GEOPROBE (Geological Processes Bottom Environmental) tripods were used to measure bottom currents, pressure, and light transmission and scattering and to obtain time-series photographs of the sea floor at depths of 23 m and 67 m on San Pedro shelf between 18 April and 6 June 1978. Winds were light (< 5 m/s) with a mean direction from the southwest throughout the measurement period. Hourly averaged currents 1 m above the bottom never exceeded 21 cm/s; average speeds were about 5 cm/s at the 23-m site and 6.8 cm/s at 67 m, and the strongest currents were produced by the tides. The mean flow of bottom water was less than 3 cm/s at both GEOPROBES and was rather persistently southward (offshelf). Wave-generated bottom currents and bottom-pressure variations were sampled at hourly intervals; average wave period and wave height were 12.8 s and 0.44 m, respectively, at the 23-m site. Wave orbital velocities ranged from about 5 to 30 cm/s at 23 m and from 2 to 8 cm/s at 67 m. Bottom photographs at 67 m show that the relatively sluggish tide-generated and mean currents were below threshold velocity for the silty, very fine sand throughout the observational period. Threshold depth for wave rippling of very fine sand averaged about 28 m with a range from about 12 m to 50 m. Wave-generated currents were the only currents that exceeded threshold levels. The wave currents maintained relatively high concentrations of sediment in suspension near the bottom over the inner shelf (< 25 m), and this material (principally silt and clay) was transported offshore by the weak mean flow. Approximately 50% of this material was deposited as the bottom orbital velocities decreased to subthreshold values ( nearly equal 10-15 cm/s). The observed movement of fine sediment across the inner shelf can account for a portion of the mud content of the modern silty sands on the central shelf and on the outer shelf. However, it is clear that the sand fractions, which constitute greater than 70% of the central shelf substrate, must be transported during high-energy winter storms.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geological Institute","doi":"10.1306/212F85EE-2B24-11D7-8648000102C1865D","usgsCitation":"Drake, D.E., Cacchione, D.A., and Karl, H., 1985, Bottom current and sediment transport on San Pedro Shelf, California: Journal of Sedimentary Research, v. 55, no. 1, p. 15-28, https://doi.org/10.1306/212F85EE-2B24-11D7-8648000102C1865D.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"15","endPage":"28","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":296781,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Pedro Shelf","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -124.4091796875,\n 42.19596877629178\n ],\n [\n -119.66308593749999,\n 41.96765920367816\n ],\n [\n -119.794921875,\n 38.993572058209466\n ],\n [\n -113.64257812499999,\n 34.30714385628804\n ],\n [\n -114.60937499999999,\n 32.43561304116276\n ],\n [\n -118.43261718749999,\n 32.62087018318113\n ],\n [\n -124.49707031249999,\n 39.13006024213511\n ],\n [\n -124.4091796875,\n 42.19596877629178\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"55","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54dd2b49e4b08de9379b32f3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Drake, David E.","contributorId":74752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drake","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":536941,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cacchione, David A.","contributorId":37327,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cacchione","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":536942,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Karl, Herman A.","contributorId":55796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Karl","given":"Herman A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":536943,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70013536,"text":"70013536 - 1985 - CHEMISTRY OF LOW-TEMPERATURE GEOTHERMAL WATERS AT KLAMATH FALLS, OREGON.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:38","indexId":"70013536","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"CHEMISTRY OF LOW-TEMPERATURE GEOTHERMAL WATERS AT KLAMATH FALLS, OREGON.","docAbstract":"Chemical and isotopic analyses of well discharges indicate that in the aquifer mixing occurs between shallow cold groundwater containing 2. 0 TU tritium and a deeper tritium-free thermal groundwaer at 100 to 120 degree C. This deeper water apparently results from the mixing of old, tritium-free cold groundwater and deep thermal groundwater at about 190 degree C and 120 mg/kg Cl. The temperature and chlorinity of the deep thermal water are based on SO//4-isotope and silica geothermometers and chloride and silica mixing models.","largerWorkTitle":"Transactions - Geothermal Resources Council","conferenceTitle":"1985 International Symposium on Geothermal Energy. Geothermal Resources Council 1985 Annual Meeting.","conferenceLocation":"Kailua-Kona, HI, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Geothermal Resources Council","publisherLocation":"Davis, CA, USA","issn":"01935933","isbn":"0934412596","usgsCitation":"Janik, C.J., Truesdell, A., Sammel, E., and White, A.F., 1985, CHEMISTRY OF LOW-TEMPERATURE GEOTHERMAL WATERS AT KLAMATH FALLS, OREGON., in Transactions - Geothermal Resources Council, v. 9, no. pt 1, Kailua-Kona, HI, USA, p. 325-331.","startPage":"325","endPage":"331","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219925,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","issue":"pt 1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f2cee4b0c8380cd4b3b0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Janik, C. J.","contributorId":10795,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Janik","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366292,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Truesdell, A.H.","contributorId":52566,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Truesdell","given":"A.H.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6672,"text":"former: USGS Southwest Biological Science Center, Colorado Plateau Research Station, Flagstaff, AZ. Current address: TN-SCORE, Univ of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, e-mail: jennen@gmail.com","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":366294,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sammel, E.A.","contributorId":59480,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sammel","given":"E.