Strata-bound massive sulfide deposits of the central Virginia Piedmont occur in a volcanic- plutonic belt composed of Lower Cambrian(?) metamorphosed volcanic rocks and locally of pre-Upper Ordovician, low potassium granitoid rocks. The belt, interpreted as an ancient island arc, begins about 50 km south of Washington, D. C, and extends some 175 km south- westward. The volcanic rocks within the belt are located along the flanks of the Quantico- Columbia synclinorium and the Arvonia syncline. The Chopawamsic Formation, a western facies of the belt, consists of volcanic rocks that have the geochemical features (rare earth and immobile elements) of a tholeiitic island-arc suite; it also contains calc-alkaline components. Tholeiitic amphibolites of the Ta River Metamorphic Suite on the eastern side of the belt form an oceanward facies of the island arc, coeval with the Chopawamsic. This distribution suggests an underlying westward-dipping Cambrian(?) subduction zone. Contrasts in stratigraphy, geochemistry, and magnetic and gravity features indicate that the central Virginia volcanic- plutonic belt is not related to the Carolina slate belt as has been proposed in the past. Known sulfide bodies in the Chopawamsic and its coeval units total about 13.5 million tons. The Mineral district on the northwest flank of the Quantico-Columbia synclinorium has the largest deposits and contains about 10 million tons. Sulfide bodies in the belt consist largely of pyrite with minor sphalerite and chalcopyrite; Zn and Pb are important in a few of the smaller deposits. There are local concentrations of sphalerite and other base metal minerals within the major pyritic deposits (Zn = 1-12.5%; Cu - 1-2%; Pb as much as 5%). The dom- inantly sphaleritic deposits are found in and northward for about 15 km from the Mineral district. Sulfide mineralization is found in all types of volcanic rock, but the large sulfide bodies on the northwest flank of the Quantico-Columbia synclinorium are in felsite. Am- phibolite, containing local beds of iron-formation, is abundant on the southeast flank of the Arvonia syncline; however, most sulfide mineralization there took place in felsitic to intermediate layers. Mineralization, attributed to submarine volcanic exhalation, took place during formation of the island arc.
The distribution of species abundance (number of individuals per species) is well documented. The distribution of species occurrence (number of localities per species), however, has received little attention. This study investigates the distribution of species occurrence for five large data sets. For modern benthic foraminifera, species occurrence is examined from the Atlantic continental margin of North America, where 875 species were recorded 10,017 times at 542 localities, the Gulf of Mexico, where 848 species were recorded 18,007 times at 426 localities, and the Caribbean, where 1149 species were recorded 6684 times at 268 localities. For Late Cretaceous molluscs, species occurrence is examined from the Gulf Coast where 716 species were recorded 6236 times at 166 localities and a subset of this data consisting of 643 species recorded 3851 times at 86 localities.
Logseries and lognormal distributions were fitted to these data sets. In most instances the logseries best predicts the distribution of species occurrence. The lognormal, however, also fits the data fairly well, and, in one instance, better. The use of these distributions allows the prediction of the number of species occurring once, twice, …, n times.
Species abundance data are also available for the molluscan data sets. They indicate that the most abundant species (greatest number of individuals) usually occur most frequently. In all data sets approximately half the species occur four or less times. The probability of noting the presence of rarely occurring species is small, and, consequently, such species must be used with extreme caution in studies requiring knowledge of the distribution of species in space and time.
","language":"English","publisher":"Cambridge University Press","doi":"10.1017/S0094837300004486","usgsCitation":"Buzas, M.A., Koch, C.F., Culver, S., and Sohl, N.F., 1982, On the distribution of species occurrence: Paleobiology, v. 8, no. 2, p. 143-150, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0094837300004486.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"143","endPage":"150","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":343007,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"8","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-07-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59536ee1e4b062508e3c7b25","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Buzas, Martin A.","contributorId":85098,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buzas","given":"Martin","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":701233,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Koch, Carl F.","contributorId":8331,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koch","given":"Carl","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":701234,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Culver, Stephen J.","contributorId":79331,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Culver","given":"Stephen J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":701235,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sohl, Norman F.","contributorId":27906,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sohl","given":"Norman","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":701236,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70275162,"text":"70275162 - 1982 - Guidelines for determining flood flow frequency: Bulletin #17B of the Hydrology Subcommittee","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70275162,"text":"70275162 - 1982 - Guidelines for determining flood flow frequency: Bulletin #17B of the Hydrology Subcommittee","indexId":"70275162","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"title":"Guidelines for determining flood flow frequency: Bulletin #17B of the Hydrology Subcommittee"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":70195984,"text":"tm4B5 - 2018 - Guidelines for determining flood flow frequency — Bulletin 17C","indexId":"tm4B5","publicationYear":"2018","noYear":false,"title":"Guidelines for determining flood flow frequency — Bulletin 17C"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":70195984,"text":"tm4B5 - 2018 - Guidelines for determining flood flow frequency — Bulletin 17C","indexId":"tm4B5","publicationYear":"2018","noYear":false,"title":"Guidelines for determining flood flow frequency — Bulletin 17C"},"lastModifiedDate":"2026-04-17T18:27:41.320881","indexId":"70275162","displayToPublicDate":"1982-01-01T14:20:43","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":350,"text":"Bulletin","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"seriesNumber":"17B","title":"Guidelines for determining flood flow frequency: Bulletin #17B of the Hydrology Subcommittee","docAbstract":"In December 1967, Bulletin No. 15, \"A Uniform Technique for Determining Flood Flow Frequencies,\" was issued by the Hydrology Committee of the Water Resources Council. The report recommended use of the Pearson Type III distribution with log transformation of the data (log-Pearson Type III distribution) as a base method for flood flow frequency studies. As pointed out in that report, further studies were needed covering various aspects of flow frequency determinations.
In March 1976, Bulletin 17, \"Guidelines for Determining Flood Flow Frequency\" was issued by the Water Resources Council. The guide was an extension and update of Bulletin No. 15. It provided a more complete guide for flood flow frequency analysis incorporating currently accepted technical methods with sufficient detail to promote uniform application. It was limited to defining flood potentials in terms of peak discharge and exceedance probability at locations where a systematic record of peak flood flows is available. The recommended set of procedures was selected from those used or described in the literature prior to 1976, based on studies conducted for this purpose at the Center for Research in Water Resources of the University of Texas at Austin (summarized in Appendix 14) and on studies by the Work Group on Flood Flow Frequency.
