In the winter of 1811-12 a series of three great earthquakes occurred in the New Madrid, Missouri seismic zone in the central United States. In addition to the three principal shocks, at least 15 other earthquakes of intensity VIII or more occurred within a year of the first large earthquake on December 16, 1811. The three main shocks were felt over the entire eastern United States. They were strong enough to cause minor damage cause minor damage as far away as Indiana and Ohio on the north, the Carolinas on the east, and southern Mississippi to the south. They were strong enough to cause severe or structural damage in parts of Missouri, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Tennessee, Mississippi, and Arkansas. A later section in this article describes what happened in the epicentral region. Fortunately, few people lived in the severely shaken area in 1811; that is not the case today. What would happen if a series of earthquakes as large and numerous as the \"New Madrid\" earthquakes were to occur in the New Madrid seismic zone today?
\nThe photographs accompanying this article show some typical structural damage that occurred during various earthquakes in the United States. Structural damage to buildings beings at intensity VIII in the Modified Mercalli intensity scale, a scale used for assigning numbers to earthquake effects. Minor or architectural damage (cracked plaster, windows, and chimneys) occurs at intensities VI and VII, and effects on people and small objects predominate at intensities below VI (earthquake felt, direction and duration noted, dishes broken and so forth).
\nThe first four photographs show damage caused by intensity VIII and above. None of the damage shown in the photographs in this report occurred in earthquakes larger than the 1811-12 New Madrid shocks, and most of the examples are from considerably smaller shocks. The first two photos show damage to masonry buildings, mostly old and unreinforced, none designed to be earthquake resistant. How many such buildings are in use in your community? The second pair of photos show damage to modern structures close to the epicenter of a magnitude 6.5 earthquake, a small shock compared to the magnitudes (8.4-8.7) of the New Madrid earthquakes.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Hooper, M.G., and Algermissen, S.T., 1985, Kinds of damage that could result from a great earthquake in the central United States: Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS), v. 17, no. 3, p. 84-97.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"84","endPage":"97","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":319231,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Mississippi Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -90.81298828125,\n 37.97018468810549\n ],\n [\n -87.95654296875,\n 37.94419750075404\n ],\n [\n -88.2861328125,\n 34.876918445772084\n ],\n [\n -90.758056640625,\n 34.89494244739732\n ],\n [\n -90.81298828125,\n 37.97018468810549\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"17","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56f3be43e4b0f59b85e02ea0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hooper, M. G.","contributorId":167776,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hooper","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":623464,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Algermissen, S. T.","contributorId":39790,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Algermissen","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":623465,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70168841,"text":"70168841 - 1985 - Earthquakes, September-October 1984","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-24T15:30:22","indexId":"70168841","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1435,"text":"Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Earthquakes, September-October 1984","docAbstract":"There were no major earthquakes (7.0-7.9) during this reporting period but earthquake related deaths wre reported from Japan Turkey. Algeria the USSR, and Yugoslavia had damaging earthquakes.
\nIn the United States, Wyoming experienced a couple of moderate earthquakes, and off the coast of northern California, a strong earthquake shook much of the northern coast of California and parts of the Oregon coast.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Person, W., 1985, Earthquakes, September-October 1984: Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS), v. 17, no. 2, p. 73-78.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"73","endPage":"78","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":318589,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56dabfcce4b015c306f84c5d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Person, W. J.","contributorId":91472,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Person","given":"W. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":621972,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70137246,"text":"70137246 - 1985 - Use of strontium isotopes to constrain the timing and mode of dolomitization of upper Cenozoic sediments in a core from San Salvador, Bahamas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-30T00:51:56.949725","indexId":"70137246","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of strontium isotopes to constrain the timing and mode of dolomitization of upper Cenozoic sediments in a core from San Salvador, Bahamas","docAbstract":"The 87Sr/86Sr ratios and the activity ratios of 234U/238U and 230Th/238U have been measured in dolomites from a 168-m-deep core taken on the island of San Salvador, Bahamas. These data suggest two periods of dolomitization. The first episode dolomitized Miocene age sediments during the latest Miocene, and the second dolomitized the Pliocene portion of the core and was still active as recently as 150 ka. The late timing of the second episode argues against penecontemporaneous models of dolomitization for the Pliocene sediments. Instead, dolomitization is favored either as a result of mixing-zone development during the large Pleistocene sea-level changes or by movement of seawater through the platform.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(1987)15<262:UOSITC>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Swart, P.K., Ruiz, J., and Holmes, C.W., 1985, Use of strontium isotopes to constrain the timing and mode of dolomitization of upper Cenozoic sediments in a core from San Salvador, Bahamas: Geology, v. 15, no. 3, p. 262-265, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1987)15<262:UOSITC>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"262","endPage":"265","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":296990,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Bahamas","otherGeospatial":"San Salvador Island","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -74.3115234375,\n 21.022982546427436\n ],\n [\n -72.2021484375,\n 22.63429269379353\n ],\n [\n -77.71728515624999,\n 27.527758206861886\n ],\n [\n -80.13427734374999,\n 25.403584973186703\n ],\n [\n -74.3115234375,\n 21.022982546427436\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"15","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54dd2c7de4b08de9379b383b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Swart, Peter K.","contributorId":96832,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Swart","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":5112,"text":"University of