{"pageNumber":"1492","pageRowStart":"37275","pageSize":"25","recordCount":41028,"records":[{"id":70210017,"text":"70210017 - 1985 - Inversion of seismic refraction data in planar dipping structure","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-01-30T20:01:07.158421","indexId":"70210017","displayToPublicDate":"1985-07-01T08:11:02","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1803,"text":"Geophysical Journal International","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Inversion of seismic refraction data in planar dipping structure","docAbstract":"

A new method is presented for the direct inversion of seismic refraction data in dipping planar structure. Three recording geometries, each consisting of two common-shot profiles, are considered: reversed, split, and roll-along profiles. Inversion is achieved via slant stacking the common-shot wavefield to obtain a delay time—slowness (tau—p) wavefield. The tau—p curves from two shotpoints describing the critical raypath of refracted and post-critically reflected arrivals are automatically picked using coherency measurements and the two curves are jointly used to calculate velocity and dip of isovelocity lines iteratively, thereby obtaining the final two-dimensional velocity model.

This procedure has been successfully applied to synthetic seismograms calculated for a dipping structure and to field data from central California. The results indicate that direct inversion of closely-spaced refraction/wide-aperture reflection data can practically be achieved in laterally inhomogeneous structures.

","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-246X.1985.tb05129.x","usgsCitation":"Milkereit, B., Mooney, W.D., and Kohler, W., 1985, Inversion of seismic refraction data in planar dipping structure: Geophysical Journal International, v. 82, no. 1, p. 81-103, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1985.tb05129.x.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"81","endPage":"103","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":480162,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246x.1985.tb05129.x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":374595,"rank":2,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"82","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Milkereit, Bernd","contributorId":62752,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Milkereit","given":"Bernd","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":788819,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mooney, Walter D. 0000-0002-5310-3631 mooney@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5310-3631","contributorId":3194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mooney","given":"Walter","email":"mooney@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":788820,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kohler, W.M.","contributorId":62999,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kohler","given":"W.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":788821,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70012716,"text":"70012716 - 1985 - Use of Peltier coolers as soil heat flux transducers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-31T15:53:20.248482","indexId":"70012716","displayToPublicDate":"1985-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3420,"text":"Soil Science Society of America Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of Peltier coolers as soil heat flux transducers","docAbstract":"

Peltier coolers were modified and calibrated to serve as soil heat flux transducers. The modification was to fill their interiors with epoxy. The average calibration constant on 21 units was 13.6 ± 0.8 kW m−2 V−1 at 20°C. This sensitivity is about eight times that of the two thermopile transducers with which comparisons were made. The temperature coefficients of the Peltier cooler transducers avg −0.034 kW m−2 V−1 °C−1, whereas those of the two thermopile transducers were only 25% as large, relative to their calibration constants. The thermal conductivity of the Peltier cooler transducers was 0.4 W m−1 °C−1, which is comparable to that of dry soil. The cost of an unmodified Peltier cooler is around 20 dollars.

","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2136/sssaj1985.03615995004900040054x","issn":"03615995","usgsCitation":"Weaver, H.L., and Campbell, G.S., 1985, Use of Peltier coolers as soil heat flux transducers: Soil Science Society of America Journal, v. 49, no. 4, p. 1065-1067, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1985.03615995004900040054x.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"1065","endPage":"1067","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222096,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"49","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbb80e4b08c986b328671","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Weaver, H. L.","contributorId":58679,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weaver","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364328,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Campbell, G. S.","contributorId":74795,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Campbell","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364329,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70012191,"text":"70012191 - 1985 - The occurrence of extractable elements in soils from the northern Great Plains","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-31T16:00:02.504273","indexId":"70012191","displayToPublicDate":"1985-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3420,"text":"Soil Science Society of America Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The occurrence of extractable elements in soils from the northern Great Plains","docAbstract":"

The modes of occurrence of extractable elements from 21 A and C horizon samples of uncultivated soils were examined using R-mode factor analysis. The extractants (DTPA, EDTA, HCl, hydroquinone, magnesium nitrate, and ammonium oxalate) cover a wide range of chemical attack. Four major elements (Ca, K, Mg, and Na) and eight trace elements (Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn) were determined in each extractant solution. A variety of chemical, mineralogical, and physical variables were also determined on each sample. Four varimax factors (clay, organic, Fe and Mn oxides, and soluble-Na) accounted for 74.2% of the total variance of the 90 variables for the A horizon. Seven varimax factors (Fe and Mn oxides, clay, CEC, soluble-Na, organic, Fe and Mn, and plagioclase) accounted for 77.2% of the total variance of the 79 variables for the C horizon. A and C horizon extractable trace elements are most generally related to Fe and Mn oxides, as indicated by loadings on the Fe and Mn oxide factor for both the A and C horizons. Each extractant generally operates on different modes of occurrence of an element in soil. For example, substantial differences occur between the HCl-, oxalate-, and hydroquinone-extractable trace elements. However, the modes of occurrence for trace elements removed by DTPA and EDTA were very similar, suggesting strong relationships between elements dissolved by these two extractants. The modes of occurrence for each individual major element are similar with each of the six extractants. A horizon Ca and Mg, and C horizon K and Mg are strongly related to a clay factor. C horizon Ca and A horizon K are strongly related to the CEC and organic factors, respectively. Both A and C horizon extractable Na are very strongly related to the soluble-Na factor. These results suggest that extractable major elements are water-soluble and are associated with the constituents that are responsible for that factor. Consequently, strong relationships should occur for any individual major element dissolved by any pair of extractants.

","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2136/sssaj1985.03615995004900040017x","issn":"03615995","usgsCitation":"McNeal, J., Severson, R.C., and Gough, L.P., 1985, The occurrence of extractable elements in soils from the northern Great Plains: Soil Science Society of America Journal, v. 49, no. 4, p. 873-881, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1985.03615995004900040017x.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"873","endPage":"881","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222121,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","otherGeospatial":"northern Great Plains","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -110.020405371633,\n 50.60237281791913\n ],\n [\n -110.020405371633,\n 43.001994343510944\n ],\n [\n -101.19016086453725,\n 43.001994343510944\n ],\n [\n -101.19016086453725,\n 50.60237281791913\n ],\n [\n -110.020405371633,\n 50.60237281791913\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"49","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bae3ee4b08c986b323f73","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McNeal, J.M.","contributorId":61817,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McNeal","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362961,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Severson, R. C.","contributorId":46498,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Severson","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362960,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gough, Larry P. lgough@usgs.gov","contributorId":1230,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gough","given":"Larry","email":"lgough@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":362962,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70121048,"text":"70121048 - 1985 - The water resources models of the instream flow group","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-19T11:24:15","indexId":"70121048","displayToPublicDate":"1985-06-10T11:23:16","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"title":"The water resources models of the instream flow group","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","largerWorkTitle":"Computer applications in water resources: Proceedings of the specialty conference sponsored by the resources planning and management division","conferenceTitle":"Computer applications in water resources","conferenceDate":"1985-06-10T00:00:00","conferenceLocation":"Buffalo, NY","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Civil Engineers","publisherLocation":"New York, NY","usgsCitation":"Milhous, R.T., 1985, The water resources models of the instream flow group, 1 p.","productDescription":"1 p.","numberOfPages":"1","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":292540,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53f464d0e4b073ff773a7d76","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Milhous, Robert T.","contributorId":28646,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Milhous","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498734,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5221507,"text":"5221507 - 1985 - Foraging decisions, patch use, and seasonality in egrets (Aves: ciconiiformes)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-18T17:10:43.608487","indexId":"5221507","displayToPublicDate":"1985-06-01T12:19:32","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1465,"text":"Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Foraging decisions, patch use, and seasonality in egrets (Aves: ciconiiformes)","docAbstract":"

Feeding Snowy (Egretta thula) and Great (Casmerodius albus) egrets were observed during two breeding seasons in coastal New Jersey and two brief winter periods in northeast Florida. A number of tests based on assumptions of foraging models, predictions from foraging theory, and earlier empirical tests concerning time allocation and movement in foraging patches was made. Few of the expectations based on foraging theory and/or assumptions were supported by the empirical evidence. Snowy Egrets fed with greater intensity and efficiency during the breeding season (when young were being fed) than during winter. They also showed some tendency to leave patches when their capture rate declined, and they spent more time foraging in patches when other birds were present nearby. Great Egrets, in Contrast, showed few of these tendencies, although they did leave patches when their intercapture intervals increased. Satiation differences had some influence on feeding rates in Snowy Egrets, but only at the end of feeding bouts. Some individuals of both species revisited areas in patches that had recently been exploited, and success rates were usually higher after the second visit. Apparently, for predators of active prey, short—term changes in resource availability (resource depression) may be more important than resource depletion, a common assumption in most OFT models.

