Images of distant and unknown places have long stimulated the imaginations of both explorers and scientists. The atlas of photographs collected during the Hayden (1872)expedition to the Yellowstone region was essential to its successful advocacy and selection in 1872 as America’s first national park. Photographer William Henry Jackson of the Hayden expedition captured the public’s imagination and support, returning home with a treasure of images that confirmed the existence of western landmarks previously regarded as glorified myths: the Grand Tetons, Old Faithful, and strange pools of boiling hot mud. Fifty years later, photographer Ansel Adams began his long legacy of providing the public with compilations of iconic images of natural wonders that many only see in prints.
Photography in space has provided its own bounty. Who can forget the first image of Earthrise taken by astronaut William Anders in 1968 from Apollo 8; the solemnity of the first photos of the surface of the Moon from the Apollo 11 astronauts; and the startling discovery of the tallest mountain in the solar system (Olympus Mons) on the surface of Mars in images sent from Mariner 9? The images from Mariner 9 also allowed for a game-changing discovery. Earlier, based on very limited Mariner 4 data that covered less than 10% of the planet’s surface, Chapman et al. (1968) speculated that “If substantial aqueous erosion features—such as river valleys— were produced during earlier epochs of Mars, we should not expect any trace of them to be visible.
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2012 - Physical Climate Forces","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70205864,"text":"70205864 - 2012 - Physical Climate Forces","indexId":"70205864","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"chapter":"2","title":"Physical Climate Forces"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70048737,"text":"70048737 - 2012 - Coastal impacts, adaptation, and vulnerabilities: a technical input to the 2013 National Climate Assessment","indexId":"70048737","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"title":"Coastal impacts, adaptation, and vulnerabilities: a technical input to the 2013 National Climate Assessment"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70048737,"text":"70048737 - 2012 - Coastal impacts, adaptation, and vulnerabilities: a technical input to the 2013 National Climate Assessment","indexId":"70048737","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"title":"Coastal impacts, adaptation, and vulnerabilities: a technical input to the 2013 National Climate Assessment"},"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-08T16:24:10","indexId":"70205864","displayToPublicDate":"2013-10-08T16:02:11","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"chapter":"2","title":"Physical Climate Forces","docAbstract":"Key Findings
The coasts of the U.S. are home to many large urban centers and important infrastructure such seaports, airports, transportation routes, oil import and refining facilities, power plants, and military bases. All are vulnerable to varying degrees to impacts of global warming such as sea-level rise, storms, and flooding. High Confidence.
Physical observations collected over the past several decades from the land, coasts, oceans, and the atmosphere, as well as environmental indicators, show that warming and some related environmental changes are occurring globally at rates greater than can be expected due to natural processes. These climate-related changes are highly varied, but some are likely due in large part to anthropogenically increased atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases and altered land surface properties. High Confidence.
Findings from many independent scientific studies conclude that these changes are consistent with global warming. The primary changes observed are rising sea level and average global air, land, and ocean temperatures; heightening temperature and precipitation extremes in some regions; and increasing levels of oceans acidification and rates of glacier and ice sheet melt. High Confidence.
Most coastal landforms, such as barrier islands, deltas, bays, estuaries, wetlands, coral reefs, are highly dynamic and sensitive to even small changes in physical
forces and feedbacks such as warming, storms, ocean circulation, waves and currents, flooding, sediment budgets, and sea-level rise. High Confidence.
The effects of sea-level rise on coasts vary considerably from region-to-region and over a range of spatial and temporal scales. Land subsidence in certain locations causes relative sea-level rise to exceed global mean sea-level rise. Land uplift such as that found in Alaska and the Northwestern Pacific coast can reduce effects of global mean rise. The effects will be greatest and most immediate on low-relief, low-elevation parts of the U.S. coast along the Gulf of Mexico, mid-Atlantic states, northern Alaska, Hawaii, and island territories and especially on coasts containing deltas, coastal plains, tidal wetlands, bays, estuaries, and coral reefs. Beaches and wetlands on steep cliff coasts and shores backed with seawalls may be unable to move landward or maintain their landform with sea-level rise. Many areas of the coast are especially vulnerable because of the often detrimental effects of development on natural processes. High Confidence.
The gradual inundation from recent sea-level rise is evident in many regions such as the mid-Atlantic and Louisiana where high tides regularly flood roads and areas that were previously dry, and in stands of “ghost forests,” in which trees are killed by intrusion of brackish water. High Confidence.
Sea level change and storms are dominant driving forces of coastal change as observed in the geologic record of coastal landforms. Increasingly, sea-level rise will become a hazard for coastal regions because of continued global mean sea-level rise, including possibly accelerated rates of rise that increase risk to coastal regions. As the global climate continues to warm and ice sheets melt, coasts will become more dynamic and coastal cities and low-lying areas will be increasingly exposed to erosion, inundation, and flooding. High Confidence.
No coordinated, interagency process exists in the U.S. for identifying agreed upon global mean sea-level rise projections for the purpose of coastal planning, policy, or management, even though this is a critical first step in assessing coastal impacts and vulnerabilities. High Confidence.
Global sea level rose at a rate of 1.7 millimeters/year during the 20th century. The rate has increased to over 3 millimeters/year in the past 20 years and scientific studies suggest high confidence (>9 in 10 chance) that global mean sea level will rise 0.2 to 2 meters by the end of this century. Some regions such as Louisiana and the Chesapeake Bay will experience greater relative rise due to factors such as land subsidence, gravitational redistribution of ice-sheet meltwater, ocean circulation changes, and regional ocean thermostatic effects. Other regions undergoing land uplift, such as Alaska, will experience lesser sea-level rise. High Confidence.
Variability in the location and time-of-year of storm genesis can influence landfalling storm characteristics, and even small changes can lead to large changes in landfalling location and impact. Although scientists have only low confidence in the sign of projected changes to the coast of storm-related hazards that depend on a combination of factors such as frequency, track, intensity, and storm size, any sea-level rise is virtually certain to exacerbate storm-related hazards. High Confidence.
Although sea-level rise and climate change have occurred in the past, the increasing human presence in the coastal zone will make the impacts different
for the future. Land use and other human activities often inhibit the natural response of physical processes and adaptation by plants and animals. In some
areas, erosion and wetland loss are common because sediment budgets have been reduced, while, in other regions, excess sediment is in-filling harbors, channels, and bays. High Confidence.
Observations continue to indicate an ongoing, warming-induced intensification of the hydrologic cycle that will likely result in heavier precipitation events and, combined with sea-level rise and storm surge, an increased flooding severity in some coastal areas, particularly the northeast U.S. Moderate Confidence.
Temperature is primarily driving environmental change in the Alaskan coastal zone. Sea ice and permafrost make northern regions particularly susceptible to temperature change. For example, an increase of two degrees Celsius could basically transform much of Alaska from frozen to unfrozen, with extensive implications. Portions of the north and west coast of Alaska are seeing dramatic increases in the rate of coastal erosion and flooding due to sea ice loss and permafrost melting. As a consequence, several coastal communities are planning to relocate to safer locations. Relocation is a difficult decision that is likely to become more common in the future for many coastal regions. High Confidence.
Methane is a primary greenhouse gas. Large reserves of methane are bound-up in Alaska’s frozen permafrost. These are susceptible to disturbance and methane
release if the Arctic continues to warm. The additional methane released may result in even greater greenhouse warming of the atmosphere. High Confidence.
