As part of the Joint Oceanographic Institutions Deep Earth Sampling project, the interstitial waters of cores from 69 holes were sampled for deuterium analysis. Sixteen of the cores penetrated sediments as old as Eocene, and several sampled Cretaceous sediments, which allowed us to examine changes in the deuterium content of the oceans with time. Deuterium is shown to be a conservative constituent of the pore water. Its abundance in the pore fluids can be changed by diffusion, but the rate is slow, and corrections for this effect have been made. Changes in the abundance of deuterium can be related to changes in the amount of ice stored in continental glaciers, inasmuch as precipitation in the form of snow is highly depleted in deuterium compared with the oceans. Many of the cores show a change in isotopic composition of samples from early to late Miocene that can be ascribed to the buildup of the Antarctic ice sheets. After correcting for the role of diffusion in reducing the isotopic contrast between samples from a single core, we estimate an increase of 10 per mil (‰) δD (corresponding to a° δ18O change of about 1.2‰) between the early and late Miocene. A similiar analysis of Pleistocene to Holocene changes indicates a δD rise of 8‰ during the time of maximum continental ice, which corresponds to a δ18O increase of about 1.0‰. On the basis of limited data, we find no δD change in the oceans from Cretaceous to Miocene.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JC093iC07p08249","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Friedman, I., and Hardcastle, K., 1988, Deuterium in interstitial water from deep-sea cores: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 93, no. C7, p. 8249-8263, https://doi.org/10.1029/JC093iC07p08249.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"8249","endPage":"8263","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225638,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"93","issue":"C7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0004e4b0c8380cd4f539","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Friedman, I.","contributorId":95596,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friedman","given":"I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368411,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hardcastle, K.","contributorId":45825,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hardcastle","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368410,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014433,"text":"70014433 - 1988 - Erosional furrows formed during the lateral blast at Mount St. Helens, May 18, 1980","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-05T15:06:32.142714","indexId":"70014433","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":6453,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Erosional furrows formed during the lateral blast at Mount St. Helens, May 18, 1980","docAbstract":"Nearly horizontal, quasi-periodic erosional features of 7-m average transverse wavelength and of order 100-m length occur in scattered locations from 3.5 to 9 km from the crater at Mount St. Helens under deposits of the lateral blast of May 18, 1980. We attribute the erosional features to scouring by longitudinal vortices resulting from flow instabilities induced by complex topography, namely, by streamline curvature in regions of reattachment downstream of sheltered regions, and by the cross-flow component of flow subparallel to ridge crests. The diameter of the vortices and their transverse spacing, inferred from the distance between furrows, are taken to be of the order of the boundary layer thickness. The inferred boundary layer thickness (≈14 m at 9 km from the source of the blast) is consistent with the running length from the mountain to the furrow locations. By using knowledge of ablation patterns on bodies and lofting of dust in high-speed flow, we are able to infer some features of the flow field within the blast. Within the furrows the erosion rate was of the order of 9 kg m−2 s−1, about 4 times greater than that expected from laboratory data obtained in flow free of longitudinal vortices. The orientation of furrows induced by the cross-flow instability can be used to measure the upwash angle and estimate the flow Mach number: at the central ridge of Spirit Lake the Mach number is inferred to have been about 2.5, and the flow velocity approximately 235 m/s. The similarities and differences between the furrows reported here and channels observed at other volcanoes are discussed.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB093iB12p14793","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Kieffer, S.W., and Sturtevant, B., 1988, Erosional furrows formed during the lateral blast at Mount St. Helens, May 18, 1980: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 93, no. B12, p. 14793-14816, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB093iB12p14793.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"14793","endPage":"14816","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":480038,"rank":2,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/jb093ib12p14793","text":"External Repository"},{"id":225446,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"93","issue":"B12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0a42e4b0c8380cd5228f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kieffer, S. W.","contributorId":19186,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kieffer","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368388,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sturtevant, B.","contributorId":48318,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sturtevant","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368389,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014418,"text":"70014418 - 1988 - Effects of three-dimensional velocity structure on the seismicity of the 1984 Morgan