The \"Guidelines\" were revised and reissued in June 1977 as Bulletin 17A. Bulletin 17B is the latest effort to improve and expand upon the earlier publications. Bulletin 17B provides revised procedures for weighting a station skew value with the results from a generalized skew study, detecting and treating outliers, making two station comparisons, and computing confidence limits about a frequency curve. The Work Group that prepared this revision did not address the suitability of the original distribution or the generalized skew map.
Major problems are encountered when developing guides for flood flow frequency determinations. There is no procedure or set of procedures that can be adopted which, when rigidly applied to the available data, will accurately define the flood potential of any given watershed. Statistical analysis alone will not resolve all flood frequency problems. As discussed in subsequent sections of this guide, elements of risk and uncertainty are inherent in any flood frequency analysis. User decisions must be based on properly applied procedures and proper interpretation of results considering risk and uncertainty. Therefore, the judgment of a professional experienced in hydrologic analysis will enhance the usefulness of a flood frequency analysis and promote appropriate application.
It is possible to standarize many elements of flood frequency analysis. This guide describes each major element of the process of defining the flood potential at a specific location in terms of peak discharge and exceedance probability. Use is confined to stations where available records are adequate to warrant statistical analysis of the data. Special situations may require other approaches. In those cases where the procedures of this guide are not followed, deviations must be supported by appropriate study and accompanied by a comparison of results using the recommended procedures.
As a further means of achieving consistency and improving results, the Work Group recommends that studies be coordinated when more than one analyst is working currently on data for the same location. This recommendation holds particularly when defining exceedance probabilities for rare events, where this guide allows more latitude.
Flood records are limited. As more years of record become available at each location, the determination of flood potential may change. Thus, an estimate may be outdated a few years after it is made. Additional flood data alone may be sufficient reason for a fresh assessment of the flood potential. When making a new assessment, the analyst should incorporate in his study a review of earlier estimates. Where differences appear, they should be acknowledged and explained.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/70275162","usgsCitation":"Interagency Advisory Committee on Water Data, 1982, Guidelines for determining flood flow frequency: Bulletin #17B of the Hydrology Subcommittee (Revised September 1981, Editorial Corrections March 1982): Bulletin 17B, 194 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70275162.","productDescription":"194 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":503223,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70275162/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":503222,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70275162/report-thumb.jpg"}],"edition":"Revised September 1981, Editorial Corrections March 1982","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Interagency Advisory Committee on Water Data","contributorId":370138,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Interagency Advisory Committee on Water Data","id":959854,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1001294,"text":"1001294 - 1982 - Recurrence, mortality, and dispersal of prairie striped skunks, Mephitis mephitis, and implications to rabies epizootiology","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-15T01:26:23.421632","indexId":"1001294","displayToPublicDate":"1982-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1163,"text":"Canadian Field-Naturalist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Recurrence, mortality, and dispersal of prairie striped skunks, Mephitis mephitis, and implications to rabies epizootiology","docAbstract":"Detailed study of radio-equipped individuals of the Striped Skunk (Mephitis mephitis) in a North Dakota population provided insight into possible mechanisms for spread of rabies during spring and summer. Annual recurrence rates of 138 skunks marked on a study area averaged 11% for adult males, 43% for adult females and 9% for kits. Population changes were from mortality (including rabies) and dispersal. Five instances of adult dispersal (four by males) were recorded; maximum straight-line distance was 119 km. Some males initiated dispersal in spring. Communal denning by adults occurred rarely after whelping began but resulted in intraspecific conflict. Evidence of intraspecific and interspecific strife leading to kit mortality and some adult mortality was found at dens of 9 of 40 litters studied.","language":"English","publisher":"Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club","usgsCitation":"Sargeant, A., Greenwood, R.J., Piehl, J., and Bicknell, W., 1982, Recurrence, mortality, and dispersal of prairie striped skunks, Mephitis mephitis, and implications to rabies epizootiology: Canadian Field-Naturalist, v. 96, no. 3, p. 312-316.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"312","endPage":"316","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133728,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":422583,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/354839"}],"volume":"96","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a30e4b07f02db616e71","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sargeant, A.B.","contributorId":13171,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sargeant","given":"A.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310824,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Greenwood, R. J.","contributorId":74326,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greenwood","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310826,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Piehl, J.L.","contributorId":54536,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piehl","given":"J.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310825,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bicknell, W.B.","contributorId":106074,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bicknell","given":"W.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310827,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70011541,"text":"70011541 - 1982 - Genetic implications of minor-element and Sr-isotope geochemistry of alkaline rock complexes in the Wet Mountains area, Fremont and Custer counties, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:30","indexId":"70011541","displayToPublicDate":"1982-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1336,"text":"Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Genetic implications of minor-element and Sr-isotope geochemistry of alkaline rock complexes in the Wet Mountains area, Fremont and Custer counties, Colorado","docAbstract":"Concentrations of Rb, Sr, and REE (rare earth elements), and Sr-isotopic ratios in rocks of the Cambrian alkaline complexes in the Wet Mountains area, Colorado, show that rocks formed as end-products of a variety of magmas generated from different source materials. The complexes generally contain a bimodal suite of cumulus mafic-ultramafic rocks and younger leucocratic rocks that include nepheline syenite and hornblende-biotite syenite in the McClure Mountain Complex, nepheline syenite pegmatite in the Gem Park Complex, and quartz syenite in the complex at Democrat Creek. The nepheline syenite and hornblende-biotite syenite at McClure Mountain (535??5m.y.) are older than the syenitic rocks at Democrat Creek (511??8m.y.). REE concentrations indicate that the nepheline syenite at McClure Mountain cannot be derived from the hornblende-biotite syenite, which it intrudes, or from the associated mafic-ultramafic rocks. REE also indicate that mafic-ultramafic rocks at McClure Mountain have a source distinct from that of the mafic-ultramafic rocks at Democrat Creek. In the McClure Mountain Complex, initial87Sr/86Sr ratios for mafic-ultramafic rocks (0.7046??0.0002) are similar to those of hornblende-biotite syenite (0.7045??0.0002), suggesting a similar magmatic source, whereas ratios for carbonatites (0.7038??0.0002) are similar to those of nepheline syenite (0.7038??0.0002). At Democrat Creek, initial ratios of syenitic rocks (0.7032??0.0002) and mafic-ultramafic rocks (0.7028??0.0002) are different from those of corresponding rocks at McClure Mountain. ?? 