A model for the optimal allocation of water resources was developed for a multiaquifer groundwater and surface water system near Livermore, California. The complex groundwater system was analyzed using a transient, quasi-three-dimensional model that considers the nonlinear behavior of the unconfined aquifer. The surface water system consists of a reservoir that discharges water to three streams which in turn recharge the upper aquifer. Nonlinear streamflow-recharge relationships were developed based upon synoptic field measurements of streamflow. The management model uses constrained optimization to minimize the cost of allocating surface water subject to physical and economic restrictions. Results indicate that a combined hydrologic and economic management model can be used to evaluate management practices of a complex hydrogeologic system. Questions can be posed which either would be impossible or extremely difficult to solve without the management model. We demonstrate the utility of such a model in three areas. First, the efficiency of intra-basin water allocations is evaluated. Second, critical factors that control management decisions of the basin are identified. Third, the influence of economic incentives that can best satisfy the conflicting objectives of various water users is explored.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR021i011p01731","usgsCitation":"Danskin, W.R., and Gorelick, S.M., 1985, A policy evaluation tool: Management of a multiaquifer system using controlled stream recharge: Water Resources Research, v. 21, no. 11, p. 1731-1747, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR021i011p01731.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"1731","endPage":"1747","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":484149,"rank":3,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/WR021i011p01731","description":"Danskin, W.R. and Gorelick, S.M., 1985, A policy evaluation tool-Management of a multi-aquifer system using controlled stream recharge: Water Resources Research, v. 21, no. 11, p. 1731–1747."},{"id":484148,"rank":2,"type":{"id":42,"text":"Open Access USGS Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ja/70012936/WaterResources_Vol21_No11_p1731-1747_Nov1985_USGSOpenAccess.pdf","size":"2 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":222625,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"21","issue":"11","publishedDate":"1985-11-01","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1985-11-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e4dee4b0c8380cd469b3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Danskin, Wesley R. 0000-0001-8672-5501 wdanskin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8672-5501","contributorId":1034,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Danskin","given":"Wesley","email":"wdanskin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":364882,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gorelick, Steven M.","contributorId":8784,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gorelick","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364881,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70012941,"text":"70012941 - 1985 - Carboniferous paleogeographic, phytogeographic, and paleoclimatic reconstructions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-24T01:18:57.943376","indexId":"70012941","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2033,"text":"International Journal of Coal Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Carboniferous paleogeographic, phytogeographic, and paleoclimatic reconstructions","docAbstract":"Two revised paleogeographic reconstructions of the Visean and Westphalian C-D stages are presented based on recent paleomagnetic, phytogeographic, stratigraphic, and tectonic data. These data change the positions of some continental blocks, and allow the definition of several new ones. The most important modifications that have been incorporated in these reconstructions are: (1) a proposed isthmus linking North America and Siberia across the Bering Strait; and (2) the separation of China and Southeast Asia in six major blocks, including South China, North China, Shan Thai-Malaya, Indochina, Qangtang, and Tarim blocks. Evidence is presented that suggests that at least the South China, Shan Thai-Malaya, and Qangtang blocks were derived from the northern margin of Gondwana.
Multivariate statistical analysis of phytogeographic data from the middle and late Paleozoic allow definition of a number of different phytogeographic units for four time intervals: (1) the Early Devonian, (2) Tournaisian—early Visean, (3) Visean, and (4) late Visean—early Namurian A. Pre-late Visean—early Namurian A floral assemblages from South China show affinities with northern Gondwana floras suggesting a southerly position and provides additional support for our reconstruction of South China against the northern margin of Gondwana. There is a marked decrease in the diversity of phytogeographic units in the Namurian and younger Carboniferous. This correlates closely with the time of assembly of most of Pangaea. The general pattern of Carboniferous phytogeographic units corresponds well with global distribution of continents shown on our paleogeographic reconstructions.
In addition, we have constructed paleoclimatic maps for the two Carboniferous time intervals. These maps stress the distribution of rainfall, as this should be strongly correlated with the floras. There is marked change in the rainfall patterns between the Visean and Westphalian C-D. This change corresponds with the closing of the Appalachian-Ouachita ocean between Laurussia and Gondwana, and reflects the removal of a low-latitude moisture source that probably gave rise to monsoonal conditions along the northern margin of Gondwana in the Visean and earlier times. As well, the presence of a substantial heat source at high elevation in the Late Carboniferous significantly influenced the distribution of climatic belts.
Errors in complex conceptual precipitation-runoff models may be analyzed by placing them into a statistical framework. This amounts to treating the errors as random variables and defining the probabilistic structure of the errors. By using such a framework, a large array of techniques, many of which have been presented in the statistical literature, becomes available to the modeler for quantifying and analyzing the various sources of error. A number of these techniques are reviewed in this paper, with special attention to the peculiarities of hydrologic models. Known methodologies for parameter estimation (calibration) are particularly applicable for obtaining physically meaningful estimates and for explaining how bias in runoff prediction caused by model error and input error may contribute to bias in parameter estimation.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR021i008p01195","usgsCitation":"Troutman, B.M., 1985, Errors and parameter estimation in precipitation-runoff modeling: 1. Theory: Water Resources Research, v. 21, no. 8, p. 1195-1213, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR021i008p01195.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"1195","endPage":"1213","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":222047,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"21","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-01-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0a49e4b0c8380cd522b2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Troutman, Brent M.","contributorId":195329,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Troutman","given":"Brent","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364945,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70012977,"text":"70012977 - 1985 - A general earthquake-observation system (GEOS)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-26T16:56:59.96196","indexId":"70012977","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A general earthquake-observation system (GEOS)","docAbstract":"Microprocessor technology has permitted the development of a General Earthquake-Observation System (GEOS) useful for most seismic applications. Central-processing-unit control via robust software of system functions that are isolated on hardware modules permits field adaptability of the system to a wide variety of active and passive seismic experiments and straightforward modification for incorporation of improvements in technology. Various laboratory tests and numerous deployments of a set of the systems in the field have confirmed design goals, including: wide linear dynamic range (16 bit/96 dB); broad bandwidth (36 hr to 600 Hz; greater than 36 hr available); selectable sensor-type (accelerometer, seismometer, dilatometer); selectable channels (1 to 6); selectable record mode (continuous, preset, trigger); large data capacity (1. 