Hill, California, aftershock sequence","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-28T00:03:13.198919","indexId":"70014418","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of three-dimensional velocity structure on the seismicity of the 1984 Morgan Hill, California, aftershock sequence","docAbstract":"A three-dimensional velocity model for the area surrounding the 24 April 1984 Morgan Hill earthquake has been developed by simultaneously inverting local earthquake and refraction arrival-time data. This velocity model corresponds well to the surface geology of the region, predominantly showing a low-velocity region associated with the sedimentary sequence to the southwest of the Madrone Springs fault. This low-velocity sequence extends to a depth of approximately 5 km. Previously constructed geologic cross-sections for this region had suggested that these sediments extended to a depth of less than 2 km. Relocation of 2,179 hypocenters with the three-dimensional velocity model did not show great differences when compared to locations done with a one-dimensional velocity model with station corrections. In both cases, the Calaveras fault is steep but has a noticeable dip to the northeast and the seismicity does not intersect the surface along the trace of the Calaveras fault in the southern half of the rupture zone. The greatest differences between the two sets of locations was that the locations using the three-dimensional velocity model were deeper, and fewer earthquakes were located within the low-velocity region. The focal mechanisms were also determined for 946 earthquakes using both the one-dimensional and three-dimensional earth models. Both earth models yield similar focal mechanisms for these earthquakes.
","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/BSSA0780031199","usgsCitation":"Michael, A., 1988, Effects of three-dimensional velocity structure on the seismicity of the 1984 Morgan Hill, California, aftershock sequence: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 78, no. 3, p. 1199-1221, https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0780031199.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"1199","endPage":"1221","numberOfPages":"23","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":422213,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/ssa/bssa/article/78/3/1199/102327/Effects-of-three-dimensional-velocity-structure-on"},{"id":226221,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.76463433600294,\n 37.421031586189955\n ],\n [\n -121.76463433600294,\n 36.94800385988415\n ],\n [\n -121.0560161719405,\n 36.94800385988415\n ],\n [\n -121.0560161719405,\n 37.421031586189955\n ],\n [\n -121.76463433600294,\n 37.421031586189955\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"78","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a080ce4b0c8380cd5194f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Michael, A.J. 0000-0002-2403-5019","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2403-5019","contributorId":52192,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Michael","given":"A.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368358,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70014408,"text":"70014408 - 1988 - Teleseismic and near-field analysis of the Nahanni earthquakes in the Northwest Territories, Canada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-28T13:25:50.923567","indexId":"70014408","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Teleseismic and near-field analysis of the Nahanni earthquakes in the Northwest Territories, Canada","docAbstract":"The analysis of the Nahanni earthquakes of October 5, 1985 (MS 6.6), and December 23, 1985 (MS 6.9), will have important implications for the assessment of seismic hazards in intraplate environments. To maximize the information available to seismic engineers, broadband data recorded teleseismically are analyzed jointly with strong-motion data recorded in the near field. The time-domain analysis of teleseismic data yields the source mechanisms, depths, and complexities of rupture of each earthquake. Both earthquakes occurred as shallow thrusts with centroid depths (6 to 7 km) and shallowly dipping fault planes that correspond well with the aftershock distributions obtained from a local survey run by the Canadian Geological Survey. The shallow nodal plane for the October 5 earthquake dips 30° to the WSW, while the shallow nodal planes of the subevents for the December 23 earthquake dip an average of 23° to the WSW. The October 5 earthquake has an impulsive initial rupture, followed by a weak subevent of longer duration but smaller moment release. The December 23 earthquake exhibits more complexity, being comprised of three subevents of similar size. The subevent delays derived from the teleseismic analysis are used to help interpret arrivals in records of ground velocity recorded in the near field of the December 23 earthquake. The rupture geometries inferred from the joint near- and far-field analysis suggest that the rupture processes were unusually complicated and that the 2g peak that occurs late in one of the near-field records could be a localized phenomenon. Spectral analyses of the teleseismic P waves yield the following source parameters for the October 5 and December 23 earthquakes, respectively: the seismic moments are 1.2 and 1.8 × 1026 dyne-cm, the radiated energies are 1.8 and 2.8 × 1021 dyne-cm, and the dynamic stress drops are 65 and 50 bar. The acceleration source spectra of both earthquakes exhibit an intermediate slope (| üα(ω) | ∝ω) from 0.03 to 0.3 Hz, suggesting that the earthquakes represent the failure of asperities. Extrapolating the teleseismic P-wave spectra to estimate the near-field S-wave spectra yields good fits to the acceleration spectra from two strong motion records, but underestimates the spectra from a third strong motion record with the strongest, but possibly localized, accelerations.
