{"pageNumber":"149","pageRowStart":"3700","pageSize":"25","recordCount":10458,"records":[{"id":70169225,"text":"70169225 - 2014 - Uncertainty in the fate of soil organic carbon: A comparison of three conceptually different soil decomposition models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-24T13:53:34","indexId":"70169225","displayToPublicDate":"2014-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2319,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research G: Biogeosciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Uncertainty in the fate of soil organic carbon: A comparison of three conceptually different soil decomposition models","docAbstract":"<p><span>Conventional Q10 soil organic matter decomposition models and more complex microbial models are available for making projections of future soil carbon dynamics. However, it is unclear (1) how well the conceptually different approaches can simulate observed decomposition and (2) to what extent the trajectories of long-term simulations differ when using the different approaches. In this study, we compared three structurally different soil carbon (C) decomposition models (one Q10 and two microbial models of different complexity), each with a one- and two-horizon version. The models were calibrated and validated using 4 years of measurements of heterotrophic soil CO</span><span>2</span><span>&nbsp;efflux from trenched plots in a Dahurian larch (</span><i>Larix gmelinii</i><span>&nbsp;Rupr.) plantation. All models reproduced the observed heterotrophic component of soil CO</span><span>2</span><span>&nbsp;efflux, but the trajectories of soil carbon dynamics differed substantially in 100 year simulations with and without warming and increased litterfall input, with microbial models that produced better agreement with observed changes in soil organic C in long-term warming experiments. Our results also suggest that both constant and varying carbon use efficiency are plausible when modeling future decomposition dynamics and that the use of a short-term (e.g., a few years) period of measurement is insufficient to adequately constrain model parameters that represent long-term responses of microbial thermal adaption. These results highlight the need to reframe the representation of decomposition models and to constrain parameters with long-term observations and multiple data streams. We urge caution in interpreting future soil carbon responses derived from existing decomposition models because both conceptual and parameter uncertainties are substantial.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/2014JG002701","usgsCitation":"He, Y., Yang, J., Zhuang, Q., McGuire, A.D., Zhu, Q., Liu, Y., and Teskey, R.O., 2014, Uncertainty in the fate of soil organic carbon: A comparison of three conceptually different soil decomposition models: Journal of Geophysical Research G: Biogeosciences, v. 119, no. 9, p. 1892-1905, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JG002701.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"1892","endPage":"1905","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-055662","costCenters":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":319372,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"119","issue":"9","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-09-18","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56f50fd4e4b0f59b85e1ebfb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"He, Yujie","contributorId":32444,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"He","given":"Yujie","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":623771,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Yang, Jinyan","contributorId":166929,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Yang","given":"Jinyan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":623772,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zhuang, Qianlai","contributorId":101975,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhuang","given":"Qianlai","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":623773,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McGuire, A. David 0000-0003-4646-0750 ffadm@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4646-0750","contributorId":166708,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGuire","given":"A.","email":"ffadm@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"David","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":623362,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Zhu, Qing","contributorId":78664,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhu","given":"Qing","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":623774,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Liu, Yaling","contributorId":166930,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Liu","given":"Yaling","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":623775,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Teskey, Robert O.","contributorId":87596,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Teskey","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":623776,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70191834,"text":"70191834 - 2014 - Organic petrology of the Aptian-age section in the downdip Mississippi Interior Salt Basin, Mississippi, USA: Observations and preliminary implications for thermal maturation history","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-19T16:26:20","indexId":"70191834","displayToPublicDate":"2014-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2033,"text":"International Journal of Coal Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Organic petrology of the Aptian-age section in the downdip Mississippi Interior Salt Basin, Mississippi, USA: Observations and preliminary implications for thermal maturation history","docAbstract":"<p>This study identifies a thermal maturity anomaly within the downdip Mississippi Interior Salt Basin (MISB) of southern Mississippi, USA, through examination of bitumen reflectance data from Aptian-age strata (Sligo Formation, Pine Island Shale, James Limestone, and Rodessa Formation). U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) reconnaissance investigations conducted in 2011–2012 examined Aptian-age thermal maturity trends across the onshore northern Gulf of Mexico region and indicated that the section in the downdip MISB is approaching the wet gas/condensate window (R<sub>o</sub>~1.2%). A focused study in 2012–2013 used 6 whole core, one sidewall core, and 49 high-graded cutting samples (depth range of 13,000–16,500<span>&nbsp;</span><span>ft [3962.4–5029.2</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>m] below surface) collected from 15 downdip MISB wells for mineralogy, fluid inclusion, organic geochemistry, and organic petrographic analysis. Based on native solid bitumen reflectance (R<sub>o</sub> generally &gt;</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>0.8%; interpreted to be post-oil indigenous bitumens matured in situ), R<sub>o</sub> values increase regionally across the MISB from the southeast to the northwest. Thermal maturity in the eastern half of the basin (R<sub>o</sub> range 1.0 to 1.25%) appears to be related to present-day burial depth and shows a gradual increase with respect to depth. To the west, thermal maturity continues to increase even as the Aptian section shallows structurally on the Adams County High (R<sub>o</sub> range 1.4 to &gt; 1.8%). After evaluating the possible thermal agents responsible for increasing maturity at shallower depths (i.e., igneous activity, proximity to salt, variations in regional heat flux, and uplift), we tentatively propose that either greater paleoheat flow or deeper burial coupled with uplift in the western part of the MISB could be responsible for the thermal maturity anomaly. Further research and additional data are needed to determine the cause(s) of the thermal anomaly.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.coal.2014.07.001","usgsCitation":"Valentine, B.J., Hackley, P.C., Enomoto, C.B., Bove, A.M., Dulong, F.T., Lohr, C., and Scott, K.R., 2014, Organic petrology of the Aptian-age section in the downdip Mississippi Interior Salt Basin, Mississippi, USA: Observations and preliminary implications for thermal maturation history: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 131, p. 378-391, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2014.07.001.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"378","endPage":"391","ipdsId":"IP-054351","costCenters":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":347013,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Mississippi Interior Salt Basin (MISB)","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": 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phackley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5957-2551","contributorId":592,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hackley","given":"Paul","email":"phackley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":255,"text":"Energy Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":713287,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Enomoto, Catherine B. 0000-0002-4119-1953 cenomoto@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4119-1953","contributorId":2126,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Enomoto","given":"Catherine","email":"cenomoto@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":713288,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bove, Alana M. above@usgs.gov","contributorId":4987,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bove","given":"Alana","email":"above@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":713289,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Dulong, Frank T. 0000-0001-7388-647X fdulong@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7388-647X","contributorId":650,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dulong","given":"Frank","email":"fdulong@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":713290,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Lohr, Celeste D. 0000-0001-6287-9047 clohr@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6287-9047","contributorId":3866,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lohr","given":"Celeste D.","email":"clohr@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":713292,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Scott, Krystina R.","contributorId":197356,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"Krystina","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":713291,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70122284,"text":"70122284 - 2014 - A nuclear DNA perspective on delineating evolutionarily significant lineages in polyploids: the case of the endangered shortnose sturgeon (<i>Acipenser brevirostrum</i>)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-09-23T13:58:35","indexId":"70122284","displayToPublicDate":"2014-08-28T13:57:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2980,"text":"PLoS ONE","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A nuclear DNA perspective on delineating evolutionarily significant lineages in polyploids: the case of the endangered shortnose sturgeon (<i>Acipenser brevirostrum</i>)","docAbstract":"The shortnose sturgeon, <i>Acipenser brevirostrum</i>, oft considered a phylogenetic relic, is listed as an “endangered species threatened with extinction” in the US and “Vulnerable” on the IUCN Red List. Effective conservation of <i>A. brevirostrum</i> depends on understanding its diversity and evolutionary processes, yet challenges associated with the polyploid nature of its nuclear genome have heretofore limited population genetic analysis to maternally inherited haploid characters. We developed a suite of polysomic microsatellite DNA markers and characterized a sample of 561 shortnose sturgeon collected from major extant populations along the North American Atlantic coast. The 181 alleles observed at 11 loci were scored as binary loci and the data were subjected to multivariate ordination, Bayesian clustering, hierarchical partitioning of variance, and among-population distance metric tests. The methods uncovered moderately high levels of gene diversity suggesting population structuring across and within three metapopulations (Northeast, Mid-Atlantic, and Southeast) that encompass seven demographically discrete and evolutionarily distinct lineages. The predicted groups are consistent with previously described behavioral patterns, especially dispersal and migration, supporting the interpretation that <i>A. brevirostrum</i> exhibit adaptive differences based on watershed. Combined with results of prior genetic (mitochondrial DNA) and behavioral studies, the current work suggests that dispersal is an important factor in maintaining genetic diversity in A. brevirostrum and that the basic unit for conservation management is arguably the local population.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"PLoS ONE","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"PLoS ONE","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0102784","usgsCitation":"King, T.L., Henderson, A.P., Kynard, B.E., Kieffer, M.C., Peterson, D.L., Aunins, A.W., and Brown, B.L., 2014, A nuclear DNA perspective on delineating evolutionarily significant lineages in polyploids: the case of the endangered shortnose sturgeon (<i>Acipenser brevirostrum</i>): PLoS ONE, v. 9, no. 8, e102784, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0102784.","productDescription":"e102784","numberOfPages":"16","ipdsId":"IP-055543","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472806,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0102784","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":294357,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":294356,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0102784"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -83.84,30.5 ], [ -83.84,46.5 ], [ -67.1,46.5 ], [ -67.1,30.5 ], [ -83.84,30.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"9","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-08-28","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5422bb08e4b08312ac7ceec0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"King, Tim L. tlking@usgs.gov","contributorId":3520,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"Tim","email":"tlking@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":499487,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Henderson, Anne P.","contributorId":29290,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henderson","given":"Anne","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499490,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kynard, Boyd E.","contributorId":53712,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kynard","given":"Boyd","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499493,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kieffer, Micah C. 0000-0001-9310-018X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9310-018X","contributorId":40532,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kieffer","given":"Micah","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499492,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Peterson, Douglas L.","contributorId":38911,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499491,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Aunins, Aaron W. 0000-0001-5240-1453 aaunins@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5240-1453","contributorId":5863,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aunins","given":"Aaron","email":"aaunins@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":499488,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Brown, Bonnie L.","contributorId":23083,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brown","given":"Bonnie","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499489,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70156823,"text":"70156823 - 2014 - Sub-decadal turbidite frequency during the early Holocene: Eel Fan, offshore northern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-08-31T10:03:37","indexId":"70156823","displayToPublicDate":"2014-08-15T11:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3877,"text":"Geology Today","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sub-decadal turbidite frequency during the early Holocene: Eel Fan, offshore northern California","docAbstract":"<p><span>Remotely operated and autonomous underwater vehicle technologies were used to image and sample exceptional deep sea outcrops where an &sim;100-m-thick section of turbidite beds is exposed on the headwalls of two giant submarine scours on Eel submarine fan, offshore northern California (USA). These outcrops provide a rare opportunity to connect young deep-sea turbidites with their feeder system.