4 to 60 Mbytes); selectable time standard (WWVB, master, manual); automatic self-calibration; simple field operation; full capability to adapt system in the field to a wide variety of experiments; low power; portability; and modest costs. System design goals for a microcomputer-controlled system with modular software and hardware components as implemented on the GEOS are presented. The systems have been deployed for 15 experiments, including: studies of near-source strong motion; high-frequency microearthquakes; crustal structure; down-hole wave propagation; teleseismicity; and earth-tidal strains.","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/BSSA0750061783","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Borcherdt, R., Fletcher, J.B., Jensen, E., Maxwell, G., VanSchaack, J., Warrick, R., Cranswick, E., Johnston, M., and McClearn, R., 1985, A general earthquake-observation system (GEOS): Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 75, no. 6, p. 1783-1825, https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0750061783.","productDescription":"43 p.","startPage":"1783","endPage":"1825","costCenters":[{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":220169,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":404449,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/ssa/bssa/article/75/6/1783/118804/A-general-earthquake-observation-system-GEOS"}],"volume":"75","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1448e4b0c8380cd5499d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Borcherdt, R. D. 0000-0002-8668-0849","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8668-0849","contributorId":32165,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Borcherdt","given":"R. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364984,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fletcher, Joe B.","contributorId":8850,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fletcher","given":"Joe","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364981,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jensen, E.G.","contributorId":19962,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jensen","given":"E.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364983,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Maxwell, G.L.","contributorId":88376,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maxwell","given":"G.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364988,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"VanSchaack, J.R.","contributorId":49515,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"VanSchaack","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364986,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Warrick, R.E.","contributorId":43774,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warrick","given":"R.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364985,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Cranswick, E.","contributorId":85948,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cranswick","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364987,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Johnston, M.J.S. 0000-0003-4326-8368","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4326-8368","contributorId":104889,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnston","given":"M.J.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364989,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"McClearn, R.","contributorId":13374,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McClearn","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364982,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70012978,"text":"70012978 - 1985 - Carboniferous U-Pb age of the Sebago batholith, southwestern Maine: Metamorphic and tectonic implications","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-28T21:57:08.001591","indexId":"70012978","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Carboniferous U-Pb age of the Sebago batholith, southwestern Maine: Metamorphic and tectonic implications","docAbstract":"Two phases (pink and white granite) of the Sebago batholith of southwestern Maine have been dated by the U-Pb zircon method. Identical upper concordia intercepts of both rocks indicate an intrusive age of 325 ± 3 m.y. for the batholith. The lower intercept of the pink-phase sample, 114 ± 13 m.y., is inferred to represent episodic lead loss due to the intrusion of the nearby Cretaceous Pleasant Mountain stock. The lower intercept of the white-phase sample, 18 ± 21 m.y., suggests only modern dilatancy lead loss. Monazites have ages of 272 m.y. (pink) and 282 m.y. (white) which are thought to be cooling ages. Rb-Sr whole-rock data have low initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios of 0.7031 (pink) and 0.7053 (white). These data, in conjunction with published 40Ar/39Ar, Rb-Sr, K-Ar, and fission-track ages, suggest that little or no uplift occurred in this part of New England until the Permian and that the uplift rate from 275 m.y. to 225 m.y. was ∼3 times as rapid as was the rate for 225 m.y. to the present. The Carboniferous age of the Sebago batholith suggests that currently accepted metamorphic and tectonic interpretations for southwestern Maine and for east-central New Hampshire require revision.
The McKinley sequence of granitic rocks consists of several discrete plutons in the central Alaska Range. Most of these plutons crop out south of the Denali fault system (DFS) in the Talkeetna quadrangle. Plutons of the McKinley sequence largely intrude deformed upper Meszoic flysch between the DFS and the northern edges of Wrangellia and the Peninsular terrane, which jointly make up the Talkeetna superterrane. The average K-Ar age of biotite from nine granites of the McKinley sequence is 57.3 Ma; Rb-Sr data for whole rock samples indicate that the McKinley sequence cannot be older than 60 Ma. A selected suite of 20 samples of granite and granodiorite range in SiO2 from 65.9 to 77.6%. All 20 samples are corundum normative, and 18 are moderately peraluminous. Initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios range from 0.7054 to 0.7085. The σ18O values range from +11.2 to +14.6‰. These high and variable Sr isotopic ratios, peraluminous nature, rare earth element patterns, and high σ18O values suggest that granitic rocks of the McKinley sequence crystallized from hybrid magmas produced by assimilation of sedimentary rocks by a mantle-derived melt. Mesozoic flysch is the likely source of the crustal component of the hybrid magmas. Geologic evidence suggests that the Talkeetna superterrane collided with stable Alaska after Early Cretaceous time. The flysch basin, lying south of stable Alaska, was closed by northward movement of the Talkeetna superterrane; maximum age for basin closure and terrane accretion is middle Cretaceous (Cenomanian). Paleomagnetic evidence indicates that all terranes north of the DFS have been part of stable Alaska since the Paleocene and that northward movement of Wrangellia was completed by 50 Ma. Granitic rocks of the McKinley sequence may be products of terrane accretion; the granitic rocks crystallized from hybrid magmas produced during terrane collision and deformation of the flysch basin. Isotopic ages of the McKinley sequence establish the time of final accretion of the Talkeetna superterrane as Paleocene.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB090iB13p11413","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Lanphere, M.A., and Reed, B., 1985, The McKinley Sequence of granitic rocks: A key element in the accretionary history of southern Alaska: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 90, no. B13, p. 11413-11430, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB090iB13p11413.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"11413","endPage":"11430","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222475,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"90","issue":"B13","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba7dde4b08c986b321855","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lanphere, M. A.","contributorId":35298,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lanphere","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363435,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reed, B.L.","contributorId":29434,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reed","given":"B.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363434,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70012375,"text":"70012375 - 1985 - Element mobility during alteration of silicic ash to kaolinite - A study of tonstein","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-25T16:47:35.142486","indexId":"70012375","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3369,"text":"Sedimentology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Element mobility during alteration of silicic ash to kaolinite - A study of tonstein","docAbstract":"A laterally persistent kaolinitic mudstone parting (tonstein) occurring in a Wyoming coal bed of Eocene age was sampled to estimate the compositional contrast with a probable silicic ash precursor, and to determine the compositional influence of leached ash on immediately adjacent coal. With the exception of Al, and possibly Ti, the tonstein is highly to moderately leached of major elements, relative to a range of compositions estimated for silicic ash of the region. In agreement with the behaviour of geochemically similar major elements, alkali trace elements (Rb, Cs) are highly leached, transition-series metals moderately leached, and Ga is residual. Additional immobile trace elements are Zr and Hf but some other trace elements that are considered relatively immobile during low-temperature alteration (Th, Ta, Nb, REE, Y) were apparently leached by the low-Eh, low-pH, organic-rich pore fluids of the coal-forming swamp.