","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.2307/1940545","usgsCitation":"Erwin, R.M., 1985, Foraging decisions, patch use, and seasonality in egrets (Aves: ciconiiformes): Ecology, v. 66, no. 3, p. 837-844, https://doi.org/10.2307/1940545.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"837","endPage":"844","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194276,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United Staes","state":"Florida, New Jersey","otherGeospatial":"coastal New Jersey, Northeast Florida","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -74.1796875,\n 40.538851525354666\n ],\n [\n -74.190673828125,\n 40.43022363450862\n ],\n [\n -75.003662109375,\n 39.12153746241925\n ],\n [\n -74.99267578125,\n 38.84826438869913\n ],\n [\n -74.366455078125,\n 39.2492708462234\n ],\n [\n -74.058837890625,\n 39.884450178234395\n ],\n [\n -73.93798828125,\n 40.38002840251183\n ],\n [\n -74.1796875,\n 40.538851525354666\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.474609375,\n 30.704058230919504\n ],\n [\n -81.990966796875,\n 30.845647420182598\n ],\n [\n -82.6171875,\n 30.581179257386985\n ],\n [\n -82.3974609375,\n 29.257648503615542\n ],\n [\n -81.046142578125,\n 29.32472016151103\n ],\n [\n -81.474609375,\n 30.704058230919504\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"66","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae5b7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Erwin, R. Michael 0000-0003-2108-9502","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2108-9502","contributorId":57125,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Erwin","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"Michael","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":334015,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70171506,"text":"70171506 - 1985 - Water quality and chemical evolution of ground water within the north coast limestone aquifers of Puerto Rico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-01T17:04:43","indexId":"70171506","displayToPublicDate":"1985-06-01T06:30:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Water quality and chemical evolution of ground water within the north coast limestone aquifers of Puerto Rico","docAbstract":"

Waters within the north coastal limestoneaquifers are suitable for public supply, industrial and agricultural uses. For the artesian aquifer and the updip parts of the watertable aquifer, calcium and bicarbonate are the dominant ionic species with total dissolved solids and chloride concentrations below 500 and 250 mg/L, respectively. In coastal areas of thewater table aquifer, where a freshwater-saltwater mixing zone occurs, the calcium bicarbonate facie grade to a sodium-chloride facie. Within this zone, concentrations of total dissolved solids and chloride are greater than 250 and 500 mg/L respectively, affecting the suitability of the water for some uses. Geochemical models were constructed to determine the physical and chemicalreasons for the prevailing water quality patterns of the north coastlimestone aquifers. Models indicate that calcite and carbon dioxide dissolution, precipitation or degassing are the primary processes. The mixing of recharge water or saltwater with aquifer waters is an important feature within the water table aquifer. The models provide further evidence that support the circulation of groundwater within the north coast limestone.

","largerWorkType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"largerWorkTitle":"American Water Resources Association, Technical Publication Series TPS-85-1","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"conferenceTitle":"International Symposium on Tropical Hydrology and 2nd Caribbean Islands Water Resources Congress","conferenceDate":"May 5-8, 1985","conferenceLocation":"San Juan, Puerto Rico","language":"English","publisher":"American Water Resources Association","publisherLocation":"Bethesda, MD","issn":"0731-9789","usgsCitation":"Roman-Mas, A.J., and Lee, R.W., 1985, Water quality and chemical evolution of ground water within the north coast limestone aquifers of Puerto Rico, in American Water Resources Association, Technical Publication Series TPS-85-1, San Juan, Puerto Rico, May 5-8, 1985, p. 57-63.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"57","endPage":"63","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":156,"text":"Caribbean Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":322065,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57500784e4b0ee97d51bb831","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Roman-Mas, Angel J.","contributorId":8436,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roman-Mas","given":"Angel","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":631522,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lee, Roger W.","contributorId":105273,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"Roger","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":631523,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70012968,"text":"70012968 - 1985 - A model for a seismic computerized alert network","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-29T16:16:39.338125","indexId":"70012968","displayToPublicDate":"1985-05-24T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A model for a seismic computerized alert network","docAbstract":"

In large earthquakes, damaging ground motions may occur at large epicentral distances. Because of the relatively slow speed of seismic waves, it is possible to construct a system to provide short-term warning (as much as several tens of seconds) of imminent strong ground motions from major earthquakes. Automated safety responses could be triggered by users after receiving estimates of the arrival time and strength of shaking expected at an individual site. Although warning times are likely to be short for areas greatly damaged by relatively numerous earthquakes of moderate size, large areas that experience very strong shaking during great earthquakes would receive longer warning times.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.228.4702.987","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Heaton, T.H., 1985, A model for a seismic computerized alert network: Science, v. 228, no. 4702, p. 987-990, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.228.4702.987.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"987","endPage":"990","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222113,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"228","issue":"4702","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e468e4b0c8380cd4663d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Heaton, Thomas H.","contributorId":187505,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Heaton","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364957,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70210235,"text":"70210235 - 1985 - The relocation of microearthquakes in the northern Mississippi Embayment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-25T14:42:00.171972","indexId":"70210235","displayToPublicDate":"1985-05-22T07:59:38","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":6453,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The relocation of microearthquakes in the northern Mississippi Embayment","docAbstract":"

Three-component seismograms, recorded by a small array of digital instruments in the northern Mississippi embayment, consistently show a high-amplitude phase on the vertical component that arrives approximately 0.8 s before the shear wave. On the basis of its timing and apparent velocity, this phase is identified as an S-P conversion from the boundary between the unconsolidated Cenozoic sediments and the underlying Paleozoic rocks. Synthetic models of ground motion in the Mississippi embayment indicate that vertical displacement amplitudes are higher for S-P conversions than for transmitted shear waves at all angles of incidence. The models and their agreement with observations of the three-component seismograms suggest that true shear waves cannot be reliably identified from vertical component seismograms recorded in this area. The travel times of converted phases are used, together with crustal velocity models derived from a recent seismic refraction survey, to relocate approximately 500 microearthquakes recorded by the Central Mississippi Valley regional seismic network. Since the network data are recorded by vertical component seismographs, we assume that the S phases, observed at the stations sited on unconsolidated sediments, are S-P conversions. This assumption significantly reduces the average rms residual and provides well-constrained hypocentral locations for 350 earthquakes. The relocated microearthquakes cluster tightly along previously identified epicentral trends. Focal depths range from 0.5 to 22 km, but events deeper than 14 km are rare, and events shallower than 3 km are confined, almost exclusively, to the area between Ridgely, Tennessee, and New Madrid, Missouri. Focal mechanisms are generally consistent with the results of previous studies. The axial seismicity trend, which extends from Caruthersville, Missouri, to Marked Tree, Arkansas, is characterized by right-lateral strike-slip motion on a northeast trending, nearly vertical fault plane. The events between Ridgely, Tennessee, and New Madrid, Missouri, commonly show strike-slip focal mechanisms, with minor components of both normal and reverse dip slip.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB090iB12p10223","usgsCitation":"Andrews, M., Mooney, W.D., and Meyer, R., 1985, The relocation of microearthquakes in the northern Mississippi Embayment: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 90, no. B12, p. 10223-10236, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB090iB12p10223.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"10223","endPage":"10236","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":375012,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Northern Mississippi Embayment","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -92.92236328125,\n 37.055177106660814\n ],\n [\n -88.43994140625,\n 37.055177106660814\n ],\n [\n -88.43994140625,\n 44.402391829093915\n ],\n [\n -92.92236328125,\n 44.402391829093915\n ],\n [\n -92.92236328125,\n 37.055177106660814\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"90","issue":"B12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Andrews, M.C.","contributorId":62602,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andrews","given":"M.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":789699,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mooney, Walter D. 0000-0002-5310-3631 mooney@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5310-3631","contributorId":3194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mooney","given":"Walter","email":"mooney@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":789700,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Meyer, R.P.","contributorId":39146,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyer","given":"R.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":789701,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70210125,"text":"70210125 - 1985 - Mineralogy and geochemistry of a sediment‐hosted hydrothermal sulfide deposit from the Southern Trough of Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-14T18:51:57.49118","indexId":"70210125","displayToPublicDate":"1985-05-14T13:38:33","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mineralogy and geochemistry of a sediment‐hosted hydrothermal sulfide deposit from the Southern Trough of Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California","docAbstract":"