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366295,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"White, A. F.","contributorId":36546,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366293,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70012917,"text":"70012917 - 1985 - Remote sensing; a geophysical perspective","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-18T16:14:20.587013","indexId":"70012917","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1808,"text":"Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Remote sensing; a geophysical perspective","docAbstract":"In this review of developments in the field of remote sensing from a geophysical perspective, the subject is limited to the electromagnetic spectrum from 0.4 mu m to 25 cm. Three broad energy categories are covered: solar reflected, thermal infrared, and microwave.The reflected solar region has been the most intensely studied. Photointerpretation of images from individual spectral bands or from color composites remains the most widely used method of analysis. New instrumentation and digital processing, based on analysis of laboratory and field spectra, provide significant advances that are beginning to be applied to resource exploration. Color compositing techniques have been effectively used to detect the characteristic spectral reflectance features of iron oxides and hydroxyl-bearing materials in satellite multispectral data for mapping areas of hydrothermal alteration. Airborne spectrometers can now detect individual spectral features of many minerals which are diagnostic of different stages of hydrothermal alteration. Evolution was from discrimination, based on empirical experience, to mineralogic identification and leading to quantification. Current developments also indicate new, promising extensions to vegetated terrains.Advances in thermal infrared studies are due to development of thermal models that permit mapping of physical property variations and to detection of spectral differences that provide important compositional information. Analysis techniques are still in their infancy, and thermal satellite data remain appropriate only for regional investigations.Microwave data have been acquired mainly with radar systems, which can provide very high resolution from space, but use of textural and slope information has had limited application. Long-wavelength radiation has been shown to penetrate dry materials, and this may be applicable in extremely arid regions.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Exploration Geophysicists","doi":"10.1190/1.1441885","issn":"00168033","usgsCitation":"Watson, K., 1985, Remote sensing; a geophysical perspective: Geophysics, v. 50, no. 12, p. 2595-2610, https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1441885.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"2595","endPage":"2610","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222332,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"50","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aa713e4b0c8380cd851eb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Watson, K.","contributorId":39123,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watson","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364830,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1001203,"text":"1001203 - 1985 - Classification of native vegetation at the Woodworth Station, North Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-04T11:44:15","indexId":"1001203","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3111,"text":"Prairie Naturalist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Classification of native vegetation at the Woodworth Station, North Dakota","docAbstract":"Native prairie areas on the Woodworth Station were sampled, classified, described, and mapped. Transect sites were selectively located along different soil moisture gradients. Data were collected from 292 plots using a modified Braun-Blanquet cover estimation technique. Trees and tall shrubs (over 2 m) were not sampled because they made up less than 1% of all cover. Eve vegetation classes were established based on growth forms. They were mixed grass, shrub, tall grass, broad-leaved forbs, and trees. Each class is divided into community types based on species composition. The mixed-grass class has blue grama, Kentucky bluegrass, and mixed native grasses. The shrub class is divided into low shrub, shrub grassland, and tall shrub. The tall-grass class includes little bluestem, big bluestem, bluestem Indian-grass, and prairie cordgrass. These results will provide baseline information for long-range plans on habitat management which are being developed for the Woodworth Station.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Prairie Naturalist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Meyer, M., 1985, Classification of native vegetation at the Woodworth Station, North Dakota: Prairie Naturalist, v. 17, no. 3, p. 167-175.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"167","endPage":"175","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133559,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49d6e4b07f02db5de82b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Meyer, M.I.","contributorId":56584,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyer","given":"M.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310697,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70013458,"text":"70013458 - 1985 - Genetic interpretation of lead-isotopic data from the Columbia River basalt group, Oregon, Washington, and Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-28T13:19:48.401009","indexId":"70013458","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Genetic interpretation of lead-isotopic data from the Columbia River basalt group, Oregon, Washington, and Idaho","docAbstract":"Lead-isotopic signatures of basalts from the Columbia River Basalt Group of central Oregon, Washington, and western Idaho, and of the high-alumina olivine basalts from southeastern Oregon plot mostly in the field of Pb-isotopic data from volcanic rocks of the Cascade Range. In contrast to the mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORB), the Pb-isotopic data for several of the formations form small, tight clusters, and the Nd- and Sr-isotopic data show discrete variation between these basalt groups. Pseudoisochrons are not observed. A single model will account for the observed isotopic and trace-element data from samples from most of the Columbia River Basalt Group. This model calls for partial melting of the convecting oceanic-type mantle and mixing with, or contamination by, fluids derived from continental-derived sediments. It requires that crustal components are not only subducted along the trench, but that they are also transported in the low-velocity zone of the mantle at least 400 km behind the active volcanic arc into the back-arc environment represented by the Columbia Plateaus province.