Summarizing his colonial nesting waterbird survey experiences along the northern \ncoast of the Gulf of Mexico in a paper presented to the Colonial Waterbird Group of the \nWaterbird Society (Portnoy 1978), bird biologist John W. Portnoy stated, “This huge \nconcentration of nesting waterbirds, restricted almost entirely to the wetlands and \nestuaries of southern Louisiana, is unmatched in all of North America; for example, a \n1975 inventory of wading birds along the Atlantic Coast from Maine to Florida [Custer \nand Osborn, in press], tallied 250,000 breeding [waterbirds] of 14 species, in contrast \nwith the 650,000 birds of 15 species just from Sabine Pass to Mobile Bay.” The “650,000 \nbirds” to which Portnoy referred, were tallied by him in a 1976 survey of coastal \nLouisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama (see below, under “Major Surveys” section).
\nAccording to the National Atlas of Coastal Waterbird Colonies in the Contiguous \nUnited States: 1976-82 (Spendelow and Patton 1988), the percentages of the total U.S. \npopulations of Laughing Gull (11%), Forster's Tern (52%), Royal Tern (16%), Sandwich \nTern (77%), and Black Skimmer (44%) which annually nest in Louisiana are significant – \nperhaps crucially so in the cases of Forster's Tern, Sandwich Tern, and Black Skimmer.
\nNearly three decades after Spendelow and Patton's determinations above, coastal \nLouisiana still stands out as the major center of colonial wading bird and seabird nesting \nin all of the United States. Within those three intervening decades, however, the\ncollective habitats which comprise Louisiana's now fragile coastal zone have taken major \nhits from commercial/residential, oil & gas, and other industrial development, primarily \nin the form of coastal erosion exacerbated by these and other factors (Portnoy 1978, \nSpendelow and Patton 1988, Martin and Lester 1990, Green, et al. 2006). Moreover, \nduring this same period, both geologic subsidence rates (Tornqvist et al. 2008) and mean \nsea-level (Tornqvist et al. 2002) have increased, along with significant tropical storm \nactivity; all of which have combined to impact available marsh, barrier island, beach, and \ndredge spoil nesting habitat for waterbirds, especially seabirds, throughout the coastal \nzone of Louisiana.
\nThe primary objective of this publication is to detail those coastal Louisiana \ncolonial seabird nesting sites for which we have reasonably accurate data, in a tabular, \nsite-by-site format. All major survey (1976-2008) data of site-by-site seabird species \ncounts, as well as several smaller data sets, referred to in the site history tables as \n“miscellaneous observations” obtained during the May-June seabird breeding period, are \nincluded.
\nIt is our hope that these data will provide a dependable foundation from which \nfuture colonial seabird nesting surveys might be planned and carried out, as well as \nshowcase the importance of coastal Louisiana's seabird rookeries, and contribute to their \nconservation.
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2012 - Developing a national stream morphology data exchange: needs, challenges, and opportunities","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-15T15:14:43","indexId":"70120698","displayToPublicDate":"2013-08-15T14:41:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1578,"text":"Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union","onlineIssn":"2324-9250","printIssn":"0096-394","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Developing a national stream morphology data exchange: needs, challenges, and opportunities","docAbstract":"Stream morphology data, primarily consisting of channel and foodplain geometry and bed material size measurements, historically have had a wide range of applications and uses including culvert/ bridge design, rainfall- runoff modeling, food inundation mapping (e.g., U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency food insurance studies), climate change studies, channel stability/sediment source investigations, navigation studies, habitat assessments, and landscape change research. The need for stream morphology data in the United States, and thus the quantity of data collected, has grown substantially over the past 2 decades because of the expanded interests of resource management agencies in watershed management and restoration. The quantity of stream morphology data collected has also increased because of state-of-the-art technologies capable of rapidly collecting high-resolution data over large areas with heretofore unprecedented precision. Despite increasing needs for and the expanding quantity of stream morphology data, neither common reporting standards nor a central data archive exist for storing and serving these often large and spatially complex data sets. We are proposing an open- access data exchange for archiving and disseminating stream morphology data.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/2012EO200005","usgsCitation":"Collins, M.J., Gray, J.R., Peppler, M.C., Fitzpatrick, F.A., and Schubauer-Berigan, J.P., 2012, Developing a national stream morphology data exchange: needs, challenges, and opportunities: Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 93, no. 20, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012EO200005.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"195","costCenters":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":292326,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":292325,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2012EO200005"}],"volume":"93","issue":"20","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-05-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53ef1ec6e4b0bfa1f993ef05","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Collins, Mathias J.","contributorId":19086,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Collins","given":"Mathias","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498403,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gray, John R. 0000-0002-8817-3701 jrgray@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8817-3701","contributorId":1158,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gray","given":"John","email":"jrgray@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":5058,"text":"Office of the Chief Scientist for Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":498401,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Peppler, Marie C. 0000-0002-1120-9673 mpeppler@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1120-9673","contributorId":825,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peppler","given":"Marie","email":"mpeppler@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":498400,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fitzpatrick, Faith A. fafitzpa@usgs.gov","contributorId":1182,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fitzpatrick","given":"Faith","email":"fafitzpa@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":476,"text":"North Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":498402,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Schubauer-Berigan, Joseph P.","contributorId":106220,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schubauer-Berigan","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498404,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70045164,"text":"70045164 - 2012 - The 2011 Virginia earthquake: what are scientists learning?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-08-05T10:23:39","indexId":"70045164","displayToPublicDate":"2013-08-05T10:16:19","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1578,"text":"Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union","onlineIssn":"2324-9250","printIssn":"0096-394","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The 2011 Virginia earthquake: what are scientists learning?","docAbstract":"Nearly 1 year ago, on 23 August, tens of millions of people in the eastern United States and southeastern Canada were startled in the middle of their workday (1:51 P.M. local time) by the sudden onset of moderate to strong ground shaking from a rare magnitude (M) 5.8 earthquake in central Virginia. Treating the shaking as if it were a fire drill, millions of workers in Washington, D. C., New York City, and other eastern cities hurriedly exited their buildings, exposing themselves to potentially greater danger from falling bricks and glass; “drop, cover, and hold” would have been a better response. Fortunately, the strong shaking stopped after about 5 seconds and did not cause widespread severe damage or serious injuries.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2012EO330001","usgsCitation":"Horton, J., and Williams, R., 2012, The 2011 Virginia earthquake: what are scientists learning?: Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 93, no. 33, p. 317-318, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012EO330001.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"317","endPage":"318","ipdsId":"IP-039193","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474087,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2012eo330001","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":276002,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":276001,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2012EO330001"}],"country":"United States","state":"Virginia","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -83.6754,36.5408 ], [ -83.6754,39.466 ], [ -75.2422,39.466 ], [ -75.2422,36.5408 ], [ -83.6754,36.5408 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"93","issue":"33","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-08-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5200bb5ae4b009d47a4c2345","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Horton, J. Wright Jr. 0000-0001-6756-6365 whorton@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6756-6365","contributorId":423,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Horton","given":"J. Wright","suffix":"Jr.","email":"whorton@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":476983,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Williams, Robert A. rawilliams@usgs.gov","contributorId":1357,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"Robert A.","email":"rawilliams@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":301,"text":"Geologic Hazards Team","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":476984,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70118983,"text":"70118983 - 2012 - Social.Water - A crowdsourcing tool for environmental data acquisition","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-04T10:00:29","indexId":"70118983","displayToPublicDate":"2013-08-04T09:59:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1315,"text":"Computers & Geosciences","printIssn":"0098-3004","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Social.Water - A crowdsourcing tool for environmental data acquisition","docAbstract":"Remote telemetry has a long history of use for collection of environmental measurements. With the rise of mobile phones and SMS text-messaging capacity, many members of the general pubic carry communications equipment in their pockets at all times. Enabling the general public to provide environmental data through text messages has the potential both to provide additional data to scientific projects and also to raise awareness of the projects through participation. Hydrologic measurements – some of which can be made without training, involve a single measurement, and are often made in rural areas – are well-suited to text-message conveyance. Many other environmental measurements are similarly well-suited for this technology. Social.Water is a software package, written in Python, that collects, parses, and categorizes text messages sent to a dedicated phone number, updates a simple database, and posts both graphical results and the database on the Web. Social.Water was designed as the backend to the Crowdhydrology project and is written in an object-oriented design that makes customization and modification straightforward.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Computers and Geosciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.cageo.2012.06.015","usgsCitation":"Fienen, M., and Lowry, C., 2012, Social.Water - A crowdsourcing tool for environmental data acquisition: Computers & Geosciences, v. 49, p. 164-169, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2012.06.015.