Samples dredged from a 15‐m‐high hydrothermal mound atop the flat turbidite pond in the Southern Trough of Guaymas Basin consist of pyrrhotite‐rich massive sulfide, barite, barite + calcite, talc, and opaline silica as well as substrate material composed of fossiliferous, clay‐rich ooze. An 11‐m‐long sediment core taken near the dredge site shows increasing hydrothermal alteration with depth; anhydrite‐filled fractures near the base of the core appear to be channels for hydrothermal discharge. Oxidation of the sulfide‐rich samples to an assemblage of geothite, lepidocrocite, and amorphous Fe oxyhydroxide is ubiquitous. Compared to other massive sulfide deposits on sediment‐starved oceanic ridges, the hydrothermal deposit dredged in Guaymas Basin has a high pyrrhotite/pyrite ratio, a low Zn sulfide and combined ore metal (Cu + Zn + Pb + Ag + Cd) content, and a greater abundance of sulfate, carbonate, and silicate phases. Venting hydrothermal solutions are alkaline with moderately high pH; high Ca, Ba, and SiO2 content; low ƒS2 and ƒo2; and very low transition metal content. Disequilibrium assemblages of pyrrhotite and sulfate minerals form during rapid mixing of this evolved vent fluid with ambient bottom waters at the discharge site. Talc is formed at a temperature near 270°C by mixing or entrainment of Mg‐rich bottom water or pore fluid with upwelling hydrothermal fluid that is saturated with silica. Calcite may precipitate from the alkaline, Ca‐rich fluid during degassing of CO2. The minimum temperature range for sulfide and nonsulfide deposition is approximately 190°–326°C. The composition of hydrothermal deposits, vent solutions, and altered sediment requires that circulating fluids evolve during deep penetration into the basaltic basement complex, further interaction with the organic‐and carbonate‐rich sediment pile, and near‐surface mixing with ambient seawater. Although the stable assemblage albite‐epidote‐clinochlore present at depth in the sediment pile requires very low dissolved Mg and Fe in the altering fluid, the addition of Mg to deeply buried sediment indicates significant recharge of the system by Guaymas Basin bottom water.

","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/JB090iB08p06695","usgsCitation":"Koski, R.A., Lonsdale, P.F., Shanks, W.C., Berndt, M., and Howe, S.S., 1985, Mineralogy and geochemistry of a sediment‐hosted hydrothermal sulfide deposit from the Southern Trough of Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 90, no. B8, p. 6695-6707, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB090iB08p06695.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"6695","endPage":"6707","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":374842,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Mexico","otherGeospatial":"Southern Trough of Guaymas Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -112.1484375,\n 26.33280692289788\n ],\n [\n -110.41259765625,\n 26.33280692289788\n ],\n [\n -110.41259765625,\n 28.323724553546015\n ],\n [\n -112.1484375,\n 28.323724553546015\n ],\n [\n -112.1484375,\n 26.33280692289788\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"90","issue":"B8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Koski, Randolph A. rkoski@usgs.gov","contributorId":2949,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koski","given":"Randolph","email":"rkoski@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":789213,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lonsdale, P. F.","contributorId":101258,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lonsdale","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":789214,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Shanks, Wayne C","contributorId":194073,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Shanks","given":"Wayne","email":"","middleInitial":"C","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":789215,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Berndt, M.E.","contributorId":78487,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berndt","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":789216,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Howe, S. S.","contributorId":103293,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howe","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":789217,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70210054,"text":"70210054 - 1985 - Fluorine in Colorado oil shale","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-13T13:02:37.900549","indexId":"70210054","displayToPublicDate":"1985-05-12T12:42:28","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Fluorine in Colorado oil shale","docAbstract":"

Oil shale from the lower part of the Eocene Green River Formation in the Piceance Creek Basin, Colorado, averages 0.13 weight percent fluorine, which is about twice that found in common shales, but is the same as the average amount found in some oil shales from other parts of the world. Some fluorine may reside in fluorapatite; however, limited data suggest that cryolite may be quantitatively more important. Analysis of 913 samples from two core holes that penetrate the lower 375 m of the oil-shale deposits found fluorine to range from 0.001 to 2.2 weight percent; about 90 percent of the samples con tain between 0.001 and 0.20 weight percent fluorine. The analyzed sequence consists of mostly nahcolitebearing dolomitic oil shale, except for the lower 55-75 m, which consists of illitic oil shale. The fluorine content of much of the nahcolitic oil shale is somewhat lower, and much more variable from sample to sample, than that of the underlying illitic oil shale. Vertical profiles of the fluo rine content for the two core holes through the same stratigraphic interval are essentially dissimilar. The abundance of fluorine seems unrelated to shaleoil content, except in the R-5 zone and near the base of nahcolite-bearing oil shale where there is a moderate positive association. Fluorine and phos phorus abundances show mostly little or no assoc iation, and only moderate positive association in some scattered samples.

","largerWorkType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"largerWorkTitle":"Eighteenth Oil Shale symposium ","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"conferenceTitle":"Eighteenth Oil Shale symposium ","conferenceDate":"April 22-24,1985","conferenceLocation":"Grand Junction, Colorado","language":"English","publisher":"Colorado School of Mines","usgsCitation":"Dyni, J.R., 1985, Fluorine in Colorado oil shale, in Eighteenth Oil Shale symposium , v. 18, Grand Junction, Colorado, April 22-24,1985, p. 9-20.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"9","endPage":"20","costCenters":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":374700,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Piceance Creek Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -108.8690185546875,\n 40.03182061333687\n ],\n [\n -107.60009765625,\n 40.03182061333687\n ],\n [\n -107.60009765625,\n 40.643135583312805\n ],\n [\n -108.8690185546875,\n 40.643135583312805\n ],\n [\n -108.8690185546875,\n 40.03182061333687\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"18","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dyni, John R. jdyni@usgs.gov","contributorId":756,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dyni","given":"John","email":"jdyni@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":788937,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70209850,"text":"70209850 - 1985 - A new isostatic residual gravity map of the conterminous United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-04-30T19:55:38.868523","indexId":"70209850","displayToPublicDate":"1985-04-30T14:44:07","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"A new isostatic residual gravity map of the conterminous United States","docAbstract":"

In order to display more clearly the gravity anomalies caused by bodies of geologic interest in the crust, a new colored isostatic residual gravity map of the conterminous United States has been prepared using the gravity data set compiled for the Gravity Anomaly Map of the United States (SEG, 1982). The isostatic residual map is based on an Airy-Heiskanen model of local compensation, with the surface load requiring compensation being defined by 5-minute topographic and bathymetric data sets. Because topography-related anomalies have been removed to first approximation, the resulting isostatic residual map highlights density contrasts associated with geologic bodies in the crust. For example, the 2000 km-long gravity high that follows the Appalachian orogenic belt is delineated along its entire length without the topographic overprint characteristic of Bouguer maps. For purposes of displaying gravity anomalies caused by shallow bodies of geologic significance, the nature of the isostatic model and the values of its parameters are of lesser importance than the application of an isostatic correction of some sort. Most isostatic models will result in residual maps which appear very similar in their main patterns and features. Anomalies on isostatic residual gravity maps should not be casually interpreted in terms of \"undercompensation\" or \"overcompensation\" because large amplitude anomalies can be produced by crustal bodies in complete local isostatic equilibrium.

","conferenceTitle":"55th Annual International SEG Meeting","conferenceDate":"October 6-10, 1985","conferenceLocation":"Washington, DC","language":"English","publisher":"SEG","doi":"10.1190/1.1892727","usgsCitation":"Simpson, R.W., Jachens, R.C., Saltus, R.W., and Blakely, R.J., 1985, A new isostatic residual gravity map of the conterminous United States, 55th Annual International SEG Meeting, v. 4, no. 1, Washington, DC, October 6-10, 1985, p. 197-198, https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1892727.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"197","endPage":"198","costCenters":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":374416,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"4","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Simpson, Robert W. simpson@usgs.gov","contributorId":1053,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simpson","given":"Robert","email":"simpson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":788274,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jachens, Robert C. jachens@usgs.gov","contributorId":1180,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jachens","given":"Robert","email":"jachens@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":788275,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Saltus, Richard W. saltus@usgs.gov","contributorId":777,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saltus","given":"Richard","email":"saltus@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":788276,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Blakely, Richard J. 0000-0003-1701-5236 blakely@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1701-5236","contributorId":1540,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blakely","given":"Richard","email":"blakely@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":662,"text":"Western Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":788277,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70120882,"text":"70120882 - 1985 - Population dynamics of Yellowstone grizzly bears","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-25T12:59:31","indexId":"70120882","displayToPublicDate":"1985-04-01T11:11:58","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1465,"text":"Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Population dynamics of Yellowstone grizzly bears","docAbstract":"

Data on the population of grizzly bears in the environs of Yellowstone National Park suggest that the population has not recovered from the reductions following closure of garbage dumps in 1970 and 1971, and may continue to decline. A computer simulation model indicates that the risk of extirpation over the next 30 yr is small, if the present population parameters continue to prevail. A review and further analysis of the available data brings out the importance of enhancing adult female survival if the population is to recover, and assesses various research needs. In particular, a reliable index of population trend is needed to augment available data on the population.