Miami","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":537557,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ruiz, Joaquin","contributorId":87967,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ruiz","given":"Joaquin","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7042,"text":"University of Arizona","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":537558,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Holmes, Charles W.","contributorId":31071,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holmes","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":537559,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70139731,"text":"70139731 - 1985 - Total chemical management in photographic processing","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-18T14:42:33","indexId":"70139731","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2348,"text":"Journal of Imaging Technology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Total chemical management in photographic processing","docAbstract":"The mission of the U. S. Geological Survey's Earth Resources Observation Systems (EROS) Data Center is to produce high-quality photographs of the earth taken from aircraft and Landsat satellite. In order to meet the criteria of producing research-quality photographs, while at the same time meeting strict environmental restrictions, a total photographic chemical management system was installed. This involved a three-part operation consisting of the design of a modern chemical analysis laboratory, the implementation of a chemical regeneration system, and the installation of a waste treatment system, including in-plant pretreatment and outside secondary waste treatment. Over the last ten years the result of this program has yielded high-quality photographs while saving approximately 30,000 per year and meeting all Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) restrictions.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society for Imaging Science and Technology","usgsCitation":"Luden, C., and Schultz, R., 1985, Total chemical management in photographic processing: Journal of Imaging Technology, v. 11, no. 2, p. 74-82.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"74","endPage":"82","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":297641,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","volume":"11","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54dd2c73e4b08de9379b3805","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Luden, Charles","contributorId":138995,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Luden","given":"Charles","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":539619,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schultz, Ronald","contributorId":13815,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schultz","given":"Ronald","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":539620,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70135804,"text":"70135804 - 1985 - Dolomitization in a mixing zone of near-seawater composition, Late Pleistocene, northeastern Yucatan Peninsula","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-16T11:15:12.336334","indexId":"70135804","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2451,"text":"Journal of Sedimentary Research","onlineIssn":"1938-3681","printIssn":"1527-1404","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Dolomitization in a mixing zone of near-seawater composition, Late Pleistocene, northeastern Yucatan Peninsula","docAbstract":"Patches of dolomite occur in cores of reefal limestone from the shallow subsurface on the northeastern coast of the Yucatan Peninsula. This limestone accumulated during an interglacial high stand of sea level about 200,000 years ago. Dolomitization was preceded by freshwater diagenesis, including precipitation of sparry calcite cement, stabilization of Mg-calcitic skeletal fragments, and partial dissolution of aragonitic components. This suggests a predolomitization lowering of sea level with the consequent freshening of pore water. The subsequent precipitation of dolomite indicates a return to high sea level with the consequent increase in Mg/Ca ratio of pore water. Dolomitization took place during a brief high stand of sea level, either shortly after deposition about 200,000 yr BP, or, more likely, about 125,000 yr BP. Dolomite occurs both as microcrystalline replacement dolomite and as cement. The cement is part of the following diagenetic sequence: 1) limpid euhedral-subhedral calcian dolomite crystals, 2) zoned dolomite crystals with zones formed by variations of the calcium/magnesium ratio in dolomite, 3) layers of alternating calcian dolomite and magnesian calcite or calcite, and 4) calcite. This sequence represents the progressive freshening of ground water during the initial stage of a fall in sea level. Average cation composition of the limpid dolomite cement is Ca 57 Mg 43 (electron microprobe analysis). Zoned cement crystals are composed of Ca (sub 57-59) Mg (sub 43-41) layers and Ca 62 Mg 38 layers. Most of the higher-calcium dolomite layers are dissolved, forming hollow-zone crystals. In cement with alternating dolomite and calcite zones, the calcite is Ca (sub 99-97) Mg (sub 1-3) (low-Mg calcite) and Ca (sub 96-93) Mg (sub 4-7) (Mg calcite). The dolomite and Mg calcite zones are partially to totally leached. delta 18 O compositions of Yucatecan dolomite and of modern ground water suggest dolomite precipitation from mixed water ranging from about 75% seawater, 25% freshwater to nearly all seawater. (Isotope analyses are for the most stable calcian dolomites; more soluble, calcium-rich dolomite presumably is analyzed with calcite and thought to be isotopically lighter than the less soluble dolomite.) In the cement sequence, the most stable dolomite is followed by more soluble dolomite as ground water becomes less saline. Isotope analyses, together with position of dolomite in the cement sequence, suggest the most stable calcian dolomite (including limpid dolomite) precipitated from mixed water with large proportions of seawater, and the less stable, more calcian dolomite precipitated from fresher mixed water.
The response of an ocean bottom seismometer (OBS) to a transient pull that excites the natural OBS-sediment coupling resonance can be modeled as a mass-spring-dashpot system in which the resonant frequency and damping are functions of instrument mass and bearing radius and of the physical properties of the sediment (primarily the shear modulus). For the very soft sediments sometimes found on the sea floor, this resonance may be within the main frequency band of interest (2 to 15 Hz) for many common instrument configurations. To test the model and to find an anchor that would shift the coupling resonance to a higher frequency and decrease its amplitude, we conducted a series of tests which measured the response of the vertical and horizontal components of the U.S. Geological Survey OBS to transient pulls as a function of anchor configuration and sediment properties. The tested anchors included a concrete “flowerpot,” a tripod, a plate, and a perforated plate. Sites were on soft, organic-rich ooze and on firm sand. Several small shots were also fired at the ooze site in order to compare the response of the plate and “flowerpot” anchors to seismic signals. For a given anchor at a given site, the observed response was very repeatable. We found that the model predicts the vertical coupling response quite well and that good vertical coupling can be achieved with the plate or perforated-plate anchors. The response to the horizontal pulls, however, was similar and resonant for all anchors.