&nbsp;</span><sup>14</sup><span>C measurements reveal that from 12.8 ka to 7.9 ka, one turbidite was being emplaced on average every 7 yr. This emplacement rate is two to three orders of magnitude higher than observed for turbidites elsewhere along the Pacific margin of North America. The turbidites contain abundant wood and shallow-dwelling foraminifera, demonstrating an efficient connection between the Eel River source and the Eel Fan sink. Turbidite recurrence intervals diminish fivefold to &sim;36 yr from 7.9 ka onward, reflecting sea-level rise and re-routing of Eel River sediments.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","publisherLocation":"Boulder, CO","doi":"10.1130/G35768.1","usgsCitation":"Paull, C.K., McGann, M., Sumner, E., Barnes, P.M., Lundsten, E.M., Anderson, K., Gwiazda, R., Edwards, B.D., and Caress, D., 2014, Sub-decadal turbidite frequency during the early Holocene: Eel Fan, offshore northern California: Geology Today, v. 42, no. 10, p. 855-858, https://doi.org/10.1130/G35768.1.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"855","endPage":"858","numberOfPages":"4","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-055990","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472819,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1130/g35768.1","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":307714,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"42","issue":"10","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55e57ab1e4b05561fa2086b4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Paull, Charles K. 0000-0001-5940-3443","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5940-3443","contributorId":55825,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Paull","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":7043,"text":"University of North Carolina","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":true,"id":570706,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McGann, Mary L. 0000-0002-3057-2945 mmcgann@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3057-2945","contributorId":147188,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGann","given":"Mary L.","email":"mmcgann@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":570705,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sumner, Esther J.","contributorId":147189,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sumner","given":"Esther J.","affiliations":[{"id":13620,"text":"Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, California","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":570707,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Barnes, Philip M","contributorId":147190,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Barnes","given":"Philip","email":"","middleInitial":"M","affiliations":[{"id":16802,"text":"National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Wellington, New Zealand","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":570708,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lundsten, Eve M.","contributorId":147191,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lundsten","given":"Eve","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":13620,"text":"Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, California","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":570709,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Anderson, Krystle","contributorId":147192,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Anderson","given":"Krystle","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":13620,"text":"Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, California","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":570710,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Gwiazda, Roberto","contributorId":147193,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gwiazda","given":"Roberto","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":13620,"text":"Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, California","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":570711,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Edwards, Brian D. bedwards@usgs.gov","contributorId":3161,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edwards","given":"Brian","email":"bedwards@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":570712,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Caress, David W","contributorId":147194,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Caress","given":"David W","affiliations":[{"id":13620,"text":"Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, California","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":570713,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}}
,{"id":70119919,"text":"70119919 - 2014 - Multi-scale observations of the variability of magmatic CO2 emissions, Mammoth Mountain, CA, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-11T10:03:15","indexId":"70119919","displayToPublicDate":"2014-08-11T15:44:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Multi-scale observations of the variability of magmatic CO2 emissions, Mammoth Mountain, CA, USA","docAbstract":"One of the primary indicators of volcanic unrest at Mammoth Mountain is diffuse emission of magmatic CO<sub>2</sub>, which can effectively track this unrest if its variability in space and time and relationship to near-surface meteorological and hydrologic phenomena versus those occurring at depth beneath the mountain are understood. In June–October 2013, we conducted accumulation chamber soil CO<sub>2</sub> flux surveys and made half-hourly CO<sub>2</sub> flux measurements with automated eddy covariance and accumulation chamber (auto-chamber) instrumentation at the largest area of diffuse CO<sub>2</sub> degassing on Mammoth Mountain (Horseshoe Lake tree kill; HLTK). Estimated CO<sub>2</sub> emission rates for HLTK based on 20 June, 30 July, and 24–25 October soil CO<sub>2</sub> flux surveys were 165, 172, and 231 t d<sup>− 1</sup>, respectively. The average (June–October) CO<sub>2</sub> emission rate estimated for this area was 123 t d<sup>− 1</sup> based on an inversion of 4527 eddy covariance CO<sub>2</sub> flux measurements and corresponding modeled source weight functions. Average daily eddy covariance and auto-chamber CO<sub>2</sub> fluxes consistently declined over the four-month observation time. Wavelet analysis of auto-chamber CO<sub>2</sub> flux and environmental parameter time series was used to evaluate the periodicity of, and local correlation between these variables in time–frequency space. Overall, CO<sub>2</sub> emissions at HLTK were highly dynamic, displaying short-term (hourly to weekly) temporal variability related to meteorological and hydrologic changes, as well as long-term (monthly to multi-year) variations related to migration of CO<sub>2</sub>-rich magmatic fluids beneath the volcano. Accumulation chamber soil CO<sub>2</sub> flux surveys were also conducted in the four additional areas of diffuse CO<sub>2</sub> degassing on Mammoth Mountain in July–August 2013. Summing CO<sub>2</sub> emission rates for all five areas yielded a total for the mountain of 311 t d<sup>− 1</sup>, which may suggest that emissions returned to 1998–2009 levels, following an increase from 2009 to 2011.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2014.07.011","usgsCitation":"Lewicki, J.L., and Hilley, G.E., 2014, Multi-scale observations of the variability of magmatic CO2 emissions, Mammoth Mountain, CA, USA: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 284, p. 1-15, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2014.07.011.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"15","numberOfPages":"15","ipdsId":"IP-056366","costCenters":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":291980,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Mammoth Mountain","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -119.09,37.59 ], [ -119.09,37.66 ], [ -119.0,37.66 ], [ -119.0,37.59 ], [ -119.09,37.59 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"284","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53e9caafe4b008eaa4f35a7e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lewicki, Jennifer L. 0000-0003-1994-9104 jlewicki@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1994-9104","contributorId":5071,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lewicki","given":"Jennifer","email":"jlewicki@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":497867,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hilley, George E.","contributorId":85484,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hilley","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":497868,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70119874,"text":"70119874 - 2014 - Environmental and physiological influences to isotopic ratios of N and protein status in a montane ungulate in winter","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-11T15:27:15","indexId":"70119874","displayToPublicDate":"2014-08-11T15:17:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2980,"text":"PLoS ONE","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Environmental and physiological influences to isotopic ratios of N and protein status in a montane ungulate in winter","docAbstract":"Winter severity can influence large herbivore populations through a reduction in maternal proteins available for reproduction. Nitrogen (N) isotopes in blood fractions can be used to track the use of body proteins in northern and montane ungulates. We studied 113 adult female caribou for 13 years throughout a series of severe winters that reduced population size and offspring mass. After these severe winters, offspring mass increased but the size of the population remained low. We devised a conceptual model for routing of isotopic N in blood in the context of the severe environmental conditions experienced by this population. We measured δ<sup>15</sup>N in three blood fractions and predicted the relative mobilization of dietary and body proteins. The δ<sup>15</sup>N of the body protein pool varied by 4‰ and 46% of the variance was associated with year. Annual variation in δ<sup>15</sup>N of body protein likely reflected the fall/early winter diet and winter locations, yet 15% of the isotopic variation in amino acid N was due to body proteins. Consistent isotopic differences among blood N pools indicated that animals tolerated fluxes in diet and body stores. Conservation of body protein in caribou is the result of active exchange among diet and body N pools. Adult females were robust to historically severe winter conditions and prioritized body condition and survival over early investment in offspring. For a vagile ungulate residing at low densities in a predator-rich environment, protein restrictions in winter may not be the primary limiting factor for reproduction.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"PLoS ONE","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Public Library of Science","publisherLocation":"San Francisco, CA","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0103471","usgsCitation":"Gustine, D.D., Barboza, P.S., Adams, L., and Wolf, N.B., 2014, Environmental and physiological influences to isotopic ratios of N and protein status in a montane ungulate in winter: PLoS ONE, v. 9, no. 8, 13 p., https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0103471.","productDescription":"13 p.","numberOfPages":"13","ipdsId":"IP-052428","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472821,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0103471","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":291978,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":291944,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0103471"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -153.3084,62.1895 ], [ -153.3084,64.2574 ], [ -148.2959,64.2574 ], [ -148.2959,62.1895 ], [ -153.3084,62.1895 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"9","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-08-07","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53e9caafe4b008eaa4f35a78","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gustine, David D. dgustine@usgs.gov","contributorId":3776,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gustine","given":"David","email":"dgustine@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":497823,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barboza, Perry S.","contributorId":36454,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Barboza","given":"Perry","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":13117,"text":"Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":497824,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Adams, Layne G. 0000-0001-6212-2896 ladams@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6212-2896","contributorId":2776,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adams","given":"Layne G.","email":"ladams@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":497822,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wolf, Nathan B.","contributorId":67811,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolf","given":"Nathan","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":497825,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70118860,"text":"ofr20141162 - 2014 - Preliminary simulation of chloride transport in the <i>Equus</i> Beds aquifer and simulated effects of well pumping and artificial recharge on groundwater flow and chloride transport near the city of Wichita, Kansas, 1990 through 2008","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-07T10:26:26","indexId":"ofr20141162","displayToPublicDate":"2014-08-07T10:18:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-1162","title":"Preliminary simulation of chloride transport in the <i>Equus</i> Beds aquifer and simulated effects of well pumping and artificial recharge on groundwater flow and chloride transport near the city of Wichita, Kansas, 1990 through 2008","docAbstract":"<p>The <i>Equus</i> Beds aquifer in south-central Kansas is a primary water-supply source for the city of Wichita. Water-level declines because of groundwater pumping for municipal and irrigation needs as well as sporadic drought conditions have caused concern about the adequacy of the Equus Beds aquifer as a future water supply for Wichita. In March 2006, the city of Wichita began construction of the Equus Beds Aquifer Storage and Recovery project, a plan to artificially recharge the aquifer with excess water from the Little Arkansas River. Artificial recharge will raise groundwater levels, increase storage volume in the aquifer, and deter or slow down a plume of chloride brine approaching the Wichita well field from the Burrton, Kansas area caused by oil production activities in the 1930s. Another source of high chloride water to the aquifer is the Arkansas River. This study was prepared in cooperation with the city of Wichita as part of the Equus Beds Aquifer Storage and Recovery project.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Chloride transport in the <i>Equus</i> Beds aquifer was simulated between the Arkansas and Little Arkansas Rivers near the Wichita well field. Chloride transport was simulated for the <i>Equus</i> Beds aquifer using SEAWAT, a computer program that combines the groundwater-flow model MODFLOW-2000 and the solute-transport model MT3DMS. The chloride-transport model was used to simulate the period from 1990 through 2008 and the effects of five well pumping scenarios and one artificial recharge scenario. The chloride distribution in the aquifer for the beginning of 1990 was interpolated from groundwater samples from around that time, and the chloride concentrations in rivers for the study period were interpolated from surface water samples.