The migrational range of many of the leached elements is highly limited by the intimate association of tonstein with enclosing organic matter. Mixtures of coal + minor tonstein that occur within 20 mm of contacts are consistently enriched in some elements relative to either tonstein or nearby coal (U, Cu), or relative to calculated mixtures of tonstein and coal in their measured proportions (Th, Y, REE, Pb, Ba, V, Ti). Direct observations by fission-track radiography and electron microprobe indicate a preference of U and Fe for the organic component of mixtures. Metal fixation is probably by adsorption on insoluble organic matter (humic acids), or by precipitation as minor sulphides in these low-sulphur coals.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-3091.1985.tb00471.x","issn":"00370746","usgsCitation":"Zielinski, R.A., 1985, Element mobility during alteration of silicic ash to kaolinite - A study of tonstein: Sedimentology, v. 32, no. 4, p. 567-579, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3091.1985.tb00471.x.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"567","endPage":"579","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222253,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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\"}}]}","volume":"32","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-06-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a08b7e4b0c8380cd51c36","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zielinski, R. A. 0000-0002-4047-5129","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4047-5129","contributorId":106930,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zielinski","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":363405,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70012362,"text":"70012362 - 1985 - Active tectonic and magmatic processes beneath Long Valley Caldera, eastern California: An overview","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-27T15:46:20.934599","indexId":"70012362","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":6453,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Active tectonic and magmatic processes beneath Long Valley Caldera, eastern California: An overview","docAbstract":"Geological, chronological, and structural studies of the Long Valley-Mono/Inyo Craters area document a long history of related volcanic eruptions and earthquakes controlled by regional extensional tectonics of the Basin and Range province. This activity has persisted for hundreds of thousands of years and is likely to continue. The Long Valley magma chamber had a volume approaching 3000 km3 prior to its climatic caldera-forming eruption 0.7 m.y. ago but has been reduced to less than a third of this volume by cooling, eruption, and crystallization. Seismic evidence indicates that the main mass of the present Long Valley magma chamber is about 10 km in diameter and that its roof is 8–10 km deep with smaller cupolas as shallow as 4–5 km. Although a chamber of this size is probably capable of producing an eruption approaching 30 km3 of lava, the record over the past 0.5 m.y. suggests that eruptions of 1 km3 or less are far more likely. Models proposed for the current ground uplift and seismicity within the caldera require inflation of 0.1–0.2 km3 by additional magma since mid-1979, and some models suggest that inflation was accompanied by injection of a thin dike or dikes (probably of silicic magma) into the ring fracture zone beneath the south moat. Several of the M 5.8–6.2 earthquakes that occurred in the region beginning in 1978 had non-double-couple focal mechanisms. Whether these unusual mechanisms indicate injection of mafic (low-viscosity) magma at midcrustal depths in the Sierra Nevada block south of the caldera remains debatable. Studies of calderas of various ages throughout the world indicate that episodes of unrest are relatively common and do not invariably culminate in eruptions. Although current unrest is concentrated in the south moat of Long Valley caldera, the Inyo/Mono Craters probably hold a greater potential for producing an eruption in the foreseeable future. The Inyo/Mono Craters have erupted at 500-year intervals over the past 2000–3000 years, whereas the Long Valley magma chamber has erupted at about 200,000-year intervals over the past 700,000 years. In either case, a major earthquake near the caldera could strongly influence the course of volcanic activity.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB090iB13p11111","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Hill, D., Bailey, R., and Ryall, A., 1985, Active tectonic and magmatic processes beneath Long Valley Caldera, eastern California: An overview: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 90, no. B13, p. 11111-11120, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB090iB13p11111.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"11111","endPage":"11120","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222074,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"90","issue":"B13","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e6ade4b0c8380cd475a2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hill, D.P.","contributorId":27432,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"D.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363373,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bailey, R. A.","contributorId":87531,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bailey","given":"R. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363374,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ryall, A.S.","contributorId":7695,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ryall","given":"A.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363372,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70013082,"text":"70013082 - 1985 - More on the alleged 1970 geomagnetic jerk","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-13T13:32:01","indexId":"70013082","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3071,"text":"Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"More on the alleged 1970 geomagnetic jerk","docAbstract":"French and United Kingdom workers have published reports describing a sudden change in the secular acceleration, called an impulse or a jerk, which took place around 1970. They claim that this change took place in a period of a year or two and that the sources of the alleged jerk are internal. An earlier paper by this author questioned their method of analysis pointing out that their method of piecemeal fitting of parabolas to the data will always create a discontinuity in the secular acceleration where the parabolas join and that the place where the parabolas join is an a priori assumption and not a result of the analysis. This paper gives a very brief summary of this first paper and then adds additional reasons for questioning the allegation that there was a worldwide sudden jerk in the magnetic field of internal origin around 1970. These new reasons are based largely on new field models which give cubic approximations of the field right through the 1970 timeframe and therefore have no discontinuities in the second derivative (jerk) around 1970. Some recent Japanese work shows several sudden changes in the secular variation pattern which cover limited areas and do not seem to be closely related to each other or to the irregularity noted in the European area near 1970. The secular variation picture which seems to be emerging is one with many local or limited-regional secular variation changes which appear to be almost unrelated to each other in time or space. A worldwide spherical harmonic model including coefficients up to degree 13 could never properly depict such a situation. ?? 1985.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/0031-9201(85)90138-4","issn":"00319201","usgsCitation":"Alldredge, L., 1985, More on the alleged 1970 geomagnetic jerk: Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, v. 39, no. 4, p. 255-264, https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9201(85)90138-4.","startPage":"255","endPage":"264","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":267338,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-9201(85)90138-4"},{"id":220569,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"39","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5e29e4b0c8380cd70833","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Alldredge, L.R.","contributorId":53457,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alldredge","given":"L.