","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/BSSA0750010271","usgsCitation":"Trehu, A.M., 1985, Coupling of ocean bottom seismometers to sediment: Results of tests with the U.S. Geological Survey ocean bottom seismometer: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 75, no. 1, p. 271-289, https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0750010271.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"271","endPage":"289","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":296756,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"75","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1985-02-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5492b73ee4b00eda8915ad0c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Trehu, Anne M.","contributorId":49884,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Trehu","given":"Anne","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":6680,"text":"Oregon State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":536879,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70135813,"text":"70135813 - 1985 - Why deposits of longitudinal dunes are rarely recognized in the geologic record","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-12-17T13:41:56","indexId":"70135813","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3369,"text":"Sedimentology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Why deposits of longitudinal dunes are rarely recognized in the geologic record","docAbstract":"Dunes that are morphologically of linear type, many of which are probably of longitudinal type in a morphodynamic sense, are common in modern deserts, but their deposits are rarely identified in aeolian sandstones. One reason for non-recognition of such dunes is that they can migrate laterally when they are not exactly parallel to the long-term sand-transport direction, thereby depositing cross-strata that have unimodal cross-bed dip directions and consequently resemble deposits of transverse dunes. Dune-parallel components of sand transport can be recognized in ancient aeolian sands by examining compound cross-bedding formed by small dunes that migrated across the lee slopes of large dunes and documenting that the small dunes migrated with a component in a preferred along-crest direction over the large dunes.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-3091.1985.tb00498.x","usgsCitation":"Rubin, D.M., and Hunter, R., 1985, Why deposits of longitudinal dunes are rarely recognized in the geologic record: Sedimentology, v. 32, no. 1, p. 147-157, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3091.1985.tb00498.x.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"147","endPage":"157","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":296761,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"32","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-06-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5492b748e4b00eda8915ad33","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rubin, David M. 0000-0003-1169-1452 drubin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1169-1452","contributorId":3159,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rubin","given":"David","email":"drubin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":536896,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hunter, Ralph E.","contributorId":53759,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hunter","given":"Ralph E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":536897,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70135867,"text":"70135867 - 1985 - Bottom current and sediment transport on San Pedro Shelf, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-12-18T09:41:46","indexId":"70135867","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2451,"text":"Journal of Sedimentary Research","onlineIssn":"1938-3681","printIssn":"1527-1404","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Bottom current and sediment transport on San Pedro Shelf, California","docAbstract":"GEOPROBE (Geological Processes Bottom Environmental) tripods were used to measure bottom currents, pressure, and light transmission and scattering and to obtain time-series photographs of the sea floor at depths of 23 m and 67 m on San Pedro shelf between 18 April and 6 June 1978. Winds were light (< 5 m/s) with a mean direction from the southwest throughout the measurement period. Hourly averaged currents 1 m above the bottom never exceeded 21 cm/s; average speeds were about 5 cm/s at the 23-m site and 6.8 cm/s at 67 m, and the strongest currents were produced by the tides. The mean flow of bottom water was less than 3 cm/s at both GEOPROBES and was rather persistently southward (offshelf). Wave-generated bottom currents and bottom-pressure variations were sampled at hourly intervals; average wave period and wave height were 12.8 s and 0.44 m, respectively, at the 23-m site. Wave orbital velocities ranged from about 5 to 30 cm/s at 23 m and from 2 to 8 cm/s at 67 m. Bottom photographs at 67 m show that the relatively sluggish tide-generated and mean currents were below threshold velocity for the silty, very fine sand throughout the observational period. Threshold depth for wave rippling of very fine sand averaged about 28 m with a range from about 12 m to 50 m. Wave-generated currents were the only currents that exceeded threshold levels. The wave currents maintained relatively high concentrations of sediment in suspension near the bottom over the inner shelf (< 25 m), and this material (principally silt and clay) was transported offshore by the weak mean flow. Approximately 50% of this material was deposited as the bottom orbital velocities decreased to subthreshold values ( nearly equal 10-15 cm/s). The observed movement of fine sediment across the inner shelf can account for a portion of the mud content of the modern silty sands on the central shelf and on the outer shelf. However, it is clear that the sand fractions, which constitute greater than 70% of the central shelf substrate, must be transported during high-energy winter storms.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geological Institute","doi":"10.1306/212F85EE-2B24-11D7-8648000102C1865D","usgsCitation":"Drake, D.E., Cacchione, D.A., and Karl, H., 1985, Bottom current and sediment transport on San Pedro Shelf, California: Journal of Sedimentary Research, v. 55, no. 1, p. 15-28, https://doi.org/10.1306/212F85EE-2B24-11D7-8648000102C1865D.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"15","endPage":"28","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":296781,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Pedro Shelf","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -124.4091796875,\n 42.19596877629178\n ],\n [\n -119.66308593749999,\n 41.96765920367816\n ],\n [\n -119.794921875,\n 38.993572058209466\n ],\n [\n -113.64257812499999,\n 34.30714385628804\n ],\n [\n -114.60937499999999,\n 32.43561304116276\n ],\n [\n -118.43261718749999,\n 32.62087018318113\n ],\n [\n -124.49707031249999,\n 39.13006024213511\n ],\n [\n -124.4091796875,\n 42.19596877629178\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"55","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54dd2b49e4b08de9379b32f3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Drake, David E.","contributorId":74752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drake","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":536941,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cacchione, David A.","contributorId":37327,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cacchione","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":536942,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Karl, Herman A.","contributorId":55796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Karl","given":"Herman A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":536943,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70013050,"text":"70013050 - 1985 - SENSITIVITY OF STRUCTURAL RESPONSE TO GROUND MOTION SOURCE AND SITE PARAMETERS.