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Five well-pumping scenarios and one artificial-recharge scenario were assessed for their effects on simulated chloride transport and water levels in and around the Wichita well field. The scenarios were: (1) existing 1990 through 2008 pumping conditions, to serve as a baseline scenario for comparison with the hypothetical scenarios; (2) no pumping in the model area, to demonstrate the chloride movement without the influence of well pumping; (3) double municipal pumping from the Wichita well field with existing irrigation pumping; (4) existing municipal pumping with no irrigation pumping in the model area; (5) double municipal pumping in the Wichita well field and no irrigation pumping in the model area; and (6) increasing artificial recharge to the Phase 1 Artificial Storage and Recovery project sites by 2,300 acre-feet per year.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>The effects of the hypothetical pumping and artificial recharge scenarios on simulated chloride transport were measured by comparing the rate of movement of the 250-milligrams-per-liter-chloride front for each hypothetical scenario with the baseline scenario at the Arkansas River area near the southern part of the Wichita well field and the Burrton plume area. The scenarios that increased the rate of movement the most compared to the baseline scenario of existing pumping between the Arkansas River and the southern boundary of the well field were those that doubled the city of Wichita’s pumping from the well field (scenarios 3 and 5), increasing the rate of movement by 50 to 150 feet per year, with the highest rate increases in the shallow layer and the lowest rate increases in the deepest layer. The no pumping and no irrigation pumping scenarios (2 and 4) slowed the rate of movement in this area by 150 to 210 feet per year and 40 to 70 feet per year, respectively. In the double Wichita pumping scenario (3), the rate of movement in the shallow layer of the Burrton area decreased by about 50 feet per year. Simulated chloride rate of movement in the deeper layers of the Burrton area was decreased in the no pumping and no irrigation scenarios (2 and 4) by 80 to 120 feet per year and 50 feet per year, respectively, and increased in the scenarios that double Wichita’s pumping (3 and 5) from the well field by zero to 130 feet per year, with the largest increases in the deepest layer. In the increased Phase 1 artificial recharge scenario (6), the rate of chloride movement in the Burrton area increased in the shallow layer by about 30 feet per year, and decreased in the middle and deepest layer by about 10 and 60 feet per year, respectively. Comparisons of the rate of movement of the simulated 250-milligrams-per-liter-chloride front in the hypothetical scenarios to the baseline scenario indicated that, in general, increases to pumping in the well field area increased the rate of simulated chloride movement toward the well field area by as much as 150 feet per year. Reductions in pumping slowed the advance of chloride toward the well field by as much as 210 feet per year, although reductions did not stop the movement of chloride toward the well field, including when pumping rates were eliminated. If pumping is completely discontinued, the rate of chloride movement is about 500 to 600 feet per year in the area between the Arkansas River and the southern part of the Wichita well field, and 70 to 500 feet per year in the area near Burrton with the highest rate of movement in the shallow aquifer layer.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>The averages of simulated water-levels in index monitoring wells in the Wichita well field at the end of 2008 were calculated for each scenario. Compared to the baseline scenario, the average simulated water level was 5.05 feet higher for the no pumping scenario, 4.72 feet lower for the double Wichita pumping with existing irrigation scenario, 2.49 feet higher for the no irrigation pumping with existing Wichita pumping scenario, 1.53 feet lower for the double Wichita pumping with no irrigation scenario, and 0.48 feet higher for the increased Phase 1 artificial recharge scenario.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>The groundwater flow was simulated with a preexisting groundwater-flow model, which was not altered to calibrate the solute-transport model to observed chloride-concentration data. Therefore, some areas in the model had poor fit between simulated chloride concentrations and observed chloride concentrations, including the area between Arkansas River and the southern part of the Wichita well field, and the Hollow-Nikkel area about 6 miles north of Burrton. Compared to the interpreted location of the 250-milligrams per liter-chloride front based on data collected in 2011, in the Arkansas River area the simulated 250-milligrams per liter-chloride front moved from the river toward the well field about twice the rate of the actual 250-milligrams per liter-chloride front in the shallow layer and about four times the rate of the actual 250-milligrams per liter-chloride front in the deep layer. Future groundwater-flow and chloride-transport modeling efforts may achieve better agreement between observed and simulated chloride concentrations in these areas by taking the chloride-transport model fit into account when adjusting parameters such as hydraulic conductivity, riverbed conductance, and effective porosity during calibration.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Results of the hypothetical scenarios simulated indicate that the Burrton chloride plume will continue moving toward the well field regardless of pumping in the area and that one alternative may be to increase pumping from within the plume area to reverse the groundwater-flow gradients and remove the plume. Additionally, the results of modeling these scenarios indicate that eastward movement of the Burrton plume could be slowed by the additional artificial recharge at the Phase 1 sites and that decreasing pumping along the Arkansas River or increasing water levels could retard the movement of chloride and may prevent further encroachment into the southern part of the well field area.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20141162","collaboration":"In cooperation with the City of Wichita","usgsCitation":"Klager, B.J., Kelly, B.P., and Ziegler, A., 2014, Preliminary simulation of chloride transport in the <i>Equus</i> Beds aquifer and simulated effects of well pumping and artificial recharge on groundwater flow and chloride transport near the city of Wichita, Kansas, 1990 through 2008: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2014-1162, Report: viii, 76 p.; Appendix 1, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20141162.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 76 p.; Appendix 1","numberOfPages":"84","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"1990-01-01","temporalEnd":"2008-12-31","ipdsId":"IP-052749","costCenters":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":291822,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20141162.jpg"},{"id":291821,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1162/downloads/"},{"id":291819,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1162/pdf/ofr2014-1162.pdf"},{"id":291804,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1162/"}],"projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator projection, Zone 14","datum":"North American Datum of 1983","country":"United States","state":"Kansas","city":"Wichita","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -98.333333,37.633333 ], [ -98.333333,38.5 ], [ -97.0,38.5 ], [ -97.0,37.633333 ], [ -98.333333,37.633333 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53e484b6e4b0fff4042801cd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Klager, Brian J. 0000-0001-8361-6043 bklager@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8361-6043","contributorId":5543,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klager","given":"Brian","email":"bklager@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":497339,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kelly, Brian P. 0000-0001-6378-2837 bkelly@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6378-2837","contributorId":897,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kelly","given":"Brian","email":"bkelly@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":396,"text":"Missouri Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":497338,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ziegler, Andrew C. aziegler@usgs.gov","contributorId":433,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ziegler","given":"Andrew C.","email":"aziegler@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":497337,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70112364,"text":"sir20105090R - 2014 - Sandstone copper assessment of the Teniz Basin, Kazakhstan","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70112364,"text":"sir20105090R - 2014 - Sandstone copper assessment of the Teniz Basin, Kazakhstan","indexId":"sir20105090R","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"chapter":"R","title":"Sandstone copper assessment of the Teniz Basin, Kazakhstan"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70040436,"text":"sir20105090 - 2010 - Global mineral resource assessment","indexId":"sir20105090","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"Global mineral resource assessment"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70040436,"text":"sir20105090 - 2010 - Global mineral resource assessment","indexId":"sir20105090","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"Global mineral resource assessment"},"lastModifiedDate":"2020-07-01T19:58:33.657374","indexId":"sir20105090R","displayToPublicDate":"2014-08-06T09:16:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-5090","chapter":"R","title":"Sandstone copper assessment of the Teniz Basin, Kazakhstan","docAbstract":"<p>The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) conducts national and global resource assessments (mineral, energy, water, and biological) to provide data and scientific analyses to support decision making. Three-part mineral resource assessments result in informed, unbiased, quantitative, and probabilistic estimates of undiscovered mineral resources and deposits. In particular, mineral assessment results inform decisions concerning land-use and mineral-resource development. A probabilistic mineral resource assessment of the sandstone subtype of sediment-hosted stratabound copper deposits in the Teniz Basin, Kazakhstan, was undertaken by the USGS.</p>\n<p>The Teniz Basin is located in Akmola Oblast, central and western Kazakhstan. With an areal extent of almost 78,000 km<sup>2</sup>, the basin contains many sediment-hosted stratabound copper prospects, none of which are well described, and the majority of which may belong to the sandstone subtype of sediment-hosted copper deposits. There are no known locations within the Teniz Basin currently mined for copper. Within the basin, however, map units permissive for the sandstone subtype of sediment-hosted stratabound copper deposits include (from oldest to youngest): the Middle Carboniferous Kiery Suite; the Middle to Upper Carboniferous Vladimirov Suite (a stratigraphic equivalent of the Dzhezkazgan Suite, Chu-Sarysu Basin); and the Upper Carboniferous or lowest Permian Kayraktin Suite. The multicolored sedimentary rocks of the Vladimirov Suite, in which 14 potentially ore-bearing horizons of gray beds have been recorded, have the greatest potential for undiscovered, sandstone subtype, sediment-hosted stratabound copper deposits.</p>\n<p>A quantitative mineral resource assessment has been completed that (1) delineates one 49,714 km<sup>2</sup><span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">&nbsp;</span>tract permissive for undiscovered, sandstone subtype, sediment-hosted stratabound copper deposits, and (2) provides probabilistic estimates of numbers of undiscovered deposits and probable amounts of copper resource contained in those deposits. The permissive tract delineated in this assessment encompasses no previously known sandstone subtype, sediment-hosted stratabound copper deposits. However, this assessment estimates (with 30 percent probability) that a mean of nine undiscovered sandstone subtype copper deposits may be present in the Teniz Basin and could contain a mean total of 8.9 million metric tons of copper and 7,500 metric tons of silver.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Global mineral resource assessment","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20105090R","usgsCitation":"Cossette, P.M., Bookstrom, A.A., Hayes, T.S., Robinson, G.R., Wallis, J., and Zientek, M.L., 2014, Sandstone copper assessment of the Teniz Basin, Kazakhstan: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2010-5090, Report: vi, 42 p.; Tabloid Figure 3; GIS package, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20105090R.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 42 p.; Tabloid Figure 3; GIS package","numberOfPages":"52","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-050799","costCenters":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":387,"text":"Mineral Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":291755,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20105090r.jpg"},{"id":291754,"type":{"id":23,"text":"Spatial Data"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2010/5090/r/downloads/sir2010-5090R_GIS.zip","text":"GIS package","size":"824 KB","linkFileType":{"id":6,"text":"zip"},"description":"GIS package"},{"id":291753,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2010/5090/r/pdf/sir2010-5090R_fig3.pdf","text":"Tabloid Figure 3","size":"615 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Tabloid Figure 3"},{"id":291752,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2010/5090/r/pdf/sir2010-5090R.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.9 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":291745,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2010/5090/r/"}],"projection":"Asia North Albers Equal Area Projection","country":"Kazakhstan","otherGeospatial":"Teniz Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 65.0,42.0 ], [ 65.0,53.0 ], [ 80.0,53.0 ], [ 80.0,42.0 ], [ 65.0,42.