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"164","endPage":"169","ipdsId":"IP-038629","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":291568,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":291545,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2012.06.015"}],"volume":"49","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53e09e5de4b0beb42bdca496","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fienen, Michael N. 0000-0002-7756-4651 mnfienen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7756-4651","contributorId":893,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fienen","given":"Michael N.","email":"mnfienen@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":497552,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lowry, Christopher","contributorId":82232,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lowry","given":"Christopher","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":497553,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70118359,"text":"70118359 - 2012 - Varying sediment sources (Hudson Strait, Cumberland Sound, Baffin Bay) to the NW Labrador Sea slope between and during Heinrich events 0 to 4","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-28T14:57:49","indexId":"70118359","displayToPublicDate":"2013-07-28T14:52:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2437,"text":"Journal of Quaternary Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Varying sediment sources (Hudson Strait, Cumberland Sound, Baffin Bay) to the NW Labrador Sea slope between and during Heinrich events 0 to 4","docAbstract":"Core HU97048-007PC was recovered from the continental Labrador Sea slope at a water depth of 945 m, 250 km seaward from the mouth of Cumberland Sound, and 400 km north of Hudson Strait. Cumberland Sound is a structural trough partly floored by Cretaceous mudstones and Paleozoic carbonates. The record extends from ∼10 to 58 ka. On-board logging revealed a complex series of lithofacies, including buff-colored detrital carbonate-rich sediments [Heinrich (H)-events] frequently bracketed by black facies. We investigate the provenance of these facies using quantitative X-ray diffraction on drill-core samples from Paleozoic and Cretaceous bedrock from the SE Baffin Island Shelf, and on the < 2-mm sediment fraction in a transect of five cores from Cumberland Sound to the NW Labrador Sea. A sediment unmixing program was used to discriminate between sediment sources, which included dolomite-rich sediments from Baffin Bay, calcite-rich sediments from Hudson Strait and discrete sources from Cumberland Sound. Results indicated that the bulk of the sediment was derived from Cumberland Sound, but Baffin Bay contributed to sediments coeval with H-0 (Younger Dryas), whereas Hudson Strait was the source during H-events 1–4. Contributions from the Cretaceous outcrops within Cumberland Sound bracket H-events, thus both leading and lagging Hudson Strait-sourced H-events.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Quaternary Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/jqs.2535","usgsCitation":"Andrews, J.T., Barber, D., Jennings, A.E., Eberl, D.D., Maclean, B., Kirby, M., and Stoner, J., 2012, Varying sediment sources (Hudson Strait, Cumberland Sound, Baffin Bay) to the NW Labrador Sea slope between and during Heinrich events 0 to 4: Journal of Quaternary Science, v. 27, no. 5, p. 475-484, https://doi.org/10.1002/jqs.2535.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"475","endPage":"484","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":474088,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00265/37644/","text":"External Repository"},{"id":291198,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":291197,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jqs.2535"}],"country":"Canada","otherGeospatial":"Hudson Strait;Cumberland Sound;Baffin Bay","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -75.0,58.0 ], [ -75.0,70.0 ], [ -50.0,70.0 ], [ -50.0,58.0 ], [ -75.0,58.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"27","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-05-17","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57f7f3c1e4b0bc0bec0a0b73","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Andrews, John T.","contributorId":79678,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andrews","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496824,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barber, D.C.","contributorId":86504,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barber","given":"D.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496825,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jennings, A. E.","contributorId":66682,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jennings","given":"A.","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496823,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Eberl, D. D.","contributorId":66282,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eberl","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496822,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Maclean, B.","contributorId":90652,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maclean","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496826,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Kirby, M.E.","contributorId":26986,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirby","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496820,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Stoner, J.S.","contributorId":29330,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stoner","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496821,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70118348,"text":"70118348 - 2012 - Formation of replicating saponite from a gel in the presence of oxalate: implications for the formation of clay minerals in carbonaceous chondrites and the origin of life","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-28T14:50:16","indexId":"70118348","displayToPublicDate":"2013-07-28T14:45:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":912,"text":"Astrobiology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Formation of replicating saponite from a gel in the presence of oxalate: implications for the formation of clay minerals in carbonaceous chondrites and the origin of life","docAbstract":"The potential role of clay minerals in the abiotic origin of life has been the subject of ongoing debate for the past several decades. At issue are the clay minerals found in a class of meteorites known as carbonaceous chondrites. These clay minerals are the product of aqueous alteration of anhydrous mineral phases, such as olivine and orthopyroxene, that are often present in the chondrules. Moreover, there is a strong correlation in the occurrence of clay minerals and the presence of polar organic molecules. It has been shown in laboratory experiments at low temperature and ambient pressure that polar organic molecules, such as the oxalate found in meteorites, can catalyze the crystallization of clay minerals. In this study, we show that oxalate is a robust catalyst in the crystallization of saponite, an Al- and Mg-rich, trioctahedral 2:1 layer silicate, from a silicate gel at 60°C and ambient pressure. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy analysis of the saponite treated with octadecylammonium (n(C)=18) cations revealed the presence of 2:1 layer structures that have variable interlayer charge. The crystallization of these differently charged 2:1 layer silicates most likely occurred independently. The fact that 2:1 layer silicates with variable charge formed in the same gel has implications for our understanding of the origin of life, as these 2:1 clay minerals most likely replicate by a mechanism of template-catalyzed polymerization and transmit the charge distribution from layer to layer. If polar organic molecules like oxalate can catalyze the formation of clay-mineral crystals, which in turn promote clay microenvironments and provide abundant adsorption sites for other organic molecules present in solution, the interaction among these adsorbed molecules could lead to the polymerization of more complex organic molecules like RNA from nucleotides on early Earth.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Astrobiology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.","doi":"10.1089/ast.2011.0635","usgsCitation":"Schumann, D., Hartman, H., Eberl, D.D., Sears, S.K., Hesse, R., and Vali, H., 2012, Formation of replicating saponite from a gel in the presence of oxalate: implications for the formation of clay minerals in carbonaceous chondrites and the origin of life: Astrobiology, v. 12, no. 6, p. 549-561, https://doi.org/10.1089/ast.2011.0635.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"549","endPage":"561","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":474090,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/72488","text":"External Repository"},{"id":291196,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":291195,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1089/ast.2011.0635"}],"volume":"12","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57f7f3c1e4b0bc0bec0a0b75","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schumann, Dirk","contributorId":58198,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schumann","given":"Dirk","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496803,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hartman, Hyman","contributorId":80595,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hartman","given":"Hyman","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496805,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Eberl, Dennis D.","contributorId":68388,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eberl","given":"Dennis","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496804,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sears, S. Kelly","contributorId":97016,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sears","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"Kelly","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496807,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hesse, Reinhard","contributorId":37659,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hesse","given":"Reinhard","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496802,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Vali, Hojatollah","contributorId":85520,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vali","given":"Hojatollah","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496806,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70118346,"text":"70118346 - 2012 - Peralkaline- and calc-alkaline-hosted volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits of the Bonnifield District, East-Central Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-23T12:07:12","indexId":"70118346","displayToPublicDate":"2013-07-28T14:28:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Peralkaline- and calc-alkaline-hosted volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits of the Bonnifield District, East-Central Alaska","docAbstract":"Volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) Zn-Pb-Cu-Ag-Au deposits of the Bonnifield mining district formed during Late Devonian-Early Mississippian magmatism along the western edge of Laurentia. The largest deposits, Dry Creek and WTF, have a combined resource of 5.7 million tonnes at 10% Zn, 4% Pb, 0.3% Cu, 300 grams per tonne (g/t) Ag, and 1.6 g/t Au. These polymetallic deposits are hosted in high field strength element (HFSE)- and rare-earth element (REE)-rich peralkaline (pantelleritic) metarhyolite, and interlayered pyritic argillite and mudstone of the Mystic Creek Member of the Totatlanika Schist Formation. Mystic Creek metarhyolite and alkali basalt (Chute Creek Member) constitute a bimodal pair that formed in an extensional environment. A synvolcanic peralkaline quartz porphyry containing veins of fluorite, sphalerite, pyrite, and quartz intrudes the central footwall at Dry Creek. The Anderson Mountain deposit, located ~32 km to the southwest, occurs within calc-alkaline felsic to intermediate-composition metavolcanic rocks and associated graphitic argillite of the Wood River assemblage. Felsic metavolcanic rocks there have only slightly elevated HFSEs and REEs. The association of abundant graphitic and siliceous argillite with the felsic volcanic rocks together with low Cu contents in the Bonnifield deposits suggests classification as a siliciclastic-felsic type of VMS deposit.