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:36","indexId":"70013050","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"SENSITIVITY OF STRUCTURAL RESPONSE TO GROUND MOTION SOURCE AND SITE PARAMETERS.","docAbstract":"Designing structures to withstand earthquakes requires an accurate estimation of the expected ground motion. While engineers use the peak ground acceleration (PGA) to model the strong ground motion, seismologists use physical characteristics of the source and the rupture mechanism, such as fault length, stress drop, shear wave velocity, seismic moment, distance, and attenuation. This study presents a method for calculating response spectra from seismological models using random vibration theory. It then investigates the effect of various source and site parameters on peak response. Calculations are based on a nonstationary stochastic ground motion model, which can incorporate all the parameters both in frequency and time domains. The estimation of the peak response accounts for the effects of the non-stationarity, bandwidth and peak correlations of the response.","conferenceTitle":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference.","conferenceLocation":"Aboard the Queen Elizabeth 2, New York to Southampton","language":"English","publisher":"Computational Mechanics Ltd","publisherLocation":"Southampton, Engl","isbn":"0905451341","usgsCitation":"Safak, E., 1985, SENSITIVITY OF STRUCTURAL RESPONSE TO GROUND MOTION SOURCE AND SITE PARAMETERS., Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference., Aboard the Queen Elizabeth 2, New York to Southampton.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220173,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aaf35e4b0c8380cd87453","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Brebbia, C.A.","contributorId":112425,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brebbia","given":"C.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":508473,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cakmak, A.S.","contributorId":114101,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cakmak","given":"A.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":508475,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ghaffar, Abdel","contributorId":113250,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ghaffar","given":"Abdel","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":508474,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Safak, Erdal","contributorId":73984,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Safak","given":"Erdal","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365172,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70012762,"text":"70012762 - 1985 - Lognormal field size distributions as a consequence of economic truncation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:43","indexId":"70012762","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2554,"text":"Journal of the International Association for Mathematical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lognormal field size distributions as a consequence of economic truncation","docAbstract":"The assumption of lognormal (parent) field size distributions has for a long time been applied to resource appraisal and evaluation of exploration strategy by the petroleum industry. However, frequency distributions estimated with observed data and used to justify this hypotheses are conditional. Examination of various observed field size distributions across basins and over time shows that such distributions should be regarded as the end result of an economic filtering process. Commercial discoveries depend on oil and gas prices and field development costs. Some new fields are eliminated due to location, depths, or water depths. This filtering process is called economic truncation. Economic truncation may occur when predictions of a discovery process are passed through an economic appraisal model. We demonstrate that (1) economic resource appraisals, (2) forecasts of levels of petroleum industry activity, and (3) expected benefits of developing and implementing cost reducing technology are sensitive to assumptions made about the nature of that portion of (parent) field size distribution subject to economic truncation. ?? 1985 Plenum Publishing Corporation.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of the International Association for Mathematical Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Kluwer Academic Publishers-Plenum Publishers","doi":"10.1007/BF01032925","issn":"00205958","usgsCitation":"Attanasi, E.D., and Drew, L., 1985, Lognormal field size distributions as a consequence of economic truncation: Journal of the International Association for Mathematical Geology, v. 17, no. 4, p. 335-351, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01032925.","startPage":"335","endPage":"351","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222743,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205292,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01032925"}],"volume":"17","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a494ae4b0c8380cd684b8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Attanasi, E. D. 0000-0001-6845-7160","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6845-7160","contributorId":107672,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Attanasi","given":"E.","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364459,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Drew, L.J.","contributorId":69157,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drew","given":"L.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364458,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70013122,"text":"70013122 - 1985 - Evidence for lower crustal ductile strain localization in southern New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:36","indexId":"70013122","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2840,"text":"Nature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evidence for lower crustal ductile strain localization in southern New York","docAbstract":"Historic triangulation data have been analysed to determine whether intraplate seismicity is associated with ongoing ductile deformation in the lower crust. The model we have attempted to test is basically analogous to strain accumulation and release along plate-boundary strike-slip faults like the San Andreas Fault in California. That is, beneath an elastic-seismogenic upper crust ???20 km thick, strain is preferentially localized within ductile shear zones in the lower crust due to broad-scale plate driving forces. The localized lower-crustal ductile strain causes stress and strain to accumulate elastically in the brittle crust which is eventually released in crustal earthquakes. At greater depths, this localized shear deformation probably develops into pervasive ductile flow. Numerous geodetic measurements along the San Andreas Fault confirm that earthquakes in the brittle upper crust are produced by the release of elastic strain that results from ongoing ductile shear or slip in the lower crust1,2. We have found evidence of high rates of crustal deformation in southern New York which suggest that localized ductile shear is occurring in the lower crust. ?? 1985 Nature Publishing Group.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Nature","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1038/317705a0","issn":"00280836","usgsCitation":"Zoback, M.D., Prescott, W., and Krueger, S., 1985, Evidence for lower crustal ductile strain localization in southern New York: Nature, v. 317, no. 6039, p. 705-707, https://doi.org/10.1038/317705a0.","startPage":"705","endPage":"707","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205011,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/317705a0"},{"id":220177,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"317","issue":"6039","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0d48e4b0c8380cd52f0b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zoback, Mark D.","contributorId":80275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zoback","given":"Mark","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365344,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Prescott, W.H.","contributorId":96337,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prescott","given":"W.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365345,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Krueger, S.W.","contributorId":26067,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krueger","given":"S.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365343,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70013120,"text":"70013120 - 1985 - RAPID REMOVAL OF A GROUNDWATER CONTAMINANT PLUME.