Lead isotopes in the Saddle Mountains Basalt, the youngest formation, suggest that these magmas were formed by partial melting of a 2.6-b.y.-old subcontinental lithosphere that extends as far west as south-central Washington near Ice Harbor Dam. The source material for these flows is characterized by high Th/U, Th/Pb, Rb/Sr, and Nd/Sm ratios and light REE enrichment. An additional component, presumably granitic crust, is necessary to explain the Pb-isotopic data of the Umatilla and perhaps the Pomona Members of the Saddle Mountains Basalt. This contamination model is supported by published δ18O data and petrological interpretation. Published studies of basalts from the Deccan Traps, the Tasmanian dolerites, the Snake River Group, and the volcanics of the Yellowstone Plateau province also suggest that melting of old subcontinental lithosphere beneath the continental crust may be an important process in basalt genesis on a global scale.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1985)96<676:GIOLDF>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Church, S.E., 1985, Genetic interpretation of lead-isotopic data from the Columbia River basalt group, Oregon, Washington, and Idaho: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 96, no. 5, p. 676-690, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1985)96<676:GIOLDF>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"676","endPage":"690","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219982,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho, Oregon, Washington","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -125.65665057981707,\n 48.79681398123117\n ],\n [\n -125.65665057981707,\n 41.36535877621472\n ],\n [\n -113.35196307981691,\n 41.36535877621472\n ],\n [\n -113.35196307981691,\n 48.79681398123117\n ],\n [\n -125.65665057981707,\n 48.79681398123117\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"96","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a157be4b0c8380cd54e2f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Church, S. E.","contributorId":58260,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Church","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366111,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70013076,"text":"70013076 - 1985 - Origin of caves and other solution openings in the unsaturated (vadose) zone of carbonate rocks: A model for CO2 generation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-09T19:28:50","indexId":"70013076","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Origin of caves and other solution openings in the unsaturated (vadose) zone of carbonate rocks: A model for CO2 generation","docAbstract":"The enigma that caves and other solution openings form in carbonate rocks at great depths below land surface rather than forming from the surface downward can be explained by the generation of CO2 within the aquifer system. In the proposed model, CO2 is generated by the oxidation of particulate and/or dissolved organic carbon that is transported from the land surface deep into the unsaturated zone by recharging ground water. The organic material is oxidized to CO2 by aerobic bacteria utilizing oxygen that diffuses in from the atmosphere. Because gas transport in the unsaturated zone is controlled largely by diffusion, steady-state generation of even minute amounts of CO2 deep in the unsaturated zone results in the creation of large concentrations of CO2 at depth as it establishes a concentration gradient to the surface or other sink.
","language":"English","publisher":"GSW","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(1985)13<822:OOCAOS>2.0.CO;2","issn":"00917613","usgsCitation":"Wood, W., 1985, Origin of caves and other solution openings in the unsaturated (vadose) zone of carbonate rocks: A model for CO2 generation: Geology, v. 13, no. 11, p. 822-824, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1985)13<822:OOCAOS>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"822","endPage":"824","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":220513,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"13","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a70c7e4b0c8380cd76240","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wood, W.W.","contributorId":21974,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wood","given":"W.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365229,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70013093,"text":"70013093 - 1985 - Interannual streamflow variability in the United States based on principal components","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-12T18:02:29","indexId":"70013093","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Interannual streamflow variability in the United States based on principal components","docAbstract":"Interannual modes of streamflow variation at 106 locations across the United States during the period 1931–1978 are defined by using principal components. Five statistically significant components are found to account for more than 56% of the total streamflow variance. The first principal component represents a nationwide tendency for either above- or below-mean streamflow. The second component represents a north-south opposition in departures from mean flow, and the third, an east-west opposition. Higher-order components (fourth and fifth) geographically depict regional patterns of opposition in the sign of streamflow departures between coastal-continental areas and between the northern and southern plains, respectively. Analyses using spatially and temporally modified data sets indicate that the first three components (which explain 45% of the variance) are quite stable spatially, while only the first component is stable temporally. Time series analysis of principal component scores indicates that all but the fourth component are first-order autoregressive processes, as is mean annual nationwide streamflow. The fourth component is an autoregressive (AR)(2) process. In general, the principal components of streamflow are found to exhibit more persistence over annual time scales than the mean annual flow data themselves.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR021i005p00691","usgsCitation":"Lins, H.F., 1985, Interannual streamflow variability in the United States based on principal components: Water Resources Research, v. 21, no. 5, p. 691-701, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR021i005p00691.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"691","endPage":"701","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219777,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","volume":"21","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-01-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3ce6e4b0c8380cd63139","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lins, Harry F. 0000-0001-5385-9247 hlins@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5385-9247","contributorId":1505,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lins","given":"Harry","email":"hlins@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":365266,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70013327,"text":"70013327 - 1985 - URBAN STORMWATER INVESTIGATIONS BY THE U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:29","indexId":"70013327","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"URBAN STORMWATER INVESTIGATIONS BY THE U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.","docAbstract":"Urban stormwater hydrology studies in the U. S. Geological Survey are currently focused on compilation of national data bases containing flood-peak and short time-interval rainfall, discharge and water-quality information for urban watersheds. Current data bases, updated annually, are nationwide in scope. Supplementing the national data files are published reports of interpretative analyses, a map report and research products including improved instrumentation and deterministic modeling capabilities. New directions of Survey investigations include gaging programs for very small catchments and for stormwater detention facilities.","conferenceTitle":"Hydraulics and Hydrology in the Small Computer Age, Proceedings of the Specialty Conference.","conferenceLocation":"Lake Buena Vista, FL, USA","language":"English","publisher":"ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, USA","isbn":"0872624749","usgsCitation":"Jennings, M.E., 1985, URBAN STORMWATER INVESTIGATIONS BY THE U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY., Hydraulics and Hydrology in the Small Computer Age, Proceedings of the Specialty Conference., Lake Buena Vista, FL, USA, p. 539-543.","startPage":"539","endPage":"543","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220639,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbb42e4b08c986b3285d5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jennings, Marshall E.","contributorId":55813,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jennings","given":"Marshall","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365821,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70013113,"text":"70013113 - 1985 - RE-EVALUATION OF THE ORIGIN AND DIAGENESIS OF BORATE DEPOSITS, DEATH VALLEY REGION, CALIFORNIA.