Bonnifield massive sulfides and host rocks were metamorphosed and deformed under greenschist-facies conditions in the Mesozoic. Primary depositional textures, generally uncommon, consist of framboids, framboidal aggregates, and spongy masses of pyrite. Sphalerite, the predominant base metal sulfide, encloses early pyrite framboids. Galena and chalcopyrite accompanied early pyrite formation but primarily formed late in the paragenetic sequence. Silver-rich tetrahedrite is a minor late phase at the Dry Creek deposit. Gold and Ag are present in low to moderate amounts in pyrite from all of the deposits; electrum inclusions occur in Dry Creek sphalerite. Contents and ratios of trace elements in graphitic argillite that serve as proxies for the redox state of the bottom waters in the basin indicate that Dry Creek mineralization took place in suboxic to periodically anoxic bottom waters. Trace element data show higher contents of Tl-Mn-As in pyrite from the Anderson Mountain deposit compared to the Dry Creek or WTF deposits and thus suggest that Anderson Mountain may have formed at lower temperatures or under slightly more oxidizing conditions.
No exact modern analogue for the tectonic setting of the Bonnifield VMS deposits is known, although the back-arc regions of the Okinawa Trough and Woodlark Basin satisfy the requirement for a submarine, extensional setting adjacent to a continental margin. Limited occurrences of peralkaline volcanic rocks occur in these two potential analogues, but the peralkalinity of those rocks is much less than that of the Mystic Creek Member metarhyolites in the Bonnifield district. The highly elevated trace element (e.g., Zr, Nb) contents of Mystic Creek metarhyolites suggest that a better analogue may be a submarine rifted continental margin. The calc-alkaline composition of the host rocks to the Anderson Mountain deposit suggests that mineralization there formed in a continental margin arc, outboard of the extended continental margin setting of the peralkaline-hosted Dry Creek and WTF deposits.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/econgeo.107.7.1403","usgsCitation":"Dusel-Bacon, C., Foley, N.K., Slack, J.E., Koenig, A.E., and Oscarson, R.L., 2012, Peralkaline- and calc-alkaline-hosted volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits of the Bonnifield District, East-Central Alaska: Economic Geology, v. 107, no. 7, p. 1403-1432, https://doi.org/10.2113/econgeo.107.7.1403.","productDescription":"30 p.","startPage":"1403","endPage":"1432","costCenters":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":291192,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":291191,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2113/econgeo.107.7.1403"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Bonnifield District","volume":"107","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-10-12","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57f7f3c1e4b0bc0bec0a0b77","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dusel-Bacon, Cynthia 0000-0001-8481-739X cdusel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8481-739X","contributorId":2797,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dusel-Bacon","given":"Cynthia","email":"cdusel@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":496798,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Foley, Nora K. 0000-0003-0124-3509 nfoley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0124-3509","contributorId":4010,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foley","given":"Nora","email":"nfoley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":496800,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Slack, John E.","contributorId":65774,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Slack","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496801,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Koenig, Alan E. 0000-0002-5230-0924 akoenig@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5230-0924","contributorId":1564,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koenig","given":"Alan","email":"akoenig@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":496797,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Oscarson, Robert L. roscarson@usgs.gov","contributorId":3390,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oscarson","given":"Robert","email":"roscarson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":496799,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70118335,"text":"70118335 - 2012 - Distribution of arsenic, selenium, and other trace elements in high pyrite Appalachian coals: evidence for multiple episodes of pyrite formation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-28T14:13:12","indexId":"70118335","displayToPublicDate":"2013-07-28T14:04:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2033,"text":"International Journal of Coal Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Distribution of arsenic, selenium, and other trace elements in high pyrite Appalachian coals: evidence for multiple episodes of pyrite formation","docAbstract":"Pennsylvanian coals in the Appalachian Basin host pyrite that is locally enriched in potentially toxic trace elements such as As, Se, Hg, Pb, and Ni. A comparison of pyrite-rich coals from northwestern Alabama, eastern Kentucky, and West Virginia reveals differences in concentrations and mode of occurrence of trace elements in pyrite. Pyrite occurs as framboids, dendrites, or in massive crystalline form in cell lumens or crosscutting veins. Metal concentrations in pyrite vary over all scales, from microscopic to mine to regional, because trace elements are inhomogeneously distributed in the different morphological forms of pyrite, and in the multiple generations of sulfide mineral precipitates.
\nEarly diagenetic framboidal pyrite is usually depleted in As, Se, and Hg, and enriched in Pb and Ni, compared to other pyrite forms. In dendritic pyrite, maps of As distribution show a chemical gradient from As-rich centers to As-poor distal branches, whereas Se concentrations are highest at the distal edges of the branches. Massive crystalline pyrite that fills veins is composed of several generations of sulfide minerals. Pyrite in late-stage veins commonly exhibits As-rich growth zones, indicating a probable epigenetic hydrothermal origin. Selenium is concentrated at the distal edges of veins. A positive correlation of As and Se in pyrite veins from Kentucky coals, and of As and Hg in pyrite-filled veins from Alabama coals, suggests coprecipitation of these elements from the same fluid.
\nIn the Kentucky coal samples (n = 18), As and Se contents in pyrite-filled veins average 4200 ppm and 200 ppm, respectively. In Alabama coal samples, As in pyrite-filled veins averages 2700 ppm (n = 34), whereas As in pyrite-filled cellular structures averages 6470 ppm (n = 35). In these same Alabama samples, Se averages 80 ppm in pyrite-filled veins, but was below the detection limit in cell structures. In samples of West Virginia massive pyrite, As averages 1700 ppm, and Se averages 270 ppm (n = 24). The highest concentration of Hg (≤ 102 ppm) is in Alabama pyrite veins.
