Flow, rainfall, and water-quality data were collected during 1980 for 15 to 30 rainfall and snowmelt events on 6 rural and 11 urban watersheds in the Twin Cities Metropolitan Area. Event or daily flow and load models (for seven constituents) were developed and used with runoff and rainfall data for 1963-80 to compute 2-year frequency annual and seasonal flows and loads for each watershed. In models of storm-sewered watersheds, total storm rainfall proved to be the most significant factor controlling runoff and loads. Depending on the watershed type, antecedent soil-moisture indices and rainfall intensity also were important factors in estimating runoff. Annual runoff from storm-sewered watersheds averaged about 27 percent of annual precipitation, ranging from 13 to 57 percent. Runoff in urban main-stem streams ranged from 13 to 20 percent and was related to the percent of urbanization in the watershed. Annual runoff in rural watersheds ranged from 6 to 20 percent of annual precipitation. Runoff responses were highest in the snowmelt season for all watersheds and declined through the rest of the year. Rural watersheds showed a considerable decrease in runoff response during late summer and fall. Urban-watershed response from season to season was more consistent than rural watersheds because of the impervious area and storm sewers in urban watersheds. (USGS)
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"St. Paul, MN","doi":"10.3133/wri854122","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Metropolitan Council of the Twin Cities","usgsCitation":"Ayers, M.A., Brown, R.G., and Oberts, G., 1985, Runoff and chemical loading in small watersheds in the Twin Cities Metropolitan Area, Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 85-4122, iv, 35 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri854122.","productDescription":"iv, 35 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":54766,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4122/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":157628,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4122/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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M. A.","contributorId":41417,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ayers","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195631,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brown, R. G.","contributorId":106118,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195633,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Oberts, G.L.","contributorId":43814,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oberts","given":"G.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195632,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":27639,"text":"wri854261 - 1985 - Discharge ratings for control gates at Mississippi River Lock and Dam 14, Le Claire, Iowa","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-23T15:15:41","indexId":"wri854261","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"85-4261","title":"Discharge ratings for control gates at Mississippi River Lock and Dam 14, Le Claire, Iowa","docAbstract":"The water level of the navigation pools on the Mississippi River are maintained by the operation of tainter and roller gates at the locks and dams. Discharge ratings for the gates on Lock and Dam 14, at Le Claire, Iowa, were developed from current-meter discharge measurements made in the forebays of the gate structures. Methodology is given to accurately compute the vertical gate openings of the tainter gates. Discharge coefficients, in equations that express discharges as a function of tailwater head, headwater head, and vertical height of gate opening, were determined for conditions of submerged-orifice and free-weir flow. A comparison of the rating discharge to the hydraulic model rating discharges is given for submerged orifice flow for the tainter and roller gates. (Author 's abstract)
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri854261","usgsCitation":"Heinitz, A., 1985, Discharge ratings for control gates at Mississippi River Lock and Dam 14, Le Claire, Iowa: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 85-4261, viii, 38 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri854261.","productDescription":"viii, 38 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":56501,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4261/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":123442,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4261/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db64a991","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Heinitz, A.J.","contributorId":62610,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heinitz","given":"A.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198458,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":27070,"text":"wri854180 - 1985 - Simulated effects of surface coal mining and agriculture on dissolved solids in the Redwater River, east-central Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:41","indexId":"wri854180","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"85-4180","title":"Simulated effects of surface coal mining and agriculture on dissolved solids in the Redwater River, east-central Montana","docAbstract":"Dissolved solids concentrations in five reaches of the Redwater River in east-central Montana were simulated to evaluate the effects of surface coal mining and agriculture. A mass-balance model of streamflow and dissolved solids load developed for the Tongue River in southeastern Montana was modified and applied to the Redwater River. Mined acreages, dissolved solids concentrations in mined spoils, and irrigated acreage can be varied in the model to study relative changes in the dissolved solids concentration in consecutive reaches of the river. Because of extreme variability and a limited amount of data, the model was not consecutively validated. Simulated mean and median monthly mean streamflows and consistently larger than those calculated from streamflow records. Simulated mean and median monthly mean dissolved solids loads also are consistently larger than regression-derived values. These discrepancies probably result from extremely variable streamflow, overestimates of streamflow from ungaged tributaries, and weak correlations between streamflow and dissolved solids concentrations. The largest increases in simulated dissolved solids concentrations from mining and agriculture occur from September through January because of smaller streamflows and dissolved solids loads. Different combinations of agriculture and mining under mean flow conditions resulted in cumulative percentage increases of dissolved solids concentrations of less than 5% for mining and less than 2% for agriculture. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri854180","usgsCitation":"Ferreira, R.F., and Lambing, J., 1985, Simulated effects of surface coal mining and agriculture on dissolved solids in the Redwater River, east-central Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 85-4180, v, 69 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri854180.","productDescription":"v, 69 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":158680,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4180/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55940,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4180/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db649444","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ferreira, R. F.","contributorId":80690,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ferreira","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197505,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lambing, J. H.","contributorId":100860,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lambing","given":"J. H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197506,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":38485,"text":"pp1402C - 1985 - Geochemistry of ground-water in two sandstone aquifer systems in the Northern Great Plains in parts of Montana and Wyoming, North Dakota, and South Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-02-04T17:25:52.009157","indexId":"pp1402C","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1402","chapter":"C","title":"Geochemistry of ground-water in two sandstone aquifer systems in the Northern Great Plains in parts of Montana and Wyoming, North Dakota, and South Dakota","docAbstract":"The Kootenai Formation in the Judith Basin, Montana, and the Lance Formation and Fox Hills Sandstone in the Powder River Basin, Wyoming, constitute two important sandstone aquifer systems in the Northern Great Plains region. Ground waters in each of these systems evolve from low dissolved-solids concentration, near-neutral pH, predominantly calcium and magnesium bicarbonate types in their recharge areas, to high dissolved-solids concentration, high pH, predominantly sodium-bicarbonate types in the basins. Oxidation potentials decrease as the waters flow downgradient under confined conditions. Calculation of the saturation states of aquifer minerals suggests several groups of mineral phases that could control ground-water chemistry. Mass transfer modeling indicates, however, that the observed behavior of major and minor dissolved species in both systems can satisfactorily be explained only by equilibration with calcite, dolomite, or calcite and dolomite. The geochemistry of these systems is probably controlled by the incongruent dissolution of dolomite to form calcite. This reaction appears to be driven by cation exchange and the dissolution of carbon dioxide. Plausible carbon dioxide sources include organic carbon oxidation and lignite coalification. Aluminosilicates influence major element chemistry primarily as subtrates for cation exchange, which, in combination with carbonate equilibria, buffer ground water pH at values of 8.5 to 8.9. Dissolved-iron concentrations are controlled by equilibration with amorphous ferric oxyhydroxides in oxidizing waters, with amorphous ferric oxyhydroxides and siderite in moderately reducing waters, and with siderite and amorphous ferrous sulfide in strongly reducing waters. Measured variations in dissolved carbonate isotopic composition compare favorably with carbon isotopic evolution, calculated by assuming dedolomitization.