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:38","indexId":"70013120","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"RAPID REMOVAL OF A GROUNDWATER CONTAMINANT PLUME.","docAbstract":"A groundwater management model is used to design an aquifer restoration system that removes a contaminant plume from a hypothetical aquifer in four years. The design model utilizes groundwater flow simulation and mathematical optimization. Optimal pumping and injection strategies achieve rapid restoration for a minimum total pumping cost. Rapid restoration is accomplished by maintaining specified groundwater velocities around the plume perimeter towards a group of pumping wells located near the plume center. The model does not account for hydrodynamic dispersion. Results show that pumping costs are particularly sensitive to injection capacity. An 8 percent decrease in the maximum allowable injection rate may lead to a 29 percent increase in total pumping costs.","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of a Symposium - Groundwater Contamination and Reclamation.","conferenceLocation":"Tucson, AZ, USA","language":"English","publisher":"American Water Resources Assoc","publisherLocation":"Bethesda, MD, USA","usgsCitation":"Lefkoff, L.J., and Gorelick, S.M., 1985, RAPID REMOVAL OF A GROUNDWATER CONTAMINANT PLUME., Proceedings of a Symposium - Groundwater Contamination and Reclamation., Tucson, AZ, USA, p. 125-131.","startPage":"125","endPage":"131","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220126,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a9325e4b0c8380cd80c3b","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Schmidt Kenneth D.","contributorId":128449,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Schmidt Kenneth D.","id":536263,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Lefkoff, L. Jeff","contributorId":50289,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lefkoff","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"Jeff","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365339,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gorelick, Steven M.","contributorId":69295,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gorelick","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365340,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70180829,"text":"70180829 - 1985 - A model for estimating deficits in the size of spawning stocks for spring Chinook salmon in tributaries of the upper Columbia River basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-03T14:10:20","indexId":"70180829","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"title":"A model for estimating deficits in the size of spawning stocks for spring Chinook salmon in tributaries of the upper Columbia River basin","docAbstract":"No abstract available
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service ","publisherLocation":"Portland, OR","usgsCitation":"McIntyre, J., 1985, A model for estimating deficits in the size of spawning stocks for spring Chinook salmon in tributaries of the upper Columbia River basin.","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":334711,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5895a4d6e4b0fa1e59bc1ee3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McIntyre, J.D.","contributorId":27006,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McIntyre","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662538,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70013097,"text":"70013097 - 1985 - Comparison of daily and weekly precipitation sampling efficiencies using automatic collectors","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-19T10:33:54","indexId":"70013097","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3728,"text":"Water, Air, & Soil Pollution","onlineIssn":"1573-2932","printIssn":"0049-6979","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of daily and weekly precipitation sampling efficiencies using automatic collectors","docAbstract":"Precipitation samples were collected for approximately 90 daily and 50 weekly sampling periods at Finley Farm, near Raleigh, North Carolina from August 1981 through October 1982. Ten wet-deposition samplers (AEROCHEM METRICS MODEL 301) were used; 4 samplers were operated for daily sampling, and 6 samplers were operated for weekly-sampling periods. This design was used to determine if: (1) collection efficiences of precipitation are affected by small distances between the Universal (Belfort) precipitation gage and collector; (2) measurable evaporation loss occurs and (3) pH and specific conductance of precipitation vary significantly within small distances. Average collection efficiencies were 97% for weekly sampling periods compared with the rain gage. Collection efficiencies were examined by seasons and precipitation volume. Neither factor significantly affected collection efficiency. No evaporation loss was found by comparing daily sampling to weekly sampling at the collection site, which was classified as a subtropical climate. Correlation coefficients for pH and specific conductance of daily samples and weekly samples ranged from 0.83 to 0.99.Precipitation samples were collected for approximately 90 daily and 50 weekly sampling periods at Finley farm, near Raleigh, North Carolina from August 1981 through October 1982. Ten wet-deposition samplers were used; 4 samplers were operated for daily sampling, and 6 samplers were operated for weekly-sampling periods. This design was used to determine if: (1) collection efficiencies of precipitation are affected by small distances between the University (Belfort) precipitation gage and collector; (2) measurable evaporation loss occurs and (3) pH and specific conductance of precipitation vary significantly within small distances.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Water, Air, and Soil Pollution","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00285443","issn":"00496979","usgsCitation":"Schroder, L., Linthurst, R., Ellson, J., and Vozzo, S., 1985, Comparison of daily and weekly precipitation sampling efficiencies using automatic collectors: Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, v. 24, no. 2, p. 177-187, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00285443.","startPage":"177","endPage":"187","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219833,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":267663,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00285443"}],"volume":"24","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f858e4b0c8380cd4d039","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schroder, L.J.","contributorId":31767,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schroder","given":"L.J.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":365279,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Linthurst, R.A.","contributorId":27604,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Linthurst","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365278,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ellson, J.E.","contributorId":97628,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellson","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365280,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Vozzo, S.F.","contributorId":104623,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vozzo","given":"S.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365281,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70013561,"text":"70013561 - 1985 - PRESENT STATE OF THE HYDROTHERMAL SYSTEM IN LONG VALLEY CALDERA, CALIFORNIA.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:37","indexId":"70013561","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"PRESENT STATE OF THE HYDROTHERMAL SYSTEM IN LONG VALLEY CALDERA, CALIFORNIA.","docAbstract":"Results of test drilling to depths of 2 km and data on the chemical and isotopic content of waters from hot springs and fumaroles permit a conceptual model of the present-day hydrothermal system in Long Valley caldera to be delineated. The model consists of two principal zones in which hot water flows laterally from west to east at depths less than 1 km within and around the resurgent dome. Maximum measured temperatures within these zones are near 170 degree C, but estimates from chemical geothermometers and extrapolation of a high temperature gradient measured in a recent drill hole indicate that a source reservoir at temperatures near 240 degree C may exist at greater depths in the Bishop Tuff beneath the west moat.","largerWorkTitle":"Transactions - Geothermal Resources Council","conferenceTitle":"1985 International Symposium on Geothermal Energy. Geothermal Resources Council 1985 Annual Meeting.","conferenceLocation":"Kailua-Kona, HI, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Geothermal Resources Council","publisherLocation":"Davis, CA, USA","issn":"01935933","isbn":"0934412596","usgsCitation":"Sorey, M.L., 1985, PRESENT STATE OF THE HYDROTHERMAL SYSTEM IN LONG VALLEY CALDERA, CALIFORNIA., in Transactions - Geothermal Resources Council, v. 9, no. pt 1, Kailua-Kona, HI, USA, p. 485-490.","startPage":"485","endPage":"490","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220266,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","issue":"pt 1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7375e4b0c8380cd77047","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sorey, Michael L.","contributorId":20726,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sorey","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366344,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70013589,"text":"70013589 - 1985 - ROLE OF X-RAY FLUORESCENCE IN A MODERN GEOCHEMICAL LABORATORY.