\nImproved detailed descriptions of sulfide morphology, sulfide mineral paragenesis, and trace-element concentration and distribution allow more informed predictions of: (1) the relative rate of release of trace elements during weathering of pyrite in coals, and (2) the relative effectiveness of various coal-cleaning procedures of removing pyrite. For example, trace element-rich pyrite has been shown to be more soluble than stoichiometric pyrite, and fragile fine-grained pyrite forms such as dendrites and framboids are more susceptible to dissolution and disaggregation but less amenable to removal during coal cleaning.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Journal of Coal Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.coal.2012.01.015","usgsCitation":"Diehl, S.F., Goldhaber, M., Koenig, A., Lowers, H., and Ruppert, L., 2012, Distribution of arsenic, selenium, and other trace elements in high pyrite Appalachian coals: evidence for multiple episodes of pyrite formation: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 94, p. 238-249, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2012.01.015.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"238","endPage":"249","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":291189,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":291188,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2012.01.015"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alabama;Kentucky;West Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Appalachian Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -88.25,33.21 ], [ -88.25,39.43 ], [ -79.66,39.43 ], [ -79.66,33.21 ], [ -88.25,33.21 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"94","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57f7f3c1e4b0bc0bec0a0b79","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Diehl, S. F.","contributorId":84780,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Diehl","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496788,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Goldhaber, M. B. 0000-0002-1785-4243","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1785-4243","contributorId":103280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldhaber","given":"M. B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496789,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Koenig, A.E. 0000-0002-5230-0924","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5230-0924","contributorId":23679,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koenig","given":"A.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496785,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lowers, H.A. 0000-0001-5360-9264","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5360-9264","contributorId":31843,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lowers","given":"H.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496786,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ruppert, L.F. 0000-0003-4990-0539","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4990-0539","contributorId":59043,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruppert","given":"L.F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496787,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70118333,"text":"70118333 - 2012 - Holocene seasonal variability inferred from multiple proxy records from Crevice Lake, Yellowstone National Park, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-28T13:53:32","indexId":"70118333","displayToPublicDate":"2013-07-28T13:49:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2996,"text":"Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology","printIssn":"0031-0182","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Holocene seasonal variability inferred from multiple proxy records from Crevice Lake, Yellowstone National Park, USA","docAbstract":"A 9400-yr-old record from Crevice Lake, a semi-closed alkaline lake in northern Yellowstone National Park, was analyzed for pollen, charcoal, geochemistry, mineralogy, diatoms, and stable isotopes to develop a nuanced understanding of Holocene environmental history in a region of northern Rocky Mountains that receives both summer and winter precipitation. The limited surface area, conical bathymetry, and deep water (> 31 m) of Crevice Lake create oxygen-deficient conditions in the hypolimnion and preserve annually laminated sediment (varves) for much of the record. Pollen data indicate that the watershed supported a closed Pinus-dominated forest and low fire frequency prior to 8200 cal yr BP, followed by open parkland until 2600 cal yr BP, and open mixed-conifer forest thereafter. Fire activity shifted from infrequent stand-replacing fires initially to frequent surface fires in the middle Holocene and stand-replacing events in recent centuries. Low values of δ18O suggest high winter precipitation in the early Holocene, followed by steadily drier conditions after 8500 cal yr BP. Carbonate-rich sediments before 5000 cal yr BP imply warmer summer conditions than after 5000 cal yr BP. High values of molybdenum (Mo), uranium (U), and sulfur (S) indicate anoxic bottom-waters before 8000 cal yr BP, between 4400 and 3900 cal yr BP, and after 2400 cal yr BP. The diatom record indicates extensive water-column mixing in spring and early summer through much of the Holocene, but a period between 2200 and 800 cal yr BP had strong summer stratification, phosphate limitation, and oxygen-deficient bottom waters. Together, the proxy data suggest wet winters, protracted springs, and warm effectively wet summers in the early Holocene and less snowpack, cool springs, warm dry summers in the middle Holocene. In the late Holocene, the region and lake experienced extreme changes in winter, spring, and summer conditions, with particularly short springs and dry summers and winters during the Roman Warm Period (~ 2000 cal yr BP) and Medieval Climate Anomaly (1200–800 cal yr BP). Long springs and mild summers occurred during the Little Ice Age, and these conditions persist to the present. Although the proxy data indicate effectively wet summer conditions in the early Holocene and drier conditions in the middle and late Holocene, none point specifically to changes in summer precipitation as the cause. Instead, summer conditions were governed by multi-seasonal controls on effective moisture that operated over multiple time scales.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.palaeo.2012.03.001","usgsCitation":"Whitlock, C., Dean, W.E., Fritz, S.C., Stevens, L.R., Stone, J., Power, M.J., Rosenbaum, J.R., Pierce, K.L., and Bracht-Flyr, B.B., 2012, Holocene seasonal variability inferred from multiple proxy records from Crevice Lake, Yellowstone National Park, USA: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 331-332, p. 90-103, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2012.03.001.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"90","endPage":"103","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":488287,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/geosciencefacpub/388","text":"External Repository"},{"id":291184,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":291183,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2012.03.001"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","otherGeospatial":"Crevice Lake","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -110.5799524,44.9991884 ], [ -110.5799524,45.0023427 ], [ -110.5759534,45.0023427 ], [ -110.5759534,44.9991884 ], [ -110.5799524,44.9991884 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"331-332","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57f7f3c1e4b0bc0bec0a0b7b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Whitlock, Cathy","contributorId":79745,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Whitlock","given":"Cathy","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6604,"text":"University of Oregon","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":496778,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dean, Walter E. dean@usgs.gov","contributorId":1801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dean","given":"Walter","email":"dean@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":496773,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fritz, Sherilyn C.","contributorId":30155,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fritz","given":"Sherilyn","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496775,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stevens, Lora R.","contributorId":34059,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stevens","given":"Lora","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496776,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Stone, Jeffery R.","contributorId":95501,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stone","given":"Jeffery R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Power, Mitchell J.","contributorId":79032,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Power","given":"Mitchell","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496777,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Rosenbaum, Joseph R.","contributorId":89461,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosenbaum","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496779,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Pierce, Kenneth L. kpierce@usgs.gov","contributorId":1609,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pierce","given":"Kenneth","email":"kpierce@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":547,"text":"Rocky Mountain Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":496772,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Bracht-Flyr, Brandi B.","contributorId":25877,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bracht-Flyr","given":"Brandi","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496774,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70118309,"text":"70118309 - 2012 - Distribution of potentially bioavailable natural organic carbon in aquifer sediments at a chloroethene-contaminated site","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-28T13:03:15","indexId":"70118309","displayToPublicDate":"2013-07-28T12:59:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2255,"text":"Journal of Environmental Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Distribution of potentially bioavailable natural organic carbon in aquifer sediments at a chloroethene-contaminated site","docAbstract":"The distribution of natural organic carbon was investigated at a chloroethene-contaminated site where complete reductive dechlorination of tetrachloroethene (PCE) to vinyl chloride and ethene was observed. In this study, operationally defined potentially bioavailable organic carbon (PBOC) was measured in surficial aquifer sediment samples collected at varying depths and locations in the vicinity of a dense nonaqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) source and aqueous phase plume. The relationship between chloroethene concentrations and PBOC levels was examined by comparing differences in extractable organic carbon in aquifer sediments with minimal chloroethene exposure relative to samples collected in the source zone. Using performance-monitoring data, direct correlations with PBOC were also developed with chloroethene concentrations in groundwater. Results show a logarithm-normal distribution for PBOC in aquifer sediments with a mean concentration of 187 mg/kg. PBOC levels in sediments obtained from the underlying confining unit were generally greater when compared to sediments collected in the sandy surficial aquifer. Results demonstrated a statistically significant inverse correlation (p=0.007) between PBOC levels in aquifer sediments and chloroethene concentrations for selected monitoring wells in which chloroethene exposure was the highest. Results from laboratory exposure assays also demonstrated that sediment samples exhibited a reduction in PBOC levels of 35% and 73%, respectively, after a 72-h exposure period to PCE (20,000 μg/L). These results support the notion that PBOC depletion in sediments may be expected in chloroethene-contaminated aquifers, which has potential implications for the long-term sustainability of monitored natural attenuation.