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365240,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70012830,"text":"70012830 - 1985 - Sulphur in char and char desulphurization by acid leaching and hydropyrolysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-29T15:02:58.701796","indexId":"70012830","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1709,"text":"Fuel","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sulphur in char and char desulphurization by acid leaching and hydropyrolysis","docAbstract":"Sulphur compounds volatilized during pyrolysis of acid-leached char were measured to determine characteristics of char desulphurization reactions. Pyrolysis of char in a hydrogen atmosphere (hydropyrolysis) produced a much higher concentration of thiophenic organics compared with that produced during pyrolysis in a nitrogen atmosphere. Hydrogen sulphide gas evolution, at progressively increasing pyrolysis temperature in a helium atmosphere, was measured on five char samples: untreated char, hydrochloric acid-leached char, and three model chars: a demineralized char and two demineralized chars incorporated with sulphur via reactions with elemental sulphur. Hydrogen sulphide gas evolution in untreated char and acid-leached char was found to peak in three temperature regions; the maxima are thought to relate to sulphur in different bonding environments. The amounts of hydrogen sulphide volatilized were much higher for acid-leached char than for untreated char. The gas evolved from each of the remaining three samples showed a single peak region corresponding closely to one of the three peak regions observed for the first two chars. The results of this study indicate that elemental sulphur was produced during hydrochloric acid leaching of the untreated char and suggested that the improved rate of desulphurization observed in the char that had been acid-leached before hydropyrolysis was due in part to the conversion of strongly bound mineral sulphur forms to more weakly bound sulphur forms that are predominantly elemental sulphur in character, and are more easily removed by hydrogen.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-2361(85)90001-8","issn":"00162361","usgsCitation":"Chou, I., and Loffredo, D., 1985, Sulphur in char and char desulphurization by acid leaching and hydropyrolysis: Fuel, v. 64, no. 6, p. 731-734, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-2361(85)90001-8.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"731","endPage":"734","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222038,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"64","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9debe4b08c986b31db9b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chou, I.-M. 0000-0001-5233-6479","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5233-6479","contributorId":44283,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chou","given":"I.-M.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":364628,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Loffredo, D.M.","contributorId":61951,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loffredo","given":"D.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364629,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70012846,"text":"70012846 - 1985 - Determining relative error bounds for the CVBEM","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-17T15:54:49.970082","indexId":"70012846","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1514,"text":"Engineering Analysis","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Determining relative error bounds for the CVBEM","docAbstract":"The Complex Variable Boundary Element Methods provides a measure of relative error which can be utilized to subsequently reduce the error or provide information for further modeling analysis. By maximizing the relative error norm on each boundary element, a bound on the total relative error for each boundary element can be evaluated. This bound can be utilized to test CVBEM convergence, to analyze the effects of additional boundary nodal points in reducing the modeling error, and to evaluate the sensitivity of resulting modeling error within a boundary element from the error produced in another boundary element as a function of geometric distance.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0264-682X(85)90057-7","usgsCitation":"Hromadka, T., 1985, Determining relative error bounds for the CVBEM: Engineering Analysis, v. 2, no. 2, p. 75-80, https://doi.org/10.1016/0264-682X(85)90057-7.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"75","endPage":"80","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222228,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fff3e4b0c8380cd4f4c5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hromadka, T. V. II","contributorId":76464,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hromadka","given":"T. V.","suffix":"II","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364660,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70013045,"text":"70013045 - 1985 - Seasonal variation in sediment transport on the Russian River shelf, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-04T15:06:31.77465","indexId":"70013045","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1333,"text":"Continental Shelf Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seasonal variation in sediment transport on the Russian River shelf, California","docAbstract":"Near-bottom currents, light transmission and scattering, and bottom pressure were measured with GEOPROBE tripods and vector-averaging current meters during June 1979 to April 1980 on the central shelf 10 km west of the Russian River, California. The instruments were located on the mid-shelf mud belt composed of bimodal sandy clayey silts contributed principally by the Russian River. During the summer season of persistent northwesterly, upwelling-favorable winds, the average and maximum current speeds 5 m above the bottom were 11 and 31 cm s−1, respectively. The mean (subtidal) flow at 5 m above bottom was poleward and slightly offshore at about 6 cm s−1. The strongest wave-generated bottom currents were about 10 cm s−1, but oscillatory velocities > 5 cm s−1 were infrequent. Suspended-matter concentrations, derived from the optical data at 1.9 m above the bottom, ranged from 1 to 6 mg l−1. The optical data show that the currents and waves were generally below threshold levels for sediment erosion through the summer. In contrast, during the autumn and, particularly, the winter months, the average and maximum concentrations of suspended matter increased substantially. The increases were primarily caused by larger waves from distant storms and short intervals of strong currents associated with local storms and, secondarily, by the large seasonal flow of the Russian River. Wind-driven and wave-generated bottom currents were as large as 37 and 45 cm s−1, respectively, during local storms in December 1979 and February 1980. Suspended-matter concentrations averaged about 7 mg l−1 during non-storm winter periods, but increased to nearly 150 mg l−1 during a December storm. Estimates of suspended-matter flux near the bottom show that the local winter storms, which had a combined duration of about 12 days, could account for 30 to 50% of the total annual suspended-sediment transport at the mid-shelf site. Although intervals of large swell were at times superimposed on southward advective currents, the major sediment-transport events were caused by strong southerly winds that produced poleward bottom currents with a significant offshore component. The primary aspects of the distribution of modern sediments on this shelf are in good agreement with the observed poleward transport.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0278-4343(85)90007-X","usgsCitation":"Drake, D., and Cacchione, D., 1985, Seasonal variation in sediment transport on the Russian River shelf, California: Continental Shelf Research, v. 4, no. 5, p. 495-514, https://doi.org/10.1016/0278-4343(85)90007-X.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"495","endPage":"514","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220120,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Russian River shelf","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.51559980216115,\n 38.6469199916873\n ],\n [\n -123.51559980216115,\n 38.21661585272099\n ],\n [\n -122.84406049552042,\n 38.21661585272099\n ],\n [\n -122.84406049552042,\n 38.6469199916873\n ],\n [\n -123.51559980216115,\n 38.6469199916873\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"4","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b88ece4b08c986b316c39","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Drake, D.E.","contributorId":48150,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drake","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365158,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cacchione, D.A.","contributorId":65448,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cacchione","given":"D.A.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":365159,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70012828,"text":"70012828 - 1985 - Time scales of circulation and mixing processes of San Francisco Bay waters","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-27T11:41:14","indexId":"70012828","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1919,"text":"Hydrobiologia","onlineIssn":"1573-5117","printIssn":"0018-8158","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Time scales of circulation and mixing processes of San Francisco Bay waters","docAbstract":"Conceptual models for tidal period and low-frequency variations in sea level, currents, and mixing processes in the northern and southern reaches of San Francisco Bay describe the contrasting characteristics and dissimilar processes and rates in these embayments: The northern reach is a partially mixed estuary whereas the southern reach (South Bay) is a tidally oscillating lagoon with density-driven exchanges with the northern reach.