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:33","indexId":"70013589","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"ROLE OF X-RAY FLUORESCENCE IN A MODERN GEOCHEMICAL LABORATORY.","docAbstract":"Because modern geochemical laboratories can seldom have all new analytical equipment, it is clear that priorities must be assigned and choices made when selecting each new instrument. X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy has come to play a vital role in this environment largely because it is a dependable, multielement, rapid method that covers a wide range of elemental concentrations, commonly with only one sample preparation. The following discussion centers on the role of modern XRF instrumentation in the resolution of geochemical problems. In order to present a comprehensive view of this role, this paper draws upon a great deal of information from numerous X-ray laboratories visited in the United States and Canada.","largerWorkTitle":"Advances in X-Ray Analysis","conferenceTitle":"Advances in X-Ray Analysis, Volume 28 (Proceedings of the 1984 Denver Conference on Applications of X-Ray Analysis).","conferenceLocation":"Denver, CO, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Plenum Press","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, USA","issn":"03760308","isbn":"0306419394","usgsCitation":"Taggart, J., 1985, ROLE OF X-RAY FLUORESCENCE IN A MODERN GEOCHEMICAL LABORATORY., in Advances in X-Ray Analysis, v. 28, Denver, CO, USA, p. 17-24.","startPage":"17","endPage":"24","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220597,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"28","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a936de4b0c8380cd80dea","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Taggart, Joseph E.","contributorId":8992,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taggart","given":"Joseph E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366410,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70013605,"text":"70013605 - 1985 - SOLVING THE TWO-DIMENSIONAL DIFFUSION FLOW MODEL.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:18","indexId":"70013605","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"SOLVING THE TWO-DIMENSIONAL DIFFUSION FLOW MODEL.","docAbstract":"A simplification of the two-dimensional (2-D) continuity and momentum equations is the diffusion equation. To investigate its capability, the numerical model using the diffusion approach is applied to a hypothetical failure problem of a regional water reservoir. The model is based on an explicit, integrated finite-difference scheme, and the floodplain is simulated by a popular home computer which supports 64K FORTRAN. Though simple, the 2-D model can simulate some interesting flooding effects that a 1-D full dynamic model cannot.","conferenceTitle":"Hydraulics and Hydrology in the Small Computer Age, Proceedings of the Specialty Conference.","conferenceLocation":"Lake Buena Vista, FL, USA","language":"English","publisher":"ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, USA","isbn":"0872624749","usgsCitation":"Hromadka, T., and Lai, C., 1985, SOLVING THE TWO-DIMENSIONAL DIFFUSION FLOW MODEL., Hydraulics and Hydrology in the Small Computer Age, Proceedings of the Specialty Conference., Lake Buena Vista, FL, USA, p. 555-562.","startPage":"555","endPage":"562","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219866,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aaf6de4b0c8380cd875a0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hromadka, T. V. II","contributorId":76464,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hromadka","given":"T. V.","suffix":"II","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366466,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lai, Chintu","contributorId":16860,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lai","given":"Chintu","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366465,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70009913,"text":"70009913 - 1985 - Mechanistic roles of soil humus and minerals in the sorption of nonionic organic compounds from aqueous and organic solutions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-19T10:47:58","indexId":"70009913","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2958,"text":"Organic Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mechanistic roles of soil humus and minerals in the sorption of nonionic organic compounds from aqueous and organic solutions","docAbstract":"Mechanistic roles of soil humus and soil minerals and their contributions to soil sorption of nonionic organic compounds from aqueous and organic solutions are illustrated. Parathion and lindane are used as model solutes on two soils that differ greatly in their humic and mineral contents. In aqueous systems, observed sorptive characteristics suggest that solute partitioning into the soil-humic phase is the primary mechanism of soil uptake. By contrast, data obtained from organic solutions on dehydrated soil partitioning into humic phase and adsorption by soil minerals is influenced by the soil-moisture content and by the solvent medium from which the solute is sorbed.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0146-6380(85)90045-2","issn":"01466380","usgsCitation":"Chiou, C.T., Shoup, T., and Porter, P., 1985, Mechanistic roles of soil humus and minerals in the sorption of nonionic organic compounds from aqueous and organic solutions: Organic Geochemistry, v. 8, no. 1, p. 9-14, https://doi.org/10.1016/0146-6380(85)90045-2.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"9","endPage":"14","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":218613,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"8","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5374e4b0c8380cd6cac7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chiou, C. T.","contributorId":97080,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chiou","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357440,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shoup, T.D.","contributorId":12614,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shoup","given":"T.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357438,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Porter, P.E.","contributorId":31109,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Porter","given":"P.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357439,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70012192,"text":"70012192 - 1985 - Terrestrial vs. marine depositional model—A new assessment of subsurface Lower Pennsylvanian rocks of southwestern Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-30T12:28:59.810095","indexId":"70012192","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Terrestrial vs. marine depositional model—A new assessment of subsurface Lower Pennsylvanian rocks of southwestern Virginia","docAbstract":"A reinterpretation of the origin of subsurface rocks in southwestern Virginia and southeastern Kentucky suggests that, contrary to commonly accepted ideas, the Mississippian-Pennsylvanian Systemic boundary is an unconformity and the Lower Pennsylvanian quartz arenite sequences were deposited in a fluvial environment. Because Pennsylvanian strata of the Pocahontas and Lee Formations appear to have been deposited at the same time in adjacent valleys, the Pocahontas, which generally has been considered to be older and to underlie the Lee, is considered here to be equivalent to the basal part of the Middlesboro Member of the Lee Formation.