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53e33331e4b0567f276f7cfc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cossette, Pamela M. 0000-0002-9608-6595 pcossette@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9608-6595","contributorId":1458,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cossette","given":"Pamela","email":"pcossette@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":494717,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bookstrom, Arthur A. 0000-0003-1336-3364 abookstrom@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1336-3364","contributorId":1542,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bookstrom","given":"Arthur","email":"abookstrom@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5056,"text":"Office of the AD Energy and Minerals, and Environmental Health","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":494718,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hayes, Timothy S. thayes@usgs.gov","contributorId":1547,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hayes","given":"Timothy","email":"thayes@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":662,"text":"Western Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":494719,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Robinson, Gilpin R. Jr. grobinso@usgs.gov","contributorId":3083,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"Gilpin","suffix":"Jr.","email":"grobinso@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":494721,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wallis, John C.","contributorId":45755,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wallis","given":"John C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494722,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Zientek, Michael L. 0000-0002-8522-9626 mzientek@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8522-9626","contributorId":2420,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zientek","given":"Michael","email":"mzientek@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":494720,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70119241,"text":"70119241 - 2014 - Remote sensing with simulated unmanned aircraft imagery for precision agriculture applications","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-01-13T09:23:45","indexId":"70119241","displayToPublicDate":"2014-08-05T15:48:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1942,"text":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Remote sensing with simulated unmanned aircraft imagery for precision agriculture applications","docAbstract":"<p>An important application of unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) may be remote-sensing for precision agriculture, because of its ability to acquire images with very small pixel sizes from low altitude flights. The objective of this study was to compare information obtained from two different pixel sizes, one about a meter (the size of a small vegetation plot) and one about a millimeter. Cereal rye (Secale cereale) was planted at the Beltsville Agricultural Research Center for a winter cover crop with fall and spring fertilizer applications, which produced differences in biomass and leaf chlorophyll content. UAS imagery was simulated by placing a Fuji IS-Pro UVIR digital camera at 3-m height looking nadir. An external UV-IR cut filter was used to acquire true-color images; an external red cut filter was used to obtain color-infrared-like images with bands at near-infrared, green, and blue wavelengths. Plot-scale Green Normalized Difference Vegetation Index was correlated with dry aboveground biomass ( ${mbi {r}} = 0.58$ ), whereas the Triangular Greenness Index (TGI) was not correlated with chlorophyll content. We used the SamplePoint program to select 100 pixels systematically; we visually identified the cover type and acquired the digital numbers. The number of rye pixels in each image was better correlated with biomass ( ${mbi {r}} = 0.73$ ), and the average TGI from only leaf pixels was negatively correlated with chlorophyll content ( ${mbi {r}} = -0.72$ ). Thus, better information for crop requirements may be obtained using very small pixel sizes, but new algorithms based on computer vision are needed for analysis. It may not be necessary to geospatially register large numbers of photographs with very small pixel sizes. Instead, images could be analyzed as single plots along field transects.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","publisherLocation":"New York, NY","doi":"10.1109/JSTARS.2014.2317876","usgsCitation":"Hunt, E.R., Daughtry, C.S., Mirsky, S.B., and Hively, W., 2014, Remote sensing with simulated unmanned aircraft imagery for precision agriculture applications: IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, v. 7, no. 11, 6 p., https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTARS.2014.2317876.","productDescription":"6 p.","numberOfPages":"6","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-056175","costCenters":[{"id":242,"text":"Eastern Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":291733,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":291680,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/JSTARS.2014.2317876"}],"volume":"7","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53e1e1b5e4b0fe532be24a8f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hunt, E. Raymond Jr.","contributorId":60557,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hunt","given":"E.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"Raymond","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":497598,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Daughtry, Craig S.T.","contributorId":75863,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Daughtry","given":"Craig","email":"","middleInitial":"S.T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":497599,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mirsky, Steven B.","contributorId":88662,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mirsky","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":497600,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hively, W. Dean 0000-0002-5383-8064","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5383-8064","contributorId":9391,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hively","given":"W. Dean","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":497597,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70119003,"text":"70119003 - 2014 - Mapping and monitoring Mount Graham red squirrel habitat with Lidar and Landsat imagery","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-26T10:02:52","indexId":"70119003","displayToPublicDate":"2014-08-04T09:27:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1458,"text":"Ecological Modelling","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mapping and monitoring Mount Graham red squirrel habitat with Lidar and Landsat imagery","docAbstract":"<p>The Mount Graham red squirrel (<i>Tamiasciurus hudsonicus grahamensis</i>) is an endemic subspecies located in the Pinale&ntilde;o Mountains of southeast Arizona. Living in a conifer forest on a sky-island surrounded by desert, the Mount Graham red squirrel is one of the rarest mammals in North America. Over the last two decades, drought, insect infestations, and fire destroyed much of its habitat. A federal recovery team is working on a plan to recover the squirrel and detailed information is necessary on its habitat requirements and population dynamics. Toward that goal I developed and compared three probabilistic models of Mount Graham red squirrel habitat with a geographic information system and logistic regression. Each model contained the same topographic variables (slope, aspect, elevation), but the Landsat model contained a greenness variable (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) extracted from Landsat, the Lidar model contained three forest-inventory variables extracted from lidar, while the Hybrid model contained Landsat and lidar variables. The Hybrid model produced the best habitat classification accuracy, followed by the Landsat and Lidar models, respectively. Landsat-derived forest greenness was the best predictor of habitat, followed by topographic (elevation, slope, aspect) and lidar (tree height, canopy bulk density, and live basal area) variables, respectively. The Landsat model's probabilities were significantly correlated with all 12 lidar variables, indicating its utility for habitat mapping. While the Hybrid model produced the best classification results, only the Landsat model was suitable for creating a habitat time series or habitat&ndash;population function between 1986 and 2013. The techniques I highlight should prove valuable in the development of Landsat- or lidar-based habitat models range wide.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2014.07.004","usgsCitation":"Hatten, J.R., 2014, Mapping and monitoring Mount Graham red squirrel habitat with Lidar and Landsat imagery: Ecological Modelling, v. 289, p. 106-123, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2014.07.004.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"106","endPage":"123","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-053195","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":291561,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":291556,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2014.07.004"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -109.859696,32.631505 ], [ -109.859696,32.650297 ], [ -109.827681,32.650297 ], [ -109.827681,32.631505 ], [ -109.859696,32.631505 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"289","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53e09030e4b0beb42bdc040c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hatten, James R. 0000-0003-4676-8093 jhatten@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4676-8093","contributorId":3431,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hatten","given":"James","email":"jhatten@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":497568,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70193618,"text":"70193618 - 2014 - Holocene sea surface temperature and sea ice extent in the Okhotsk and Bering Seas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-02T14:20:01","indexId":"70193618","displayToPublicDate":"2014-08-04T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3194,"text":"Progress in Oceanography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Holocene sea surface temperature and sea ice extent in the Okhotsk and Bering Seas","docAbstract":"<p><span>Accurate prediction of future climate requires an understanding of the mechanisms of the Holocene climate; however, the driving forces, mechanisms, and processes of climate change in the Holocene associated with different time scales remain unclear. We investigated the drivers of Holocene sea surface temperature (SST) and sea ice extent in the North Pacific Ocean, and the Okhotsk and Bering Seas, as inferred from sediment core records, by using the alkenone unsaturation index as a biomarker of SST and abundances of sea ice-related diatoms (</span><i>F. cylindrus and F. oceanica</i><span>) as an indicator of sea ice extent to explore controlling mechanisms in the high-latitude Pacific. Temporal changes in alkenone content suggest that alkenone production was relatively high during the middle Holocene in the Okhotsk Sea and the western North Pacific, but highest in the late Holocene in the eastern Bering Sea and the eastern North Pacific. The Holocene variations of alkenone-SSTs at sites near Kamchatka in the Northwest Pacific, as well as in the western and eastern regions of the Bering Sea, and in the eastern North Pacific track the changes of Holocene summer insolation at 50°N, but at other sites in the western North Pacific, in the southern Okhotsk Sea, and the eastern Bering Sea they do not. In addition to insolation, other atmosphere and ocean climate drivers, such as sea ice distribution and changes in the position and activity of the Aleutian Low, may have systematically influenced the timing and magnitude of warming and cooling during the Holocene within the subarctic North Pacific. Periods of high sea ice extent in both the Okhotsk and Bering Seas may correspond to some periods of frequent or strong winter–spring dust storms in the Mongolian Gobi Desert, particularly one centered at ∼4–3 thousand years before present (kyr BP). Variation in storm activity in the Mongolian Gobi Desert region may reflect changes in the strength and positions of the Aleutian Low and Siberian High. We suggest that periods of eastward displacement or increased intensity of the Aleutian Low correspond with times of increased extent of sea ice in the western Okhotsk Sea and eastern Bering Sea.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.pocean.2014.04.017","usgsCitation":"Harada, N., Katsuki, K., Nakagawa, M., Matsumoto, A., Seki, O., Addison, J.A., Finney, B.P., and Sato, M., 2014, Holocene sea surface temperature and sea ice extent in the Okhotsk and Bering Seas: Progress in Oceanography, v. 126, p. 242-253, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2014.04.017.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"242","endPage":"253","ipdsId":"IP-052685","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":348105,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Okhotsk Sea, Bering Sea, North Pacific Ocean","volume":"126","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59fc2eaae4b0531197b27fa3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harada, Naomi","contributorId":199653,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Harada","given":"Naomi","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":719645,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Katsuki, Kota","contributorId":199654,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Katsuki","given":"Kota","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":719646,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nakagawa, Mitsuhiro","contributorId":199655,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nakagawa","given":"Mitsuhiro","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":719647,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Matsumoto, Akiko","contributorId":199656,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Matsumoto","given":"Akiko","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":719648,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Seki, Osamu","contributorId":199657,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Seki","given":"Osamu","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":719649,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Addison, Jason A. 0000-0003-2416-9743 jaddison@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2416-9743","contributorId":4192,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Addison","given":"Jason","email":"jaddison@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":719644,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Finney, Bruce P.","contributorId":199658,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Finney","given":"Bruce","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":719650,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Sato, Miyako","contributorId":199659,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sato","given":"Miyako","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":719651,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":70168404,"text":"70168404 - 2014 - Breeding biology of the Spotted Barbtail (<i>Premnoplex brunnescens</i>)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-15T14:35:51","indexId":"70168404","displayToPublicDate":"2014-08-01T15:30:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3784,"text":"Wilson Journal of Ornithology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Breeding biology of the Spotted Barbtail (<i>Premnoplex brunnescens</i>)","docAbstract":"<p>The Spotted Barbtail (Furnariidae) is poorly studied but shows some extreme traits for a tropical passerine. We located and monitored 155 nests to study this species for 7 years in an Andean cloud forest in Venezuela. Spotted Barbtails have an unusually long incubation period of 27.2 &plusmn; 0.16 days, as a result of very long (3&ndash;6 hr) off-bouts even though both adults incubate. The long off-bouts yield low incubation temperatures for embryos and are associated with proportionally large eggs (21% of adult mass). They also have a long nestling period of 21.67 &plusmn; 0.33 days, and a typical tropical brood size of two. The slow growth rate of the typical broods of two is even slower in broods artificially reduced to one young. Nonetheless, the young stay in the nest long enough to achieve wing lengths that approach adult size.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wilson Journal of Ornithology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Wilson Ornithological Society","publisherLocation":"Lawrence, KS","doi":"10.1676/14-011.1","usgsCitation":"Munoz, D., and Martin, T.E., 2014, Breeding biology of the Spotted Barbtail (<i>Premnoplex brunnescens</i>): Wilson Journal of Ornithology, v. 126, no. 4, p. 717-727, https://doi.org/10.1676/14-011.1.