Recharge areas of the two systems are characterized by ground waters with high tritium and carbon-14 activities and relatively low dissolved-solids concentrations, with calcium and magnesium as the predominant cations. Recharge temperatures, calculated from dissolved-argon concentrations and 5180 and SD isotopic measurements, indicate that recharge is derived primarily from spring snow-melt rather than late spring and summer storms. Ground-water flow directions are generally parallel to trends of increasing dissolved solids concentrations and decreasing divalent to monovalent cation concentration ratios. However, these trends are sometimes obscured in areas of leakage or mixing. Further indication of leakage between aquifers is provided by abrupt changes in major element and isotopic chemistry, which are not characteristic of normally observed geochemical evolution. Ground-water flow rates, calculated by adjusting measured carbon-14 activities for carbonate mass transfer, are comparable to values calculated from aquifer tests and potentiometric data. These carbon-14 flow rates average 1.6 meters per year for the Second Cat Creek sandstone of the Kootenai Formation, and 1.3 meters per year for the Lance-Fox Hills aquifer.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1402C","usgsCitation":"Henderson, T., 1985, Geochemistry of ground-water in two sandstone aquifer systems in the Northern Great Plains in parts of Montana and Wyoming, North Dakota, and South Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1402, viii, 84 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1402C.","productDescription":"viii, 84 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":119587,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1402c/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":65151,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1402c/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Northern Great Plains","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.01562499999999,\n 40.91351257612758\n ],\n [\n -96.15234375,\n 40.91351257612758\n ],\n [\n -96.15234375,\n 48.80686346108517\n ],\n [\n -116.01562499999999,\n 48.80686346108517\n ],\n [\n -116.01562499999999,\n 40.91351257612758\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1fe4b07f02db6aae76","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Henderson, Thomas","contributorId":86400,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henderson","given":"Thomas","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219915,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":28200,"text":"wri844105 - 1985 - Preliminary study of the water-temperature regime of the North Santiam River downstream from Detroit and Big Cliff dams, Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-07T08:02:19","indexId":"wri844105","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"84-4105","title":"Preliminary study of the water-temperature regime of the North Santiam River downstream from Detroit and Big Cliff dams, Oregon","docAbstract":"A riverine-temperature model and associated data-collection system were developed to help the Corps of engineers determine cost benefits of selective-withdrawal structures for future use with dams on the Willamette River System. A U.S. Geological Survey Lagrangian reference frame, digital computer model was used to simulate stream temperatures on the North Santiam River downstream of the multipurpose Detroit dam and a reregulating dam (Big Cliff), from river mile 45.6 to 2.9. In simulation, only available air-temperature and windspeed information from a nearby National Weather Service station at Salem, Oregon were used. This preliminary investigation found that the model predicted mean daily temperatures to within 0.4 C standard deviation. Analysis of projected selective-withdrawal scenarios showed that the model has the sensitivity to indicate water-temperature changes 42.7 miles downstream on the North Santiam River. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey, WRD,","doi":"10.3133/wri844105","usgsCitation":"Laenen, A., 1985, Preliminary study of the water-temperature regime of the North Santiam River downstream from Detroit and Big Cliff dams, Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 84-4105, vi, 45 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri844105.","productDescription":"vi, 45 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":57038,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4105/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":159608,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4105/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aabe4b07f02db669faa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Laenen, Antonius","contributorId":107673,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Laenen","given":"Antonius","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199383,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":29310,"text":"wri854335 - 1985 - A computer program for analyzing channel geometry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:51","indexId":"wri854335","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"85-4335","title":"A computer program for analyzing channel geometry","docAbstract":"The Channel Geometry Analysis Program (CGAP) provides the capability to process, analyze, and format cross-sectional data for input to flow/transport simulation models or other computational programs. CGAP allows for a variety of cross-sectional data input formats through use of variable format specification. The program accepts data from various computer media and provides for modification of machine-stored parameter values. CGAP has been devised to provide a rapid and efficient means of computing and analyzing the physical properties of an open-channel reach defined by a sequence of cross sections. CGAP 's 16 options provide a wide range of methods by which to analyze and depict a channel reach and its individual cross-sectional properties. The primary function of the program is to compute the area, width, wetted perimeter, and hydraulic radius of cross sections at successive increments of water surface elevation (stage) from data that consist of coordinate pairs of cross-channel distances and land surface or channel bottom elevations. Longitudinal rates-of-change of cross-sectional properties are also computed, as are the mean properties of a channel reach. Output products include tabular lists of cross-sectional area, channel width, wetted perimeter, hydraulic radius, average depth, and cross-sectional symmetry computed as functions of stage; plots of cross sections; plots of cross-sectional area and (or) channel width as functions of stage; tabular lists of cross-sectional area and channel width computed as functions of stage for subdivisions of a cross section; plots of cross sections in isometric projection; and plots of cross-sectional area at a fixed stage as a function of longitudinal distance along an open-channel reach. A Command Procedure Language program and Job Control Language procedure exist to facilitate program execution on the U.S. Geological Survey Prime and Amdahl computer systems respectively. (Lantz-PTT)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nOpen-File Services Section, Western Distribution Branch,","doi":"10.3133/wri854335","usgsCitation":"Regan, R., and Schaffranek, R., 1985, A computer program for analyzing channel geometry: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 85-4335, v, 49 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri854335.","productDescription":"v, 49 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123699,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4335/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58155,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4335/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b27e4b07f02db6b0a30","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Regan, R.S.","contributorId":51794,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Regan","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201323,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schaffranek, R.W.","contributorId":61468,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schaffranek","given":"R.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201324,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":29294,"text":"wri854248 - 1985 - Digital model for simulating steady-state ground-water and heat flow","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:45","indexId":"wri854248","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"85-4248","title":"Digital model for simulating steady-state ground-water and heat flow","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri854248","usgsCitation":"Reed, J., 1985, Digital model for simulating steady-state ground-water and heat flow: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 85-4248, iv, 134 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri854248.","productDescription":"iv, 134 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":121818,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4248/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58137,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4248/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a96e4b07f02db65aa16","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reed, J.E.","contributorId":41801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reed","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201291,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":28179,"text":"wri844324 - 1985 - Hydrology of Fritchie Marsh, coastal Louisiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:50","indexId":"wri844324","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"84-4324","title":"Hydrology of Fritchie Marsh, coastal Louisiana","docAbstract":"Fritchie Marsh, near Slidell, Louisiana, is being considered as a disposal site for sewage effluent. A two-dimensional, finite element, surface water modeling systems was used to solve the shallow water equations for flow. Factors affecting flow patterns are channel locations, inlets, outlets, islands, marsh vegetation, marsh geometry, stage of the West Pearl River, flooding over the lower Pearl River basin, gravity tides, wind-induced currents, and sewage discharge to the marsh. Four steady-state simulations were performed for two hydrologic events at two rates of sewage discharge. The events, near tide with no wind or rain and neap tide with a tide differential across the marsh, were selected as worst-case events for sewage effluent dispersion and were assumed as steady state events. Because inflows and outflows to the marsh are tidally affected, steady state simulations cannot fully define the hydraulic characteristics of the marsh for all hydrologic events. Model results and field data indicate that, during near tide with little or no rain, large parts of the marsh are stagnant; and sewage effluent, at existing and projected flows, has minimal effect on marsh flows. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri844324","usgsCitation":"Kuniansky, E., 1985, Hydrology of Fritchie Marsh, coastal Louisiana: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 84-4324, iv, 23 p. :ill., maps (one col.) ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri844324.","productDescription":"iv, 23 p. :ill., maps (one col.) ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123790,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4324/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57012,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4324/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":57013,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4324/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":57014,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4324/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":57015,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4324/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a17e4b07f02db604935","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kuniansky, E. L.","contributorId":82342,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kuniansky","given":"E. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199343,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":28175,"text":"wri854216 - 1985 - Projected ground-water development, ground-water levels, and stream-aquifer leakage in the South Fork Solomon River Valley between Webster Reservoir and Waconda Lake, north-central Kansas, 1979-2020","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:50","indexId":"wri854216","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"85-4216","title":"Projected ground-water development, ground-water levels, and stream-aquifer leakage in the South Fork Solomon River Valley between Webster Reservoir and Waconda Lake, north-central Kansas, 1979-2020","docAbstract":"A two-dimensional finite difference computer model was used to project changes in the potentiometric surface, saturated thickness, and stream aquifer leakage in an alluvial aquifer resulting from four instances of projected groundwater development. The alluvial aquifer occurs in the South Fork Solomon River valley between Webster Reservoir and Waconda Lake in north-central Kansas. In the first two projections, pumpage for irrigation was held constant at 1978 rates throughout the projection period (1979-2020). In the second two projections, the 1978 pumpage was progressively increased each yr through 2020. In the second and fourth projections, surface water diversions in the Osborne Irrigation Canal were decreased by 50 %. For the third and fourth projections, each grid-block in the modeled area was classified initially as one of six types according to whether it represented irrigable or nonirrigable land, to its saturated thickness, to its location inside or outside the canal-river area, and to its pumping rate. The projected base-flow rates (leakage from the aquifer to the river) were lower during the irrigation season (June, July, and August) than during the other months of the yr because of the decline in hydraulic head produced by groundwater pumpage. Stream depletion, calculated as a decrease below the average (1970-78) estimated winter base-flow rate of 16.5 cu ft/sec, varied inversely with base flow. For the first two projections, a constant annual cycle of well pumpage and recharge was used throughout the projection period. Aquifer leakage to the river was nearly constant by the mid-to-late 1990's, implying that flow conditions had attained a stabilized annual cycle. The third and fourth projections never attained an annual stabilized cycle because the irrigation pumpage rate was increased each year. By the early 1980's, the hydraulic head had fallen below river stage, reversing the hydraulic gradient at the stream-aquifer interface and resulting in net leakage from the river to the aquifer during the summer months. By the early 1990 's, the projected potentiometric surface of the aquifer was lower than the river stage even during the winter and spring months. (Author 's abstract)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/wri854216","usgsCitation":"Kume, J., Lindgren, R.J., and Stullken, L., 1985, Projected ground-water development, ground-water levels, and stream-aquifer leakage in the South Fork Solomon River Valley between Webster Reservoir and Waconda Lake, north-central Kansas, 1979-2020: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 85-4216, Report: vi, 42 p.; Plate, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri854216.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 42 p.; Plate","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":159288,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4216/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57008,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4216/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":57009,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4216/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ae4b07f02db65d9a7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kume, Jack","contributorId":100843,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kume","given":"Jack","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199337,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lindgren, R. J.","contributorId":70808,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lindgren","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199336,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stullken, L.E.","contributorId":59049,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stullken","given":"L.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199335,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":26412,"text":"wri854200 - 1985 - Simulation of the effects of management alternatives on the stream-aquifer system, South Fork Solomon River Valley between Webster Reservoir and Waconda Lake, north-central Kansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:34","indexId":"wri854200","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"85-4200","title":"Simulation of the effects of management alternatives on the stream-aquifer system, South Fork Solomon River Valley between Webster Reservoir and Waconda Lake, north-central Kansas","docAbstract":"With extensive irrigation use of both surface water and groundwater in the South Fork Solomon River valley shortages of these water supplies have been created. A two-dimensional digital model of transient groundwater flow was applied to investigate the potential effects on the stream aquifer system of seven management alternatives. These alternatives included proposals to conserve surface water supplies by lining the Osborne Irrigation Canal with clay, replacing the lateral canals with pipe, removing phreatophytes, decreasing surface water use by 75%, 50%, or 25% and replacing it with groundwater sources, and continuing 1978 groundwater use and 1970-78 average surface water use until the end of the 20th century. Results were assessed by comparison of drawdowns of hydraulic head in the alluvial aquifer and base flow for each simulation. As listed in order of the smallest to the greatest potential effects on the system relative to drawdown and base flow the alternatives are: (1) removal of one-half of the phreatophytes; (2) continuation of 1978 groundwater withdrawals and average 1970-78 surface water supply; (3) replacement of the lateral canals with pipe; (4) lining the Osborne Irrigation Canal with clay; (5) decrease of surface water use by 25% and replacement of it with groundwater; (6) decrease of surface water use by 50% and replacement of it with groundwater; and (7) decrease of surface water use by 75% and replacement of it with groundwater. The removal of one-half of the phreatophytes would result in a decrease in average drawdown in the alluvial aquifer to about 1.74 ft and an increase in base flow of the Solomon River to about 12.3 cu ft/sec. The decrease of surface water supply by 75 % and a corresponding increase in groundwater withdrawal would result in an increase in drawdown in the aquifer to about 2.5 ft and a decrease in base flow to about 6.8 cu ft/sec. (Lantz-PTT)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri854200","usgsCitation":"Burnett, R., and Reed, T., 1985, Simulation of the effects of management alternatives on the stream-aquifer system, South Fork Solomon River Valley between Webster Reservoir and Waconda Lake, north-central Kansas: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 85-4200, iv, 19 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri854200.","productDescription":"iv, 19 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":158320,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4200/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55206,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4200/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":55207,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4200/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f7e4b07f02db5f1e7a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burnett, R.D.","contributorId":54609,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burnett","given":"R.