The mixed semidiurnal tides are mixtures of progressive and standing waves. The relatively simple oscillations in South Bay are nearly standing waves, with energy propagating down the channels and dispersing into the broad shoal areas. The tides of the northern reach have the general properties of a progressive wave but are altered at the constriction of the embayments and gradually change in an upstream direction to a mixture of progressive and standing waves. The spring and neap variations of the tides are pronounced and cause fortnightly varying tidal currents that affect mixing and salinity stratification in the water column.
Wind stress on the water surface, freshwater inflow, and tidal currents interacting with the complex bay configuration are the major local forcing mechanisms creating low-frequency variations in sea level and currents. These local forcing mechanisms drive the residual flows which, with tidal diffusion, control the water-replacement rates in the estuary. In the northern reach, the longitudinal density gradient drives an estuarine circulation in the channels, and the spatial variation in tidal amplitude creates a tidally-driven residual circulation. In contrast, South Bay exhibits a balance between wind-driven circulation and tidally-driven residual circulation for most of the year. During winter, however, there can be sufficient density variations to drive multilayer (2 to 3) flows in the channel of South Bay.
Mixing models (that include both diffusive and dispersive processes) are based on time scales associated with salt variations at the boundaries and those associated with the local forcing mechanisms, while the spatial scales of variations are dependent upon the configuration of the embayments. In the northern reach, where the estuarine circulation is strong, the salt flux is carried by the mean advection of the mean salt field. Where large salinity gradients are present, the tidal correlation part of the salt flux is of the same order as the advective part. Our knowledge of mixing and exchange rates in South Bay is poor. As this embayment is nearly isohaline, the salt flux is dominated entirely by the mean advection of the mean salt field. During and after peaks in river discharge, water mixing becomes more dynamic, with a strong density-driven current creating a net exchange of both water mass and salt. These exchanges are stronger during neap tides.
Residence times of the water masses vary seasonally and differ between reaches. In the northern reach, residence times are on the order of days for high winter river discharge and of months for summer periods. The residence times for South Bay are fairly long (on the order of several months) during summer, and typically shorter (less than a month) during winter when density-driven exchanges occur.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00048685","issn":"00188158","usgsCitation":"Walters, R.A., Cheng, R.T., and Conomos, T.J., 1985, Time scales of circulation and mixing processes of San Francisco Bay waters: Hydrobiologia, v. 129, no. 1, p. 13-36, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00048685.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"13","endPage":"36","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":205174,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00048685"},{"id":221972,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"129","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb3ade4b08c986b325f36","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Walters, R. A.","contributorId":34174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walters","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364621,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cheng, R. T.","contributorId":23138,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cheng","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364620,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Conomos, T. J.","contributorId":77515,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conomos","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364622,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70012797,"text":"70012797 - 1985 - Topographic mapping of the Moon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-02-13T11:40:12","indexId":"70012797","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1429,"text":"Earth, Moon and Planets","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Topographic mapping of the Moon","docAbstract":"Contour maps of the Moon have been compiled by photogrammetric methods that use stereoscopic combinations of all available metric photographs from the Apollo 15, 16, and 17 missions. The maps utilize the same format as the existing NASA shaded-relief Lunar Planning Charts (LOC-1, -2, -3, and -4), which have a scale of 1:2 750 000. The map contour interval is 500m. A control net derived from Apollo photographs by Doyle and others was used for the compilation. Contour lines and elevations are referred to the new topographic datum of the Moon, which is defined in terms of spherical harmonics from the lunar gravity field. Compilation of all four LOC charts was completed on analytical plotters from 566 stereo models of Apollo metric photographs that cover approximately 20% of the Moon. This is the first step toward compiling a global topographic map of the Moon at a scale of 1:5 000 000. ?? 1985 D. Reidel Publishing Company.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Earth, Moon and Planets","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Kluwer Academic Publishers","doi":"10.1007/BF00054173","issn":"01679295","usgsCitation":"Wu, S., 1985, Topographic mapping of the Moon: Earth, Moon and Planets, v. 32, no. 2, p. 165-172, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00054173.","startPage":"165","endPage":"172","numberOfPages":"8","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222442,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205239,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00054173"}],"volume":"32","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb4d3e4b08c986b326582","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wu, S.S.C.","contributorId":10421,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wu","given":"S.S.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364550,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70012878,"text":"70012878 - 1985 - Strontium and oxygen isotopic variations in Mesozoic and Tertiary plutons of central Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:43","indexId":"70012878","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1336,"text":"Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Strontium and oxygen isotopic variations in Mesozoic and Tertiary plutons of central Idaho","docAbstract":"Regional variations in initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios (ri) of Mesozoic plutons in central Idaho locate the edge of Precambrian continental crust at the boundary between the late Paleozoic-Mesozoic accreted terranes and Precambrian sialic crust in western Idaho. The ri values increase abruptly but continuously from less than 0.704 in the accreted terranes to greater than 0.708 across a narrow, 5 to 15 km zone, characterized by elongate, lens-shaped, highly deformed plutons and schistose metasedimentary and metavolcanic units. The chemical and petrologic character of the plutons changes concomitantly from ocean-arc-type, diorite-tonalite-trondhjemite units to a weakly peraluminous, calcic to calcalkalic tonalite-granodiorite-granite suite (the Idaho batholith). Plutons in both suites yield Late Cretaceous ages, but Permian through Early Cretaceous bodies are confined to the accreted terranes and early Tertiary intrusions are restricted to areas underlain by Precambrian crust. The two major terranes were juxtaposed between 75 and 130 m.y. ago, probably between 80 and 95 m.y. Oxygen and strontium isotopic ratios and Rb and Sr concentrations of the plutonic rocks document a significant upper-crustal contribution to the magmas that intrude Precambrian crust. Magmas intruding the arc terranes were derived from the upper mantle/subducted oceanic lithosphere and may have been modified by anatexis of earlier island-arc volcanic and sedimentary units. Plutons near the edge of Precambrian sialic crust represent simple mixtures of the Precambrian wall-rocks with melts derived from the upper mantle or subducted oceanic lithosphere with ri of 0.7035. Rb/Sr varies linearly with ri, producing \"pseudoisochrons\" with apparent \"ages\" close to the age of the wall rocks. Measured ??18O values of the wall rocks are less than those required for the assimilated end-member by Sr-O covariation in the plutons, however, indicating that wall-rock ??18O was reduced significantly by exchange with circulating fluids. Metasedimentary rocks of the Belt Supergroup are similarly affected near the batholith, documenting a systematic depletion in 18O as much as 50 km from the margin of the batholith. Plutons of the Bitterroot lobe of the Idaho batholith are remote from the accreted terranes and represent mixtures of Precambrian wall-rocks with melts dominated by continental lower crust (ri>0.708) rather than mantle. \"Pseudoisochrons\" resulting from these data are actually mixing lines that yield apparent \"ages\" less than the true age of the wall rocks and meaningless \"ri\". Assimilation/ fractional-crystallization models permit only insignificant amounts of crystal fractionation during anatexis and mixing for the majority of plutons of the region. ?? 