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"717","endPage":"727","numberOfPages":"11","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-054166","costCenters":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":318028,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Venezuela","geographicExtents":"{\n  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-71.1474609375,\n              11.974844752931832\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"126","issue":"4","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56c304c1e4b0946c65208731","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Munoz, Daniel","contributorId":166884,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Munoz","given":"Daniel","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":620275,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Martin, Thomas E. 0000-0002-4028-4867 tmartin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4028-4867","contributorId":1208,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martin","given":"Thomas","email":"tmartin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":619966,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70099640,"text":"70099640 - 2014 - Pulverization provides a mechanism for the nucleation of earthquakes at low stress on strong faults","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-30T13:44:23","indexId":"70099640","displayToPublicDate":"2014-08-01T13:32:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5232,"text":"Frontiers in Earth Science","onlineIssn":"2296-6463","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pulverization provides a mechanism for the nucleation of earthquakes at low stress on strong faults","docAbstract":"<p><span>An earthquake occurs when rock that has been deformed under stress rebounds elastically along a fault plane (</span><a href=\"http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/feart.2014.00020/full#B16\" data-mce-href=\"http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/feart.2014.00020/full#B16\">Gilbert, 1884</a><span>;<span>&nbsp;</span></span><a href=\"http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/feart.2014.00020/full#B37\" data-mce-href=\"http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/feart.2014.00020/full#B37\">Reid, 1911</a><span>), radiating seismic waves through the surrounding earth. Rupture along the entire fault surface does not spontaneously occur at the same time, however. Rather the rupture starts in one tiny area, the rupture nucleation zone, and spreads sequentially along the fault. Like a row of dominoes, one bit of rebounding fault triggers the next. This triggering is understood to occur because of the large dynamic stresses at the tip of an active seismic rupture. The importance of these crack tip stresses is a central question in earthquake physics. The crack tip stresses are minimally important, for example, in the time predictable earthquake model (</span><a href=\"http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/feart.2014.00020/full#B43\" data-mce-href=\"http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/feart.2014.00020/full#B43\">Shimazaki and Nakata, 1980</a><span>), which holds that prior to rupture stresses are comparable to fault strength in many locations on the future rupture plane, with bits of variation. The stress/strength ratio is highest at some point, which is where the earthquake nucleates. This model does not require any special conditions or processes at the nucleation site; the whole fault is essentially ready for rupture at the same time. The fault tip stresses ensure that the rupture occurs as a single rapid earthquake, but the fact that fault tip stresses are high is not particularly relevant since the stress at most points does not need to be raised by much. Under this model it should technically be possible to forecast earthquakes based on the stress-renewaql concept, or estimates of when the fault as a whole will reach the critical stress level, a practice used in official hazard mapping (</span><a href=\"http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/feart.2014.00020/full#B13\" data-mce-href=\"http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/feart.2014.00020/full#B13\">Field, 2008</a><span>). This model also indicates that physical precursors may be present and detectable, since stresses are unusually high over a significant area before a large earthquake.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Frontiers Media","doi":"10.3389/feart.2014.00020","usgsCitation":"Felzer, K., 2014, Pulverization provides a mechanism for the nucleation of earthquakes at low stress on strong faults: Frontiers in Earth Science, v. 2, Article 20; 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2014.00020.","productDescription":"Article 20; 4 p.","numberOfPages":"4","ipdsId":"IP-051871","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472831,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2014.00020","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":294921,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":294920,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3389/feart.2014.00020"}],"volume":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-08-19","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"542fbaa7e4b092f17df61d8c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Felzer, Karen R.","contributorId":87471,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Felzer","given":"Karen R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":491995,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70123185,"text":"70123185 - 2014 - Interagency collaboration on an active volcano: A case study at Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-11T13:59:49","indexId":"70123185","displayToPublicDate":"2014-08-01T13:23:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3561,"text":"The George Wright Forum","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Interagency collaboration on an active volcano: A case study at Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park","docAbstract":"<p>Hawai&lsquo;i Volcanoes National Park (HAVO) includes two active Hawai&lsquo;i shield volcanoes &ndash; Mauna Loa, the largest active volcano on earth that most recently erupted for three weeks in 1984, and Kīlauea, which has been erupting continuously for more than 31 years. Unlike the steep-sided volcanoes around the rim of the Pacific Ocean, all Hawaiian volcanoes have gentle-sloped flanks that result from copious eruptions of fluid lavas with infrequent interludes of explosive activity. Each of the Hawaiian volcanoes erupts from its summit area &ndash; Kīlauea and Mauna Loa both have summit calderas (large subsided craters)&mdash;and from one or more rift zones (a sequence of vents aligned radially away from the summit).</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p>Because Kilauea and Mauna Loa are included within the National Park, there is a natural intersection of missions for the National Park Service (NPS) and the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). HAVO staff and the USGS Hawaiian Volcano Observatory scientists have worked closely together to monitor and forecast multiple eruptions from each of these volcanoes since HAVO&rsquo;s founding in 1916.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"George Wright Society","usgsCitation":"Kauahikaua, J.P., and Orlando, C., 2014, Interagency collaboration on an active volcano: A case study at Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park: The George Wright Forum, v. 31, no. 2, p. 149-156.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"149","endPage":"156","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-055301","costCenters":[{"id":336,"text":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":294850,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":293307,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.georgewright.org/node/9643"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Hawaii Volcanoes National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -155.69412231445312,\n              19.16332988930459\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.006103515625,\n              19.16332988930459\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.006103515625,\n              19.553319796635336\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.69412231445312,\n              19.553319796635336\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.69412231445312,\n              19.16332988930459\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"31","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"542e6966e4b092f17df5a8e5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kauahikaua, James P. 0000-0003-3777-503X jimk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3777-503X","contributorId":2146,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kauahikaua","given":"James","email":"jimk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":499943,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Orlando, Cindy","contributorId":32842,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Orlando","given":"Cindy","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499944,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70155069,"text":"70155069 - 2014 - Breeding bird community response to establishing intercropped switchgrass in intensively-managed pine stands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-07-24T11:56:01","indexId":"70155069","displayToPublicDate":"2014-08-01T13:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1035,"text":"Biomass and Bioenergy","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Breeding bird community response to establishing intercropped switchgrass in intensively-managed pine stands","docAbstract":"<p><span>Intercropping switchgrass (</span><i>Panicum virgatum</i><span>&nbsp;L.) between tree rows within young pine (</span><i>Pinus</i><span>&nbsp;spp.) plantations is a potential method to generate lignocellulosic biofuel feedstocks within intensively managed forests. Intensively managed pine supports a diverse avian assemblage potentially affected by establishment and maintenance of an annual biomass feedstock via changes in plant communities, dead wood resources, and habitat structure. We sought to understand how establishing switchgrass on an operational scale affects bird communities within intercropped plantations as compared to typical intensively managed loblolly pine (</span><i>Pinus taeda</i><span>&nbsp;L.) forest. We conducted breeding bird point counts using distance sampling for three years (2011&ndash;2013) following establishment of intercropped switchgrass stands (6 replicates), traditionally-managed pine plantations, and switchgrass-only plots (0.1&nbsp;km</span><sup>2</sup><span>&nbsp;minimum) in Kemper Co., MS. We detected 59 breeding bird species from 11,195 detections. Neotropical migrants and forest-edge associated species were less abundant in intercropped plots than controls the first two years after establishment and more abundant in year three. Short distance migrants and residents were scarce in intercropped and control plots initially, and did not differ between these two treatments in any year. Species associated with pine-grass habitat structure were less abundant initially in intercropped plots, but converged with pine controls in subsequent years. Switchgrass monocultures provided minimal resources for birds. If songbird conservation is a management priority, managers should consider potential reductions of some breeding birds for one to two years following intercropping. It is unclear how these relationships may change outside the breeding season and as stands age.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Pergamon","publisherLocation":"Oxford","doi":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2014.05.001","usgsCitation":"Loman, Z., Riffell, S.K., Wheat, B.R., Miller, D.A., Martin, J.A., and Vilella, F., 2014, Breeding bird community response to establishing intercropped switchgrass in intensively-managed pine stands: Biomass and Bioenergy, v. 67, p. 201-211, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2014.05.001.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"201","endPage":"211","numberOfPages":"11","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-052421","costCenters":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":305969,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"67","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":8,"text":"Raleigh PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55b361aee4b09a3b01b5da92","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Loman, Zachary G.","contributorId":145932,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Loman","given":"Zachary G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":565695,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Riffell, Samuel K.","contributorId":102386,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Riffell","given":"Samuel","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":565696,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wheat, Bradley R.","contributorId":145933,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wheat","given":"Bradley","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":565697,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Miller, Darrin A. damiller@usgs.gov","contributorId":4356,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Darrin","email":"damiller@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":565698,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Martin, James A.","contributorId":145934,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Martin","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":565699,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Vilella, Francisco fvilella@usgs.gov","contributorId":4255,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vilella","given":"Francisco","email":"fvilella@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":564763,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70154746,"text":"70154746 - 2014 - Behavior of feral horses in response to culling and GnRH immunocontraception","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-06-29T11:29:47","indexId":"70154746","displayToPublicDate":"2014-08-01T12:30:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":827,"text":"Applied Animal Behaviour Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Behavior of feral horses in response to culling and GnRH immunocontraception","docAbstract":"<p>Wildlife management actions can alter fundamental behaviors of individuals and groups,which may directly impact their life history parameters in unforeseen ways. This is especially true for highly social animals because changes in one individual&rsquo;s behavior can cascade throughout its social network. When resources to support populations of social animals are limited and populations become locally overabundant, managers are faced with the daunting challenge of decreasing population size without disrupting core behavioral processes. Increasingly, managers are turning to fertility control technologies to supplement culling in efforts to suppress population growth, but little is quantitatively known about how either of these management tools affects behavior. Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) is a small neuropeptide that performs an obligatory role in mammalian reproduction and has been formulated into the immunocontraceptive GonaCon-BTM. We investigated the influences of this vaccine on behavior of feral horses (<i>Equus caballus</i>) at Theodore Roosevelt National Park, North Dakota, USA, for a year preceding and a year following nonlethal culling and GnRH-vaccine treatment. We observed horses during the breeding season and found only minimal differences in time budget behaviors of free-ranging female feral horses treated with GnRH and those treated with saline. The differences observed were consistent with the metabolic demands of pregnancy and lactation. We observed similar social behaviors between treatment groups, reflecting limited reproductive behavior among control females due to high rates of pregnancy and suppressed reproductive behavior among treated females due to GnRH-inhibited ovarian activity. In the treatment year, band stallion age was the only supported factor influencing herding behavior (P &lt; 0.001), harem-tending behavior (P &lt; 0.001), and agonistic behavior (P = 0.02). There was no difference between the mean body condition of control females (4.9 (95% CI = 4.7&ndash;5.1)) and treated females(4.8 (95% CI = 4.7&ndash;4.9)). Band fidelity among all females increased 25.7% in the year fol-lowing vaccination and culling, despite the social perturbation associated with removal of conspecifics. Herding behavior by stallions decreased 50.7% following treatment and culling (P &lt; 0.001), while harem-tending behavior increased 195.0% (P &lt; 0.001). The amount of available forage influenced harem-tending, reproductive, and agonistic behavior in the year following culling and treatment (P &lt; 0.04). These changes reflected the expected nexus between a species with polygynous social structure and strong group fidelity and the large instantaneous change in population density and demography coincident with culling.Behavioral responses to such perturbation may be synergistic in reducing grazing pressure by decreasing energetically expensive competitive behaviors, but further investigation is needed to explicitly test this hypothesis.