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Environmental Engineering","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Civil Engineers","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0000597","usgsCitation":"Thomas, L., Widdowson, M., Chapelle, F.H., Novak, J., Boncal, J., and Lebron, C.A., 2012, Distribution of potentially bioavailable natural organic carbon in aquifer sediments at a chloroethene-contaminated site: Journal of Environmental Engineering, v. 139, no. 1, p. 54-60, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0000597.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"54","endPage":"60","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":291162,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":291160,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0000597"}],"country":"United States","state":"South Carolina","city":"Parris Island","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -80.710797,32.319317 ], [ -80.710797,32.338174 ], [ -80.678783,32.338174 ], [ -80.678783,32.319317 ], [ -80.710797,32.319317 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"139","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57f7f3c1e4b0bc0bec0a0b7d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thomas, L.K.","contributorId":66608,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"L.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496730,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Widdowson, M.A.","contributorId":46262,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Widdowson","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496729,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Chapelle, F. H.","contributorId":101697,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapelle","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496732,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Novak, J.T.","contributorId":86559,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Novak","given":"J.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496731,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Boncal, J.E.","contributorId":14309,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boncal","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496728,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Lebron, C. A.","contributorId":102810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lebron","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496733,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70118308,"text":"70118308 - 2012 - Potentially bioavailable natural organic carbon and hydrolyzable amino acids in aquifer sediments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-28T12:55:10","indexId":"70118308","displayToPublicDate":"2013-07-28T12:51:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1864,"text":"Ground Water Monitoring and Remediation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Potentially bioavailable natural organic carbon and hydrolyzable amino acids in aquifer sediments","docAbstract":"This study evaluated the relationship between concentrations of operationally defined potentially bioavailable organic -carbon (PBOC) and hydrolyzable amino acids (HAAs) in sediments collected from a diverse range of chloroethene--contaminated sites. Concentrations of PBOC and HAA were measured using aquifer sediment samples collected at six selected study sites. Average concentrations of total HAA and PBOC ranged from 1.96 ± 1.53 to 20.1 ± 25.6 mg/kg and 4.72 ± 0.72 to 443 ± 65.4 mg/kg, respectively. Results demonstrated a statistically significant positive relationship between concentrations of PBOC and total HAA present in the aquifer sediment (p < 0.05). Higher levels of HAA were consistently observed at sites with greater levels of PBOC and first-order decay rates. Because amino acids are known to be readily biodegradable carbon compounds, this relationship suggests that the sequential chemical extraction procedure used to measure PBOC is a useful indicator of bioavailable carbon in aquifer sediments. This, in turn, is consistent with the interpretation that PBOC measurements can be used for estimating the amount of natural organic carbon available for driving the reductive dechlorination of chloroethenes in groundwater systems.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ground Water Monitoring and Remediation","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6592.2012.01406.x","usgsCitation":"Thomas, L.K., Widdowson, M.A., Novak, J.T., Chapelle, F.H., Benner, R., and Kaiser, K., 2012, Potentially bioavailable natural organic carbon and hydrolyzable amino acids in aquifer sediments: Ground Water Monitoring and Remediation, v. 32, no. 4, p. 92-95, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6592.2012.01406.x.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"92","endPage":"95","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":291159,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":291158,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6592.2012.01406.x"}],"volume":"32","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-06-27","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57f7f3c1e4b0bc0bec0a0b7f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thomas, Lashun K.","contributorId":58507,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"Lashun","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496725,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Widdowson, Mark A.","contributorId":90379,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Widdowson","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496727,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Novak, John T.","contributorId":41753,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Novak","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496723,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Chapelle, Francis H. chapelle@usgs.gov","contributorId":1350,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapelle","given":"Francis","email":"chapelle@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":559,"text":"South Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":496722,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Benner, Ronald","contributorId":57380,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benner","given":"Ronald","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496724,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Kaiser, Karl","contributorId":80520,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kaiser","given":"Karl","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496726,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70118264,"text":"70118264 - 2012 - The first direct evidence of pre-columbian sources of palygorskite for Maya Blue","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-28T10:36:52","indexId":"70118264","displayToPublicDate":"2013-07-28T10:34:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2182,"text":"Journal of Archaeological Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The first direct evidence of pre-columbian sources of palygorskite for Maya Blue","docAbstract":"Maya Blue, a nano-structured clay–organic complex of palygorskite and indigo, was used predominantly before the Spanish Conquest. It has fascinated chemists, material scientists, archaeologists and art historians for decades because it is resistant to the effect of acids, alkalis, and other reagents, and its rich color has persisted for centuries in the harsh tropical climate of southern Mesoamerica. One of its components, palygorskite, is part of modern Maya indigenous knowledge, and ethnohistoric and archaeological data suggest that its modern sources were probably utilized in Prehispanic times. Yet no direct evidence verifies that palygorskite was actually mined from these sources to make Maya Blue. Here we characterize these sources compositionally, and compare our analyses to those of Maya Blue from Chichén Itzá and Palenque. We demonstrate that the palygorskite in most of these samples came from modern mines, providing the first direct evidence for the use of these sources for making Maya Blue. These findings reveal that modern Maya indigenous knowledge about palygorskite, its mining, and its source locations, is at least seven centuries old.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Archaeological Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.jas.2012.02.036","usgsCitation":"Arnold, D., Bohor, B., Neff, H., Feinman, G.M., Williams, P.R., Dussubieux, L., and Bishop, R., 2012, The first direct evidence of pre-columbian sources of palygorskite for Maya Blue: Journal of Archaeological Science, v. 39, no. 7, p. 2252-2260, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2012.02.036.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"2252","endPage":"2260","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":291121,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":291120,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2012.02.036"}],"volume":"39","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57f7f3c1e4b0bc0bec0a0b89","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Arnold, Dean E.","contributorId":73117,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arnold","given":"Dean E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496641,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bohor, Bruce F.","contributorId":104823,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bohor","given":"Bruce F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496643,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Neff, Hector","contributorId":102400,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neff","given":"Hector","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496642,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Feinman, Gary M.","contributorId":11959,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Feinman","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496637,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Williams, Patrick Ryan","contributorId":14746,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"Patrick","email":"","middleInitial":"Ryan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496638,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Dussubieux, Laure","contributorId":58577,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dussubieux","given":"Laure","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496639,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Bishop, Ronald","contributorId":67809,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bishop","given":"Ronald","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496640,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70118138,"text":"70118138 - 2012 - Structure and mechanism of diet specialisation: testing models of individual variation in resource use with sea otters","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-04-09T15:58:00","indexId":"70118138","displayToPublicDate":"2013-07-25T16:21:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1466,"text":"Ecology Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Structure and mechanism of diet specialisation: testing models of individual variation in resource use with sea otters","docAbstract":"Studies of consumer-resource interactions suggest that individual diet specialisation is empirically widespread and theoretically important to the organisation and dynamics of populations and communities. We used weighted networks to analyze the resource use by sea otters, testing three alternative models for how individual diet specialisation may arise. As expected, individual specialisation was absent when otter density was low, but increased at high-otter density. A high-density emergence of nested resource-use networks was consistent with the model assuming individuals share preference ranks. However, a density-dependent emergence of a non-nested modular network for ‘core’ resources was more consistent with the ‘competitive refuge’ model. Individuals from different diet modules showed predictable variation in rank-order prey preferences and handling times of core resources, further supporting the competitive refuge model. Our findings support a hierarchical organisation of diet specialisation and suggest individual use of core and marginal resources may be driven by different selective pressures.