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:36","indexId":"70013113","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"RE-EVALUATION OF THE ORIGIN AND DIAGENESIS OF BORATE DEPOSITS, DEATH VALLEY REGION, CALIFORNIA.","docAbstract":"An understanding of the age of the major borate deposits in the Furnace Creek Formation, their origin and facies relationships, as well as their diagenetic and thermal history, are integrated to provide a geological model of borate deposition in a heliothermal, saline, perennial lake.","conferenceTitle":"Borates: Economic Geology and Production. Proceedings of a Symposium held at the Fall Meeting of SME-AIME.","conferenceLocation":"Denver, CO, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Soc of Mining Engineers of AIME","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, USA","isbn":"0895205505","usgsCitation":"Barker, C., and Barker, J.M., 1985, RE-EVALUATION OF THE ORIGIN AND DIAGENESIS OF BORATE DEPOSITS, DEATH VALLEY REGION, CALIFORNIA., Borates: Economic Geology and Production. Proceedings of a Symposium held at the Fall Meeting of SME-AIME., Denver, CO, USA, p. 101-135.","startPage":"101","endPage":"135","numberOfPages":"35","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220070,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a932ee4b0c8380cd80c5a","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Barker James M.Lefond Stanley J.","contributorId":128355,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Barker James M.Lefond Stanley J.","id":536262,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Barker, Charles E.","contributorId":93070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barker","given":"Charles E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365324,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barker, James M.","contributorId":106636,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barker","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365325,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70013907,"text":"70013907 - 1985 - Prediction of central California earthquakes from soil-gas helium fluctuations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:32","indexId":"70013907","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3209,"text":"Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Prediction of central California earthquakes from soil-gas helium fluctuations","docAbstract":"The observations of short-term decreases in helium soil-gas concentrations along the San Andreas Fault in central California have been correlated with subsequent earthquake activity. The area of study is elliptical in shape with radii approximately 160??80 km, centered near San Benito, and with the major axis parallel to the Fault. For 83 percent of the M>4 earthquakes in this area a helium decrease preceded seismic activity by 1.5 to 6.5 weeks. There were several earthquakes without a decrease and several decreases without a corresponding earthquake. Owing to complex and unresolved interaction of many geophysical and geochemical parameters, no suitable model is yet developed to explain the observations. ?? 1985 Birkha??user Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Birkha??user-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF00874605","issn":"00334553","usgsCitation":"Reimer, G., 1985, Prediction of central California earthquakes from soil-gas helium fluctuations: Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH, v. 122, no. 2-4, p. 369-375, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00874605.","startPage":"369","endPage":"375","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205682,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00874605"},{"id":226116,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"122","issue":"2-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a81ebe4b0c8380cd7b7d4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reimer, G.M.","contributorId":59800,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reimer","given":"G.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367141,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70013419,"text":"70013419 - 1985 - NUMERICAL MODELING OF FINE SEDIMENT PHYSICAL PROCESSES.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:29","indexId":"70013419","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"NUMERICAL MODELING OF FINE SEDIMENT PHYSICAL PROCESSES.","docAbstract":"Fine sediment in channels, rivers, estuaries, and coastal waters undergo several physical processes including flocculation, floc disruption, deposition, bed consolidation, and resuspension. This paper presents a conceptual model and reviews mathematical models of these physical processes. Several general fine sediment models that simulate some of these processes are reviewed. These general models do not directly simulate flocculation and floc disruption, but the conceptual model and existing functions are shown to adequately model these two processes for one set of laboratory data.","conferenceTitle":"Hydraulics and Hydrology in the Small Computer Age, Proceedings of the Specialty Conference.","conferenceLocation":"Lake Buena Vista, FL, USA","language":"English","publisher":"ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, USA","isbn":"0872624749","usgsCitation":"Schoellhamer, D., 1985, NUMERICAL MODELING OF FINE SEDIMENT PHYSICAL PROCESSES., Hydraulics and Hydrology in the Small Computer Age, Proceedings of the Specialty Conference., Lake Buena Vista, FL, USA, p. 242-247.","startPage":"242","endPage":"247","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220369,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6176e4b0c8380cd7199f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schoellhamer, David H. 0000-0001-9488-7340 dschoell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9488-7340","contributorId":631,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schoellhamer","given":"David H.","email":"dschoell@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":366030,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70013461,"text":"70013461 - 1985 - VOLATILIZATION OF ALKYLBENZENES FROM WATER.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:39","indexId":"70013461","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"VOLATILIZATION OF ALKYLBENZENES FROM WATER.","docAbstract":"Volatilization is a physical process of importance in determining the fate of many organic compounds in streams and rivers. This process is frequently described by the conceptual-two-film model. The model assumes uniformly mixed water and air phases separated by thin films of water and air in which mass transfer is by molecular diffusion. Mass-transfer coefficients for the water and air films are related to an overall mass-transfer coefficient for volatilization through the Henry's law constant.","largerWorkTitle":"National Meeting - American Chemical Society, Division of Environmental Chemistry","conferenceTitle":"189th National Meeting - American Chemical Society, Division of Environmental Chemistry, Volume 25 Number 1.","conferenceLocation":"Miami, FL, USA","language":"English","publisher":"ACS","publisherLocation":"Washington, DC, USA","issn":"02703009","usgsCitation":"Rathbun, R.E., and Tai, D.Y., 1985, VOLATILIZATION OF ALKYLBENZENES FROM WATER., in National Meeting - American Chemical Society, Division of Environmental Chemistry, v. 25, no. 1, Miami, FL, USA, p. 251-253.","startPage":"251","endPage":"253","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219985,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc0efe4b08c986b32a3c5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rathbun, R. E.","contributorId":61796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rathbun","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366116,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tai, D. Y.","contributorId":59778,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tai","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"Y.