1982 Springer-Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF01132072","issn":"00107999","usgsCitation":"Armbrustmacher, T., and Hedge, C., 1982, Genetic implications of minor-element and Sr-isotope geochemistry of alkaline rock complexes in the Wet Mountains area, Fremont and Custer counties, Colorado: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 79, no. 4, p. 424-435, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01132072.","startPage":"424","endPage":"435","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205065,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01132072"},{"id":220846,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"79","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1579e4b0c8380cd54e26","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Armbrustmacher, T.J.","contributorId":92642,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Armbrustmacher","given":"T.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361360,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hedge, C. E.","contributorId":73611,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hedge","given":"C. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361359,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70011819,"text":"70011819 - 1982 - Petrology and trace element geochemistry of the Honolulu volcanics, Oahu: Implications for the oceanic mantle below Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-04T21:28:48.552448","indexId":"70011819","displayToPublicDate":"1982-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2420,"text":"Journal of Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Petrology and trace element geochemistry of the Honolulu volcanics, Oahu: Implications for the oceanic mantle below Hawaii","docAbstract":"The Honolulu Volcanics comprises small volume, late-stage (post-erosional) vents along rifts cutting the older massive Koolau tholeütic shield on Oahu, Hawaii. Most of these lavas and tuff of the Honolulu Volcanics have geochemical features expected of near-primary magmas derived from a peridotite source containing Fo87–89 olivine; e. g. 100 Mg/(Mg + Fe2+) >65, >250 p. p. m. Ni, and presence of ultramafic mantle xenoliths at 18 of the 37 vents. Consequently, the geochemistry of the alkali olivine basalt, basanite, nephelinite and nepheline melilitite lavas and tuff of the Honolulu Volcanics have been used to deduce the composition of their mantle source and the conditions under which they were generated by partial melting in the mantle.
Compositional trends in 30 samples establish that the magmas were derived by partial melting of a garnet (<10 per cent) Iherzolite source, which we infer to have been carbon-bearing, from analogy with experimental results. This source was isotopically homogeneous (Sr, Lanphere & Dalrymple, 1980; Pb, Sun, 1980; Nd, Roden et al., 1981), and we infer that the source was compositionally uniform in all major-element oxides except TiO2, in compatible trace elements (Sc, V, Cr, Mn, Co and Ni), and in highly incompatible trace elements (P, Th, La, Ce). However, the source appears to have been heterogeneous in TiO2, Zr, Hf, Nb, and Ta, elements that were not strongly incompatible during partial melting. Some nepheline melilitite samples may be derived from a source with distinct Sc and heavy-rare-earth-elements (REE) abundances, or which had a phase or phases controlling the distribution of these elements.
The relatively limited abundance range for several elements, such as Ti, Zr, Nb, is partly a consequence of the low degrees of melting inferred for the series (2 per cent for nepheline melilitite, 11 per cent for alkali olivine basalt), which failed to exhaust the source in minor residual phases. We infer that these residual phases probably included phlogopite, amphibole, and another Ti-rich phase (an oxide?), but not apatite.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1093/petrology/23.3.447","issn":"00223530","usgsCitation":"Clague, D., and Frey, F., 1982, Petrology and trace element geochemistry of the Honolulu volcanics, Oahu: Implications for the oceanic mantle below Hawaii: Journal of Petrology, v. 23, no. 3, p. 447-504, https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/23.3.447.","productDescription":"58 p.","startPage":"447","endPage":"504","numberOfPages":"58","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221254,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a782ce4b0c8380cd7865e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clague, D.A.","contributorId":36129,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clague","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362027,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Frey, F.A.","contributorId":12618,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frey","given":"F.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362026,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70011294,"text":"70011294 - 1982 - Age and petrology of the Kalaupapa Basalt, Molokai, Hawaii ( geochemistry, Sr isotopes).","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:30","indexId":"70011294","displayToPublicDate":"1982-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2990,"text":"Pacific Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Age and petrology of the Kalaupapa Basalt, Molokai, Hawaii ( geochemistry, Sr isotopes).","docAbstract":"The post-erosional Kalaupapa Basalt on East Molokai, Hawaii, erupted between 0.34 and 0.57 million years ago to form the Kalaupapa Peninsula. The Kalaupapa Basalt ranges in composition from basanite to lava transitional between alkalic and tholeiitic basalt. Rare-earth and other trace-element abundances suggest that the Kalaupapa Basalt could be generated by 11-17% partial melting of a light-REE-enriched source like that from which the post-erosional lavas of the Honolulu Group on Oahu were generated by 2-11% melting. The 87Sr/86Sr ratios of the lavas range from 0.70320 to 0.70332, suggesting that the variation in composition mainly reflects variation in the melting process rather than heterogeneity of sources. The length of the period of volcanic quiescence that preceded eruption of post-erosional lavas in the Hawaiian Islands decreased as volcanism progressed from Kauai toward Kilauea. - Authors","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Pacific Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00308870","usgsCitation":"Clague, D., 1982, Age and petrology of the Kalaupapa Basalt, Molokai, Hawaii ( geochemistry, Sr isotopes).: Pacific Science, v. 36, no. 4, p. 411-420.","startPage":"411","endPage":"420","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221225,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"36","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e8e1e4b0c8380cd47f38","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clague, D.A.","contributorId":36129,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clague","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360764,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70011798,"text":"70011798 - 1982 - The mobility of uranium and other elements during alteration of rhyolite ash to montmorillonite: A case study in the Troublesome Formation, Colorado, U.S.A.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-21T09:33:28","indexId":"70011798","displayToPublicDate":"1982-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1213,"text":"Chemical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The mobility of uranium and other elements during alteration of rhyolite ash to montmorillonite: A case study in the Troublesome Formation, Colorado, U.S.A.","docAbstract":"An unusual occurrence of juxtaposed glassy and clay-altered ash was sampled to estimate the degree and type of element mobility during alteration of glass to montmorillonite. The results are particularly interesting in that major mobilization of uranium is indicated. Closely spaced samples of glassy and montmorillonitic ash were collected from the same 20-50 cm thick stratigraphic horizon in the Troublesome Formation (Miocene) of northwestern Colorado. Sharp contacts exist between glassy ash and underlying pink montmorillonite and indicate that water-saturated conditions were restricted to basal ash layers. Formation of montmorillonite instead of zeolites suggests that the water was not highly saline or alkaline. Isotopic and chemical analyses of glassy and clay-altered samples indicate the following: 1. (1) Montmorillonite has U concentrations which are only 10-15% of the concentrations in coexisting glass. Similarly depleted elements include Cs, Rb, Na and K. Much smaller depletions of these elements in some glassy samples serve as sensitive indicators of incipient alteration of glass to montmorillonite. 