","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Brooklyn Botanic Garden","publisherLocation":"Brooklyn, NY","doi":"10.2307/1940382","usgsCitation":"Knight, R.R., and Eberhardt, L., 1985, Population dynamics of Yellowstone grizzly bears: Ecology, v. 66, no. 2, p. 323-334, https://doi.org/10.2307/1940382.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"323","endPage":"334","numberOfPages":"12","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":292408,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":292407,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1940382"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho, Montana, Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Yellowstone National Park","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -111.156,44.1324 ], [ -111.156,45.109 ], [ -109.8242,45.109 ], [ -109.8242,44.1324 ], [ -111.156,44.1324 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"66","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53f25feae4b0333418718945","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Knight, Richard R.","contributorId":68660,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knight","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498539,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Eberhardt, L.L.","contributorId":72313,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eberhardt","given":"L.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498540,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70012848,"text":"70012848 - 1985 - Storm-induced response of a nearshore-bar system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-10-18T15:36:22.39189","indexId":"70012848","displayToPublicDate":"1985-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Storm-induced response of a nearshore-bar system","docAbstract":"

A nearshore-bar system was surveyed periodically through a storm and the following recovery period. The data showed a very rapid response of morphology to changing wave conditions and allowed various models on bar formation to be tested.

Under low-energy conditions prior to the storm a small bar was surveyed 13 m offshore. Both the high reflectivity of the beach and the cross-shore distance to the bar are consistent with a model of sediment convergence at the node or antinode of a standing wave of incident period. Such a small-scale bar may be a common feature on beaches with steep foreshores and more gentle offshore slopes.

With the increase in wave height during the storm, the bar became better developed and migrated offshore at rates up to 2.2 m h−1. The bar maintained its form in that the ratio of trough depth to crest depth (hthc\">hthc) remained roughly constant. The bar was in no way related to processes which would cause the convergence of sediment in the breaker zone; through most of the storm the bar-crest distance offshore was typically only 10% of the surf-zone width. Analysis of the bar distance offshore in terms of a standing wave motion showed that the causative wave period must have been much longer than that of incident waves, probably on the order of a minute. Surf-zone wave data showed significant energy in the infragravity band at these periods although no definite link has been made.

After the height of the storm, the bar had a crescentic morphology. The development of this morphology occurred very rapidly with parts of the bar migrating onshore at rates up to 1.2 m h−1. In contrast to the storm, during the recovery period hthc\">hthc varied by nearly a factor of three. Analysis of the offshore and longshore length scales showed the bar to be similar to one which would be generated by a standing mode 1 edge wave of period on the order of one minute.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0025-3227(85)90107-0","usgsCitation":"Sallenger, A.H., Holman, R.A., and Birkemeier, W., 1985, Storm-induced response of a nearshore-bar system: Marine Geology, v. 64, no. 3-4, p. 237-257, https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(85)90107-0.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"237","endPage":"257","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222276,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"64","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9880e4b08c986b31c06e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sallenger, Asbury H Jr.","contributorId":21091,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sallenger","given":"Asbury","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"H","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364663,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Holman, Robert A.","contributorId":37896,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Holman","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":6680,"text":"Oregon State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":364665,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Birkemeier, W.A.","contributorId":8997,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Birkemeier","given":"W.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364664,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5222031,"text":"5222031 - 1985 - Density-production characteristics of box-nesting wood ducks in a northern greentree impoundment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-11-06T17:00:14.379389","indexId":"5222031","displayToPublicDate":"1985-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Density-production characteristics of box-nesting wood ducks in a northern greentree impoundment","docAbstract":"

Nesting wood ducks (Aix sponsa) were studied for 7 years (1973-79) following placement of nest boxes within a 250-ha experimental greentree impoundment located at the Montezuma National Wildlife Refuge in central New York. Wood ducks filled available nesting space in the 3rd year of the study. As nesting space became saturated, density strife was reflected in dump nesting, nest desertion, and reduced hatchability. By the 5th year of study, nesting interference had reduced nesting efficiency to 22%. Discontinued flooding of the impoundment during the last 2 years of the study reduced the density of breeding pairs and restored nesting efficiency to 50 and 60%, respectively. Egg pecking by northern flickers (Colaptes auratus) increased as the study progressed and contributed to nest desertion. Dump nesting contributed efficiently to production under low density breeding conditions and permitted greater use of nest sites with a moderate but progressive decline in nesting efficiency as the population expanded. Total nest starts correlated negatively with nesting efficiency (r = -0.75, P < 0.05) and positively with the number of dump nests (r = +0.96, P< 0.01), number of deserted dump nests (r = +0.77, P< 0.05), and number of ducklings left in nest boxes (r = +0.77, P < 0.05). Mark-recapture estimates of day-old duckling production showed a sharp increase in production from tree cavities from 1973 to 1974, a probable result of a rapidly expanding nesting population and removal of raccoons (Procyon lotor) from the study area.

","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3801547","usgsCitation":"Haramis, G., and Thompson, D., 1985, Density-production characteristics of box-nesting wood ducks in a northern greentree impoundment: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 49, no. 2, p. 429-436, https://doi.org/10.2307/3801547.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"429","endPage":"436","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":196483,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","otherGeospatial":"Montezuma National Wildlife Refuge","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76.83024898400049,\n 43.03566932645634\n ],\n [\n -76.83024898400049,\n 42.955003247362725\n ],\n [\n -76.72566203353658,\n 42.955003247362725\n ],\n [\n -76.72566203353658,\n 43.03566932645634\n ],\n [\n -76.83024898400049,\n 43.03566932645634\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"49","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab2e4b07f02db66eb20","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Haramis, G.M.","contributorId":101212,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haramis","given":"G.M.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":335320,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thompson, D.Q.","contributorId":50991,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"D.Q.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335319,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70226903,"text":"70226903 - 1985 - A constitutive equation for mass-movement behavior","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-20T20:26:15.029186","indexId":"70226903","displayToPublicDate":"1985-03-01T14:22:02","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2309,"text":"Journal of Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A constitutive equation for mass-movement behavior","docAbstract":"

A phenomenological constitutive equation can serve as a basis for modeling and classifying mass-movement processes. The equation is derived using the principles of continuum mechanics and several simplifying assumptions about mass-movement behavior. These assumptions represent idealizations of field behavior, but they appear highly justifiable in light of the geomorphological insight that can be gained through modeling application of a mathematically tractable constitutive equation. The equation represents coupled pressure-dependent plastic yield and nonlinear viscous flow deformation components. The plastic yield component is a generalization of the Coulomb criterion to three-dimensional stress states, and the effect of pore-water pressures is accounted for by treating normal stresses as effective stresses. The nonlinear viscous flow component is a dimensionally homogeneous form of a three-dimensional power-law equation. Straightforward laboratory and field experiments can be used to estimate all plastic and viscous parameters in the constitutive equation. Reduction of the three-dimensional constitutive equation to two-and one-dimensional forms shows that it embodies, as special cases, many other constitutive models for mass movement. These include models of creeping, slumping, sliding, and flowing types of deformation. The equation may, therefore, serve as a conceptual basis for rheological classification of diverse mass-movement phenomena.

","language":"English","publisher":"University of Chicago Press","doi":"10.1086/628937","usgsCitation":"Iverson, R.M., 1985, A constitutive equation for mass-movement behavior: Journal of Geology, v. 93, no. 2, p. 143-160, https://doi.org/10.1086/628937.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"143","endPage":"160","costCenters":[{"id":157,"text":"Cascades Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":393115,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"93","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Iverson, Richard M. 0000-0002-7369-3819 riverson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7369-3819","contributorId":536,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Iverson","given":"Richard","email":"riverson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":828733,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70120936,"text":"70120936 - 1985 - Effects of flood control alternatives on fish and wildlife resources of the Malheur-Harney lakes basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-18T14:26:41","indexId":"70120936","displayToPublicDate":"1985-03-01T14:15:31","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"seriesNumber":"WELUT-85/W06","title":"Effects of flood control alternatives on fish and wildlife resources of the Malheur-Harney lakes basin","docAbstract":"

Malheur Lake is the largest freshwater marsh in the western contiguous United States and is one of the main management units of the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge in southeastern Oregon. The marsh provides excellent waterfowl production habitat as well as vital migration habitats for birds in the Pacific flyway. Water shortages have typically been a problem in this semiarid area; however, record snowfalls and cool summers have recently caused Malheur Lake to rise to its highest level in recorded history. This has resulted in the loss of approximately 57,000 acres of important wildlife habitat as well as extensive flooding of local ranches, roads, and railroad lines. Because of the importance of the Refuge, any water management plan for the Malheur-Harney Lakes Basin needs to consider the impact of management alternatives on the hydrology of Malheur Lake.