The Dunbar dome in northeastern Wisconsin is a critical structural feature in the early Proterozoic Penokean orogen. It provides exposures of gneisses (Dunbar Gneiss) that structurally underlie the voluminous metavolcanic rocks of northeastern Wisconsin, and exposures of abundant granitoid rocks ranging from tonalite to granite. The granitoid rocks cut both the gneisses in the core and the supracrustal (cover) metavolcanic rocks and were emplaced essentially along the core-cover boundary. The Dunbar Gneiss is calc-alkaline and was derived from volcanic and intrusive rocks of intermediate composition. The various intrusive rocks have calcic, calc-alkaline, and alkali to alkali-calcic compositions, and they progress with time to more SiO2 and K2-rich compositions. U-Pb zircon ages indicate that accumulation of the layered rocks in the core and cover, deformation and metamorphism, and intrusion of the granitoid rocks spanned a relatively short time, ∼1865–1835 Ma.
We interpret the dome as being a large-scale, fold-interference structure resulting from polydeformation modified by diapirism. Northeast-oriented folds (F3) and a related mylonitic foliation (S3), nearly confined to the dome, are superposed on northwest-oriented folds (F2) that developed during regional deformation. In the core-cover boundary, these structures are obliterated by a zone of intense deformation—a mylonitic foliation and a steeply plunging stretching lineation—as much as 500 m wide, which we interpret as resulting from diapirism. Metamorphic zoning is concentric: amphibolite facies in inner parts of the mantle and greenschist facies in the outer part of the mantle.
The Wisconsin magmatic terrane, as represented by the rocks in the Dunbar dome, differs from the epicratonic, early Proterozoic sedimentary-volcanic sequence (Marquette Range Supergroup) in Michigan, to the north, in stratigraphy, structure, and volume and composition of igneous rocks. Whereas the basalts in northern Michigan are compositionally similar to continental rift basalts, the volcanic rocks in the Dunbar dome have over-all island-arc compositional affinities. The over-all calc-alkaline compositions of the intrusive rocks are similar to those in magmatic arcs formed at convergent plate-margin settings. Accordingly, we interpret the Wisconsin magmatic terrane as an oceanic-arc complex that was sutured to the North American continent during development of the Penokean orogen. Similar interpretations based on broad regional observations have been proposed previously.
Computational efficiency and computer memory requirements for four methods of minimizing functions were compared for four test nonlinear-regression steady state groundwater flow problems. The fastest methods were the Marquardt and quasi-linearization methods, which required almost identical computer times and numbers of iterations; the next fastest was the quasi-Newton method, and last was the Fletcher-Reeves method, which did not converge in 100 iterations for two of the problems. The fastest method per iteration was the Fletcher-Reeves method, and this was followed closely by the quasi-Newton method. The Marquardt and quasi-linearization methods were slower. For all four methods the speed per iteration was directly related to the number of parameters in the model. However, this effect was much more pronounced for the Marquardt and quasi-linearization methods than for the other two. Hence the quasi-Newton (and perhaps Fletcher-Reeves) method might be more efficient than either the Marquardt or quasi-linearization methods if the number of parameters in a particular model were large, although this remains to be proven. The Marquardt method required somewhat less central memory than the quasi-linearization metilod for three of the four problems. For all four problems the quasi-Newton method required roughly two thirds to three quarters of the memory required by the Marquardt method, and the Fletcher-Reeves method required slightly less memory than the quasi-Newton method. Memory requirements were not excessive for any of the four methods.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR021i010p01525","usgsCitation":"Cooley, R.L., 1985, A comparison of several methods of solving nonlinear regression groundwater flow problems: Water Resources Research, v. 21, no. 10, p. 1525-1538, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR021i010p01525.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"1525","endPage":"1538","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222650,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"21","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-01-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e372e4b0c8380cd46021","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cooley, Richard L.","contributorId":8831,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cooley","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363209,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70012310,"text":"70012310 - 1985 - Solid state recording current meter conversion","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-07-27T10:48:44","indexId":"70012310","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Solid state recording current meter conversion","docAbstract":"The authors describe the conversion of an Endeco-174 current meter to a solid-state recording current meter. A removable solid-state module was designed to fit in the space originally occupied by an 8-track tape cartridge. The module contains a CPU and 128 kilobytes of nonvolatile CMOS memory. The solid-state module communicates with any terminal or computer using an RS-232C interface at 4800 baud rate. A primary consideration for conversion was to keep modifications of the current meter to a minimum. The communication protocol was designed to emulate the Endeco tape translation unit, thus the need for a translation unit was eliminated and the original data reduction programs can be used without any modification. After conversion, the data recording section of the current meter contains no moving parts; the storage capacity of the module is equivalent to that of the original tape cartridge.