2. (2) Abundances of relatively insoluble elements such as Th, Ta, Hf and Al are slightly higher (5-50%) in clay-altered ash and serve as indicators of the maximum levels of enrichment in residual material. Greater enrichment of elements such as Ca, Mg, Sr, Sc, P, Cr and Co indicate structural incorporation, adsorption, or ion-exchange uptake by clay or secondary hydrous oxides of Fe and Mn. 3. (3) The rare-earth-element patterns and abundances in glass are sufficiently mimicked by detritus-free montmorillonite to document the compositional equivalency of the two. 4. (4) Radioactive equilibrium exists between 238U and its decay products 234U and 230Th. This documents minimal open-system mobility of U within the last ??? 0.3 Ma. ?? 1982.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Chemical Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0009-2541(82)90001-8","issn":"00092541","usgsCitation":"Zielinski, R.A., 1982, The mobility of uranium and other elements during alteration of rhyolite ash to montmorillonite: A case study in the Troublesome Formation, Colorado, U.S.A.: Chemical Geology, v. 35, no. 3-4, p. 185-204, https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(82)90001-8.","startPage":"185","endPage":"204","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":266117,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(82)90001-8"},{"id":220933,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"35","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505baddde4b08c986b323e2f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zielinski, R. A. 0000-0002-4047-5129","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4047-5129","contributorId":106930,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zielinski","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":361980,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70011750,"text":"70011750 - 1982 - Laboratory measurements of reservoir rock from the Geysers geothermal field, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-18T13:20:42","indexId":"70011750","displayToPublicDate":"1982-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2071,"text":"International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Laboratory measurements of reservoir rock from the Geysers geothermal field, California","docAbstract":"Rock samples taken from two outcrops, as well as rare cores from three well bores at the Geysers geothermal field, California, were tested at temperatures and pressures similar to those found in the geothermal field. Both intact and 30?? sawcut cylinders were deformed at confining pressures of 200-1000 bars, pore pressure of 30 bars and temperatures of 150?? and 240??C. Thin-section and X-ray analysis revealed that some borehole samples had undergone extensive alteration and recrystallization. Constant strain rate tests of 10-4 and 10-6 per sec gave a coefficient of friction of 0.68. Due to the highly fractured nature of the rocks taken from the production zone, intact samples were rarely 50% stronger than the frictional strength. This result suggests that the Geysers reservoir can support shear stresses only as large as its frictional shear strength. Velocity of p-waves (6.2 km/sec) was measured on one sample. Acoustic emission and sliding on a sawcut were related to changes in pore pressure. b-values computed from the acoustic emissions generated during fluid injection were typically about 0.55. An unusually high b-value (approximately 1.3) observed during sudden injection of water into the sample may have been related to thermal cracking. ?? 1982.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0148-9062(82)91632-1","issn":"01489062","usgsCitation":"Lockner, D., Summers, R., Moore, D., and Byerlee, J., 1982, Laboratory measurements of reservoir rock from the Geysers geothermal field, California: International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts, v. 19, no. 2, p. 65-80, https://doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(82)91632-1.","productDescription":"p.65-80","startPage":"65","endPage":"80","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":265944,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(82)91632-1"},{"id":221195,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"19","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4112e4b0c8380cd65289","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lockner, D.A. 0000-0001-8630-6833","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8630-6833","contributorId":85603,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lockner","given":"D.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361872,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Summers, R.","contributorId":65483,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Summers","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361870,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Moore, D.","contributorId":105307,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361873,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Byerlee, J.D.","contributorId":69982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Byerlee","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361871,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":58947,"text":"mf1395A - 1982 - Geologic map of the Domeland Wilderness and contiguous roadless area, Kern and Tulare counties, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-24T16:56:56.39647","indexId":"mf1395A","displayToPublicDate":"1982-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1395","chapter":"A","title":"Geologic map of the Domeland Wilderness and contiguous roadless area, Kern and Tulare counties, California","docAbstract":"The Wilderness Act (Public Law 88-577, September 3, 1964) and related acts require the U.S. Geological Survey and the U.S. Bureau of Mines to survey certain areas on Federal lands to determine their mineral-resource potential. Results must be made available to the public and be submitted to the President and the Congress. This report presents the results of a geologic survey of the Domeland Wilderness and contiguous roadless areas in the Sequoia National Forest, Kern and Tulare Counties, California. The Domeland Wilderness was established by Public Law 88-577 (1964). The Woodpecker Roadless Area (05206) and the Domeland Addition Roadless Areas (05207) were classified as further planning areas during the Second Roadless Area Review and Evaluation (RARE II) by the U.S. Forest Service, January 1979.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/mf1395A","usgsCitation":"Bergquist, J., Nitkiewicz, A., and Tosdal, R., 1982, Geologic map of the Domeland Wilderness and contiguous roadless area, Kern and Tulare counties, California: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 1395, 1 Plate: 43.93 x 41.50 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/mf1395A.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 43.93 x 41.50 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":184553,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/1395-A/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":357893,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/1395-A/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":422970,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_7115.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Kern County, Tulare County","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -118.41666666666667,35.666666666666664 ], [ -118.41666666666667,36.083333333333336 ], [ -118.08333333333333,36.083333333333336 ], [ -118.08333333333333,35.666666666666664 ], [ -118.41666666666667,35.666666666666664 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b04e4b07f02db69957a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bergquist, J.R.","contributorId":65090,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bergquist","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":261140,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nitkiewicz, A.M.","contributorId":18007,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nitkiewicz","given":"A.