","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/BSSA0780051627","usgsCitation":"Choy, G.L., and Boatwright, J., 1988, Teleseismic and near-field analysis of the Nahanni earthquakes in the Northwest Territories, Canada: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 78, no. 5, p. 1627-1652, https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0780051627.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"1627","endPage":"1652","numberOfPages":"26","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":422214,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/ssa/bssa/article/78/5/1627/119076/Teleseismic-and-near-field-analysis-of-the-Nahanni"},{"id":226023,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada","volume":"78","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba4a3e4b08c986b32049d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Choy, G. L. 0000-0002-0217-5555","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0217-5555","contributorId":78322,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Choy","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368337,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Boatwright, J.","contributorId":87297,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boatwright","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368338,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014405,"text":"70014405 - 1988 - Active high-resolution seismic tomography of compressional wave velocity and attenuation structure at Medicine Lake Volcano, northern California Cascade Range","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-05T15:21:31.322718","indexId":"70014405","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":6453,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Active high-resolution seismic tomography of compressional wave velocity and attenuation structure at Medicine Lake Volcano, northern California Cascade Range","docAbstract":"We determine compressional wave velocity and attenuation structures for the upper crust beneath Medicine Lake volcano in northeast California using a high-resolution active source seismic tomography method. Medicine Lake volcano is a basalt through rhyolite shield volcano of the Cascade Range, lying east of the range axis. The Pg wave from eight explosive sources which has traveled upward through the target volume to a dense array of 140 seismographs provides 1- to 2-km resolution in the upper 5 to 7 km of the crust beneath the volcano. The experiment tests the hypothesis that Cascade Range volcanoes of this type are underlain only by small silicic magma chambers. We image a low-velocity low-Q region not larger than a few tens of cubic kilometers in volume beneath the summit caldera, supporting the hypothesis. A shallower high-velocity high-density feature, previously known to be present, is imaged for the first time in full plan view; it is east-west elongate, paralleling a topographic lineament between Medicine Lake volcano and Mount Shasta. This lineament is interpreted to be the result of an old crustal weakness now affecting the emplacement of magma, both on direct ascent from the lower crust and mantle and in migration from the shallow silicic chamber to summit vents. Differences between this high-velocity feature and the equivalent feature at Newbeny volcano, a volcano in central Oregon resembling Medicine Lake volcano, may partly explain the scarcity of surface hydrothermal features at Medicine Lake volcano. A major low-velocity low-Q feature beneath the southeast flank of the volcano, in an area with no Holocene vents, is interpreted as tephra, flows, and sediments from the volcano deeply ponded on the downthrown side of the Gillem fault, a normal fault mapped at the surface north of the volcano. A high-Q normal-velocity feature beneath the north rim of the summit caldera may be a small, possibly hot, subsolidus intrusion. A high-velocity low-Q region beneath the eastern caldera may be an area of boiling water between the magma chamber and the ponded east flank material. These structural data are useful both for understanding Cascade Range volcanism and for geothermal development in progress on the volcano.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB093iB12p15016","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Evans, J., and Zucca, J., 1988, Active high-resolution seismic tomography of compressional wave velocity and attenuation structure at Medicine Lake Volcano, northern California Cascade Range: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 93, no. B12, p. 15016-15036, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB093iB12p15016.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"15016","endPage":"15036","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226020,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"93","issue":"B12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e6abe4b0c8380cd47595","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Evans, J.R.","contributorId":50526,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evans","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368330,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zucca, J.J.","contributorId":104914,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zucca","given":"J.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368331,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014396,"text":"70014396 - 1988 - Petrographic characteristics of the Wyodak-Anderson coal bed (Paleocene), Powder River Basin, Wyoming, U.S.A.