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366115,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70013088,"text":"70013088 - 1985 - The 1983 hydraulic jump in Crystal Rapid: Implications for river- running and geomorphic evolution in the Grand Canyon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-26T16:29:54.8765","indexId":"70013088","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2309,"text":"Journal of Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The 1983 hydraulic jump in Crystal Rapid: Implications for river- running and geomorphic evolution in the Grand Canyon","docAbstract":"At Crystal Creek, a debris fan was emplaced in 1966, constricting the channel of the Colorado River to about 0.25 of its upstream width between 1967 and 1983, forming a major rapid. The hydraulics of Crystal Creek rapid are described, and an analysis is presented to support the hypothesis that the major wave in the rapid was a normal wave (one type of hydraulic jump). Hydraulic jumps rarely occur in natural river channels with erodible beds, but one was present at Crystal Rapid because of the unusually severe constriction of the Colorado River by the 1966 debris fan. A quantitative model for river debris fan shapes is proposed and is used to estimate prehistoric flood levels from the observed constrictions: the 0.5 value of river constriction found at the more mature debris fans in the Grand Canyon suggests that peak flood discharges of approximately 11 320 m3/s have occurred. -from Author","language":"English","publisher":"University of Chicago Press","doi":"10.1086/628962","issn":"00221376","usgsCitation":"Kieffer, S.W., 1985, The 1983 hydraulic jump in Crystal Rapid: Implications for river- running and geomorphic evolution in the Grand Canyon: Journal of Geology, v. 93, no. 4, p. 385-406, https://doi.org/10.1086/628962.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"385","endPage":"406","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220674,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"93","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba62ae4b08c986b320f29","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kieffer, S. W.","contributorId":19186,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kieffer","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365256,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70013122,"text":"70013122 - 1985 - Evidence for lower crustal ductile strain localization in southern New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:36","indexId":"70013122","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2840,"text":"Nature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evidence for lower crustal ductile strain localization in southern New York","docAbstract":"Historic triangulation data have been analysed to determine whether intraplate seismicity is associated with ongoing ductile deformation in the lower crust. The model we have attempted to test is basically analogous to strain accumulation and release along plate-boundary strike-slip faults like the San Andreas Fault in California. That is, beneath an elastic-seismogenic upper crust ???20 km thick, strain is preferentially localized within ductile shear zones in the lower crust due to broad-scale plate driving forces. The localized lower-crustal ductile strain causes stress and strain to accumulate elastically in the brittle crust which is eventually released in crustal earthquakes. At greater depths, this localized shear deformation probably develops into pervasive ductile flow. Numerous geodetic measurements along the San Andreas Fault confirm that earthquakes in the brittle upper crust are produced by the release of elastic strain that results from ongoing ductile shear or slip in the lower crust1,2. We have found evidence of high rates of crustal deformation in southern New York which suggest that localized ductile shear is occurring in the lower crust. ?? 1985 Nature Publishing Group.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Nature","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1038/317705a0","issn":"00280836","usgsCitation":"Zoback, M.D., Prescott, W., and Krueger, S., 1985, Evidence for lower crustal ductile strain localization in southern New York: Nature, v. 317, no. 6039, p. 705-707, https://doi.org/10.1038/317705a0.","startPage":"705","endPage":"707","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205011,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/317705a0"},{"id":220177,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"317","issue":"6039","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0d48e4b0c8380cd52f0b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zoback, Mark D.","contributorId":80275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zoback","given":"Mark","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365344,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Prescott, W.H.","contributorId":96337,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prescott","given":"W.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365345,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Krueger, S.W.","contributorId":26067,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krueger","given":"S.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365343,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70139731,"text":"70139731 - 1985 - Total chemical management in photographic processing","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-18T14:42:33","indexId":"70139731","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2348,"text":"Journal of Imaging Technology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Total chemical management in photographic processing","docAbstract":"The mission of the U. S. Geological Survey's Earth Resources Observation Systems (EROS) Data Center is to produce high-quality photographs of the earth taken from aircraft and Landsat satellite. In order to meet the criteria of producing research-quality photographs, while at the same time meeting strict environmental restrictions, a total photographic chemical management system was installed. This involved a three-part operation consisting of the design of a modern chemical analysis laboratory, the implementation of a chemical regeneration system, and the installation of a waste treatment system, including in-plant pretreatment and outside secondary waste treatment. Over the last ten years the result of this program has yielded high-quality photographs while saving approximately 30,000 per year and meeting all Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) restrictions.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society for Imaging Science and Technology","usgsCitation":"Luden, C., and Schultz, R., 1985, Total chemical management in photographic processing: Journal of Imaging Technology, v. 11, no. 2, p. 74-82.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"74","endPage":"82","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":297641,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","volume":"11","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54dd2c73e4b08de9379b3805","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Luden, Charles","contributorId":138995,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Luden","given":"Charles","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":539619,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schultz, Ronald","contributorId":13815,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schultz","given":"Ronald","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":539620,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70197496,"text":"70197496 - 1985 - Paleomagnetism and geology of Eocene volcanic rocks of southwest Washington, implications for mechanisms of tectonic rotation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-06-07T15:29:48","indexId":"70197496","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2312,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Paleomagnetism and geology of Eocene volcanic rocks of southwest Washington, implications for mechanisms of tectonic rotation","docAbstract":"The survival and growth rates of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdnieri) were concurrently measured with selected limnological characteristics in nine small (surface area < 25 sq hectometers) lakes in the Matanuska-Susitna Borough. The project goal was to develop empirical models for predicting rainbow trout growth rates from the following variables: total phosphorus concentration, chlorophyll a concentration, Secchi disc transparency, or the morphoedaphic index--a means of characterizing potential biological productivity. No suitable model could be developed from the data collected during 1982 and 1983. The lack of significant correlation was attributed in part to the wide variation in survival of rainbow trout. Winterkills, caused by severe depletion of dissolved oxygen, were suspected in four of the lakes. Varied levels of fishing pressure and competition with threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) also influenced survival of rainbow trout but their effects were overshadowed by winterkill. Predictive capability was also reduced because of inconsistencies in rankings generated by each of the four limnological variables chosen as indicators of potential biological productivity. A lake ranked low in productivity by one variable was commonly ranked high in productivity by another variable. The survivability of rainbow trout stocked in lakes such as these nine may be a more important indicator of potential biomass production than are indicators of lake fertility. Assessments of a lake 's susceptibility to winterkill and the degree of competition with threespine stickleback are suggested as important topics for additional research.