","largerWorkTitle":"Oceans Conference Record (IEEE)","conferenceTitle":"Ocean Engineering and the Environment - Conference Record.","conferenceLocation":"San Diego, CA, USA","language":"English","publisher":"IEEE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, USA","issn":"01977385","usgsCitation":"Cheng, R.T., and Wang, L., 1985, Solid state recording current meter conversion, in Oceans Conference Record (IEEE), San Diego, CA, USA, p. 752-754.","startPage":"752","endPage":"754","numberOfPages":"3","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":221884,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aaf6ae4b0c8380cd87592","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cheng, Ralph T.","contributorId":69134,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cheng","given":"Ralph","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363239,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wang, Lichen","contributorId":79622,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wang","given":"Lichen","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363240,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70012342,"text":"70012342 - 1985 - The transverse and oblique cylindrical equal-area projection of the ellipsoid.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-12T21:00:11","indexId":"70012342","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":797,"text":"Annals of the Association of American Geographers","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The transverse and oblique cylindrical equal-area projection of the ellipsoid.","docAbstract":"The formulas for the ellipsoidal projection are derived for both forward and inverse computations and consist of modifying the formulas obtained by using the authalic sphere so that the scale along the central line of the projection is constant. Fourier series are used to eliminate recurring numerical integration and other lengthy trigonometric computations of co-ordinates.-from Author","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Annals of the Association of American Geographers","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.1467-8306.1985.tb00077.x","usgsCitation":"Snyder, J., 1985, The transverse and oblique cylindrical equal-area projection of the ellipsoid.: Annals of the Association of American Geographers, v. 75, no. 3, p. 431-442, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8306.1985.tb00077.x.","startPage":"431","endPage":"442","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222715,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":269222,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8306.1985.tb00077.x"}],"volume":"75","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-03-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb13ae4b08c986b325285","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Snyder, J.P.","contributorId":79235,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snyder","given":"J.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363325,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70012344,"text":"70012344 - 1985 - Simulated fissioning of uranium and testing of the fission-track dating method","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-06T20:03:53","indexId":"70012344","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2913,"text":"Nuclear Tracks and Radiation Measurements (1982)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Simulated fissioning of uranium and testing of the fission-track dating method","docAbstract":"A computer program (FTD-SIM) faithfully simulates the fissioning of 238U with time and 235U with neutron dose. The simulation is based on first principles of physics where the fissioning of 238U with the flux of time is described by Ns = ??f 238Ut and the fissioning of 235U with the fluence of neutrons is described by Ni = ??235U??. The Poisson law is used to set the stochastic variation of fissioning within the uranium population. The life history of a given crystal can thus be traced under an infinite variety of age and irradiation conditions. A single dating attempt or up to 500 dating attempts on a given crystal population can be simulated by specifying the age of the crystal population, the size and variation in the areas to be counted, the amount and distribution of uranium, the neutron dose to be used and its variation, and the desired ratio of 238U to 235U. A variety of probability distributions can be applied to uranium and counting-area. The Price and Walker age equation is used to estimate age. The output of FTD-SIM includes the tabulated results of each individual dating attempt (sample) on demand and/or the summary statistics and histograms for multiple dating attempts (samples) including the sampling age. An analysis of the results from FTD-SIM shows that: (1) The external detector method is intrinsically more precise than the population method. (2) For the external detector method a correlation between spontaneous track count, Ns, and induced track count, Ni, results when the population of grains has a stochastic uranium content and/or when the counting areas between grains are stochastic. For the population method no correlation can exist. (3) In the external detector method the sampling distribution of age is independent of the number of grains counted. In the population method the sampling distribution of age is highly dependent on the number of grains counted. (4) Grains with zero-track counts, either in Ns or Ni, are in integral part of fissioning theory and under certain circumstances must be included in any estimate of age. (5) In estimating standard error of age the standard error of Ns and Ni and ?? must be accurately estimated and propagated through the age equation. Several statistical models are presently available to do so. ?? 1985.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Nuclear Tracks and Radiation Measurements (1982)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0735-245X(85)90126-7","issn":"0735245X","usgsCitation":"McGee, V., Johnson, N., and Naeser, C.W., 1985, Simulated fissioning of uranium and testing of the fission-track dating method: Nuclear Tracks and Radiation Measurements (1982), v. 10, no. 3, p. 365-379, https://doi.org/10.1016/0735-245X(85)90126-7.","startPage":"365","endPage":"379","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221817,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":268862,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0735-245X(85)90126-7"}],"volume":"10","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8fa8e4b08c986b319073","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McGee, V.E.","contributorId":36295,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGee","given":"V.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363328,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, N.M.","contributorId":105429,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"N.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363329,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Naeser, C. W.","contributorId":17582,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Naeser","given":"C.","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363327,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}