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":261138,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tosdal, R. M.","contributorId":54982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tosdal","given":"R. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":261139,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70006531,"text":"70006531 - 1982 - Alewives and rainbow smelt in Lake Huron: midwater and bottom aggregations and estimates of standing stocks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-04T14:24:53","indexId":"70006531","displayToPublicDate":"1982-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Alewives and rainbow smelt in Lake Huron: midwater and bottom aggregations and estimates of standing stocks","docAbstract":"The continued availability of adequate amounts of forage fish, primarily alewives Alosa pseudoharengus and rainbow smelt Osmerus mordax, is critical to the success of ongoing programs aimed at rebuilding lake trout Salvelinus namaycush populations and maintaining other salmonid stocks in Lake Huron. These forage species are distributed at middepths as well as on or near the bottom. Acoustic methods were integrated with midwater and bottom trawling to characterize the population and estimate the biomass of the forage stocks. The average sizes of alewives and rainbow smelt caught at middepths were smaller than those caught in bottom trawls; however, most size ranges in the bottom trawl catches were also present in the midwater catches. Subadult and adult fish (both species) were rarely caught concurrently in midwater and when they were caught together the fish were invariably large subadults and small adults. Biomass estimates for the pelagic component were determined from trawl catches and echogram counts. The regression of echogram counts (X) on trawl catches (Y) was Y = -2.69 + 0.983X (r2 = 0.766) at the fish densities investigated. The pelagic biomasses of alewives and rainbow smelt in United States waters of Lake Huron were estimated at 17,200 t in July 1974, 22,000 t in July 1975, and 19,000 t in August 1976. Biomass estimates of the stocks in midwater were usually larger in spring than in fall, probably due to seasonal differences in distribution rather than in abundance. Estimates for the demersal component of the combined alewife-rainbow smelt forage stock, calculated from stratified random sampling of the spring bottom trawl catches for 1973 through 1980 went from 35,000 t in 1973, to a high of 83,000 t in 1975, and to 72,000 t in 1980; the estimates in fall went from 31,000 t in 1973, to a high of 56,000 t in 1977, and to 43,000 t in 1980. Biomass estimates calculated from spring catch data were usually larger than those calculated from fall data. Estimates of the midwater stocks, coinciding with the spring and fall bottom trawl surveys, indicated that between 20 and 30% of the total biomass was in midwater.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","publisherLocation":"London, UK","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1982)111<267:AARSIL>2.0.CO;2","collaboration":"Abstract has subscript/superscript to be fixed","usgsCitation":"Argyle, R.L., 1982, Alewives and rainbow smelt in Lake Huron: midwater and bottom aggregations and estimates of standing stocks: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 111, no. 3, p. 267-285, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1982)111<267:AARSIL>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"267","endPage":"285","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":258398,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1982)111<267:AARSIL>2.0.CO;2","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":258409,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Lake Huron","volume":"111","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e959e4b0c8380cd48206","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Argyle, Ray L.","contributorId":9993,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Argyle","given":"Ray","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354690,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70011795,"text":"70011795 - 1982 - Chemical and isotopic diversity in basalts dredged from the East Pacific Rise at 10°S, the fossil Galapagos Rise and the Nazca plate","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-06-05T16:08:57","indexId":"70011795","displayToPublicDate":"1982-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chemical and isotopic diversity in basalts dredged from the East Pacific Rise at 10°S, the fossil Galapagos Rise and the Nazca plate","docAbstract":"We present petrographic, chemical and isotopic data for fresh lava samples dredged from three regions: (1) the fossil Galapagos Rise; (2) an elongate volcano near this extinct spreading center; and (3) the East Pacific Rise at 10°S. The samples from the Galapagos Rise are among the first samples from any fossil spreading center to be analyzed. Alkalic picrites from the elongate seamount and transitional basalts from the East Pacific Rise are both somewhat unusual rock types considering their respective tectonic environments.
\nThe dredges from the East Pacific Rise at about 10°S recovered unusual transitional, light rare-earth element (LREE) enriched basalts which show a range of fractionation. On the basis of their chemical and isotopic abundances, it is unlikely that the lavas are related by a single simple process of magmatic differentiation. We suggest that the mantle source region of these basalts was chemically and isotopically heterogeneous. The chemistry of LREE-depleted tholeiitic basalt dredged from near the axis of the extinct Galapagos Rise indicates complex petrogenesis and differentiation. The presence of tholeiitic basalts here indicates that unlike the Guadalupe and Mathematician fossil ridges, the Galapagos Rise has not been the site of voluminous post-abandonment alkalic volcanism. Alkalic basalts of picritic bulk composition dredged from an elongate seamount near the Galapagos Rise do not represent liquid compositions. Instead, we suggest that these alkalic liquids contain added olivine and plagioclase xenocrysts. Although most of the samples analyzed are very fresh, a few have been altered. The latter exhibit characteristic chemical and isotopic effects of seawater alteration.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0025-3227(82)90032-9","issn":"00253227","usgsCitation":"Batiza, R., Oestrike, R., and Futa, K., 1982, Chemical and isotopic diversity in basalts dredged from the East Pacific Rise at 10°S, the fossil Galapagos Rise and the Nazca plate: Marine Geology, v. 49, no. 1-2, p. 115-132, https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(82)90032-9.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"115","endPage":"132","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220860,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"49","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f546e4b0c8380cd4c144","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Batiza, Rodey","contributorId":95613,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Batiza","given":"Rodey","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361976,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Oestrike, Richard","contributorId":23275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oestrike","given":"Richard","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361974,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Futa, Kiyoto 0000-0001-8649-7510 kfuta@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8649-7510","contributorId":619,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Futa","given":"Kiyoto","email":"kfuta@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":361975,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70011480,"text":"70011480 - 1982 - Determination of rare earth elements in geological materials by inductively coupled argon plasma/atomic emission spectrometry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-10T17:08:24.397672","indexId":"70011480","displayToPublicDate":"1982-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":761,"text":"Analytical Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Determination of rare earth elements in geological materials by inductively coupled argon plasma/atomic emission spectrometry","docAbstract":"Inductively coupled argon plasma/optical emission spectrometery (ICAP/OES) is useful as a simultaneous, multielement analytical technique for the determination of trace elements in geological materials. A method for the determination of trace-level rare earth elements (REE) in geological materials using an ICAP 63-channel emission spectrometer is described. Separation and preconcentration of the REE and yttrium from a sample digest are achieved by a nitric acid gradient cation exchange and hydrochloric acid anion exchange. Precision of 1-4% relative standard deviation and comparable accuracy are demonstrated by the triplicate analysis of three splits of BCR-1 and BHVO-1. Analyses of other geological materials including coals, soils, and rocks show comparable precision and accuracy.","language":"English","publisher":"ACS Publications","doi":"10.1021/ac00245a018","usgsCitation":"Crock, J., and Lichte, F., 1982, Determination of rare earth elements in geological materials by inductively coupled argon plasma/atomic emission spectrometry: Analytical Chemistry, v. 54, no. 8, p. 1329-1332, https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00245a018.