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Although many independent groups have confirmed the impact evidence, the hypothesis remains controversial because some groups have failed to do so. We examined sediment sequences from 18 dated Younger Dryas boundary (YDB) sites across three continents (North America, Europe, and Asia), spanning 12,000 km around nearly one-third of the planet. All sites display abundant microspherules in the YDB with none or few above and below. In addition, three sites (Abu Hureyra, Syria; Melrose, Pennsylvania; and Blackville, South Carolina) display vesicular, high-temperature, siliceous scoria-like objects, or SLOs, that match the spherules geochemically. We compared YDB objects with melt products from a known cosmic impact (Meteor Crater, Arizona) and from the 1945 Trinity nuclear airburst in Socorro, New Mexico, and found that all of these high-energy events produced material that is geochemically and morphologically comparable, including: (i) high-temperature, rapidly quenched microspherules and SLOs; (ii) corundum, mullite, and suessite (Fe3,/sup>Si), a rare meteoritic mineral that forms under high temperatures; (iii) melted SiO2 glass, or lechatelierite, with flow textures (or schlieren) that form at > 2,200 °C; and (iv) particles with features indicative of high-energy interparticle collisions. These results are inconsistent with anthropogenic, volcanic, authigenic, and cosmic materials, yet consistent with cosmic ejecta, supporting the hypothesis of extraterrestrial airbursts/impacts 12,900 years ago. The wide geographic distribution of SLOs is consistent with multiple impactors.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.1073/pnas.1204453109","usgsCitation":"Bunch, T.E., Hermes, R.E., Moore, A., Kennett, D.J., Weaver, J., Wittke, J.H., DeCarli, P.S., Bischoff, J.L., Hillman, G.C., Howard, G.A., Kimbel, D.R., Kletetschka, G., Lipo, C.P., Sakai, S., Revay, Z., West, A., Firestone, R., and Kennett, J.P., 2012, Very high-temperature impact melt products as evidence for cosmic airbursts and impacts 12,900 years ago: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, v. 109, no. 28, p. 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Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Paleoseismic and geomorphologic evidence of recent tectonic activity of the Pozohondo Fault (Betic Cordillera, SE Spain)","docAbstract":"Instrumental and historical seismicity in the Albacete province (External Prebetic Zone) has been scarcely recorded. However, major strike-slip faults showing NW-SE trending provide geomorphologic and paleoseismic evidence of recent tectonic activity (Late Pleistocene to Present). Moreover, these faults are consistently well oriented under the present stress tensor and therefore, they can trigger earthquakes of magnitude greater than M6, according to the lengths of surface ruptures and active segments recognized in fieldwork. Present landscape nearby the village of Hellin (SE of Albacete) is determined by the recent activity of the Pozohondo Fault (FPH), a NW-SE right-lateral fault with 90 km in length. In this study, we have calculated the Late Quaternary tectonic sliprate of the FPH from geomorphological, sedimentological, archaeoseimological, and paleoseismological approaches. All of these data suggest that the FPH runs with a minimum slip-rate of 0.1 mm/yr during the last 100 kyrs (Upper Pleistocene-Holocene). In addition, we have recognized the last two major paleoearthquakes associated to this fault. Magnitudes of these paleoearthquakes were gretarer than M6 and their recurrence intervals ranged from 6600 to 8600 yrs for the seismic cycle of FPH. The last earthquake was dated between the 1st and 6th centuries, though two earthquakes could be interpreted in this wide time interval, one at the FPH and other from a far field source. Results obtained here, suggest an increasing of the tectonic activity of the Pozohondo Fault during the last 10,000 yrs.","language":"English","publisher":"Universidad Complutense de Madrid","publisherLocation":"Madrid, Spain","doi":"10.5209/rev_JIGE.2012.v38.n1.39216","usgsCitation":"Rodriguez-Pascua, M., Perez-Lopez, R., Garduño-Monroy, V., Giner-Robles, J.L., Silva, P., Perucha-Atienza, M., Hernandez-Madrigal, V., and Bischoff, J., 2012, Paleoseismic and geomorphologic evidence of recent tectonic activity of the Pozohondo Fault (Betic Cordillera, SE Spain): Journal of Iberian Geology, v. 38, no. 1, p. 255-267, https://doi.org/10.5209/rev_JIGE.2012.v38.n1.39216.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"255","endPage":"267","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":474094,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5209/rev_jige.2012.v38.n1.39216","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":291028,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Spain","otherGeospatial":"Pozohondo Fault","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -18.16,27.64 ], [ -18.16,43.79 ], [ 4.33,43.79 ], [ 4.33,27.64 ], [ -18.16,27.64 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"38","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-07","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57f7f3c2e4b0bc0bec0a0b91","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rodriguez-Pascua, M.A.","contributorId":36853,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rodriguez-Pascua","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496280,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Perez-Lopez, R.","contributorId":40039,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perez-Lopez","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496281,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Garduño-Monroy, V.H.","contributorId":65015,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garduño-Monroy","given":"V.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496283,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Giner-Robles, J. L.","contributorId":22602,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Giner-Robles","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496278,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Silva, P.G.","contributorId":17158,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Silva","given":"P.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496277,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Perucha-Atienza, M.A.","contributorId":60968,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perucha-Atienza","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496282,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Hernandez-Madrigal, V.M.","contributorId":8006,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hernandez-Madrigal","given":"V.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496276,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Bischoff, J.","contributorId":32730,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bischoff","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496279,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70118091,"text":"70118091 - 2012 - A multiproxy reconstruction of the palaeoenvironment and palaeoclimate of the Late Pleistocene in northeastern Iberia: Cova dels Xaragalls, Vimbodí-Poblet, Paratge Natural de Poblet, Catalonia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-25T14:30:01","indexId":"70118091","displayToPublicDate":"2013-07-25T14:20:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1068,"text":"Boreas","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A multiproxy reconstruction of the palaeoenvironment and palaeoclimate of the Late Pleistocene in northeastern Iberia: Cova dels Xaragalls, Vimbodí-Poblet, Paratge Natural de Poblet, Catalonia","docAbstract":"The Cova dels Xaragalls is a small open karst system, located in the municipality of Vimbodí-Poblet (Tarragona, Catalonia, NE Spain). It is an important Holocene archaeological site that was inspected in the 1970s but from which little has been published. New excavations starting in 2008 have exposed a deep Late Pleistocene stratigraphical sequence. In this paper, we present for the first time palaeoenvironmental and palaeoclimatic reconstructions of this Late Pleistocene succession on the basis of both the small-vertebrate assemblages and the charcoals. Results from the small-vertebrate associations along the sequence indicate that the landscape had open-woodland habitats in the vicinity of the Cova del Xaragalls, with wet points in the surrounding area. Woodland habitats were dominant throughout the sequence, as evidenced by the abundance of the species Apodemus sylvaticus, but were better developed during warm periods (layers C5 and C8), whereas during cold periods (layers C4 and C3) the environment was slightly more humid in response to higher mean annual precipitation and the opening of the landscape. The charcoal analysis indicates that the woodland surrounding the cave was composed mainly of Pinus (more than 90% was identified as Pinus), but that during the cold period (C3–C4) it incorporated some Quercus ilex/coccifera and Angiosperm indet., probably linked with greater precipitation. Comparisons are made with other long palaeoenvironmental sequences from the northeastern Iberian Peninsula and with global marine isotopic curves, providing a scenario for the palaeoclimatic and palaeoenvironmental changes that occurred during the Late Pleistocene in the woodland areas surrounding the Cova dels Xaragalls.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Boreas","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"The Boreas Collegium","doi":"10.1111/j.1502-3885.2011.00234.x","usgsCitation":"Lopez-Garcia, J.M., Blain, H., Bennasar, M., Euba, I., Banuls, S., Bischoff, J., Lopez-Ortega, E., Saladie, P., Uzquiano, P., and Vallverdu, J., 2012, A multiproxy reconstruction of the palaeoenvironment and palaeoclimate of the Late Pleistocene in northeastern Iberia: Cova dels Xaragalls, Vimbodí-Poblet, Paratge Natural de Poblet, Catalonia: Boreas, v. 41, no. 2, p. 235-249, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1502-3885.2011.00234.x.