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196342,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reed, T.B.","contributorId":56658,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reed","given":"T.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196343,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":29018,"text":"wri844247 - 1985 - Estimation of selected flow and water-quality characteristics of Alaskan streams","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:53","indexId":"wri844247","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"84-4247","title":"Estimation of selected flow and water-quality characteristics of Alaskan streams","docAbstract":"Although hydrologic data are either sparse or nonexistent for large areas of Alaska, the drainage area, area of lakes, glacier and forest cover, and average precipitation in a hydrologic basin of interest can be measured or estimated from existing maps. Application of multiple linear regression techniques indicates that statistically significant correlations exist between properties of basins determined from maps and measured streamflow characteristics. This suggests that corresponding characteristics of ungaged basins can be estimated. Streamflow frequency characteristics can be estimated from regional equations developed for southeast, south-central and Yukon regions. Statewide or modified regional equations must be used, however, for the southwest, northwest, and Arctic Slope regions where there is a paucity of data. Equations developed from basin characteristics are given to estimate suspended-sediment values for glacial streams and, with less reliability, for nonglacial streams. Equations developed from available specific conductance data are given to estimate concentrations of major dissolved inorganic constituents. Suggestions are made for expanding the existing data base and thus improving the ability to estimate hydrologic characteristics for Alaskan streams. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri844247","usgsCitation":"Parks, B., and Madison, R.J., 1985, Estimation of selected flow and water-quality characteristics of Alaskan streams: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 84-4247, v, 64 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri844247.","productDescription":"v, 64 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":159516,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4247/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57883,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4247/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ae4b07f02db65d5e3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Parks, Bruce","contributorId":87542,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parks","given":"Bruce","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200799,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Madison, R. J.","contributorId":84734,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Madison","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200798,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":28169,"text":"wri844302 - 1985 - Documentation of a numerical code for the simulation of variable density ground-water flow in three dimensions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:50","indexId":"wri844302","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"84-4302","title":"Documentation of a numerical code for the simulation of variable density ground-water flow in three dimensions","docAbstract":"A numerical code is documented for the simulation of variable density time dependent groundwater flow in three dimensions. The groundwater density, although variable with distance, is assumed to be constant in time. The Integrated Finite Difference grid elements in the code follow the geologic strata in the modeled area. If appropriate, the determination of hydraulic head in confining beds can be deleted to decrease computation time. The strongly implicit procedure (SIP), successive over-relaxation (SOR), and eight different preconditioned conjugate gradient (PCG) methods are used to solve the approximating equations. The use of the computer program that performs the calculations in the numerical code is emphasized. Detailed instructions are given for using the computer program, including input data formats. An example simulation and the Fortran listing of the program are included. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri844302","usgsCitation":"Kuiper, L., 1985, Documentation of a numerical code for the simulation of variable density ground-water flow in three dimensions: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 84-4302, 90 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri844302.","productDescription":"90 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":121578,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4302/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57003,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4302/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a62e4b07f02db63628c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kuiper, L.K.","contributorId":34557,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kuiper","given":"L.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199327,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":29862,"text":"wri854124 - 1985 - Effects of wastewater effluent on the South Platte River from Littleton to Denver","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:59","indexId":"wri854124","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"85-4124","title":"Effects of wastewater effluent on the South Platte River from Littleton to Denver","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey 's one-dimensional steady-state water quality model was used to investigate the effects of the effluent from the Bi-City WWTP (Wastewater Treatment Plant) on the South Platte River. The Bi-City WWTP is operated by the Cities of Littleton and Englewood. The model was calibrated from a 14.5 mile reach for 5-day carbonaceous biochemical oxygen demand, organic, ammonia, nitrite and nitrate using data collected during September 1983. Model verification was completed using data collected during October 1982 and January 1984 for all constituents except nitrite nitrogen. Nitrite nitrogen could not be verified for the cold temperature conditions of January of 1984. Measured benthic sediment oxygen demand used in model ranged from 1.01 to 2.77 grams per square meter per day. Model simulations were made for an estimated 7-day, 10-year discharge of 18 cubic feet per second, upstream from the outfall of the WWTP. Two groups of simulations were made for both warm and cold temperature conditions. In the first group of simulation variations were made in effluent 5-day carbonaceous biochemical oxygen demand concentrations and flow rates. The second group of simulations varied the amount of nitrogen discharged as ammonia and nitrate. The extent of the mixing zone downstream of the WWTP outfall was determined by injecting Rhodamine WT dye into the effluent. The mixing zone was found to extend 0.8 miles during low-flow conditions. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri854124","usgsCitation":"Spahr, N., and Blakely, S.R., 1985, Effects of wastewater effluent on the South Platte River from Littleton to Denver: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 85-4124, vi, 97 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri854124.","productDescription":"vi, 97 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":119392,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4124/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58673,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4124/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a26e4b07f02db60fc43","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Spahr, N.E.","contributorId":79476,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spahr","given":"N.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202258,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Blakely, S. R.","contributorId":34514,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blakely","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202257,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":29863,"text":"wri854244 - 1985 - Estimation of evaporation from Ned Wilson Lake, Flat Tops Wilderness Area, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:59","indexId":"wri854244","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"85-4244","title":"Estimation of evaporation from Ned Wilson Lake, Flat Tops Wilderness Area, Colorado","docAbstract":"As part of an effort to define the hydrology and water quality of Ned Wilson Lake, evaporation rates were estimated for the summer periods of 1983 and 1984. Mass-transfer and energy-budget techniques and the Morton model were used to estimate evaporation using data collected at the lake and data collected at a meteorological station 0.1 mile from the lake. The estimate of evaporation for July 29 through September 27, 1983, using the mass-transfer technique, was 9.50 inches; the estimate using the energy-budget technique was 8.10 inches; the estimate using the Morton model was 9.90 inches. The evaporation estimate for July 18 through September 25, 1984, using the mass-transfer technique was 8.71 inches; the estimate using the energy-budget technique was 7.88 inches; the estimate using the Moron model was 10.49 inches. These estimates will provide values to be used in future analyses of the interaction of lake and groundwater; however, refinement of data collection will be necessary to determine specifically the rate of evaporation. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri854244","usgsCitation":"Spahr, N., and Turk, J., 1985, Estimation of evaporation from Ned Wilson Lake, Flat Tops Wilderness Area, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 85-4244, iv, 13 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri854244.","productDescription":"iv, 13 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":126593,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4244/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58674,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4244/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ae4b07f02db5fba16","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Spahr, N.E.","contributorId":79476,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spahr","given":"N.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202259,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Turk, J.T.","contributorId":94259,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turk","given":"J.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202260,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":26460,"text":"wri854168 - 1985 - Documentation of a Regional Aquifer Simulation Model, RAQSIM, and a description of support programs applied in the Twin Platte-Middle Republican Study Area, Nebraska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-31T20:42:18.57282","indexId":"wri854168","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"85-4168","title":"Documentation of a Regional Aquifer Simulation Model, RAQSIM, and a description of support programs applied in the Twin Platte-Middle Republican Study Area, Nebraska","docAbstract":"RAQSIM, a generalized flow model of a groundwater system using finite-element methods, is documented to explain how it works and to demonstrate that it gives valid results. Three support programs that are used to compute recharge and discharge data required as input to RAQSIM are described. RAQSIM was developed to solve transient, two-dimensional, regional groundwater flow problems with isotropic or anisotropic conductance. The model can also simulate radially-symmetric flow to a well and steady-state flow. The mathematical basis, program structure, data input and output procedures, organization of data sets, and program features and options of RAQSIM are discussed. An example , containing listings of data and results and illustrating RAQSIM 's capabilities, is discussed in detail. Two test problems also are discussed comparing RAQSIM 's results with analytical procedures. The first support program described, the PET Program, uses solar radiation and other climatic data in the Jensen-Haise method to compute potential evapotranspiration. The second support program, the Soil-Water Program, uses output from the PET Program, soil characteristics, and the ratio of potential to actual evapotranspiration for each crop to compute infiltration, storage, and removal of water from the soil zone. The third program, the Recharge-Discharge Program, uses output from the Soil-Water Program together with other data to compute recharge and discharge from the groundwater flow system. For each support program, a program listing and examples of the data and results for the Twin Platte-Middle Republican study are provided. In addition, a brief discussion on how each program operates and on procedures for running and modifying these programs are presented. (Author 's abstract)","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri854168","usgsCitation":"Cady, R.E., and Peckenpaugh, J.M., 1985, Documentation of a Regional Aquifer Simulation Model, RAQSIM, and a description of support programs applied in the Twin Platte-Middle Republican Study Area, Nebraska: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 85-4168, vi, 239 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri854168.","productDescription":"vi, 239 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":395180,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_49205.htm"},{"id":55280,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4168/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":123695,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4168/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nebraska","otherGeospatial":"Twin Platte - Middle Republican study area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -101.25,\n 40.1333\n ],\n [\n -99.6667,\n 40.1333\n ],\n [\n -99.6667,\n 41.1667\n ],\n [\n -101.25,\n 41.1667\n ],\n [\n -101.25,\n 40.1333\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a62e4b07f02db6363da","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cady, R. E.","contributorId":103324,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cady","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196434,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Peckenpaugh, J. M.","contributorId":69559,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peckenpaugh","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196433,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":28879,"text":"wri854197 - 1985 - Evaluation of the effects of coal-mine reclamation on water quality in Big Four Hollow near Lake Hope, southeastern Ohio","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:53","indexId":"wri854197","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"85-4197","title":"Evaluation of the effects of coal-mine reclamation on water quality in Big Four Hollow near Lake Hope, southeastern Ohio","docAbstract":"A subsurface clay dike and mine-entrance hydraulic seals were constructed from July 1979 through May 1980 by the Ohio Department if Natural Resources, Division of Reclamation to reduce acidic mine drainage from abandoned drift-mine complex 88 into Big Four Hollow Creek. Big Four Hollow Creek flows into Sandy Run--the major tributary to Lake Hope. A data-collection program was established in 1979 by the U.S. Geological Survey to evaluate effects of drift-mine sealing on surface-water systems of the Big Four Hollow Creek and Sandy Run area just below the mine.\r\n\r\nData collected by private consultants from 1970 through 1971 near the mouth of Big Four Hollow Creek (U.S. Geological Survey station 03201700) show that pH ranged from 2.7 to 4.8, with a median of 3.1. The calculated iron load was 50 pounds per day.\r\n\r\nData collecetd near the mouth of Big Four Hollow Creek (station 03201700) from 1971 through 1979 (before dike construction) show the daily pH ranged from 2.1 to 6.7; the median was 3.6. The daily specific conduction ranged from 72 to 3,500 microsiements per centimeter at 25? Celsius and averaged 770. The estimated loads of chemical constituents were: Sulfate, 1,100 pounds per day: iron, 54 pounds per day: and manganese, 12 pounds per day.\r\n\r\nAll postconstruction data collected at station 03201700 through the end of the project, May 1980 through June 30, 1983, show that the daily pH ranged from 2.4 to 7.7, with a median of 3.7. Daily specific conductance ranged from 87 to 3,200 microsiemens per centimeter and averaged 1,200. The estimated loads of chemical constituents for this period were: Sulfate, 1,000 pounds per day: iron, 44 pounds per day: and manganese, 16 pounds per day.\r\n\r\nStandard nonparametric statistical tests were performed on the data collected before and after reclamation. Differences at the 95-percent confidence level were found in the before- and after-reclamation data sets for specific conductance, aluminum, and manganese at station 03201700. Data collected during the first 6 months after reclamation indicated moderate improvement in water quality only because no highly mineralized water was leaking from the closed mine. Later, perhaps in Sepember 1980 increased hydraulic head behind the clay dike caused the mine water to seep out and degrade the stream-water quality.\r\n\r\nIn order to investigate leakages, dye was injected into two wells that penetrated the closed mine complex 88. One injection revealed that the dye moved to a discharge point at a nearby mine entrance known to be connected to complex 88. No discharge of dye was detected as a result of dye injection into the other well during the project.\r\n\r\nAcidic mine water continues to seep from the closed mine complex 88. A definitive evaluation of the effects of reclamation on the area's water quality cannot be made until the hydrologic system stabilizes.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri854197","usgsCitation":"Nichols, V., 1985, Evaluation of the effects of coal-mine reclamation on water quality in Big Four Hollow near Lake Hope, southeastern Ohio: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 85-4197, vi, 215 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri854197.","productDescription":"vi, 215 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123882,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4197/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57754,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4197/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a08e4b07f02db5fa447","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nichols, V.E.","contributorId":97930,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"V.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200551,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":30251,"text":"wri854064 - 1985 - Ground-water contamination in East Bay Township, Michigan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-06T10:15:47","indexId":"wri854064","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"85-4064","title":"Ground-water contamination in East Bay Township, Michigan","docAbstract":"Glacial deposits, as much as 360 feet thick, underlie the study area. The upper 29 to 118 feet, a sand and gravel unit, is the aquifer tapped for water by all wells in the area. This unit is underlain by impermeable clay that is at least 100 feet thick.
Ground-water flow is northeastward at an estimated rate of 3 to 6 feet per day. Hydraulic conductivities in the aquifer range from 85 to 150 feet per day; 120 feet per day provided the best match of field data in a ground-water flow model. The depth to water ranged from 1 to 20 feet.