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"1329","endPage":"1332","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220839,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"54","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ffc0e4b0c8380cd4f395","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Crock, J.G.","contributorId":58236,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crock","given":"J.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361211,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lichte, F.E.","contributorId":99108,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lichte","given":"F.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361212,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5221646,"text":"5221646 - 1981 - Common tern colonies along the mid-Atlantic coast. I. Nestling chronology","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-20T12:59:34.316282","indexId":"5221646","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:19:18","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1272,"text":"Colonial Waterbirds","printIssn":"07386028","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Common tern colonies along the mid-Atlantic coast. I. Nestling chronology","docAbstract":"1. Sixteen Common Tern colonies in Rhode Island, New Jersey, Virginia, and North Carolina were studied from May through July 1980 by four investigators. Nests were marked during egg laying and were monitored every 5-7 days until fledging of young. 2. Results from 1980 indicate that ambient temperature differences in the four study areas account for differences in the onset of egg laying with North Carolina and Virginia colonies beginning 12-16 days before New Jersey and Rhode Island birds. Temperature alone, however, does not seem to have a significant effect on either median egg-laying dates or total duration of the season. 3. The low frequency of late-season nesting was not correlated with colony size or success of peak nests in 1980, but renesting (or late nesting) in all study areas was rare because of the benign weather conditions during the spring. Similarly, no significant correlation was found between success of nests and colony size.","language":"English","publisher":"Waterbird Society","doi":"10.2307/1521131","usgsCitation":"Smith, D.C., Erwin, R., Custer, T., and Fussell, J., 1981, Common tern colonies along the mid-Atlantic coast. I. Nestling chronology: Colonial Waterbirds, v. 4, no. 1, p. 160-165, https://doi.org/10.2307/1521131.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"160","endPage":"165","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":196644,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"4","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae5ee","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, D. C. davidsmith@usgs.gov","contributorId":31057,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"D.","email":"davidsmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":334349,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Erwin, R.M.","contributorId":57396,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Erwin","given":"R.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":334350,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Custer, T. W. 0000-0003-3170-6519","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3170-6519","contributorId":91802,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Custer","given":"T. W.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":334352,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fussell, J.O. III","contributorId":69265,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fussell","given":"J.O.","suffix":"III","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":334351,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":5210286,"text":"5210286 - 1981 - Metals and terrestrial earthworms (Annelida: Oligochaeta)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:14","indexId":"5210286","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:17","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Metals and terrestrial earthworms (Annelida: Oligochaeta)","docAbstract":"The toxicity of metals to earthworms and the residues of metals found in earthworms are reviewed. Meta 1 concentrations are rarely high enough to be toxic to worms, but copper may reduce populations in orchards heavily treated with fungicides and in soil contaminated with pig wastes. The metals in some industrial sewage sludges may interfere with using sludge in vermiculture. Storage ratios (the concentration of a metal in worms divided by the concentration in soil) tend to be highest in infertile soil and lowest in media rich in organic matter, such as sewage sludge. Cadmium, gold, and selenium are highly concentrated by worms. Lead concentrations in worms may be very high, but are generally lower than concentrations in soil. Body burdens of both copper and zinc seem to be regulated by worms. Because worms are part of the food webs of many wildlife species, and also because they are potentially valuable feed supplements for domestic animals, the possible toxic effects of cadmium and other metals should be studied. Worms can make metals more available to food webs and can redistribute them in soil.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Workshop on the Role of Earthworms in the Stabilization of Organic Residues, Proceedings, Volume 1. ","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"Beech Leaf Press","publisherLocation":"Kalamazoo, Michigan","usgsCitation":"Beyer, W., 1981, Metals and terrestrial earthworms (Annelida: Oligochaeta), chap. of Workshop on the Role of Earthworms in the Stabilization of Organic Residues, Proceedings, Volume 1. , p. 137-150.","productDescription":"xxv, 315","startPage":"137","endPage":"150","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":201154,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4fe4b07f02db628750","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Beyer, W. N. 0000-0002-8911-9141","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8911-9141","contributorId":55379,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beyer","given":"W. N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":328137,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70010310,"text":"70010310 - 1981 - Natural occurrence and significance of fluids indicating high pressure and temperature","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-18T15:49:15.067889","indexId":"70010310","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-28T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3067,"text":"Physics and Chemistry of the Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Natural occurrence and significance of fluids indicating high pressure and temperature","docAbstract":"Most natural minerals have formed from a fluid phase such as a silicate melt or a saline aqueous solution. Fluid inclusions are tiny volumes of such fluids that were trapped within the growing crystals. These inclusions can provide valuable but sometimes ambiguous data on the temperature, pressure, and composition of these fluids, many of which are not available from any other source. They also provide “visual autoclaves” in which it is possible to watch, through the microscope, the actual phase changes take place as the inclusions are heated.