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"International Society for Applied Ethology","publisherLocation":"New York, NY","doi":"10.1016/j.applanim.2014.05.002","usgsCitation":"Ransom, J.I., Powers, J.G., Garbe, H.M., Oehler, M.W., Nett, T.M., and Baker, D.L., 2014, Behavior of feral horses in response to culling and GnRH immunocontraception: Applied Animal Behaviour Science, v. 157, p. 81-92, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2014.05.002.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"81","endPage":"92","numberOfPages":"12","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-057674","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472833,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2014.05.002","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":305430,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"157","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55926c6ee4b0b6d21dd676f3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ransom, Jason I. 0000-0002-5930-4004","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5930-4004","contributorId":71645,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ransom","given":"Jason","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":563903,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Powers, Jenny G.","contributorId":10710,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Powers","given":"Jenny","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":563904,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Garbe, Heidi M.","contributorId":145410,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Garbe","given":"Heidi","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":16116,"text":"Colorado State University Biomedical Sciences Dept.","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":563905,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Oehler, Michael W.","contributorId":139270,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Oehler","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":12714,"text":"NPS/DNR Minnesota","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":563906,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Nett, Terry M.","contributorId":145411,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nett","given":"Terry","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":16116,"text":"Colorado State University Biomedical Sciences Dept.","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":563907,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Baker, Dan L.","contributorId":7995,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baker","given":"Dan","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":563908,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70155212,"text":"70155212 - 2014 - Estimating earthquake magnitudes from reported intensities in the central and eastern United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-11-09T12:17:29","indexId":"70155212","displayToPublicDate":"2014-08-01T12:15:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimating earthquake magnitudes from reported intensities in the central and eastern United States","docAbstract":"<p><span>A new macroseismic intensity prediction equation is derived for the central and eastern United States and is used to estimate the magnitudes of the 1811&ndash;1812 New Madrid, Missouri, and 1886 Charleston, South Carolina, earthquakes. This work improves upon previous derivations of intensity prediction equations by including additional intensity data, correcting magnitudes in the intensity datasets to moment magnitude, and accounting for the spatial and temporal population distributions. The new relation leads to moment magnitude estimates for the New Madrid earthquakes that are toward the lower range of previous studies. Depending on the intensity dataset to which the new macroseismic intensity prediction equation is applied, mean estimates for the 16 December 1811, 23 January 1812, and 7 February 1812 mainshocks, and 16 December 1811 dawn aftershock range from 6.9 to 7.1, 6.8 to 7.1, 7.3 to 7.6, and 6.3 to 6.5, respectively. One‐sigma uncertainties on any given estimate could be as high as 0.3&ndash;0.4 magnitude units. We also estimate a magnitude of 6.9&plusmn;0.3 for the 1886 Charleston, South Carolina, earthquake. We find a greater range of magnitude estimates when also accounting for multiple macroseismic intensity prediction equations. The inability to accurately and precisely ascertain magnitude from intensities increases the uncertainty of the central United States earthquake hazard by nearly a factor of two. Relative to the 2008 national seismic hazard maps, our range of possible 1811&ndash;1812 New Madrid earthquake magnitudes increases the coefficient of variation of seismic hazard estimates for Memphis, Tennessee, by 35%&ndash;42% for ground motions expected to be exceeded with a 2% probability in 50 years and by 27%&ndash;35% for ground motions expected to be exceeded with a 10% probability in 50 years.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","publisherLocation":"Stanford, CA","doi":"10.1785/0120120352","usgsCitation":"Boyd, O.S., and Cramer, C.H., 2014, Estimating earthquake magnitudes from reported intensities in the central and eastern United States: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 104, no. 4, p. 1709-1722, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120120352.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"1709","endPage":"1722","numberOfPages":"14","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-055669","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":306314,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"104","issue":"4","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-07-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55c090ade4b033ef52104293","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boyd, Oliver S. 0000-0001-9457-0407 olboyd@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9457-0407","contributorId":140739,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boyd","given":"Oliver","email":"olboyd@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":565106,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cramer, Chris H.","contributorId":32196,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cramer","given":"Chris","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":565107,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70119725,"text":"70119725 - 2014 - Metamorphosis enhances the effects of metal exposure on the mayfly, Centroptilum triangulifer","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-18T16:08:37","indexId":"70119725","displayToPublicDate":"2014-08-01T11:31:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Metamorphosis enhances the effects of metal exposure on the mayfly, <i>Centroptilum triangulifer</i>","title":"Metamorphosis enhances the effects of metal exposure on the mayfly, Centroptilum triangulifer","docAbstract":"The response of larval aquatic insects to stressors such as metals is used to assess the ecological condition of streams worldwide. However, nearly all larval insects metamorphose from aquatic larvae to winged adults, and recent surveys indicate that adults may be a more sensitive indicator of stream metal toxicity than larvae. One hypothesis to explain this pattern is that insects exposed to elevated metal in their larval stages have a reduced ability to successfully complete metamorphosis. To test this hypothesis we exposed late-instar larvae of the mayfly, <i>Centroptilum triangulifer</i>, to an aqueous Zn gradient (32–476 μg/L) in the laboratory. After 6 days of exposure, when metamorphosis began, larval survival was unaffected by zinc. However, Zn reduced wingpad development at concentrations above 139 μg/L. In contrast, emergence of subimagos and imagos tended to decline with any increase in Zn. At Zn concentrations below 105 μg/L (hardness-adjusted aquatic life criterion), survival between the wingpad and subimago stages declined 5-fold across the Zn gradient. These results support the hypothesis that metamorphosis may be a survival bottleneck, particularly in contaminated streams. Thus, death during metamorphosis may be a key mechanism explaining how stream metal contamination can impact terrestrial communities by reducing aquatic insect emergence.","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/es501914y","usgsCitation":"Wesner, J.S., Kraus, J.M., Schmidt, T., Walters, D., and Clements, W., 2014, Metamorphosis enhances the effects of metal exposure on the mayfly, Centroptilum triangulifer: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 48, no. 17, p. 10415-10422, https://doi.org/10.1021/es501914y.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"10415","endPage":"10422","numberOfPages":"8","ipdsId":"IP-056567","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34983,"text":"Contaminant Biology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":294906,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es501914y"},{"id":294907,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"48","issue":"17","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-08-19","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"542fbaa2e4b092f17df61d26","chorus":{"doi":"10.1021/es501914y","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es501914y","publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","authors":"Wesner J. S., Kraus J. M., Schmidt T. S., Walters D. M., Clements W. H.","journalName":"Environmental Science & Technology","publicationDate":"9/2/2014","auditedOn":"11/1/2014"},"contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wesner, Jeff S.","contributorId":58202,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wesner","given":"Jeff","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":497764,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kraus, Johanna M. 0000-0002-9513-4129 jkraus@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9513-4129","contributorId":4834,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kraus","given":"Johanna","email":"jkraus@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":497762,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schmidt, Travis S. 0000-0003-1400-0637 tschmidt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1400-0637","contributorId":1300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmidt","given":"Travis S.","email":"tschmidt@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":685,"text":"Wyoming-Montana Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":497761,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Walters, David M. 0000-0002-4237-2158","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4237-2158","contributorId":19493,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walters","given":"David M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":497763,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Clements, William H.","contributorId":85103,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clements","given":"William H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":497765,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70129258,"text":"70129258 - 2014 - Analytical solutions for benchmarking cold regions subsurface water flow and energy transport models: one-dimensional soil thaw with conduction and advection","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-10-21T09:58:21","indexId":"70129258","displayToPublicDate":"2014-08-01T09:57:38","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":664,"text":"Advances in Water Resources","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Analytical solutions for benchmarking cold regions subsurface water flow and energy transport models: one-dimensional soil thaw with conduction and advection","docAbstract":"Numerous cold regions water flow and energy transport models have emerged in recent years. Dissimilarities often exist in their mathematical formulations and/or numerical solution techniques, but few analytical solutions exist for benchmarking flow and energy transport models that include pore water phase change. This paper presents a detailed derivation of the Lunardini solution, an approximate analytical solution for predicting soil thawing subject to conduction, advection, and phase change. Fifteen thawing scenarios are examined by considering differences in porosity, surface temperature, Darcy velocity, and initial temperature. The accuracy of the Lunardini solution is shown to be proportional to the Stefan number. The analytical solution results obtained for soil thawing scenarios with water flow and advection are compared to those obtained from the finite element model SUTRA. Three problems, two involving the Lunardini solution and one involving the classic Neumann solution, are recommended as standard benchmarks for future model development and testing.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Advances in Water Resources","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier Science Ltd.","publisherLocation":"England","doi":"10.1016/j.advwatres.2014.05.005","usgsCitation":"Kurylyk, B.L., McKenzie, J.M., MacQuarrie, K., and Voss, C.I., 2014, Analytical solutions for benchmarking cold regions subsurface water flow and energy transport models: one-dimensional soil thaw with conduction and advection: Advances in Water Resources, v. 70, p. 172-184, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2014.05.005.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"172","endPage":"184","numberOfPages":"13","ipdsId":"IP-056692","costCenters":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":295518,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":295517,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2014.05.005"},{"id":295493,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0309170814000992"}],"volume":"70","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"544775a3e4b0f888a81b82f2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kurylyk, Barret L.","contributorId":78262,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kurylyk","given":"Barret","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503584,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McKenzie, Jeffrey M","contributorId":36476,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKenzie","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"M","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503583,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"MacQuarrie, Kerry T. B.","contributorId":85525,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"MacQuarrie","given":"Kerry T. B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503585,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Voss, Clifford I. 0000-0001-5923-2752 cvoss@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5923-2752","contributorId":1559,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Voss","given":"Clifford","email":"cvoss@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":503582,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70118141,"text":"ofr20141163 - 2014 - Spatially explicit modeling of greater sage-grouse (<i>Centrocercus urophasianus</i>) habitat in Nevada and northeastern California: a decision-support tool for management","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-01T08:43:10","indexId":"ofr20141163","displayToPublicDate":"2014-08-01T08:22:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-1163","title":"Spatially explicit modeling of greater sage-grouse (<i>Centrocercus urophasianus</i>) habitat in Nevada and northeastern California: a decision-support tool for management","docAbstract":"Greater sage-grouse (<i>Centrocercus urophasianus</i>, hereafter referred to as “sage-grouse”) populations are declining throughout the sagebrush (<i>Artemisia</i> spp.) ecosystem, including millions of acres of potential habitat across the West. Habitat maps derived from empirical data are needed given impending listing decisions that will affect both sage-grouse population dynamics and human land-use restrictions. This report presents the process for developing spatially explicit maps describing relative habitat suitability for sage-grouse in Nevada and northeastern California. Maps depicting habitat suitability indices (HSI) values were generated based on model-averaged resource selection functions informed by more than 31,000 independent telemetry locations from more than 1,500 radio-marked sage-grouse across 12 project areas in Nevada and northeastern California collected during a 15-year period (1998–2013). Modeled habitat covariates included land cover composition, water resources, habitat configuration, elevation, and topography, each at multiple spatial scales that were relevant to empirically observed sage-grouse movement patterns. We then present an example of how the HSI can be delineated into categories. Specifically, we demonstrate that the deviation from the mean can be used to classify habitat suitability into three categories of habitat quality (high, moderate, and low) and one non-habitat category. The classification resulted in an agreement of 93–97 percent for habitat versus non-habitat across a suite of independent validation datasets. Lastly, we provide an example of how space use models can be integrated with habitat models to help inform conservation planning. In this example, we combined probabilistic breeding density with a non-linear probability of occurrence relative to distance to nearest lek (traditional breeding ground) using count data to calculate a composite space use index (SUI). The SUI was then classified into two categories of use (high and low-to-no) and intersected with the HSI categories to create potential management prioritization scenarios based oninformation about sage-grouse occupancy coupled with habitat suitability. This provided an example of a conservation planning application that uses the intersection of the spatially-explicit HSI and empirically-based SUI to identify potential spatially explicit strategies for sage-grouse management. Importantly, the reported categories for the HSI and SUI can be reclassified relatively easily to employ alternative conservation thresholds that may be identified through decision-making processes with stake-holders, managers, and biologists. Moreover, the HSI/SUI interface map can be updated readily as new data become available.