Chemical anlayses indicate that ground water is contaminated with organic chemicals from near the Hangar/Administration building at the U.S. Coast Guard Air Station to East Bay, about 4,300 feet northeast. The plume, which follows ground-water flow lines, ranges from 180 to 400 feet wide. In the upper reach of the plume, hydrocarbons less dense than water occur at the surface of the water table; they move downward in the aquifer as they move toward East Bay. Maximum concentrations of the major organic compounds include: benzene, 3,390 micrograms per liter; toluene, 55,500 micrograms per liter; xylene, 3,900 micrograms per liter; tetrachloroethylene, 3,410 micrograms per liter; and bis (2-ethyl hexyl) phthalate, 2,100 micrograms per liter. Soils are generally free of these hydrocarbons; however, in the vicinity of past drum storage, aircraft maintenance operations, and fuel storage and dispensing, as much as 1,100 micrograms per kilogram of tetrachloroethylene and 1,500 micrograms per kilogram of bis (2-ethyl hexyl) phthalate were detected. At a few locations higher molecular weight hydrocarbons, characteristic of petroleum distillates, were found.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Lansing, MI","doi":"10.3133/wri854064","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Coast Guard","usgsCitation":"Twenter, F.R., Cummings, T., and Grannemann, N., 1985, Ground-water contamination in East Bay Township, Michigan: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 85-4064, Document: ix, 63 p.; 5 Plates: 23.24 x 35.59 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri854064.","productDescription":"Document: ix, 63 p.; 5 Plates: 23.24 x 35.59 inches or smaller","costCenters":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":59038,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4064/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":59039,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4064/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":123443,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4064/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":59040,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4064/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":59041,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4064/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":59042,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4064/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":59043,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4064/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan","otherGeospatial":"East Bay Township","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -85.57439804077148,\n 44.74164292754147\n ],\n [\n -85.56602954864502,\n 44.75276788055599\n ],\n [\n -85.5673599243164,\n 44.7531640722716\n ],\n [\n -85.56911945343018,\n 44.753986923310066\n ],\n [\n -85.57062149047852,\n 44.75490118850054\n ],\n [\n -85.57225227355957,\n 44.75599828763615\n ],\n [\n -85.57353973388672,\n 44.75706489182693\n ],\n [\n -85.57529926300047,\n 44.7584971579133\n ],\n [\n -85.57585716247559,\n 44.7592894600709\n ],\n [\n -85.57611465454102,\n 44.760234113828844\n ],\n [\n -85.58675765991211,\n 44.746885637908065\n ],\n [\n -85.57439804077148,\n 44.74164292754147\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699997","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Twenter, F. R.","contributorId":81080,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Twenter","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202934,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cummings, T. R.","contributorId":104082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cummings","given":"T. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202935,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Grannemann, N.G.","contributorId":11221,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grannemann","given":"N.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202933,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":26726,"text":"wri844344 - 1985 - Simulated effects of increased recharge on the ground-water flow system of Yucca Mountain and vicinity, Nevada-California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-07T22:23:34.953002","indexId":"wri844344","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"84-4344","title":"Simulated effects of increased recharge on the ground-water flow system of Yucca Mountain and vicinity, Nevada-California","docAbstract":"A study was performed to assess the potential effects of changes in future climatic conditions on the groundwater system in the vicinity of Yucca Mountain, the site of a potential mined geologic repository for high-level nuclear wastes. These changes probably would result in greater rates of precipitation and, consequently, greater rates of recharge. The study was performed by simulating the groundwater system, using a two-dimensional, finite-element, groundwater flow model. The simulated position of the water table rose as much as 130 meters near the U.S. Department of Energy 's preferred repository area at Yucca Mountain for a simulation involving a 100-percent increase in precipitation compared to modern-day conditions. Despite the water table rise, no flooding of the potential repository would occur at its current proposed location. According to the simulation, springs would discharge south and west of Timber Mountain, along Fortymile Canyon, in the Amargosa Desert near Lathrop Wells and Franklin Lake playa, and near Furnace Creek Ranch in Death Valley, where they presently discharge. Simulated directions of groundwater flow paths near the potential repository area generally would be the same for the baseline (modern-day climate) and the increased-recharge simulations, but the magnitude of flow would increase by 2 to 4 times that of the baseline-simulation flow. (USGS)","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri844344","usgsCitation":"Czarnecki, J., 1985, Simulated effects of increased recharge on the ground-water flow system of Yucca Mountain and vicinity, Nevada-California: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 84-4344, vi, 38 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri844344.","productDescription":"vi, 38 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":392615,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_36179.htm"},{"id":55601,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4344/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":158270,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4344/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Yucca Mountain and vicinity","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.883,\n 36.217\n ],\n [\n -116,\n 36.217\n ],\n [\n -116,\n 37\n ],\n [\n -116.883,\n 37\n ],\n [\n -116.883,\n 36.217\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f9e4b07f02db5f37c3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Czarnecki, J.B.","contributorId":51768,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Czarnecki","given":"J.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196895,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":29885,"text":"wri854336 - 1985 - Ground-water flow and solute transport in the Equus beds area, south-central Kansas, 1940-79","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:58","indexId":"wri854336","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"85-4336","title":"Ground-water flow and solute transport in the Equus beds area, south-central Kansas, 1940-79","docAbstract":"Water levels have declined about 30 ft from 1940 to 1980 in part of the Equus beds aquifer in south-central Kansas where the city of Wichita operates a well field. A three-dimensional, finite-difference, groundwater flow model was developed to: (1) Reproduce hydrologic conditions in the flow system between the Equus beds aquifer and the underlying Wellington aquifer from 1940 to 1980, and (2) simulate the effect that future withdrawals could have on water supply in the Equus beds aquifer and on relationships between water levels in the Equus beds aquifer and the Wellington aquifer from 1980 to 2020. The model favorably reproduced both measured water levels and streamflow gains in the Equus beds aquifer for 1971 and 1980, and measured water levels in the Wellington aquifer. The flow model then was used to simulate the effects of five pumping alternatives based on rates of withdrawal by wells from 1971-79. For the first alternative, withdrawal rates were decreased by one-half. Projected saturated thickness in the aquifer and streamflow gain were the greatest among the five alternatives. For the second alternative, withdrawal rates for 1971-79 were continued. Compared to results from the first alternative, saturated thickness was projected to decline from 10 to 40 ft in some areas, and streamflow gains were maintained for the Arkansas and Little Arkansas Rivers. A two-dimensional, finite-difference, solute-transport model was developed to: (1) Reproduce the movement of chloride ion in part of the Equus beds aquifer, including the Wichita municipal well field, from 1940 to 1980, and (2) simulate the effect that future withdrawal rates could have on the concentration of chloride ion from 1980 to 2020. Sources of the chloride ion were oilfield brine disposed from 1932-43 that is moving toward the well field and water in the Arkansas River. Each simulation projected an increase in the concentration of chloride ion in the Wichita well field. The projections indicated that a continuous 1,000 mg/L source of chloride ion in streamflow losses from the Arkansas River had a greater effect on increasing chloride-ion concentrations in the Wichita well field than did the movement of residual oilfield brine. (Author 's abstract)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey, Water Resources Division,","doi":"10.3133/wri854336","usgsCitation":"Spinazola, J., Gillespie, J.B., and Hart, R.J., 1985, Ground-water flow and solute transport in the Equus beds area, south-central Kansas, 1940-79: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 85-4336, x, 68 p. :ill., maps (1 col.) ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri854336.","productDescription":"x, 68 p. :ill., maps (1 col.) ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":160113,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4336/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58693,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4336/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":58694,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4336/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b08e4b07f02db69b80e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Spinazola, J. M.","contributorId":32574,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spinazola","given":"J. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202297,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gillespie, James B.","contributorId":72809,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gillespie","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202299,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hart, R. J.","contributorId":62607,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hart","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202298,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":28285,"text":"wri854277 - 1985 - Management of ground water and evolving hydrogeologic studies in New Jersey : a heavily urbanized and industrialized state in the northeastern United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-14T10:13:28","indexId":"wri854277","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"85-4277","title":"Management of ground water and evolving hydrogeologic studies in New Jersey : a heavily urbanized and industrialized state in the northeastern United States","docAbstract":"New Jersey is the most densely populated and one of the most industrialized states in the United States. An abundance of freshwater and proximity to major northeastern metropolitan centers has facilitated this development. Pumpage of freshwater from all aquifers in the State in 1980 was 730 million gallons per day (2.76 million cubic meters per day).