This paper reviews the methods of study and the results obtained, mainly on inclusions formed from highly concentrated solutions, at temperatures ≥500°C. Many such fluids have formed as a result of immiscibility with silicate melt in igneous or high-temperature metamorphic rocks. These include fluids consisting of CO2, H2O, or hydrosaline melts that were <50% H2O. From the fluid inclusion evidence it is clear that a boiling, very hot, very saline fluid was present during the formation of most of the porphyry copper deposits in the world. Similarly, from the inclusion evidence it is clear that early (common) pegmatites formed from essentially silicate melts and that the late, rare-element-bearing and chamber-type pegmatites formed from a hydrosaline melt or a more dilute water solution. The evidence on whether this change in composition from early to late solutions was generally continuous or involved immiscibility is not as clear.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0079-1946(81)90004-5","issn":"00791946","usgsCitation":"Roedder, E., 1981, Natural occurrence and significance of fluids indicating high pressure and temperature: Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, v. 13-14, p. 9-39, https://doi.org/10.1016/0079-1946(81)90004-5.","productDescription":"31 p.","startPage":"9","endPage":"39","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219604,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"13-14","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6348e4b0c8380cd723db","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Roedder, E.","contributorId":100986,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roedder","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358597,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70188678,"text":"70188678 - 1981 - Tonalites in crustal evolution","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-17T16:19:23.460931","indexId":"70188678","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3047,"text":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Tonalites in crustal evolution","docAbstract":"Tonalites, including trondhjemite as a variety, played three roles through geological time in the generation of Earth’s crust. Before about 2.9 Ga ago they were produced largely by simple partial melting of metabasalt to give the dominant part of Archaean grey gneiss terranes. These terranes are notably bimodal; andesitic rocks are rare. Tonalites played a crucial role in the generation of this protocontinental and oldest crust 3.7- 2.9 Ga ago in that they were the only low-density, high-SiO2 rocks produced directly from basaltic crust. In the enormous event giving the greenstone-granite terranes, mostly 2.8-2.6 Ga ago, tonalites formed in lesser but still important proportions by partial melting of metabasalt in the lower regions of down-buckled greenstone belts and by remobilization of older grey gneisses. Tectonism in the Archaean (3.9- 2.5 Ga ago) perhaps was controlled by small-cell convection (McKenzie & Weiss 1975). Little or no ophiolite or eclogite formed, and only minor andesite. Plate tectonics of modern type (involving large, rigid plates) commenced in the early Proterozoic. Uniformitarianism thus goes back one-half of the age of the earth. Tonalites compose about 5-10 % of crust generated in Proterozoic and Phanerozoic time at convergent oceanic-continental margins. They occur here as minor to prominent members of the compositionally continuous continental-margin batholiths. A simple model of generation of these batholiths is offered: mantle-derived mafic magma pools in the lower crust above a subduction zone reacts with and incorporates wall-rock components (Bowen 1922), and breaches its roof rocks as an initial diapir. This mantle magma also develops a gradient of partial melting in its wall rocks. This wall-rock melt accretes in the collapsed chamber and moves up the conduit broached by the initial diapir, the higher, less siliceous fractions of melting first, the lower, more siliceous (and further removed) fractions of melting last. The process gives in the optimum case a mafic-to-siliceous sequence of diorite or quartz diorite through tonalite or quartz monzodiorite to granodiorite and granite. The model implies that great masses of cumulate phases and refractory wall rock form the roots of continentalmargin batholiths, and that migmatites overlie that residuum and underlie the batholiths.
","language":"English","publisher":"The Royal Society","doi":"10.1098/rsta.1981.0112","usgsCitation":"Barker, F., Arth, J.G., and Hudson, T., 1981, Tonalites in crustal evolution: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, v. 301, no. 1461, p. 293-303, https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.1981.0112.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"293","endPage":"303","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":342701,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"301","issue":"1461","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"594b85b9e4b062508e382bd4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barker, F.","contributorId":101368,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barker","given":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":698875,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Arth, Joseph G.","contributorId":104546,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arth","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":698876,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hudson, T.","contributorId":33446,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hudson","given":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":698877,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":7964,"text":"ofr81842 - 1981 - Chemical analyses of selected agricultural soils of Missouri","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-15T18:00:43.340655","indexId":"ofr81842","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"81-842","title":"Chemical analyses of selected agricultural soils of Missouri","docAbstract":"This report contains a compilation of chemical data for samples of the plow zone of agricultural soils that were collected in 1970 from each of the 114 counties of the State of Missouri. Most of the principal taxonomic soil types that occur in each county are represented by the 10 samples per county that were collected. There are numerous examples of soils that were developed from each of the several parent-material types in the State.
Each soil sample is a composite of several channel samples collected throughout a field from a depth 0-15cm. Soil material that passed a 2mm sieve was ground in a ceramic mill to -100 mesh and then analyzed for total concentrations of 70 elements. The methods of analysis and the lower limits of determination for each element are given in table 1. Most methods were described by Miesch (1976); delayed neutron counting for uranium and thorium was described by Millard (1976). The limits of determination for the methods did not always encompass the natural range of element concentrations in some samples, thus the elements may be classed into three groups: never detected, rarely detected, and frequently detected.