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri854292","usgsCitation":"Woods, P.F., 1985, Limnology of nine small lakes, Matanuska-Susitna Borough, Alaska, and the survival and growth rates of rainbow trout: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 85-4292, iv, 32 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri854292.","productDescription":"iv, 32 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":414141,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_36430.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":59341,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4292/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":123988,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4292/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Matanuska-Susitna Borough, Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -149.817,\n 61.833\n ],\n [\n -149.817,\n 61.45\n ],\n [\n -148.267,\n 61.45\n ],\n [\n -148.267,\n 61.833\n ],\n [\n -149.817,\n 61.833\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a50f9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Woods, P. F.","contributorId":97509,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woods","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203490,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70013408,"text":"70013408 - 1985 - MODEL FOR SIMULATING FLOODS IN RIVERS.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:37","indexId":"70013408","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"MODEL FOR SIMULATING FLOODS IN RIVERS.","docAbstract":"A one-dimensional model capable of simulating flood wave propagation in a river or network of channels is presented. The computer model is programmed to provide maximum flexibility in the adaptation of channel geometry, the specification of conveyance properties, and the treatment of boundary conditions. An equation transformation procedure is employed in the model to minimize computer storage and execution time requirements by reducing the order of the resultant coefficient matrices. Based on a four-point implicit finite-difference approximation of the governing, nonlinear, flow equations, the model can be used to simulate the wide range of flow conditions typically encountered in various natural waterbody systems. Two particular applications are presented to demonstrate the computational features and capabilities of the model in the simulation of flood wave propagation.","largerWorkTitle":"Simulation Series","conferenceTitle":"Emergency Planning, Proceedings of the Conference.","conferenceLocation":"San Diego, CA, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Soc for Computer Simulation","publisherLocation":"La Jolla, CA, USA","issn":"07359276","usgsCitation":"Schaffranek, R.W., 1985, MODEL FOR SIMULATING FLOODS IN RIVERS., in Simulation Series, v. 15, no. 1, San Diego, CA, USA, p. 132-139.","startPage":"132","endPage":"139","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220197,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"15","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4ad2e4b0c8380cd69098","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schaffranek, Raymond W.","contributorId":86314,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schaffranek","given":"Raymond","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366009,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70137246,"text":"70137246 - 1985 - Use of strontium isotopes to constrain the timing and mode of dolomitization of upper Cenozoic sediments in a core from San Salvador, Bahamas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-30T00:51:56.949725","indexId":"70137246","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of strontium isotopes to constrain the timing and mode of dolomitization of upper Cenozoic sediments in a core from San Salvador, Bahamas","docAbstract":"The 87Sr/86Sr ratios and the activity ratios of 234U/238U and 230Th/238U have been measured in dolomites from a 168-m-deep core taken on the island of San Salvador, Bahamas. These data suggest two periods of dolomitization. The first episode dolomitized Miocene age sediments during the latest Miocene, and the second dolomitized the Pliocene portion of the core and was still active as recently as 150 ka. The late timing of the second episode argues against penecontemporaneous models of dolomitization for the Pliocene sediments. Instead, dolomitization is favored either as a result of mixing-zone development during the large Pleistocene sea-level changes or by movement of seawater through the platform.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(1987)15<262:UOSITC>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Swart, P.K., Ruiz, J., and Holmes, C.W., 1985, Use of strontium isotopes to constrain the timing and mode of dolomitization of upper Cenozoic sediments in a core from San Salvador, Bahamas: Geology, v. 15, no. 3, p. 262-265, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1987)15<262:UOSITC>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"262","endPage":"265","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":296990,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Bahamas","otherGeospatial":"San Salvador Island","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -74.3115234375,\n 21.022982546427436\n ],\n [\n -72.2021484375,\n 22.63429269379353\n ],\n [\n -77.71728515624999,\n 27.527758206861886\n ],\n [\n -80.13427734374999,\n 25.403584973186703\n ],\n [\n -74.3115234375,\n 21.022982546427436\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"15","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54dd2c7de4b08de9379b383b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Swart, Peter K.","contributorId":96832,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Swart","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":5112,"text":"University of Miami","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":537557,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ruiz, Joaquin","contributorId":87967,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ruiz","given":"Joaquin","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7042,"text":"University of Arizona","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":537558,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Holmes, Charles W.","contributorId":31071,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holmes","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":537559,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70012828,"text":"70012828 - 1985 - Time scales of circulation and mixing processes of San Francisco Bay waters","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-27T11:41:14","indexId":"70012828","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1919,"text":"Hydrobiologia","onlineIssn":"1573-5117","printIssn":"0018-8158","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Time scales of circulation and mixing processes of San Francisco Bay waters","docAbstract":"Conceptual models for tidal period and low-frequency variations in sea level, currents, and mixing processes in the northern and southern reaches of San Francisco Bay describe the contrasting characteristics and dissimilar processes and rates in these embayments: The northern reach is a partially mixed estuary whereas the southern reach (South Bay) is a tidally oscillating lagoon with density-driven exchanges with the northern reach.