\n
\n

The facilitated modeling workshop described in this report was conducted January 14-18, 1985, under the joint sponsorship of the Portland Ecological Services Field Office and the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge, Region 1, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS). The Portland Field Office is responsible for FWS reporting requirements on Federal water resource projects while the Refuge staff has management responsibility for much of the land affected by high water levels in the Malheur-Harney Lakes Basin. The primary objective of the workshop was to begin gathering and analyzing information concerning potential fish and wildlife impacts, needs, and opportunities associated with proposed U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (COE) flood control alternatives for Malheur Lake. The workshop was structured around the formulation of a computer model that would simulate the hydrologic effects of the various alternatives and any concommitant changes in vegetation communities and wildlife use patterns.

\n
\n

The simulation model is composed of three connected submodels. The Hydrology submodel calculates changes in lake volume, elevation, and surface area, as well as changes in water quality, that result from the proposed water management projects (upstream storage, upstream diversions, drainage canals) and the no action alternative. The Vegetation submodel determines associated changes in the areal extent of wetland and upland vegetation communities. Finally, the Wildlife submodel calculates indices of abundance or habitat suitability for colonial nesting birds (great egret, double-crested cormorant, white-faced ibis), greater sandhill crane, diving ducks, tundra swan, dabbling ducks, and Canada goose based on hydrologic and vegetation conditions. The model represents the Malheur-Harney Lakes Basin, but provides water quantity and quality indicators associated with additional flows that might occur in the Malheur River Basin. Several management scenarios, representing various flood control alternatives and assumptions concerning future runoff, were run to analyze model behavior. Scenario results are not intended as an analysis of all potential management actions or assumptions concerning future runoff. Rather, they demonstrate the type of analysis that could be conducted if the model was sufficiently refined and tested.

\n
\n

Early in a model development project, the process of building the model is usually of greater benefit than the model itself. The model building process stimulates interaction among agencies, assists in integrating existing information, and helps identify research needs. These benefits usually accrue even in the absence of real predictive power in the resulting model. This workshop initiated interaction among the primary State and Federal resource and development agencies in a nonadversarial forum. The exchange of information and expertise among agencies provided the FWS with the best information currently available for use in the Planning Aid Letter it will develop at the Reconnaissance state of the COE study. If the COE subsequently initiates a Feasability Study, this information will be refined further and will aid the FWS in preparing its Coordination Act Report on any flood control alternative proposed by the COE.

\n
\n

The model building and testing process also helped identify model limitations and more general information needs that should be evaluated for further study prior to preparation of an FWS Coordination Act Report. Major needs associated with the Hydrology submodel include a more detailed representation of hydrologic units (separately consider Harney Lake, Mud Lake, and Malheur Lake or the three hydrological units within Malheur Lake, rather than a combined lake system) and explicitly representation of groundwater storage and discharge in water budget calculations. A better representation of the hydrological units will require more detailed topographic data for the basin, capacity-elevation and elevation-surface area curves for each unit, and better water flow data between the units. Additional water quality parameters and constraints on proposed canal operation due to conditions in the Malheur River might also be added. Key Vegetation submodel needs include fine-tuning existing vegetation relationships in the model and adding relationships to address the influence of historical conditions on vegetation development, effects of very rapid changes in lake level, effects of wildlife populations (e.g., carp, muskrat), responses of vegetation to habitat management actions (e.g, haying, grazing, burning), and better representation of sago pondweed dynamics. A complementary geographic information system might also be developed for spatial analyses. Major needs that should be evaluated for the Wildlife submodel include addition of other wildlife species that have important effects on habitat on the Refuge (e.g., carp, muskrat) and consideration of additional life-cycle requisites and controlling variable for species presently in the model. Some of these limitations could perhaps be overcome if historical data on habitat conditions were developed to use with historical data on wildlife populations.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Western Energy and Land Use Team","publisherLocation":"Fort Collins, CO","usgsCitation":"Hamilton, D.B., Auble, G.T., Ellison, R.A., and Roelle, J.E., 1985, Effects of flood control alternatives on fish and wildlife resources of the Malheur-Harney lakes basin, 51 p.","productDescription":"51 p.","numberOfPages":"51","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":292467,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Malheur Lake","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -118.974578,43.253095 ], [ -118.974578,43.415232 ], [ -118.629841,43.415232 ], [ -118.629841,43.253095 ], [ -118.974578,43.253095 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53f25fe1e4b033341871890d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hamilton, David B. hamiltond@usgs.gov","contributorId":193,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hamilton","given":"David","email":"hamiltond@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":498647,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Auble, Gregor T. 0000-0002-0843-2751 aubleg@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0843-2751","contributorId":2187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Auble","given":"Gregor","email":"aubleg@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":498648,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ellison, Richard A.","contributorId":19087,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellison","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498650,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Roelle, James E. roelleb@usgs.gov","contributorId":2330,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roelle","given":"James","email":"roelleb@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":498649,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70120900,"text":"70120900 - 1985 - Effects of flow alterations on trout, angling, and recreation in the Chattahoochee River between Buford Dam and Peachtree Creek","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-18T12:01:45","indexId":"70120900","displayToPublicDate":"1985-03-01T11:56:51","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"title":"Effects of flow alterations on trout, angling, and recreation in the Chattahoochee River between Buford Dam and Peachtree Creek","docAbstract":"

In 1974 county governments in the Atlanta vicinity realized that \ndemands on the Chattahoochee River for water supply plus the streamflow \nrequired for water quality nearly equaled the minimum flow in the river. \nIncreased demands for water supply in the following years could not be \nsupplied under the then existing flow regime in the river. In response \nto the anticipated shortage of water, the Atlanta Regional Commission, a \nmulticounty agency responsible for comprehensive regional planning in \nthe Atlanta region, was contracted to prepare water demand projections \nto the year 2010 and identify alternatives for meeting projected water \ndemands. The results of this study are published in an extensive final \nreport, the Metropolitan Atlanta Area Water Resources Management Study \n(1981). Requests for copies should be directed to the District \nEngineer, Savannah District.

\n
\n

Many of the identified alternatives to increase future water supply \nfor the Atlanta area would result in modifications to the present flow \nregime within the Chattahoochee River between Buford Dam (river mile \n348.3) and its confluence with Peachtree Creek (river mile 300.5). The \npresent preferred alternative is construction of a reregulation dam at \nabout river mile 342. The proposed reregulation dam would release a \nmuch more constant flow than the peaking flows presently released from \nBuford Dam (generally, a maximum release of approximately 9000 cfs or \nminimum release of about 550 cfs) by storing the generation releases \nfrom Buford Dam for gradual release during non-generation periods. The anticipated minimum release from the rereg dam would he approximately \n1U5U cfs (based on contractual obligations to the Southeast Power \nAdministration to supply a minimum of 11 hours of peaking power per week \nfrom Buford Dam). The average annual release from the proposed \nreregulation dam into the Chattahoochee River would be approximately \n2000 cfs (based on USGS flow records) and the median release would he \napproximately 1500 cfs (value obtained from Savannah District). The \nproposed reregulation dam would have sufficient storage to provide some \nopportunity for flow management to optimize uses other than water supply \nand water quality.