1985 Springer-Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF00378269","issn":"00107999","usgsCitation":"Fleck, R., and Criss, R., 1985, Strontium and oxygen isotopic variations in Mesozoic and Tertiary plutons of central Idaho: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 90, no. 2-3, p. 291-308, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00378269.","startPage":"291","endPage":"308","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205285,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00378269"},{"id":222684,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"90","issue":"2-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9ba5e4b08c986b31cff4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fleck, R.J.","contributorId":25147,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fleck","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364743,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Criss, R.E.","contributorId":10075,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Criss","given":"R.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364742,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70012794,"text":"70012794 - 1985 - Determination of elastic wave velocity and relative hypocenter locations using refracted waves. I. Methodology","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-29T15:16:56.487796","indexId":"70012794","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Determination of elastic wave velocity and relative hypocenter locations using refracted waves. I. Methodology","docAbstract":"An arrival time difference method utilizing refracted arrivals from earthquakes in a homogeneous, layered earth model has been developed for the simultaneous determination of near-source (in situ) velocity and relative locations of earthquakes. The method is particularly applicable when analyzing data from arrays in which most of the recording stations are far (i.e., several focal depths) from a group of events. This iterative scheme locates earthquakes relative to a master event and performs an inversion for in situ velocity using a generalized inverseleast squares estimation procedure. Direct arrivals, when available, may be included to stabilize the inversion and increase the accuracy of the event locations. We tested this scheme on artificial data contaminated by random and systematic arrival time errors, gaps in azimuthal coverage, and inaccuracies in the assumed velocity model. As usual, depth is the least well-resolved hypocenter coordinate, but this scheme yielded accurate locations of most events while converging to the correct velocity model.
","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/BSSA0750020415","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Shedlock, K.M., Jones, L.M., and Ma, X., 1985, Determination of elastic wave velocity and relative hypocenter locations using refracted waves. I. Methodology: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 75, no. 2, p. 427-439, https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0750020415.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"427","endPage":"439","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222439,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"75","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1985-04-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fd43e4b0c8380cd4e717","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shedlock, Kaye M.","contributorId":61788,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shedlock","given":"Kaye","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364544,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jones, Lucile M. jones@usgs.gov","contributorId":1014,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"Lucile","email":"jones@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":508,"text":"Office of the AD Hazards","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":364543,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ma, Xiufang","contributorId":105437,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ma","given":"Xiufang","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364545,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70013088,"text":"70013088 - 1985 - The 1983 hydraulic jump in Crystal Rapid: Implications for river- running and geomorphic evolution in the Grand Canyon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-26T16:29:54.8765","indexId":"70013088","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2309,"text":"Journal of Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The 1983 hydraulic jump in Crystal Rapid: Implications for river- running and geomorphic evolution in the Grand Canyon","docAbstract":"At Crystal Creek, a debris fan was emplaced in 1966, constricting the channel of the Colorado River to about 0.25 of its upstream width between 1967 and 1983, forming a major rapid. The hydraulics of Crystal Creek rapid are described, and an analysis is presented to support the hypothesis that the major wave in the rapid was a normal wave (one type of hydraulic jump). Hydraulic jumps rarely occur in natural river channels with erodible beds, but one was present at Crystal Rapid because of the unusually severe constriction of the Colorado River by the 1966 debris fan. A quantitative model for river debris fan shapes is proposed and is used to estimate prehistoric flood levels from the observed constrictions: the 0.5 value of river constriction found at the more mature debris fans in the Grand Canyon suggests that peak flood discharges of approximately 11 320 m3/s have occurred. -from Author","language":"English","publisher":"University of Chicago Press","doi":"10.1086/628962","issn":"00221376","usgsCitation":"Kieffer, S.W., 1985, The 1983 hydraulic jump in Crystal Rapid: Implications for river- running and geomorphic evolution in the Grand Canyon: Journal of Geology, v. 93, no. 4, p. 385-406, https://doi.org/10.1086/628962.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"385","endPage":"406","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220674,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"93","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba62ae4b08c986b320f29","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kieffer, S. W.","contributorId":19186,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kieffer","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365256,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70012777,"text":"70012777 - 1985 - Linear inversion of transmitted acoustic wave fields for three-dimensional modulus and density perturbations using a born-type approximation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-29T15:20:05.802651","indexId":"70012777","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Linear inversion of transmitted acoustic wave fields for three-dimensional modulus and density perturbations using a born-type approximation","docAbstract":"A Born approximation is used to linearize the relationship, in the horizontal-wavenumber and frequency domains, between lateral perturbations of modulus and density in a layered half-space and the acoustic wave field observed at the surface when a plane wave is incident from below. The resulting equations can be used to perform a linear inversion of observed acoustic wave fields to obtain lateral perturbations in modulus and density. Since modulus and density effects are separated, gravity observations can be included in the inversion procedure without any assumptions about the relationship between density and acoustic velocity. Tests with synthetic data sets reveal that the inversion method gives useful results when the spatial scales of the inhomogeneities are smaller than several acoustic wavelengths. The inclusion of gravity observations in the inversion reduces the strong negative tradeoff between modulus and density perturbations.