Management and efficient development of the ground-water resources of the State are the responsibility of the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection. Laws have been enacted and updated by the State legislature to manage water allocation and to control the disposal of hazardous wastes. Present resource management is guided by the New Jersey Water-Supply Master Plan of 1981. Funding for management activities is partially derived from the sale of state-approved bonds.
Effective planning and regional management require accurate and up-to-date hydrologic information and analyses. The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the New Jersey Geological Survey, is conducting three intensive ground-water studies involving the collection and interpretation of hydrologic data to meet the urgent water-management needs of New Jersey. These studies are part of a long-term cooperative program and are funded through the Water-Supply Bond Act of 1981. They began in 1983 and are scheduled to be completed in 1988.
The project areas are situated in the New Jersey part of the Atlantic Coastal Plain in and near Atlantic City, Camden, and South River. They range in size from 400 to 1,200 mil (1,040 to 3,120 km2). The studies are designed to define the geology, hydrology, and geochemistry of the local ground-water systems. The results of these studies will enable the State to address more effectively major problems in these areas such as declining water levels, overpumping, saltwater intrusion, and ground-water contamination resulting from the improper disposal of hazardous wastes.
Specific objectives of these studies by the U.S. Geological Survey are to (1) develop an accurate and up-to-date hydrogeologic data base, (2) design and implement a data-collection program and establish a computerized information management system, (3) refine the conceptualization of the ground-water flow system, and (4) define the geochemistry of the aquifer system by conducting a water-quality appraisal. The objectives are accomplished by standard hydrogeologic methods. Information concerning hydrogeologic framework, ground-water levels, water use, hydraulic characteristics, and water quality in the study areas is compiled from all available sources. Additional data needed are collected through well inventories, surface geophysical surveys, water-quality samplings, water-level measurements, and a well-drilling program.
Interpretation of the flow system is based on the use of standard analytical techniques and digital flow modeling. Calibrated flow models will provide ground-water managers with a mechanism to develop and test regional water-supply strategies.
Definition of the geochemistry of the aquifer system is accomplished through a variety of methods which depend on the problems and available data in the particular study area. The approach includes statistical analysis of water-quality data, reaction-path modeling, and determination of the movement of chemical constituents using analytical and numerical modeling techniques.
A combined staff of 25 to 30 professionals and technicians from the New Jersey District office of the U.S. Geological Survey is committed to the three studies. The staff has specialists in geohydrology, numerical modeling, geochemistry, geophysics, and computer science. The findings of these studies will be published in data reports, interpretive reports, instructional manuals and journal articles.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri854277","usgsCitation":"Leahy, P.P., 1985, Management of ground water and evolving hydrogeologic studies in New Jersey : a heavily urbanized and industrialized state in the northeastern United States: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 85-4277, iv, 27 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri854277.","productDescription":"iv, 27 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":359414,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4277/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":159428,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4277/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New 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Jersey\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db64a2ac","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leahy, P. Patrick","contributorId":80648,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leahy","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"Patrick","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199529,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":27397,"text":"wri854056 - 1985 - Geohydrology and ground-water flow at Verona Well Field, Battle Creek, Michigan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-09-29T14:31:14","indexId":"wri854056","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"85-4056","title":"Geohydrology and ground-water flow at Verona Well Field, Battle Creek, Michigan","docAbstract":"The city of Battle Creek has 30 wells in the Verona well field capable of yielding 300 to 1,000 gallons per minute each. During summer, total withdrawals are as little as 6,000 gallons per minute. In early 1984, only 9 to 12 of the wells were being used; the remaining wells were contaminated by volatile hydrocarbons.
Ground water at and near Verona well field generally flows toward Battle Creek River except where directions are altered by pumping. During summer, especially during periods when withdrawals are as much as 12,000 gallons per minute, a large cone of depression develops and water is drawn to the well field from several thousand feet away. During winter, when withdrawals are as little as 6,000 gallons per minute, the cone is smaller.
Ground-water flow is in three aquifers--a sand and gravel aquifer in deposits of Pleistocene age that overlies upper and lower sandstone aquifers of the Marshall Formation of Mississippian age. Model-simulated data that best matched measured data indicate horizontal hydraulic conductivities ranging from 15 to 110 feet per day for the sand and gravel aquifer, 150 feet per day for the upper sandstone aquifer, and 550 feet per day for the lower sandstone aquifer. Recharge was simulated at rates ranging from 8 to 13 inches per year.