\n
\n

Flow modifications (and resultant water quality changes) within \nthis reach of the Chattahoochee River to meet increased demands for \nwater supply may have an effect on other beneficial uses of this \nimportant natural resource. In addition to supplying a significant \nproportion of the water supply for metropolitan Atlanta and providing \nfor water quality, the Chattahoochee River also is used extensively for \nrecreation and supports a valuable trout fishery. Altered flows in the \nchannel to meet water supply needs may have an impact on river \nrecreation and trout habitat.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station","publisherLocation":"Vicksburg, MS","usgsCitation":"Nestler, J.M., Milhouse, R.T., Troxel, J., and Fritschen, J.A., 1985, Effects of flow alterations on trout, angling, and recreation in the Chattahoochee River between Buford Dam and Peachtree Creek, 322 p.","productDescription":"322 p.","numberOfPages":"322","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":292424,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia","city":"Atlanta","otherGeospatial":"Chattahoochee River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -85.1923,33.059 ], [ -85.1923,34.7307 ], [ -83.6154,34.7307 ], [ -83.6154,33.059 ], [ -85.1923,33.059 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53f25fe2e4b033341871890f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nestler, John M.","contributorId":55754,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nestler","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498580,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Milhouse, Robert T.","contributorId":68233,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Milhouse","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498581,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Troxel, Jay","contributorId":41758,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Troxel","given":"Jay","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498579,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fritschen, Janet A.","contributorId":88661,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fritschen","given":"Janet","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498582,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70208670,"text":"70208670 - 1985 - Mid-Atlantic Ridge coccolith and silicoflagellate biostratigraphy, Deep Sea Drilling Project Sites 558 and 563.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-24T12:48:32","indexId":"70208670","displayToPublicDate":"1985-02-24T12:33:38","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1996,"text":"Initial Reports of the D.S.D.P.","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mid-Atlantic Ridge coccolith and silicoflagellate biostratigraphy, Deep Sea Drilling Project Sites 558 and 563.","docAbstract":"

Low-latitude coccolith zonation can be used for biostratigraphy at Mid-Atlantic Ridge sites DSDP 558 (lat. 38°N) and DSDP 563 (lat. 34°N). The low-latitude zonal sequence from lower Oligocene to Holocene is interrupted by coolwater assemblages in upper middle Miocene and by hiatuses that removed the lower Pliocene and part of the upper Pliocene. A gap in the range of zonal guide fossil Discoaster druggii in the lower Miocene, also identified in other ocean basins, occurs at both DSDP 558 and 563. Coccoliths are abundant and moderately overgrown at both sites. Pentaliths occur in the Oligocene at DSDP 563 but are missing at DSDP 558, probably the result of diagenesis. New taxa of coccoliths identified include Cyclolithellai neoaprica Bukry, n. sp., and Sphenolithus calyculus Bukry, n. sp.

Silicoflagellates are limited to the upper Quaternary at DSDP 558 with warm-water assemblages of the Dictyocha aculeata Zone and possibly the upper Mesocena quadrangula Zone, as indicated by the presence of Dictyocha lingii. A new silicoflagellate species, Distephanus floridus Bukry, n. sp., is described.

","language":"English","publisher":"Texas A&M","doi":"10.2973/dsdp.proc.82.135.1985","usgsCitation":"Bukry, D., 1985, Mid-Atlantic Ridge coccolith and silicoflagellate biostratigraphy, Deep Sea Drilling Project Sites 558 and 563.: Initial Reports of the D.S.D.P., v. 82, p. 591-603, https://doi.org/10.2973/dsdp.proc.82.135.1985.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"591","endPage":"603","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488897,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"http://doi.org/10.2973/dsdp.proc.82.135.1985","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":372564,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"82","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bukry, David 0000-0003-4540-890X dbukry@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4540-890X","contributorId":3550,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bukry","given":"David","email":"dbukry@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":782955,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70121028,"text":"70121028 - 1985 - Environmental systems and management activities on the Kennedy Space Center, Merritt Island, Florida: results of a modeling workshop","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-19T10:26:37","indexId":"70121028","displayToPublicDate":"1985-02-01T09:53:42","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"seriesNumber":"WELUT-85/W05","title":"Environmental systems and management activities on the Kennedy Space Center, Merritt Island, Florida: results of a modeling workshop","docAbstract":"

In the early 1960's, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) began purchasing 140,000 acres on Merritt Island, Florida, in order to develop a center for space exploration. Most of this land was acquired to provide a safety and security buffer around NASA facilities. NASA, as the managing agency for the Kennedy Space Center (KSC), is responsible for preventing or controlling environmental pollution from the Federal facilities and activities at the Space Center and is committed to use all practicable means to protect and enhance the quality of the surrounding environment. The Merritt Island National Wildlife Refuge was established in 1963 when management authority for undeveloped lands at KSC was transferred to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

\n
\n

In addition to manage for 11 Federally-listed threatened and endangered species and other resident and migratory fish and wildlife populations, the Refuge has comanagement responsibility for 19,000 acres of mosquito control impoundments and 2,500 acres of citrus groves. The Canaveral National Seashore was developed in 1975 when management of a portion of the coastal lands was transferred from NASA to the National Park Service. This multiagency jurisdiction on Merritt Island has resulted in a complex management environment.

\n
\n

The modeling workshop described in this report was conducted May 21-25, 1984, at the Kennedy Space Center to: (1) enhance communication among the agencies with management responsibilities on Merritt Island; (2) integrate available information concerning the development, management, and ecology of Merritt Island; and (3) identify key research and monitoring needs associated with the management and use of the island's resources. The workshop was structured around the formulation of a model that would simulate primary management and use activities on Merritt Island and their effects on upland, impoundment, and estuarine vegetation and associated wildlife.

\n
\n

The simulation model is composed of four connected submodels. The Uplands submodel calculates changes in acres and structural components of vegetation communities resulting from succession, fire, facilities development, and shuttle launch depositions, as well as the quantity and quality of surface runoff and aquifer input to an impoundment and an estuary. The Impoundment submodel next determines water quality and quantity and changes in vegetation resulting from water level manipulation and prescribed burning. The Estuary submodel than determines water quality parameters and acres of seagrass beds. Finally, the Wildlife submodel calculates habitat suitability indices for key species of interest, based on vegetation conditions in the uplands and impoundments and on several hydrologic parameters. The model represents a hypothetical management unit with 2,500 acres of uplands, a 600-acre impoundment, and a 1,500-acre section of estuary. Two management scenarios were run to analyze model behavior. The scenarios differ in the frequency of shuttle launches and prescribed burning, the extent of facilities development, the amount of land disposed waste material applied, and the nature and timing of impoundment water level control.

\n
\n

Early in a model development project, the process of building the model is usually of greater benefit than the model itself. The model building process stimulates interaction among agencies, assists in integrating existing information, and helps identify research needs. These benefits usually accrue even in the absence of real predictive power in the resulting model. Open communication occurs among the Federal, State, and local agencies involved with activities on Merritt Island and the agencies have a cooperative working relationship. The workshop provided an opportunity for all of these agencies to meet at one time and have focused discussions on the key environmental and multiagency resource management issues. The workshop framework helped to integrate information and assumptions from a number of disciplines and agencies. This integration occurred in the computer simulation model and among workshop participants as submodel linkages were developed and scenario results discussed.

\n
\n

A number of research needs were identified at the workshop during the model building and testing exercises and associated discussions. These needs were based on the informed judgement of researchers and managers familiar with Merritt Island or similar areas, rather than on a comprehensive literature review of sensitivity analysis of the preliminary model developed at the workshop. Some of the needs can be addressed by interpreting the results of completed studies from similar geographic areas as they relate to Merritt Island, while other will require additional research studies on Merritt Island. Major research needs associated with the Upland submodel include behavior of the near-surface aquifer, factors limiting slash pine regeneration, frequency and effects of natural fire on various cover types, cumulative effects of shuttle launches, and fate in upland soils of nitrogen and phosphorous from land applied waste material. Key Impoundment submodel needs include documentation of vegetation changes in response to altered water depth, salinity, and nutrient concentrations and better specification of the functional characteristics of impoundments as chemical filters. Important information gaps identified in the Estuary submodel include a more complete analysis of factors contributing to phytoplankton abundance, evaluation of sources of turbidity other than phytoplankton, and identification and quantification of factors limiting seagrass distribution. Primary research needs associated with the Wildlife submodel include a survey of breeding habitat, production data, and harvest data for mottled ducks; data on the emigration and immigration of juvenile mullet (and other transient fish) in the impoundment; the contribution of various seagrasses to habitat requirements of sea trout; and the effects of dissolved oxygen on survival of juvenile sea trout.