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20141163","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the State of Nevada Sagebrush Ecosystem Program, Bureau of Land Management, Nevada Department of Wildlife, and California Department of Fish and Wildlife","usgsCitation":"Coates, P.S., Casazza, M.L., Brussee, B.E., Ricca, M., Gustafson, K., Overton, C.T., Sanchez-Chopitea, E., Kroger, T., Mauch, K., Niell, L., Howe, K., Gardner, S., Espinosa, S., and Delehanty, D.J., 2014, Spatially explicit modeling of greater sage-grouse (<i>Centrocercus urophasianus</i>) habitat in Nevada and northeastern California: a decision-support tool for management: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2014-1163, vi, 83 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20141163.","productDescription":"vi, 83 p.","numberOfPages":"93","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-058087","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":438749,"rank":0,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P99E64Y4","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Spatially Explicit Modeling of Annual and Seasonal Habitat for Greater Sage-Grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) in Northeastern California"},{"id":291503,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20141163.jpg"},{"id":291499,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1163/"},{"id":291502,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1163/pdf/ofr2014-1163.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"California;Nevada","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.0,35.0 ], [ -122.0,42.0 ], [ -114.04,42.0 ], [ -114.04,35.0 ], [ -122.0,35.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53dc9bafe4b076157862d968","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Coates, Peter S. 0000-0003-2672-9994 pcoates@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2672-9994","contributorId":3263,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coates","given":"Peter","email":"pcoates@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":496455,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Casazza, Michael L. 0000-0002-5636-735X mike_casazza@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5636-735X","contributorId":2091,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Casazza","given":"Michael","email":"mike_casazza@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":496453,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brussee, Brianne E. 0000-0002-2452-7101 bbrussee@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2452-7101","contributorId":4249,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brussee","given":"Brianne","email":"bbrussee@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":496456,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ricca, Mark A.","contributorId":39736,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ricca","given":"Mark A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496461,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Gustafson, K. Benjamin","contributorId":53710,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gustafson","given":"K. Benjamin","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496462,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Overton, Cory T. 0000-0002-5060-7447 coverton@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5060-7447","contributorId":3262,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Overton","given":"Cory","email":"coverton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":496454,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Sanchez-Chopitea, Erika","contributorId":23462,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sanchez-Chopitea","given":"Erika","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496458,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Kroger, Travis","contributorId":38483,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kroger","given":"Travis","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496460,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Mauch, Kimberly","contributorId":91796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mauch","given":"Kimberly","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496466,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Niell, Lara","contributorId":30557,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Niell","given":"Lara","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496459,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Howe, Kristy","contributorId":79815,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howe","given":"Kristy","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496463,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Gardner, Scott","contributorId":82627,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gardner","given":"Scott","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496465,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Espinosa, Shawn","contributorId":20253,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Espinosa","given":"Shawn","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496457,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Delehanty, David J.","contributorId":80811,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Delehanty","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496464,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14}]}}
,{"id":70135874,"text":"70135874 - 2014 - Causal networks clarify productivity-richness interrelations, bivariate plots do not","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-12-18T11:33:46","indexId":"70135874","displayToPublicDate":"2014-08-01T01:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1711,"text":"Functional Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Causal networks clarify productivity-richness interrelations, bivariate plots do not","docAbstract":"<ol>\n<li>Perhaps no other pair of variables in ecology has generated as much discussion as species richness and ecosystem productivity, as illustrated by the reactions by Pierce (2013) and others to Adler et al.'s (2011) report that empirical patterns are weak and inconsistent. Adler et al. (2011) argued we need to move beyond a focus on simplistic bivariate relationships and test mechanistic, multivariate causal hypotheses. We feel the continuing debate over productivity&ndash;richness relationships (PRRs) provides a focused context for illustrating the fundamental difficulties of using bivariate relationships to gain scientific understanding.</li>\n<li>Pierce (2013) disputes Adler et al.'s (2011) conclusion that bivariate productivity&ndash;richness relationships (PRRs) are &lsquo;weak and variable&rsquo;. He argues, instead, that relationships in the Adler et al. data are actually strong and, further, that failure to adhere to the humped-back model (HBM; sensu Grime 1979) threatens scientists' ability to advise conservationists. Here, we show that Pierce's reanalyses are invalid, that statistically significant boundary relations in the Adler et al. data are difficult to detect when proper methods are used and that his advice neither advances scientific understanding nor provides the quantitative forecasts actually needed by decision makers.</li>\n<li>We begin by examining Grimes' HBM through the lens of causal networks. We first translate the ideas contained in the HBM into a causal diagram, which shows explicitly how multiple processes are hypothesized to control biomass production and richness and their interrelationship. We then evaluate the causal diagram using structural equation modelling and example data from a published study of meadows in Finland. Formal analysis rejects the literal translation of the HBM and reveals additional processes at work. This exercise shows how the practice of abstracting systems as causal networks (i) clarifies possible hypotheses, (ii) permits explicit testing and (iii) provides more powerful and useful predictions.</li>\n<li>Building on the Finnish meadow example, we contrast the utility of bivariate plots compared with structural equation models for investigating underlying processes. Simulations illustrate the fallibility of bivariate analysis as a means of supporting one theory over another, while models based on causal networks can quantify the sensitivity of diversity patterns to both management and natural constraints.</li>\n<li>A key piece of Pierce's critique of Adler et al.'s conclusions relies on upper boundary regression which he claims to reveal strong relationships between production and richness in Adler et al.'s original data. We demonstrate that this technique shows strong associations in purely random data and is invalid for Adler et al.'s data because it depends on a uniform data distribution. We instead perform quantile regression on both the site-level summaries of the data and the plot-level data (using mixed-model quantile regression). Using a variety of nonlinear curve-fitting approaches, we were unable to detect a significant humped-shape boundary in the Adler et al. data. We reiterate that the bivariate productivity&ndash;richness relationships in Adler et al.'s data are weak and variable.</li>\n<li>We urge ecologists to consider productivity&ndash;richness relationships through the lens of causal networks to advance our understanding beyond bivariate analysis. Further, we emphasize that models based on a causal network conceptualization can also provide more meaningful guidance for conservation management than can a bivariate perspective. Measuring only two variables does not permit the evaluation of complex ideas nor resolve debates about underlying mechanisms.</li>\n</ol>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Ltd.","doi":"10.1111/1365-2435.12269","usgsCitation":"Grace, J.B., Adler, P.B., Harpole, W.S., Borer, E.T., and Seabloom, E.W., 2014, Causal networks clarify productivity-richness interrelations, bivariate plots do not: Functional Ecology, v. 28, no. 4, p. 787-798, https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.12269.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"787","endPage":"798","numberOfPages":"12","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-052277","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472842,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.12269","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":296792,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"28","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-03-24","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54dd2b4ee4b08de9379b3309","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grace, James B. 0000-0001-6374-4726 gracej@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6374-4726","contributorId":884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grace","given":"James","email":"gracej@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":536955,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Adler, Peter B.","contributorId":64789,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Adler","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":536956,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Harpole, W. Stanley","contributorId":131024,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Harpole","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"Stanley","affiliations":[{"id":6911,"text":"Iowa State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":536957,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Borer, Elizabeth T.","contributorId":45049,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Borer","given":"Elizabeth","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":6626,"text":"University of Minnesota","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":536958,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Seabloom, Eric W.","contributorId":60762,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Seabloom","given":"Eric","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":6626,"text":"University of Minnesota","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":536959,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70189758,"text":"70189758 - 2014 - Adding fling effects to processed ground‐motion time histories","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-24T15:08:48","indexId":"70189758","displayToPublicDate":"2014-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Adding fling effects to processed ground‐motion time histories","docAbstract":"<p><span>Fling is the engineering term for the effects of the permanent tectonic offset, caused by a rupturing fault in the recorded ground motions near the fault. It is expressed by a one‐sided pulse in ground velocity and a nonzero final displacement at the end of shaking. Standard processing of earthquake time histories removes some of the fling effects that may be required for engineering applications. A method to parameterize the fling‐step time history and to superimpose it onto traditionally processed time histories has been developed by&nbsp;</span><span id=\"xref-ref-1-1\" class=\"xref-bibr\">Abrahamson (2002)</span><span>. In this paper, we first present an update to the<span>&nbsp;</span></span><span id=\"xref-ref-1-2\" class=\"xref-bibr\">Abrahamson (2002)</span><span><span>&nbsp;</span>fling‐step models, in which the fling step is parameterized as a single cycle of a sine wave. Parametric models are presented for the sine‐wave amplitude (</span><i>D</i><sub>site</sub><span>) and period (</span><i>T</i><sub><i>f</i></sub><span>). The expressions for<span>&nbsp;</span></span><i>D</i><sub>site</sub><span><span>&nbsp;</span>and<span>&nbsp;</span></span><i>T</i><sub><i>f</i></sub><span><span>&nbsp;</span>are derived from an extensive set of finite‐fault simulations conducted on the Southern California Earthquake Center broadband platform (see Data and Resources). The simulations were run with the<span>&nbsp;</span></span><span id=\"xref-ref-12-1\" class=\"xref-bibr\">Graves and Pitarka (2010)</span><span><span>&nbsp;</span>hybrid simulation method and included strike‐slip and reverse scenarios for magnitudes of 6.0–8.2 and dips of 30 through 90. Next, an improved approach for developing design ground motions with fling effects is presented, which deals with the problem of double‐counting intermediate period components that were not removed by the standard ground‐motion processing. Finally, the results are validated against a set of 84 empirical recordings containing fling.