 torr@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1157-7588","contributorId":149803,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Orr","given":"Tim","email":"torr@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":719539,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Patrick, Matthew R. 0000-0002-8042-6639 mpatrick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8042-6639","contributorId":2070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Patrick","given":"Matthew","email":"mpatrick@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":719540,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":70176301,"text":"70176301 - 2013 - Biochar effect on maize yield and soil characteristics in five conservation farming sites in Zambia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-09-07T15:07:26","indexId":"70176301","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":684,"text":"Agronomy Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Biochar effect on maize yield and soil characteristics in five conservation farming sites in Zambia","docAbstract":"<p><span>Biochar addition to agricultural soils can improve soil fertility, with the added bonus of climate change mitigation through carbon sequestration. Conservation farming (CF) is precision farming, often combining minimum tillage, crop rotation and residue retention. In the present farmer-led field trials carried out in Zambia, the use of a low dosage biochar combined with CF minimum tillage was tested as a way to increase crop yields. Using CF minimum tillage allows the biochar to be applied to the area where most of the plant roots are present and mirrors the fertilizer application in CF practices. The CF practice used comprised manually hoe-dug planting 10-L sized basins, where 10%–12% of the land was tilled. Pilot trials were performed with maize cob biochar and wood biochar on five soils with variable physical/chemical characteristics. At a dosage as low as 4 tons/ha, both biochars had a strong positive effect on maize yields in the coarse white aeolian sand of Kaoma, West-Zambia, with yields of 444% ± 114% (</span><i>p</i><span> = 0.06) and 352% ± 139% (</span><i>p</i><span> = 0.1) of the fertilized reference plots for maize and wood biochar, respectively. Thus for sandy acidic soils, CF and biochar amendment can be a promising combination for increasing harvest yield. Moderate but non-significant effects on yields were observed for maize and wood biochar in a red sandy clay loam ultisol east of Lusaka, central Zambia (University of Zambia, UNZA, site) with growth of 142% ± 42% (</span><i>p</i><span> &gt; 0.2) and 131% ± 62% (</span><i>p</i><span> &gt; 0.2) of fertilized reference plots, respectively. For three other soils (acidic and neutral clay loams and silty clay with variable cation exchange capacity, CEC), no significant effects on maize yields were observed (</span><i>p</i><span> &gt; 0.2). In laboratory trials, 5% of the two biochars were added to the soil samples in order to study the effect of the biochar on physical and chemical soil characteristics. The large increase in crop yield in Kaoma soil was tentatively explained by a combination of an increased base saturation (from &lt;50% to 60%–100%) and cation exchange capacity (CEC; from 2–3 to 5–9 cmol/kg) and increased plant-available water (from 17% to 21%) as well as water vapor uptake (70 mg/g on maize cob biochar at 50% relative humidity).</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"MDPI","doi":"10.3390/agronomy3020256","usgsCitation":"Cornelissen, G., Martinsen, V., Shitumbanuma, V., Alling, V., Breedveld, G.D., Rutherford, D.W., Sparrevik, M., Hale, S.E., Obia, A., and Mulder, J., 2013, Biochar effect on maize yield and soil characteristics in five conservation farming sites in Zambia: Agronomy Journal, v. 3, no. 2, p. 256-274, https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy3020256.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"256","endPage":"274","ipdsId":"IP-042187","costCenters":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474024,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy3020256","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":328332,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Zambia","volume":"3","issue":"2","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-04-11","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57d13a2fe4b0571647cf8d24","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cornelissen, Gerard","contributorId":174426,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cornelissen","given":"Gerard","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":27452,"text":"Norwegian Geotechnical Institute","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":648276,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Martinsen, Vegard","contributorId":174427,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Martinsen","given":"Vegard","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":27453,"text":"Norwegian Univ of Life Sciences","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":648268,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Shitumbanuma, Victor","contributorId":174433,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Shitumbanuma","given":"Victor","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":648269,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Alling, Vanja","contributorId":174434,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Alling","given":"Vanja","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":648270,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Breedveld, Gijs D.","contributorId":174435,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Breedveld","given":"Gijs","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":648271,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Rutherford, David W. dwruther@usgs.gov","contributorId":1325,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rutherford","given":"David","email":"dwruther@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":648255,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Sparrevik, Magnus","contributorId":174436,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sparrevik","given":"Magnus","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":648272,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Hale, Sarah E.","contributorId":174437,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hale","given":"Sarah","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":648273,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Obia, Alfred","contributorId":174438,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Obia","given":"Alfred","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":648274,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Mulder, Jan","contributorId":174439,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mulder","given":"Jan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":648275,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}}
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