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr81842","usgsCitation":"Boerngen, J.G., and Tidball, R.R., 1981, Chemical analyses of selected agricultural soils of Missouri: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 81-842, i, 125 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr81842.","productDescription":"i, 125 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":140251,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0842/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":495527,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0842/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Missouri","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-89.545006,36.336809],[-89.605668,36.342234],[-89.615841,36.336085],[-89.620255,36.323006],[-89.611819,36.309088],[-89.578492,36.288317],[-89.554289,36.277751],[-89.539487,36.277368],[-89.534507,36.261802],[-89.539229,36.248821],[-89.562206,36.250909],[-89.577544,36.242262],[-89.602374,36.238106],[-89.642182,36.249486],[-89.678046,36.248284],[-89.695235,36.252766],[-89.705328,36.239898],[-89.69263,36.224959],[-89.607004,36.171179],[-89.591605,36.144096],[-89.59307,36.129699],[-89.601936,36.11947],[-89.666598,36.095802],[-89.678821,36.084636],[-89.688577,36.029238],[-89.706932,36.000981],[-90.37789,35.995683],[-90.351732,36.025347],[-90.34909,36.040131],[-90.339343,36.047112],[-90.333261,36.067504],[-90.320746,36.071326],[-90.320662,36.087138],[-90.29991,36.098236],[-90.294492,36.112949],[-90.266256,36.120559],[-90.235585,36.139474],[-90.231386,36.147348],[-90.23537,36.159153],[-90.220425,36.184764],[-90.21128,36.183392],[-90.188189,36.20536],[-90.152497,36.215582],[-90.14224,36.227522],[-90.126366,36.229367],[-90.130114,36.240307],[-90.118219,36.253491],[-90.114922,36.265595],[-90.086471,36.271531],[-90.06398,36.303038],[-90.081961,36.322097],[-90.074074,36.342895],[-90.077695,36.348478],[-90.066297,36.3593],[-90.064514,36.382085],[-90.078671,36.399116],[-90.138512,36.413952],[-90.134231,36.422827],[-90.143743,36.424433],[-90.143798,36.428483],[-90.134136,36.436602],[-90.137323,36.455411],[-90.141101,36.461791],[-90.155804,36.463555],[-90.152888,36.47093],[-90.142222,36.470554],[-90.143683,36.476029],[-90.158838,36.479558],[-90.159305,36.492446],[-90.152481,36.497952],[-94.617919,36.499414],[-94.617975,37.722176],[-94.607354,39.113444],[-94.589933,39.140403],[-94.591933,39.155003],[-94.608834,39.160503],[-94.640035,39.153103],[-94.662435,39.157603],[-94.663835,39.179103],[-94.680336,39.184303],[-94.714137,39.170403],[-94.741938,39.170203],[-94.763138,39.179903],[-94.781518,39.206146],[-94.811663,39.206594],[-94.831679,39.215938],[-94.835056,39.220658],[-94.825663,39.241729],[-94.831471,39.256273],[-94.84632,39.268481],[-94.887056,39.28648],[-94.905329,39.311952],[-94.910017,39.352543],[-94.88136,39.370383],[-94.879281,39.37978],[-94.885026,39.389801],[-94.901823,39.392798],[-94.92311,39.384492],[-94.942039,39.389499],[-94.946293,39.405646],[-94.972952,39.421705],[-94.982144,39.440552],[-95.0375,39.463689],[-95.045716,39.472459],[-95.052177,39.499996],[-95.082714,39.516712],[-95.109304,39.542285],[-95.113077,39.559133],[-95.103228,39.577783],[-95.089515,39.581028],[-95.064519,39.577115],[-95.049277,39.589583],[-95.046361,39.599557],[-95.055152,39.621657],[-95.053367,39.630347],[-95.027644,39.665454],[-95.018318,39.672869],[-94.984149,39.67785],[-94.971317,39.68641],[-94.971206,39.729305],[-94.965318,39.739065],[-94.948726,39.745593],[-94.902612,39.724202],[-94.875643,39.730494],[-94.862943,39.742994],[-94.860743,39.763094],[-94.869644,39.772894],[-94.912293,39.759338],[-94.934262,39.773642],[-94.935206,39.78313],[-94.929654,39.788282],[-94.884084,39.794234],[-94.875944,39.813294],[-94.878677,39.826522],[-94.886933,39.833098],[-94.916918,39.836138],[-94.942567,39.856602],[-94.928466,39.876344],[-94.929574,39.888754],[-94.95154,39.900533],[-94.986975,39.89667],[-95.00844,39.900596],[-95.024389,39.891202],[-95.027931,39.871522],[-95.037767,39.865542],[-95.085003,39.861883],[-95.128166,39.874165],[-95.140601,39.881688],[-95.143802,39.901918],[-95.149657,39.905948],[-95.179453,39.900062],[-95.199347,39.902709],[-95.206326,39.912121],[-95.20069,39.928155],[-95.204428,39.938949],[-95.250254,39.948644],[-95.269886,39.969396],[-95.302507,39.984357],[-95.315271,40.01207],[-95.356876,40.031522],[-95.387195,40.02677],[-95.40726,40.033112],[-95.416824,40.043235],[-95.42164,40.058952],[-95.409856,40.07432],[-95.407591,40.09803],[-95.394216,40.108263],[-95.39284,40.115887],[-95.398667,40.126419],[-95.428749,40.135577],[-95.436348,40.15872],[-95.460746,40.169173],[-95.479193,40.185652],[-95.482757,40.197346],[-95.469718,40.227908],[-95.477501,40.24272],[-95.490333,40.248966],[-95.521925,40.24947],[-95.552473,40.261904],[-95.556325,40.267714],[-95.550966,40.285947],[-95.562157,40.297359],[-95.581787,40.29958],[-95.610439,40.31397],[-95.642262,40.306025],[-95.657328,40.310856],[-95.653729,40.322582],[-95.625204,40.334288],[-95.623728,40.346567],[-95.641027,40.366399],[-95.643934,40.386849],[-95.659134,40.40869],[-95.65819,40.44188],[-95.693133,40.469396],[-95.699969,40.505275],[-95.661687,40.517309],[-95.652262,40.538114],[-95.655848,40.546609],[-95.671754,40.562626],[-95.678718,40.56256],[-95.694147,40.556942],[-95.69505,40.533124],[-95.708591,40.521551],[-95.722444,40.528118],[-95.75711,40.52599],[-95.769281,40.536656],[-95.763366,40.550797],[-95.773549,40.578205],[-95.765645,40.585208],[-94.632035,40.571186],[-94.080463,40.572899],[-92.689854,40.589884],[-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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e4a28","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boerngen, Josephine G.","contributorId":31750,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boerngen","given":"Josephine","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":156899,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tidball, Ronald R.","contributorId":12032,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tidball","given":"Ronald","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":156898,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":10402,"text":"ofr801216 - 1981 - Potential flood and debris hazards at Cottonwood Cove, Lake Mead National Recreation Area, Clark County, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:32","indexId":"ofr801216","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"80-1216","title":"Potential flood and debris hazards at Cottonwood Cove, Lake Mead National Recreation Area, Clark County, Nevada","docAbstract":"At Cottonwood Cove, Nevada, most of the existing dikes at the recreation sites are effective in diverting and routing floodflows, up to and including the 100-year flood, away from people and facilities. The dikes across Ranger Residence Wash and Access Road Wash at the mouth divert floods up to the 50-year recurrence interval away from residential areas. Flow and debris damage in protected areas will be relatively minor minor for floods including the 100-year flood, whereas damage caused by sediment deposition at the mouths of the washes near Lake Mohave could be significant for floods equal to or less than the 100-year flood. The extreme flood, a flood meteorologically and hydrologically possible but so rare as to preclude a frequency estimate, could cause great damage and possible loss of life. The present dikes would be topped or breached by such flooding. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr801216","usgsCitation":"Moosburner, O., 1981, Potential flood and debris hazards at Cottonwood Cove, Lake Mead National Recreation Area, Clark County, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 80-1216, iv, 14 p. ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr801216.","productDescription":"iv, 14 p. ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":143814,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1980/1216/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":38247,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1980/1216/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":38248,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1980/1216/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad5e4b07f02db683878","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moosburner, Otto","contributorId":41822,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moosburner","given":"Otto","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":161327,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}