\n
\n

Ideally, the modeling workshop process is iterative in nature. Periods between workshops are used for research, data collection, and model refinement. Each workshop integrates information collected since the last workshop and produces a more credible model that is more useful in evaluating management alternatives. Participants felt that continued application of this process would help provide ongoing integration and communication among agencies and would allow each agency's planning and management activities to be viewed within the context of an overall assessment.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Western Energy and Land Use Team","publisherLocation":"Fort Collins, CO","usgsCitation":"Hamilton, D.B., Andrews, A.K., Auble, G.T., Ellison, R.A., Farmer, A.H., and Roelle, J.E., 1985, Environmental systems and management activities on the Kennedy Space Center, Merritt Island, Florida: results of a modeling workshop, 130 p.","productDescription":"130 p.","numberOfPages":"130","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":292522,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53f464cae4b073ff773a7cfe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hamilton, David B. hamiltond@usgs.gov","contributorId":193,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hamilton","given":"David","email":"hamiltond@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":498689,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Andrews, Austin K.","contributorId":85516,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andrews","given":"Austin","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498693,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Auble, Gregor T. 0000-0002-0843-2751 aubleg@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0843-2751","contributorId":2187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Auble","given":"Gregor","email":"aubleg@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":498690,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ellison, Richard A.","contributorId":19087,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellison","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498692,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Farmer, Adrian H.","contributorId":107759,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farmer","given":"Adrian","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498694,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Roelle, James E. roelleb@usgs.gov","contributorId":2330,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roelle","given":"James","email":"roelleb@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":498691,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70121024,"text":"70121024 - 1985 - Problems in estimating age-specific survival rates from recovery data of birds ringed as young","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-19T09:43:41","indexId":"70121024","displayToPublicDate":"1985-02-01T09:33:42","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2158,"text":"Journal of Animal Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Problems in estimating age-specific survival rates from recovery data of birds ringed as young","docAbstract":"

(1) The life table model is frequently employed in the analysis of ringer samples of young in bird populations. The basic model is biologically unrealistic and of little use in making inferences concerning age-specific survival probabilities.

\n
\n

(2) This model rests on a number of restrictive assumptions, the failure of which causes serious biases. Several important assumptions are not met with real data and the estimators of age-specific survival are not robust enough to these failures.

\n
\n

(3) Five major problems in the use of the life table method are reviewed. Examples are provided to illustrate several of the problems involved in using this method in making inferences about survival rates and its age-specific nature.

\n
\n

(4) We conclude that this is an invalid procedure and it should not be used. Furthermore, ringing studies involving only young birds are pointless as regards survival estimation because no valid method exists for estimating age-specific or time-specific survival rates from such data.

\n
\n

(5) In our view, inferences about age-specific survival rates are possible only if both young and adult (or young, subadult and adult) age classes are ringed each year for k years (k ≥ 2).

","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Animal Ecology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"British Ecological Society","publisherLocation":"Cambridge","doi":"10.2307/4622","usgsCitation":"Anderson, D., Burnham, K.P., and White, G.C., 1985, Problems in estimating age-specific survival rates from recovery data of birds ringed as young: Journal of Animal Ecology, v. 54, no. 1, p. 89-98, https://doi.org/10.2307/4622.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"89","endPage":"98","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":292507,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":292506,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4622"}],"volume":"54","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53f464cee4b073ff773a7d50","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anderson, David R.","contributorId":8413,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"David R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498682,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burnham, Kenneth P.","contributorId":95025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burnham","given":"Kenneth","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":189,"text":"Colorado Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":498684,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"White, Gary C.","contributorId":26256,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498683,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70012262,"text":"70012262 - 1985 - Geologic evidence for recurrent moderate to large earthquakes near Charleston, South Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-29T16:51:38.37726","indexId":"70012262","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-25T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geologic evidence for recurrent moderate to large earthquakes near Charleston, South Carolina","docAbstract":"Multiple generations of earthquake-induced sand blows in Quaternary sediments and soils near Charleston, South Carolina, are evidence of recurrent moderate to large earthquakes in that area. The large 1886 earthquake, the only historic earthquake known to have produced sand blows at Charleston, probably caused the youngest observed blows. Older (late Quaternary) sand blows in the Charleston area indicate at least two prehistoric earthquakes with shaking severities comparable to the 1886 event.","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.227.4685.408","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Obermeier, S.F., Gohn, G., Weems, R.E., Gelinas, R.L., and Rubin, M., 1985, Geologic evidence for recurrent moderate to large earthquakes near Charleston, South Carolina: Science, v. 227, no. 4685, p. 408-411, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.227.4685.408.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"408","endPage":"411","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222126,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"South Carolina","city":"Charleston","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -80.23766840980811,\n 33.05374758564791\n ],\n [\n -80.23766840980811,\n 32.64023784340705\n ],\n [\n -79.68626154183539,\n 32.64023784340705\n ],\n [\n -79.68626154183539,\n 33.05374758564791\n ],\n [\n -80.23766840980811,\n 33.05374758564791\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"227","issue":"4685","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a195be4b0c8380cd55970","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Obermeier, Stephen F.","contributorId":102482,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Obermeier","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363120,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gohn, Gregory 0000-0003-2000-479X ggohn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2000-479X","contributorId":219822,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gohn","given":"Gregory","email":"ggohn@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":363121,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Weems, Robert E. 0000-0002-1907-7804 rweems@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1907-7804","contributorId":2663,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weems","given":"Robert","email":"rweems@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":363122,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gelinas, R. L.","contributorId":95059,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gelinas","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363124,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Rubin, Meyer","contributorId":107283,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rubin","given":"Meyer","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363123,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70013136,"text":"70013136 - 1985 - Speciation and stasis in marine Ostracoda: Climatic modulation of evolution","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-29T16:55:43.876111","indexId":"70013136","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-04T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Speciation and stasis in marine Ostracoda: Climatic modulation of evolution","docAbstract":"

Morphologic and paleozoogeographic analysis of Cenozoic marine Ostracoda from the Atlantic, Caribbean, and Pacific indicates that climatic change modulates evolution by disrupting long-term stasis and catalyzing speciation during sustained, unidirectional climatic transitions and, conversely, by maintaining morphologic stasis during rapid, high-frequency climatic oscillations. In the middle Pliocene, 4 to 3 million years ago, at least six new species of Puriana suddenly appeared as the Isthmus of Panama closed, changing oceanographic circulation and global climate. Since then morphologic stasis has characterized ancestral and descendant species during many glacial-interglacial cycles. The frequency and duration of climatic events have more impact on ostracode evolution than the magnitude of climatic changes.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.227.4682.60","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Cronin, T.M., 1985, Speciation and stasis in marine Ostracoda: Climatic modulation of evolution: Science, v. 227, no. 4682, p. 60-63, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.227.4682.60.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"60","endPage":"63","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220407,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"227","issue":"4682","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b94e9e4b08c986b31acb5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cronin, Thomas M. 0000-0001-9522-3992 tcronin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9522-3992","contributorId":304640,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cronin","given":"Thomas","email":"tcronin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":365373,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70168848,"text":"70168848 - 1985 - Water resources of north-central Iowa","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-29T20:23:27.606703","indexId":"70168848","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T16:45:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5106,"text":"Iowa Geological Survey Water Atlas","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":2}},"seriesNumber":"7","title":"Water resources of north-central Iowa","docAbstract":"

One of man's fundamental needs is water.  Modern man needs both a safe and dependable supply of water to maintain his present economic, industrial, and cultural level.  In order to use this natural resource in the most efficient and beneficial manner, a basic knowledge and understanding of water sources, and of the occurrence and potential of each source, needs to be gained.  To provide this information, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Iowa Geological Survey, has compiled this atlas.  It describes the water resources available for development in an 11-county area in north-central Iowa. The report contains information on the quantity, quality, and use of water from all known sources of water.  This information is presented to aid water users and developers who are searching for and evaluating sources of water for specific sites.  It also will be an aid to water planners and managers who must develop the available water resources on a regional basis.