The mixed semidiurnal tides are mixtures of progressive and standing waves. The relatively simple oscillations in South Bay are nearly standing waves, with energy propagating down the channels and dispersing into the broad shoal areas. The tides of the northern reach have the general properties of a progressive wave but are altered at the constriction of the embayments and gradually change in an upstream direction to a mixture of progressive and standing waves. The spring and neap variations of the tides are pronounced and cause fortnightly varying tidal currents that affect mixing and salinity stratification in the water column.
Wind stress on the water surface, freshwater inflow, and tidal currents interacting with the complex bay configuration are the major local forcing mechanisms creating low-frequency variations in sea level and currents. These local forcing mechanisms drive the residual flows which, with tidal diffusion, control the water-replacement rates in the estuary. In the northern reach, the longitudinal density gradient drives an estuarine circulation in the channels, and the spatial variation in tidal amplitude creates a tidally-driven residual circulation. In contrast, South Bay exhibits a balance between wind-driven circulation and tidally-driven residual circulation for most of the year. During winter, however, there can be sufficient density variations to drive multilayer (2 to 3) flows in the channel of South Bay.
Mixing models (that include both diffusive and dispersive processes) are based on time scales associated with salt variations at the boundaries and those associated with the local forcing mechanisms, while the spatial scales of variations are dependent upon the configuration of the embayments. In the northern reach, where the estuarine circulation is strong, the salt flux is carried by the mean advection of the mean salt field. Where large salinity gradients are present, the tidal correlation part of the salt flux is of the same order as the advective part. Our knowledge of mixing and exchange rates in South Bay is poor. As this embayment is nearly isohaline, the salt flux is dominated entirely by the mean advection of the mean salt field. During and after peaks in river discharge, water mixing becomes more dynamic, with a strong density-driven current creating a net exchange of both water mass and salt. These exchanges are stronger during neap tides.
Residence times of the water masses vary seasonally and differ between reaches. In the northern reach, residence times are on the order of days for high winter river discharge and of months for summer periods. The residence times for South Bay are fairly long (on the order of several months) during summer, and typically shorter (less than a month) during winter when density-driven exchanges occur.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00048685","issn":"00188158","usgsCitation":"Walters, R.A., Cheng, R.T., and Conomos, T.J., 1985, Time scales of circulation and mixing processes of San Francisco Bay waters: Hydrobiologia, v. 129, no. 1, p. 13-36, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00048685.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"13","endPage":"36","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":205174,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00048685"},{"id":221972,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"129","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb3ade4b08c986b325f36","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Walters, R. A.","contributorId":34174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walters","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364621,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cheng, R. T.","contributorId":23138,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cheng","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364620,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Conomos, T. J.","contributorId":77515,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conomos","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364622,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70012908,"text":"70012908 - 1985 - Pollen analysis of a late pliocene and early pleistocene section from the Gubik Formation of Arctic Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-26T15:38:50","indexId":"70012908","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3218,"text":"Quaternary Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pollen analysis of a late pliocene and early pleistocene section from the Gubik Formation of Arctic Alaska","docAbstract":"A 14-m-thick section of marine and nonmarine sediments of the Gubik Formation of northern Alaska, exposed in bluffs near Ocean Point on the Colville River, has been studied by means of pollen analysis. Pollen from the marine sediments, of probable late Pliocene age, records a boreal forest of spruce and birch with minor amounts of alder in the adjacent terrestrial vegetation. Pine and perhaps true fir were probably at or near their northern limit here, but hemlocks and hardwoods were absent. The suggested environment for the Arctic Slope during the time represented by the marine sediments is similar to that of present-day Anchorage. Pollen floras from the overlying fluvial strata, of early or middle Pleistocene age, record predominantly herbaceous taxa indicating tundra conditions probably more severe than those of the present day. These deposits were most likely contemporaneous with glacial conditions in the Brooks Range to the south. Pollen of woody taxa (spruce, alder, birch, heaths) is rare through most of the section, although birch and alder percentages similar to those found in modern river sediments indicate an interstadial or interglacial warming in midsection. Inland climates during glacial episodes may have been similar to those of the present Arctic coast. ?? 1985.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Quaternary Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/0033-5894(85)90052-3","issn":"00335894","usgsCitation":"Nelson, R., and Carter, L.D., 1985, Pollen analysis of a late pliocene and early pleistocene section from the Gubik Formation of Arctic Alaska: Quaternary Research, v. 24, no. 3, p. 295-306, https://doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(85)90052-3.","startPage":"295","endPage":"306","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":266548,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(85)90052-3"},{"id":222231,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7ccde4b0c8380cd79bb3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nelson, R.E.","contributorId":53881,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"R.