","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/BSSA0750010093","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Stauber, D.A., 1985, Linear inversion of transmitted acoustic wave fields for three-dimensional modulus and density perturbations using a born-type approximation: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 75, no. 1, p. 93-114, https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0750010093.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"93","endPage":"114","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222037,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"75","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1985-02-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a40e6e4b0c8380cd65118","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stauber, Douglas A.","contributorId":90870,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stauber","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364500,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70012879,"text":"70012879 - 1985 - Resolving controls on epeiric sedimentation using trend surface analysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:43","indexId":"70012879","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2554,"text":"Journal of the International Association for Mathematical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Resolving controls on epeiric sedimentation using trend surface analysis","docAbstract":"An understanding of patterns of regional sedimentation is crucial to identifying trends of perspective petroleum reservoirs. The Upper Pennsylvanian, Missourian Kansas City Group consists of repetitions of widespread carbonate rock and shale. Each of four cyclothems chosen for subsurface study of western Kansas contains transgressive and regressive lithofacies with evidence of extensive subaerial exposure across the entire paleoshelf. Distribution of carbonate facies on the 350+ km-wide shelf was affected strongly by slight changes in structural configuration of the shelf and variations in sea level. Polynomial trend surface models prepared from selected wireline log information for four successive cyclothems assist in resolving regional and local patterns of sedimentation and help to access the effect of subtle structural deformation on sedimentation. Isopachs of marine portions of four cyclothems were fit by fourth-order trend surfaces, optimizing fit by comparing goodness-of-fit and minimizing skewness of residuals using the smallest order surface. Several cyclothems showed simple patterns of regional, basinward thickening with local, strike-elongated anomalies where goodness-of-fit was maximized with increasing order. One cyclothem did not converge to a good fit at small orders nor did distribution of residuals indicate convergence toward zero. Both anomalies reflected a more complex surface. Rather than thickening regionally, the pattern created by this anomalous cyclothem was more irregular. Mapped patterns resemble those of the present-day structural configuration of these horizons suggesting a general persistence in similar epeirogenic deformation. ?? 1985 Plenum Publishing Corporation.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of the International Association for Mathematical Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Kluwer Academic Publishers-Plenum Publishers","doi":"10.1007/BF01032931","issn":"00205958","usgsCitation":"Watney, W., 1985, Resolving controls on epeiric sedimentation using trend surface analysis: Journal of the International Association for Mathematical Geology, v. 17, no. 4, p. 427-454, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01032931.","startPage":"427","endPage":"454","numberOfPages":"28","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205286,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01032931"},{"id":222685,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aa9d7e4b0c8380cd85fdc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Watney, W.L.","contributorId":43087,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watney","given":"W.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364744,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70012759,"text":"70012759 - 1985 - Spatial analysis of extension fracture systems: A process modeling approach","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:42","indexId":"70012759","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2554,"text":"Journal of the International Association for Mathematical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spatial analysis of extension fracture systems: A process modeling approach","docAbstract":"Little consensus exists on how best to analyze natural fracture spacings and their sequences. Field measurements and analyses published in geotechnical literature imply fracture processes radically different from those assumed by theoretical structural geologists. The approach adopted in this paper recognizes that disruption of rock layers by layer-parallel extension results in two spacing distributions, one representing layer-fragment lengths and another separation distances between fragments. These two distributions and their sequences reflect mechanics and history of fracture and separation. Such distributions and sequences, represented by a 2 ?? n matrix of lengthsL, can be analyzed using a method that is history sensitive and which yields also a scalar estimate of bulk extension, e (L). The method is illustrated by a series of Monte Carlo experiments representing a variety of fracture-and-separation processes, each with distinct implications for extension history. Resulting distributions of e (L)are process-specific, suggesting that the inverse problem of deducing fracture-and-separation history from final structure may be tractable. ?? 1985 Plenum Publishing Corporation.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of the International Association for Mathematical Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Kluwer Academic Publishers-Plenum Publishers","doi":"10.1007/BF01032930","issn":"00205958","usgsCitation":"Ferguson, C., 1985, Spatial analysis of extension fracture systems: A process modeling approach: Journal of the International Association for Mathematical Geology, v. 17, no. 4, p. 403-425, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01032930.","startPage":"403","endPage":"425","numberOfPages":"23","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222740,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205291,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01032930"}],"volume":"17","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b941de4b08c986b31a88d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ferguson, C.C.","contributorId":44289,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ferguson","given":"C.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364449,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70012900,"text":"70012900 - 1985 - Three-dimensional trend mapping from wire-line logs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:01","indexId":"70012900","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2554,"text":"Journal of the International Association for Mathematical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Three-dimensional trend mapping from wire-line logs","docAbstract":"Mapping of lithofacies and porosities of stratigraphic units is complicated because these properties vary in three dimensions. The method of moments was proposed by Krumbein and Libby (1957) as a technique to aid in resolving this problem. Moments are easily computed from wireline logs and are simple statistics which summarize vertical variation in a log trace. Combinations of moment maps have proved useful in understanding vertical and lateral changes in lithology of sedimentary rock units. Although moments have meaning both as statistical descriptors and as mechanical properties, they also define polynomial curves which approximate lithologic changes as a function of depth. These polynomials can be fitted by least-squares methods, partitioning major trends in rock properties from finescale fluctuations. Analysis of variance yields the degree of fit of any polynomial and measures the proportion of vertical variability expressed by any moment or combination of moments. In addition, polynomial curves can be differentiated to determine depths at which pronounced expressions of facies occur and to determine the locations of boundaries between major lithologic subdivisions. Moments can be estimated at any location in an area by interpolating from log moments at control wells. A matrix algebra operation then converts moment estimates to coefficients of a polynomial function which describes a continuous curve of lithologic variation with depth. If this procedure is applied to a grid of geographic locations, the result is a model of variability in three dimensions. Resolution of the model is determined largely by number of moments used in its generation. The method is illustrated with an analysis of lithofacies in the Simpson Group of south-central Kansas; the three-dimensional model is shown as cross sections and slice maps. In this study, the gamma-ray log is used as a measure of shaliness of the unit. However, the method is general and can be applied, for example, to suites of neutron, density, or sonic logs to produce three-dimensional models of porosity in reservoir rocks. ?? 1985 Plenum Publishing Corporation.