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/0120130272","usgsCitation":"Kamai, R., Abrahamson, N.A., and Graves, R., 2014, Adding fling effects to processed ground‐motion time histories: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 104, no. 4, p. 1914-1929, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120130272.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"1914","endPage":"1929","ipdsId":"IP-051595","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":344271,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"104","issue":"4","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-07-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59770752e4b0ec1a48889f97","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kamai, Ronnie","contributorId":140537,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kamai","given":"Ronnie","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6643,"text":"University of California - Berkeley","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":706223,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Abrahamson, Norman A.","contributorId":115451,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Abrahamson","given":"Norman","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":706224,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Graves, Robert 0000-0001-9758-453X rwgraves@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9758-453X","contributorId":140738,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graves","given":"Robert","email":"rwgraves@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":706222,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70142549,"text":"70142549 - 2014 - A depth-averaged debris-flow model that includes the effects of evolving dilatancy. I. Physical basis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-11T14:01:21","indexId":"70142549","displayToPublicDate":"2014-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3878,"text":"Proceedings of the Royal Society A","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A depth-averaged debris-flow model that includes the effects of evolving dilatancy. I. Physical basis","docAbstract":"<p style=\"text-align: left;\" data-mce-style=\"text-align: left;\"><span>To simulate debris-flow behaviour from initiation to deposition, we derive a depth-averaged, two-phase model that combines concepts of critical-state soil mechanics, grain-flow mechanics and fluid mechanics. The model's balance equations describe coupled evolution of the solid volume fraction,<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">&nbsp;</span></span><i>m</i><span>, basal pore-fluid pressure, flow thickness and two components of flow velocity. Basal friction is evaluated using a generalized Coulomb rule, and fluid motion is evaluated in a frame of reference that translates with the velocity of the granular phase,<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">&nbsp;</span></span><i>v</i><sub>s</sub><span>. Source terms in each of the depth-averaged balance equations account for the influence of the granular dilation rate, defined as the depth integral of ∇⋅</span><i>v</i><sub>s</sub><span>. Calculation of the dilation rate involves the effects of an elastic compressibility and an inelastic dilatancy angle proportional to<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">&nbsp;</span></span><i>m</i><span>−</span><i>m</i><sub>eq</sub><span>, where<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">&nbsp;</span></span><i>m</i><sub>eq</sub><span><span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">&nbsp;</span>is the value of<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">&nbsp;</span></span><i>m</i><span><span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">&nbsp;</span>in equilibrium with the ambient stress state and flow rate. Normalization of the model equations shows that predicted debris-flow behaviour depends principally on the initial value of<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">&nbsp;</span></span><i>m</i><span>−</span><i>m</i><sub>eq</sub><span><span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">&nbsp;</span>and on the ratio of two fundamental timescales. One of these timescales governs downslope debris-flow motion, and the other governs pore-pressure relaxation that modifies Coulomb friction and regulates evolution of<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">&nbsp;</span></span><i>m</i><span>. A companion paper presents a suite of model predictions and tests.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"The Royal Society","doi":"10.1098/rspa.2013.0819","usgsCitation":"Iverson, R.M., and George, D.L., 2014, A depth-averaged debris-flow model that includes the effects of evolving dilatancy. I. Physical basis: Proceedings of the Royal Society A, v. 471, no. 2170, 31 p., https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2013.0819.","productDescription":"31 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-053062","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472849,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2013.0819","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":298720,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"471","issue":"2170","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-10-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"550aa1abe4b02e76d7590bc7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Iverson, Richard M. 0000-0002-7369-3819 riverson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7369-3819","contributorId":536,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Iverson","given":"Richard","email":"riverson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":541954,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"George, David L. 0000-0002-5726-0255 dgeorge@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5726-0255","contributorId":3120,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"George","given":"David","email":"dgeorge@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":541955,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70138852,"text":"70138852 - 2014 - Migration, foraging, and residency patterns for Northern Gulf loggerheads: implications of local threats and international movements","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-01-23T15:03:57","indexId":"70138852","displayToPublicDate":"2014-07-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2980,"text":"PLoS ONE","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Migration, foraging, and residency patterns for Northern Gulf loggerheads: implications of local threats and international movements","docAbstract":"<p><span>Northern Gulf of Mexico (NGoM) loggerheads (</span><i>Caretta caretta</i><span>) make up one of the smallest subpopulations of this threatened species and have declining nest numbers. We used satellite telemetry and a switching state-space model to identify distinct foraging areas used by 59 NGoM loggerheads tagged during 2010&ndash;2013. We tagged turtles after nesting at three sites, 1 in Alabama (Gulf Shores; n = 37) and 2 in Florida (St. Joseph Peninsula; n = 20 and Eglin Air Force Base; n = 2). Peak migration time was 22 July to 9 August during which &gt;40% of turtles were in migration mode; the mean post-nesting migration period was 23.0 d (&plusmn;13.8 d SD). After displacement from nesting beaches, 44 turtles traveled to foraging sites where they remained resident throughout tracking durations. Selected foraging locations were variable distances from tagging sites, and in 5 geographic regions; no turtles selected foraging sites outside the Gulf of Mexico (GoM). Foraging sites delineated using 50% kernel density estimation were located a mean distance of 47.6 km from land and in water with mean depth of &minus;32.5 m; other foraging sites, delineated using minimum convex polygons, were located a mean distance of 43.0 km from land and in water with a mean depth of &minus;24.9 m. Foraging sites overlapped with known trawling activities, oil and gas extraction activities, and the footprint of surface oiling during the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill (n = 10). Our results highlight the year-round use of habitats in the GoM by loggerheads that nest in the NGoM. Our findings indicate that protection of females in this subpopulation requires both international collaborations and management of threats that spatially overlap with distinct foraging habitats.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Public Library of Science","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0103453","usgsCitation":"Hart, K.M., Lamont, M.M., Sartain-Iverson, A.R., and Fujisaki, I., 2014, Migration, foraging, and residency patterns for Northern Gulf loggerheads: implications of local threats and international movements: PLoS ONE, v. 9, no. 7, e103453; 20 p., https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0103453.","productDescription":"e103453; 20 p.","numberOfPages":"20","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-055204","costCenters":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472853,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0103453","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":297494,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Gulf of Mexico","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -90.966796875,\n              25.958044673317843\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.966796875,\n              30.770159115784214\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.8701171875,\n              30.770159115784214\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.8701171875,\n              25.958044673317843\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.966796875,\n              25.958044673317843\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"9","issue":"7","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":8,"text":"Raleigh PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-07-30","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54dd2bfde4b08de9379b35cc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hart, Kristen M. 0000-0002-5257-7974 kristen_hart@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5257-7974","contributorId":1966,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hart","given":"Kristen","email":"kristen_hart@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":539075,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lamont, Margaret M. 0000-0001-7520-6669 mlamont@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7520-6669","contributorId":4525,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lamont","given":"Margaret","email":"mlamont@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":539076,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sartain-Iverson, Autumn R. 0000-0002-8353-6745 asartain@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8353-6745","contributorId":5477,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sartain-Iverson","given":"Autumn","email":"asartain@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":539077,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fujisaki, Ikuko","contributorId":31108,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fujisaki","given":"Ikuko","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":12557,"text":"University of Florida, FLREC","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":539078,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70118369,"text":"70118369 - 2014 - Identifying dominant controls on hydrologic parameter transfer from gauged to ungauged catchments: a comparative hydrology approach","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-29T14:04:05","indexId":"70118369","displayToPublicDate":"2014-07-29T13:58:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Identifying dominant controls on hydrologic parameter transfer from gauged to ungauged catchments: a comparative hydrology approach","docAbstract":"Daily streamflow information is critical for solving various hydrologic problems, though observations of continuous streamflow for model calibration are available at only a small fraction of the world’s rivers. One approach to estimate daily streamflow at an ungauged location is to transfer rainfall–runoff model parameters calibrated at a gauged (donor) catchment to an ungauged (receiver) catchment of interest. Central to this approach is the selection of a hydrologically similar donor. No single metric or set of metrics of hydrologic similarity have been demonstrated to consistently select a suitable donor catchment. We design an experiment to diagnose the dominant controls on successful hydrologic model parameter transfer. We calibrate a lumped rainfall–runoff model to 83 stream gauges across the United States. All locations are USGS reference gauges with minimal human influence. Parameter sets from the calibrated models are then transferred to each of the other catchments and the performance of the transferred parameters is assessed. This transfer experiment is carried out both at the scale of the entire US and then for six geographic regions. We use classification and regression tree (CART) analysis to determine the relationship between catchment similarity and performance of transferred parameters. Similarity is defined using physical/climatic catchment characteristics, as well as streamflow response characteristics (signatures such as baseflow index and runoff ratio). Across the entire US, successful parameter transfer is governed by similarity in elevation and climate, and high similarity in streamflow signatures. Controls vary for different geographic regions though. Geology followed by drainage, topography and climate constitute the dominant similarity metrics in forested eastern mountains and plateaus, whereas agricultural land use relates most strongly with successful parameter transfer in the humid plains.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Hydrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.06.030","usgsCitation":"Singh, R., Archfield, S., and Wagener, T., 2014, Identifying dominant controls on hydrologic parameter transfer from gauged to ungauged catchments: a comparative hydrology approach: Journal of Hydrology, v. 517, p. 985-996, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.06.030.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"985","endPage":"996","numberOfPages":"12","ipdsId":"IP-054107","costCenters":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":291335,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":291202,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.06.030"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124.8,24.5 ], [ -124.8,49.383333 ], [ -66.95,49.383333 ], [ -66.95,24.5 ], [ -124.8,24.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"517","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57f7f097e4b0bc0bec09f85f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Singh, R.","contributorId":82591,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Singh","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496835,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Archfield, S.A.","contributorId":38763,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Archfield","given":"S.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496834,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wagener, T.","contributorId":36350,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wagener","given":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496833,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
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