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364808,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Carter, L. D.","contributorId":87959,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carter","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364809,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70012759,"text":"70012759 - 1985 - Spatial analysis of extension fracture systems: A process modeling approach","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:42","indexId":"70012759","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2554,"text":"Journal of the International Association for Mathematical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spatial analysis of extension fracture systems: A process modeling approach","docAbstract":"Little consensus exists on how best to analyze natural fracture spacings and their sequences. Field measurements and analyses published in geotechnical literature imply fracture processes radically different from those assumed by theoretical structural geologists. The approach adopted in this paper recognizes that disruption of rock layers by layer-parallel extension results in two spacing distributions, one representing layer-fragment lengths and another separation distances between fragments. These two distributions and their sequences reflect mechanics and history of fracture and separation. Such distributions and sequences, represented by a 2 ?? n matrix of lengthsL, can be analyzed using a method that is history sensitive and which yields also a scalar estimate of bulk extension, e (L). The method is illustrated by a series of Monte Carlo experiments representing a variety of fracture-and-separation processes, each with distinct implications for extension history. Resulting distributions of e (L)are process-specific, suggesting that the inverse problem of deducing fracture-and-separation history from final structure may be tractable. ?? 1985 Plenum Publishing Corporation.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of the International Association for Mathematical Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Kluwer Academic Publishers-Plenum Publishers","doi":"10.1007/BF01032930","issn":"00205958","usgsCitation":"Ferguson, C., 1985, Spatial analysis of extension fracture systems: A process modeling approach: Journal of the International Association for Mathematical Geology, v. 17, no. 4, p. 403-425, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01032930.","startPage":"403","endPage":"425","numberOfPages":"23","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222740,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205291,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01032930"}],"volume":"17","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b941de4b08c986b31a88d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ferguson, C.C.","contributorId":44289,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ferguson","given":"C.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364449,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70012747,"text":"70012747 - 1985 - EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS IN THE OFFSHORE ENVIRONMENT.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:06","indexId":"70012747","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2928,"text":"Ocean science and engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS IN THE OFFSHORE ENVIRONMENT.","docAbstract":"This report discusses earthquake effects and potential hazards in the marine environment, describes and illustrates methods for the evaluation of earthquake hazards, and briefly reviews strategies for mitigating hazards. The report is broadly directed toward engineers, scientists, and others engaged in developing offshore resources. The continental shelves have become a major frontier in the search for new petroleum resources. Much of the current exploration is in areas of moderate to high earthquake activity. If the resources in these areas are to be developed economically and safely, potential earthquake hazards must be identified and mitigated both in planning and regulating activities and in designing, constructing, and operating facilities. Geologic earthquake effects that can be hazardous to marine facilities and operations include surface faulting, tectonic uplift and subsidence, seismic shaking, sea-floor failures, turbidity currents, and tsunamis.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ocean science and engineering","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"02752220","usgsCitation":"Page, R.A., and Basham, P.W., 1985, EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS IN THE OFFSHORE ENVIRONMENT.: Ocean science and engineering, v. 10, no. 3-4, p. 195-352.","startPage":"195","endPage":"352","numberOfPages":"158","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222553,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0451e4b0c8380cd508d8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Page, Robert A.","contributorId":17207,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Page","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364427,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Basham, Peter W.","contributorId":78880,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Basham","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364428,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70012676,"text":"70012676 - 1985 - Origin and evolution of the alkalic ultramafic rocks in the Coyote Peak diatreme, Humboldt County, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-19T16:55:41.540911","indexId":"70012676","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Origin and evolution of the alkalic ultramafic rocks in the Coyote Peak diatreme, Humboldt County, California","docAbstract":"Instrumental-neutron-activation analyses are reported for two uncontaminated rocks, a phlogopite-rich clot, and two contaminated rocks from the Coyote Peak diatreme, northwestern California. These data, combined with Nd, Sr, and Pb isotopic evidence, have been modeled to a multi-stage evolution for the uncontaminated rocks. Fertile mantle material (refractory elements 2.5× chondritic abundances; Rb/Sr = 0.029 by weight) was depleted about 900 m.y. ago by congruent melting and removal of ~4% basaltic liquid; this depleted residue provided the source rock from which the Coyote Peak magma was ultimately derived. About 66 m.y. ago, the depleted mantle residue was incongruently melted in the presence of H2O and CO2 at a total pressure > 26 kb to yield ~0.5% of a Si-poor, Ca-rich melt. This melt then metasomatized depleted garnet-free harzburgite in the upper mantle at about 26 kb to produce a rock similar to phlogopite-bearing wehrlite. About 29 m.y. ago, this rock was subjected to an increase in pressure to >26 kb and incongruently melted to give ~0.5% of a second-stage melt resembling olivine melilitite in composition. Enroute to the surface, about 28% olivine and 2% titanomagnetite were lost from the highly fluid melt.
Coarse-grained phlogopite-rich clots in the uncontaminated rocks apparently crystallized from a latestage liquid derived from the uncontaminated melt. Contaminated rocks appear to be the result of partial assimilation of, and dilution by, ~14% Franciscan graywacke country rock.
The diatreme was emplaced near a converging plate margin where young hot oceanic mantle and crust of the Juan de Fuca plate was probably subducting obliquely beneath a thin lip of the North American plate. The unusual chemistry of the rocks may be the result of this complex tectonic setting which could also have included local strike-slip and extensional environments within the two plates pierced by the diatreme.