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"235","endPage":"249","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":291022,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":291021,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1502-3885.2011.00234.x"}],"country":"Spain","city":"Catalonia","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 0.1592,40.523 ], [ 0.1592,42.8615 ], [ 3.3325,42.8615 ], [ 3.3325,40.523 ], [ 0.1592,40.523 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"41","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-11-18","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57f7f3c2e4b0bc0bec0a0b93","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lopez-Garcia, Juan Manuel","contributorId":91035,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lopez-Garcia","given":"Juan","email":"","middleInitial":"Manuel","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496270,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Blain, Hugues-Alexandre","contributorId":83037,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blain","given":"Hugues-Alexandre","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496269,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bennasar, Maria","contributorId":50457,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bennasar","given":"Maria","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496266,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Euba, Itxaso","contributorId":70303,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Euba","given":"Itxaso","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496267,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Banuls, Sandra","contributorId":22261,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Banuls","given":"Sandra","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496263,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Bischoff, James","contributorId":22902,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bischoff","given":"James","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496264,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Lopez-Ortega, Esther","contributorId":11131,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lopez-Ortega","given":"Esther","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496262,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Saladie, Palmira","contributorId":108416,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saladie","given":"Palmira","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496271,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Uzquiano, Paloma","contributorId":73516,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Uzquiano","given":"Paloma","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496268,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Vallverdu, Josep","contributorId":28177,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vallverdu","given":"Josep","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496265,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":70118085,"text":"70118085 - 2012 - Evidence from central Mexico supporting the Younger Dryas extraterrestrial impact hypothesis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-11-14T17:28:39.243149","indexId":"70118085","displayToPublicDate":"2013-07-25T14:07:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3165,"text":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evidence from central Mexico supporting the Younger Dryas extraterrestrial impact hypothesis","docAbstract":"We report the discovery in Lake Cuitzeo in central Mexico of a black, carbon-rich, lacustrine layer, containing nanodiamonds, microspherules, and other unusual materials that date to the early Younger Dryas and are interpreted to result from an extraterrestrial impact. These proxies were found in a 27-m-long core as part of an interdisciplinary effort to extract a paleoclimate record back through the previous interglacial. Our attention focused early on an anomalous, 10-cm-thick, carbon-rich layer at a depth of 2.8 m that dates to 12.9 ka and coincides with a suite of anomalous coeval environmental and biotic changes independently recognized in other regional lake sequences. Collectively, these changes have produced the most distinctive boundary layer in the late Quaternary record. This layer contains a diverse, abundant assemblage of impact-related markers, including nanodiamonds, carbon spherules, and magnetic spherules with rapid melting/quenching textures, all reaching synchronous peaks immediately beneath a layer containing the largest peak of charcoal in the core. Analyses by multiple methods demonstrate the presence of three allotropes of nanodiamond: n-diamond, i-carbon, and hexagonal nanodiamond (lonsdaleite), in order of estimated relative abundance. This nanodiamond-rich layer is consistent with the Younger Dryas boundary layer found at numerous sites across North America, Greenland, and Western Europe. We have examined multiple hypotheses to account for these observations and find the evidence cannot be explained by any known terrestrial mechanism. It is, however, consistent with the Younger Dryas boundary impact hypothesis postulating a major extraterrestrial impact involving multiple airburst(s) and and/or ground impact(s) at 12.9 ka.
","language":"English","publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.1073/pnas.1110614109","usgsCitation":"Israde-Alcántara, I., Bischoff, J.L., Dominguez-Vazquez, G., Li, H., DeCarli, P.S., Bunch, T.E., Wittke, J.H., Weaver, J., Firestone, R., West, A., Kennett, J.P., Mercer, C., Xie, S., Richman, E.K., Kinzie, C.R., and Wolbach, W.S., 2012, Evidence from central Mexico supporting the Younger Dryas extraterrestrial impact hypothesis: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, v. 109, no. 13, p. E738-E747, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1110614109.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"E738","endPage":"E747","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474095,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/3324006","text":"External Repository"},{"id":291020,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Mexico","otherGeospatial":"Lake Cuitzeo","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -101.03049116121255,\n 20.010171691538616\n ],\n [\n -101.12378711661455,\n 20.06410942326268\n ],\n [\n -101.15518479391355,\n 20.00258521354432\n ],\n [\n -101.14352279948807,\n 19.970549387385205\n ],\n [\n -101.07175667994832,\n 19.965490503686567\n ],\n [\n 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P.","contributorId":52499,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kennett","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496253,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Mercer, Chris","contributorId":15944,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mercer","given":"Chris","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496250,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Xie, Sujing","contributorId":12383,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Xie","given":"Sujing","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496248,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Richman, Eric K.","contributorId":44845,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richman","given":"Eric","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496251,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Kinzie, Charles R.","contributorId":95817,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kinzie","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496259,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Wolbach, Wendy S.","contributorId":77860,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolbach","given":"Wendy","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496257,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16}]}} ,{"id":70118072,"text":"70118072 - 2012 - Introduction: CRevolution 2: origin and evolution of the Colorado River System II","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-25T13:32:35","indexId":"70118072","displayToPublicDate":"2013-07-25T13:16:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1820,"text":"Geosphere","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Introduction: CRevolution 2: origin and evolution of the Colorado River System II","docAbstract":"A 2010 Colorado River symposium held in Flagstaff, Arizona, in May 2010, had 70 participants who engaged in intense debate about the origin and evolution of the Colorado River system. This symposium, built on two previous decadal scientific meetings, focused on forging scientific consensus where possible, while also articulating continued controversies regarding the Cenozoic evolution of the Colorado River System and the landscapes of the Colorado Plateau–Rocky Mountain region that it drains. New developments involved hypotheses that Neogene mantle flow is driving plateau tilting and differential uplift, with consensus that multidisciplinary studies involving differential incision studies and additional geochronology and thermochronology are needed to test the relative importance of tectonic and geomorphic forcings in shaping the spectacular landscapes of the Colorado Plateau region. In addition to the scientific goals, the meeting participants emphasized the iconic status of Grand Canyon for geosciences, and the importance of good communication between the research community, the geoscience education/interpretation community, the public, and the media. 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