Model simulations to evaluate the feasibility of installing new supply wells immediately north of the present field indicate that pumping 3,750 gallons per minute from new wells at the site would produce about 7 feet of drawdown in the lower sandstone aquifer in the vicinity of the new wells. Because the new wells tap only the lower sandstone aquifer, the pumping would have little effect on the potentiometric surfaces for the two overlying aquifers.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Lansing, MI","doi":"10.3133/wri854056","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the City of Battle Creek, Michigan","usgsCitation":"Grannemann, N., and Twenter, F.R., 1985, Geohydrology and ground-water flow at Verona Well Field, Battle Creek, Michigan: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 85-4056, vi, 54 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri854056.","productDescription":"vi, 54 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":158803,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri854056.jpg"},{"id":318880,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4056/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan","city":"Battle Creek","otherGeospatial":"Verona Well Field","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -85.374755859375,\n 42.19291648699529\n ],\n [\n -85.374755859375,\n 42.386951440524854\n ],\n [\n -84.990234375,\n 42.386951440524854\n ],\n [\n -84.990234375,\n 42.19291648699529\n ],\n [\n -85.374755859375,\n 42.19291648699529\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aefe4b07f02db691691","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grannemann, N.G.","contributorId":11221,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grannemann","given":"N.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198046,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Twenter, F. R.","contributorId":81080,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Twenter","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198047,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":29953,"text":"wri854047 - 1985 - Computer program for the computation of total sediment discharge by the modified Einstein procedure","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:54","indexId":"wri854047","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"85-4047","title":"Computer program for the computation of total sediment discharge by the modified Einstein procedure","docAbstract":"Two versions of a computer program to compute total sediment discharge by the modified Einstein procedure are presented. The FORTRAN 77 language version is for use on the PRIME computer, and the BASIC language version is for use on most microcomputers. The program contains built-in limitations and input-output options that closely follow the original modified Einstein procedure. Program documentation and listings of both versions of the program are included. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri854047","usgsCitation":"Stevens, H., 1985, Computer program for the computation of total sediment discharge by the modified Einstein procedure: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 85-4047, 77 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri854047.","productDescription":"77 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":119461,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4047/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58772,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4047/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b19e4b07f02db6a7d96","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stevens, H.H.","contributorId":90347,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stevens","given":"H.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202420,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":26807,"text":"wri854190 - 1985 - Hydrogeology, water quality, and ground-water development alternatives in the Beaver-Pasquiset ground-water reservoir, Rhode Island","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:33","indexId":"wri854190","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"85-4190","title":"Hydrogeology, water quality, and ground-water development alternatives in the Beaver-Pasquiset ground-water reservoir, Rhode Island","docAbstract":"In a 23 sq mi study area, the Beaver-Pasquiset groundwater reservoir within the Pawcatuck River basin in southern Rhode Island, stratified drift is the only principal geologic unit capable of producing yields > 350 gal/min. Transmissivity of the aquifer ranges from 7,200 to 24,300 sq ft/day. Water table conditions prevail in the aquifer, which is in good hydraulic connection with perennial streams and ponds. A digital model of two-dimensional groundwater flow was used to simulate the interaction between surface water and groundwater, and to evaluate the impact of alternative schemes of groundwater development on groundwater levels, pond levels, and streamflow in the Beaver-Pasquiset groundwater reservoir. Transient simulations of theoretical pumpage were made for a drought period (1963-66) and a wet period (1976-78). The areas most favorable for development of high-capacity wells (350 gal/min or more) are along the Beaver River and near Pasquiset Pond. The water is soft and generally contains < 100 mg/L dissolved solids. Locally, groundwater contains elevated concentrations of iron and manganese (7.5 and 3.7 mg/L, respectively), southeast of Pasquiset Pond, and will require treatment if used for public supply. The groundwater reservoir was simulated with a two-dimensional finite-difference model using a block-centered grid consisting of 33 rows and 75 columns. Differences between measured and simulated water table altitudes for the final steady state run for 21 selected observation wells averaged +0.07 ft. Combined pumping rates for simulation of groundwater development alternatives at eight sites ranged from 3.25 to 7.00 Mgal/d. Pumping rates for individual wells ranged from 0.25 to 1.50 Mgal/d. Transient simulations suggest that the Beaver-Pasquiset groundwater reservoir is capable of sustaining a pumping rate of 4.25 Mgal/d during years of average groundwater recharge with minimal impact on groundwater levels, pond levels, and streamflow. During extreme drought periods (1965 and 1966) it would be necessary to reduce pumpage below 3.25 Mgal/d to maintain flow in both the Beaver River and Pasquiset Brook. (Author 's abstract)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri854190","usgsCitation":"Dickerman, D., and Ozbilgin, M., 1985, Hydrogeology, water quality, and ground-water development alternatives in the Beaver-Pasquiset ground-water reservoir, Rhode Island: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 85-4190, x, 104 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri854190.","productDescription":"x, 104 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123777,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4190/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55695,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4190/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2de4b07f02db614827","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dickerman, D.C.","contributorId":48601,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dickerman","given":"D.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197038,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ozbilgin, M.M.","contributorId":76789,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ozbilgin","given":"M.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197039,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":26285,"text":"wri844316 - 1985 - Evaluation of the precipitation-runoff modeling system, Beaver Creek basin, Kentucky","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:25","indexId":"wri844316","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"84-4316","title":"Evaluation of the precipitation-runoff modeling system, Beaver Creek basin, Kentucky","docAbstract":"The Precipitation Runoff Modeling System (PRMS) was evaluated with data from Cane branch and Helton Branch in the Beaver Creek basin of Kentucky. Because of previous studies, 10.6 years of record were available to establish a data base for the basin including 60 storms for Cane Branch and 50 storms for Helton Branch. The model was calibrated initially using data from the 1956-58 water years. Runoff predicted by the model was 94.7% of the observed runoff at Cane Branch (mined area) and 96.9% at Helton Branch (unmined area). After the model and data base were modified, the model was refitted to the 1956-58 data for Helton Branch. It then predicted 98.6% of the runoff for the 10.6-year period. The model parameters from Helton Branch were then used to simulate the Cane Branch runoff and discharge. The model predicted 102.6% of the observed runoff at Cane Branch for the 10.6 years. The simulations produced reasonable storm volumes and peak discharges. Sensitivity analysis of model parameters indicated the parameters associated with soil moisture are the most sensitive. The model was used to predict sediment concentration and daily sediment load for selected storm periods. The sediment computations indicated the model can be used to predict sediment concentrations during storm events. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri844316","usgsCitation":"Bower, D., 1985, Evaluation of the precipitation-runoff modeling system, Beaver Creek basin, Kentucky: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 84-4316, v, 39 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri844316.","productDescription":"v, 39 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":118702,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4316/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55093,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4316/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a08e4b07f02db5fa05f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bower, D.E.","contributorId":99592,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bower","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196114,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":26475,"text":"wri854206 - 1985 - Effects of potential surface coal mining on dissolved solids in Otter Creek and in the Otter Creek alluvial aquifer, southeastern Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:34","indexId":"wri854206","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"85-4206","title":"Effects of potential surface coal mining on dissolved solids in Otter Creek and in the Otter Creek alluvial aquifer, southeastern Montana","docAbstract":"Otter Creek drains an area of 709 square miles in the coal-rich Powder River structural basin of southeastern Montana. The Knobloch coal beds in the Tongue River Member of the Paleocene Fort Union Formation is a shallow aquifer and a target for future surface mining in the downstream part of the Otter Creek basin. A mass-balance model was used to estimate the effects of potential mining on the dissolved solids concentration in Otter Creek and in the alluvial aquifer in the Otter Creek valley. With extensive mining of the Knobloch coal beds, the annual load of dissolved solids to Otter Creek at Ashland at median streamflow could increase by 2,873 tons, or a 32-percent increase compared to the annual pre-mining load. Increased monthly loads of Otter Creek, at the median streamflow, could range from 15 percent in February to 208 percent in August. The post-mining dissolved solids load to the subirrigated part of the alluvial valley could increase by 71 percent. The median dissolved solids concentration in the subirrigated part of the valley could be 4,430 milligrams per liter, compared to the pre-mining median concentration of 2,590 milligrams per liter. Post-mining loads from the potentially mined landscape were calculated using saturated-paste-extract data from 506 overburdened samples collected from 26 wells and test holes. Post-mining loads to the Otter Creek valley likely would continue at increased rates for hundreds of years after mining. If the actual area of Knobloch coal disturbed by mining were less than that used in the model, post-mining loads to the Otter Creek valley would be proportionally smaller. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri854206","usgsCitation":"Cannon, M.R., 1985, Effects of potential surface coal mining on dissolved solids in Otter Creek and in the Otter Creek alluvial aquifer, southeastern Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 85-4206, v, 52 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri854206.","productDescription":"v, 52 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123873,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4206/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55294,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4206/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":55295,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4206/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":55296,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4206/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a29e4b07f02db611a14","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cannon, M. R.","contributorId":99140,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cannon","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196457,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}