","language":"English","publisher":"State of Iowa","publisherLocation":"Iowa City, IA","collaboration":"Prepared by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the Iowa Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Buchmiller, R., Gaillot, G., and Soenksen, P.J., 1985, Water resources of north-central Iowa: Iowa Geological Survey Water Atlas 7, xi, 93 p.","productDescription":"xi, 93 p.","numberOfPages":"103","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":318601,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":493151,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70168848/IGS_Water_Atlas_Number_7.pdf","text":"Report","size":"12.4 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-92.5536,42.9059],[-92.5549,42.8172],[-92.5548,42.7299],[-92.5554,42.6409],[-92.5553,42.555],[-92.6755,42.5558],[-92.7925,42.556],[-92.9101,42.5557],[-93.0284,42.5562],[-93.1473,42.5561],[-93.2637,42.5564],[-93.3819,42.557],[-93.5002,42.557],[-93.6191,42.5565],[-93.7367,42.5568],[-93.8563,42.557],[-93.972,42.5566],[-93.9714,42.6434],[-94.0942,42.6438],[-94.2101,42.6437],[-94.3279,42.6435],[-94.4457,42.644],[-94.4456,42.7304],[-94.4456,42.8181],[-94.4456,42.9068],[-94.4449,42.9932],[-94.4448,43.0823],[-94.4441,43.1688],[-94.4434,43.2557],[-94.4428,43.3448],[-94.4421,43.4336],[-94.4412,43.5035],[-94.2487,43.504],[-94.0783,43.5043],[-93.9691,43.5044],[-93.6782,43.5047],[-93.6485,43.5045],[-93.4964,43.504],[-93.2844,43.5032],[-93.0502,43.5034],[-93.0238,43.5035],[-92.8805,43.5033],[-92.553,43.5027],[-92.554,43.4304],[-92.5545,43.343],[-92.5545,43.2561],[-92.5544,43.2129],[-92.5538,43.1688],[-92.5543,43.0828],[-92.5543,42.9928],[-92.5536,42.9059]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Butler\",\"state\":\"IA\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56dabff9e4b015c306f84d39","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Buchmiller, Robert","contributorId":82742,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buchmiller","given":"Robert","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":621984,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gaillot, Gary","contributorId":167361,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gaillot","given":"Gary","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":621985,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Soenksen, P. J.","contributorId":71575,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Soenksen","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":621986,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70114204,"text":"70114204 - 1985 - Hydrogeology, digital solute-transport simulation, and geochemistry of the Lower Cretaceous aquifer system near Baltimore, Maryland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-08T15:11:45","indexId":"70114204","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T13:01:54","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":121,"text":"Maryland Geological Survey Report of Investigations","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":2}},"seriesNumber":"43","title":"Hydrogeology, digital solute-transport simulation, and geochemistry of the Lower Cretaceous aquifer system near Baltimore, Maryland","docAbstract":"

This study was made to develop information on the hydrogeology and ground-water geochemistry of the Patuxent and Patapsco aquifers (Lower Cretaceous) near Baltimore, Maryland. This information is needed to evaluate the availability and chemical quality of water from these aquifers.

The Patuxent aquifer unconformably overlies Lower Paleozoic and Precambrian basement rocks and consists primarily of medium- to coarse-grained quartz sand. Discontinuous lenses of gravel and silty clay are commonly interbedded with the sand-sized material. The Patuxent aquifer in this area attains a thickness of 250 feet and transmissivities range from 2,000 to 8,000 feet squared per day. The Patuxent is the most productive source of ground water in the Baltimore area. In 1982, approximately 11 million gallons of water per day was produced from this unit. Several cones of depression, ranging from 30 to 50 feet below sea level, have developed in response to this pumping stress.

The Arundel Formation conformably overlies the Patuxent aquifer. The Arundel is composed predominantly of clay and ranges from 0 to 150 feet thick. The Arundel exhibits very low vertical hydraulic conductivities that are on the order of 10-9 to 10-11 feet per second. This unit acts as the upper confining bed of the Patuxent aquifer in much of the project area. The Patapsco aquifer unconformably overlies the Arundel Formation and is a medium- to fine-grained quartz sand. The Patapsco functions as a water-table aquifer in much of the project area. Although the Patapsco has been heavily pumped in the past, pumpage from that aquifer in Baltimore was negligible in 1982.

Brackish-water contamination of the Patuxent and Patapsco aquifers has been a major water-quality problem since the early 1900's. The Patuxent aquifer presently (1982) contains a circular plume of brackish-water contamination about 5 miles in diameter. This plume is centered on the Harbor district and has enlarged measurably since 1945. The Patapsco aquifer has a smaller zone of brackish-water contamination that has decreased in size since 1945. Borehole data demonstrate that the Arundel Formation has been breached by Pleistocene river channels near the Harbor district. These erosional channels provide a conduit for brackish water to intrude into the Patuxent aquifer. A two-dimensional areal solute-transport model of the Patuxent aquifer was constructed. This model was designed to estimate the future movement of the brackish-water plume based on alternative scenarios of aquifer use. Model simulations suggest that the plume will remain relatively immobile if 1982 pumping patterns continue into the foreseeable future. However, increased pumpage in the Marley Neck peninsula could draw the plume to the southeast and increase contamination of the Fairfield area.

The water quality of the Patuxent aquifer is extremely variable. Because of this variability, it is useful to divide the aquifer into three water-quality zones: Zone 1 -- This zone corresponds to the plume of brackish-water contamination. Zone 2 -- This zone exhibits evidence of urbanization-related contamination such as measurable concentrations of organic chemicals and elevated concentrations of trace elements and total organic carbon. Zone 3 -- Water composition in this zone is controlled exclusively by naturally occurring chemical processes. These processes are dominated by reactions involving dissolved iron. Near the outcrop area, oxidation of pyrite and lignite consumes dissolved oxygen and produces ledges of iron hydroxide-cemented sandstones and conglomerates. The predominant dissolved iron species in oxic water is Fe(OH)2+. Downgradient, the water becomes anoxic and sulfate reduction becomes an important process. The predominant dissolved iron species in anoxic water is Fe2+.

","language":"English","publisher":"Maryland Geological Survey","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the United States Department of the Interior Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Chapelle, F.H., 1985, Hydrogeology, digital solute-transport simulation, and geochemistry of the Lower Cretaceous aquifer system near Baltimore, Maryland: Maryland Geological Survey Report of Investigations 43, Report: vi, 120 p.; 2 Plates: 12.35 x 15.77 inches and 13.82 x 9.30 inches.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 120 p.; 2 Plates: 12.35 x 15.77 inches and 13.82 x 9.30 inches","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":290145,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":290144,"rank":4,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70114204/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"60.51 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":290142,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70114204/plate-1.pdf","text":"Plate 1","size":"699.75 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Plate 1"},{"id":290143,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70114204/plate-2.pdf","text":"Plate 2","size":"369.62 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Plate 2"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maryland","city":"Baltimore","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -76.798553,39.025052 ], [ -76.798553,39.45104 ], [ -76.315842,39.45104 ], [ -76.315842,39.025052 ], [ -76.798553,39.025052 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53aa9df3e4b065055fab166b","contributors":{"compilers":[{"text":"with a section compiled by Kean, Tracey M.","contributorId":16756,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"with a section compiled by Kean","given":"Tracey","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":681410,"contributorType":{"id":3,"text":"Compilers"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Chapelle, Francis H. chapelle@usgs.gov","contributorId":1350,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapelle","given":"Francis","email":"chapelle@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":559,"text":"South Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":495266,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70247994,"text":"70247994 - 1985 - Analysis of gravity data in volcanic terrain and gravity anomalies and subvolcanic intrusions in the Cascade Range, U.S.A., and at other selected volcanoes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-08-30T17:49:46.327196","indexId":"70247994","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T12:35:19","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"28","title":"Analysis of gravity data in volcanic terrain and gravity anomalies and subvolcanic intrusions in the Cascade Range, U.S.A., and at other selected volcanoes","docAbstract":"

Gravity data were investigated to reveal the presence of subvolcanic intrusions. With few exceptions, these intrusions produce a detectable gravity anomaly. In the past, these gravity anomalies have often been overlooked or misinterpreted because the data reduction procedure was inadequate. A pragmatic method for reducing and interpreting reconnaissance gravity data from volcanoes as well as gravity models of a variety of volcanoes is developed.

Large calderas (diameters greater than 15 km) have relatively low-density intrusions beneath them. All other large volcanic systems that would include small calderas (diameters less than 15 km) have relatively high-density intrusions beneath them. The density contrasts that produce the observed anomalies occur between the intrusion, whose density is usually greater than 2.6 g/cm3, and the country rock. Commonly, the shallow country rock is an older volcanic layer with a density less than 2.5 g/cm3. The result of the contrast is a positive anomaly over the intrusion. For larger calderas, the surrounding volcanic layer is usually thin and overlies dense metamorphic and plutonic country rocks. In this case, we find the intrusion commonly less dense than country rock. The result is a negative anomaly.

In modeling volcanoes of the Cascade Range, gravity data and geologic considerations required a bottom on the intrusion. This may be an actual bottom or the depth at which the density contrast between the intrusion and the country rock disappears. The tops of the intrusions are usually shallow and are significantly wider than overlying craters or calderas. Calderas are associated with wider intrusions. Some intrusions are single cooling units, but more commonly they are an accumulation of the unerupted portions of individual magmatic injections. These injections could occur periodically throughout the life of the volcano, and would generally be accompanied by eruption. Comparing the volume of the intrusion and the volume of the volcanic edifice indicates that only a small part of a magma injection erupts, although some of the apparent intrusive material may be reworked older volcanics. Exceptions to the general discussion presented tend to be related to the nature of the country rock.

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