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of the International Association for Mathematical Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Kluwer Academic Publishers-Plenum Publishers","doi":"10.1007/BF01032935","issn":"00205958","usgsCitation":"Doveton, J., and Ke-an, Z., 1985, Three-dimensional trend mapping from wire-line logs: Journal of the International Association for Mathematical Geology, v. 17, no. 4, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01032935.","startPage":"485","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205202,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01032935"},{"id":222107,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb34be4b08c986b325cd6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Doveton, J.H.","contributorId":30237,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doveton","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364785,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ke-an, Z.","contributorId":35466,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ke-an","given":"Z.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364786,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70012749,"text":"70012749 - 1985 - Maximum likelihood estimation for periodic autoregressive moving average models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-28T09:45:58","indexId":"70012749","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3523,"text":"Technometrics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Maximum likelihood estimation for periodic autoregressive moving average models","docAbstract":"A useful class of models for seasonal time series that cannot be filtered or standardized to achieve second-order stationarity is that of periodic autoregressive moving average (PARMA) models, which are extensions of ARMA models that allow periodic (seasonal) parameters. An approximation to the exact likelihood for Gaussian PARMA processes is developed, and a straightforward algorithm for its maximization is presented. The algorithm is tested on several periodic ARMA(1, 1) models through simulation studies and is compared to moment estimation via the seasonal Yule-Walker equations. Applicability of the technique is demonstrated through an analysis of a seasonal stream-flow series from the Rio Caroni River in Venezuela.","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/00401706.1985.10488076","issn":"00401706","usgsCitation":"Vecchia, A.V., 1985, Maximum likelihood estimation for periodic autoregressive moving average models: Technometrics, v. 27, no. 4, p. 375-384, https://doi.org/10.1080/00401706.1985.10488076.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"375","endPage":"384","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222555,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4abde4b0c8380cd68fd9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vecchia, A. V.","contributorId":23533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vecchia","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364432,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70012748,"text":"70012748 - 1985 - Uranium mineralization in the Smith Lake district of the Grants uranium region, New Mexico.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-08T23:40:50.926431","indexId":"70012748","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Uranium mineralization in the Smith Lake district of the Grants uranium region, New Mexico.","docAbstract":"The Mariano Lake and Ruby 1 uranium orebodies, which together comprise much of the uranium ore in the Smith Lake district of the Grants uranium region, New Mexico, occur in sandstones in the lower part of the Brushy Basin Member of the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation. The orebodies, which are offset by faults of Laramide age, are enriched in an amorphous organic material that was introduced into the host sandstone after deposition. The enrichment by this organic material, in ore, is an important characteristic of the primary uranium deposits in the Grants uranium region. However, the close proximity of the chemically reduced ore zones to oxidized rock is suggestive that the deposits represent accumulations of uranium redistributed by reduction-oxidation processes from preexisting primary deposits.Within the ores, whole-rock abundances of organic carbon correlate positively with uranium contents. This correlation is consistent with petrologic evidence which indicates that uranium is everywhere intimately admixed with the amorphous organic material. Ore zones are also enriched in vanadium (as ore-stage vanadiferous chlorite) and sulfur (as ore-stage iron disulfide minerals with delta 34 S values ranging from -29 to -42ppm).Petrographic observations demonstrate that Smith Lake uranium mineralization occurred early (before major burial compaction) in the paragenetic sequence of host-rock diagenetic alterations but was preceded by precipitation of authigenic iron disulfides (delta 34 S values ranging from -11 to -38ppm), mixed-layered smectite-illite clays, and potassium feldspars.Additional preore alterations included dissolution of detrital sanidine and plagioclase and the leaching of iron from detrital iron-titanium oxide grains. Following mineralization, varying amounts of authigenic calcite and barite formed, both of which were partly replaced by kaolinitc. Oxidation of some previously formed iron disulfide minerals occurred late in the paragenetic sequence, as did localized precipitation of native selenium, pyrite, and very minor amounts of uranium minerals.The positive correlation between contents of uranium and organic carbon and the admixture of uranium with the amorphous organic material indicates that the Mariano Lake and Ruby 1 deposits are primary-type uranium orebodies. The offset of orebodies by Laramide faults and radiometric age determinations of the ores are also consistent with a primary origin for the deposits. Late Tertiary oxygenated ground waters locally modified original chemical and mineralogical characteristics of the ores in part by leaching some uranium. Secondary uranium minerals precipitated from the partly leached primary ores are sparse in the mine area; such recycled uranium appears to represent an insignificant proportion of the total uranium in the Smith Lake district.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.80.5.1348","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Fishman, N., Reynolds, R.L., and Robertson, J., 1985, Uranium mineralization in the Smith Lake district of the Grants uranium region, New Mexico.: Economic Geology, v. 80, no. 5, p. 1348-1364, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.80.5.1348.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"1348","endPage":"1364","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222554,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"80","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1985-08-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbdc2e4b08c986b3291eb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fishman, N.S.","contributorId":59441,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fishman","given":"N.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364430,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reynolds, R. L. 0000-0002-4572-2942","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4572-2942","contributorId":79885,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reynolds","given":"R.","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":364431,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Robertson, J. F.","contributorId":11194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robertson","given":"J. F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364429,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70012747,"text":"70012747 - 1985 - EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS IN THE OFFSHORE ENVIRONMENT.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:06","indexId":"70012747","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2928,"text":"Ocean science and engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS IN THE OFFSHORE ENVIRONMENT.","docAbstract":"This report discusses earthquake effects and potential hazards in the marine environment, describes and illustrates methods for the evaluation of earthquake hazards, and briefly reviews strategies for mitigating hazards. The report is broadly directed toward engineers, scientists, and others engaged in developing offshore resources. The continental shelves have become a major frontier in the search for new petroleum resources. Much of the current exploration is in areas of moderate to high earthquake activity. If the resources in these areas are to be developed economically and safely, potential earthquake hazards must be identified and mitigated both in planning and regulating activities and in designing, constructing, and operating facilities. Geologic earthquake effects that can be hazardous to marine facilities and operations include surface faulting, tectonic uplift and subsidence, seismic shaking, sea-floor failures, turbidity currents, and tsunamis.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ocean science and engineering","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"02752220","usgsCitation":"Page, R.A., and Basham, P.W., 1985, EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS IN THE OFFSHORE ENVIRONMENT.: Ocean science and engineering, v. 10, no. 3-4, p. 195-352.","startPage":"195","endPage":"352","numberOfPages":"158","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222553,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0451e4b0c8380cd508d8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Page, Robert A.","contributorId":17207,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Page","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364427,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Basham, Peter W.","contributorId":78880,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Basham","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364428,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}