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-01T12:51:41","indexId":"70014396","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2958,"text":"Organic Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Petrographic characteristics of the Wyodak-Anderson coal bed (Paleocene), Powder River Basin, Wyoming, U.S.A.","docAbstract":"Six lithofacies of the thick ( > 30 m) Wyodak-Anderson subbituminous coal bed of the Fort Union Formation (Paleocene), Powder River Basin, Wyoming, can be delimited using megascopic and petrographic data. Previous lithofacies analysis of the rock types associated with the Wyodak-Anderson bed suggested that raised peat accumulated in restricted parts of an inland flood plain. The peat bodies were separated by deposits of contemporaneous, possibly anastomosed channels. In this study, megascopic descriptions from four mine highwalls of the Wyodak-Anderson coal bed were found to be similar to facies defined by microscopic data from core and highwall samples. The data indicate that the upper and lower parts of the coal bed are rich in preserved wood remains (for instance, humotelinite), whereas the middle part of the bed contains comparatively larger amounts of material that resulted from degradation and comminution of the peat (e.g. eugelinite). The facies are interpreted to be the result of different chemical and biological environments at the time of peat formation.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0146-6380(88)90012-5","usgsCitation":"Warwick, P.D., and Stanton, R.W., 1988, Petrographic characteristics of the Wyodak-Anderson coal bed (Paleocene), Powder River Basin, Wyoming, U.S.A.: Organic Geochemistry, v. 12, no. 4, p. 389-399, https://doi.org/10.1016/0146-6380(88)90012-5.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"389","endPage":"399","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225830,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Powder River Basin","volume":"12","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7793e4b0c8380cd7851f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Warwick, Peter D. 0000-0002-3152-7783 pwarwick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3152-7783","contributorId":762,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warwick","given":"Peter","email":"pwarwick@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":368307,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stanton, Ronald W.","contributorId":37386,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stanton","given":"Ronald","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368306,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014391,"text":"70014391 - 1988 - Diel variations in iron chemistry in an acidic stream in the Colorado Rocky Mountains, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-04T16:50:46","indexId":"70014391","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":898,"text":"Arctic and Alpine Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Diel variations in iron chemistry in an acidic stream in the Colorado Rocky Mountains, USA","docAbstract":"In the Snake River, an acidic mountain stream in the Colorado Rocky Mountains, the concentration of dissolved iron is apparently unrelated to seasonal changes in hydrologic regime, which strongly influence the concentrations of most other dissolved constituents. Hourly sampling indicated that short-term fluctuations in iron chemistry occur, whereas the concentrations of most other dissolved constituents, including other trace metals, remain stable. During the day, greater concentrations of dissolved total and ferrous iron generally occurred during periods of full sunlight. Photoreduction of hydrous iron oxides, which are abundant in the fine sediment and as coatings on the rocks, may be responsible for these observations. Iron chemistry also varied at night, decreasing in dissolved total and ferrous iron until about midnight and increasing until dawn. Oxidation of ferrous iron, and several microbial processes, may contribute to these nighttime changes. In an on-site batch experiment using rocks and streamwater, an increase in dissolved total and ferrous iron occurred on exposure to sunlight, and ferrous oxidation occurred on return to darkness. Short-term fluctuations in iron chemistry are consistent with the lack of correlation between iron and other constituents in the long-term data, and illustrate the potential importance of complex in-stream processes in such stream systems.
","language":"English","publisher":"INSTAAR, University of Colorado","doi":"10.2307/1551347","usgsCitation":"McKnight, D., and Bencala, K., 1988, Diel variations in iron chemistry in an acidic stream in the Colorado Rocky Mountains, USA: Arctic and Alpine Research, v. 20, no. 4, p. 492-500, https://doi.org/10.2307/1551347.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"492","endPage":"500","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225704,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","volume":"20","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a00c5e4b0c8380cd4f8f3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McKnight, D.","contributorId":48713,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKnight","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368289,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bencala, K.E.","contributorId":105312,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bencala","given":"K.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368290,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014387,"text":"70014387 - 1988 - Predicting tidal currents in San Francisco Bay using a spectral model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-07-26T16:37:41","indexId":"70014387","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Predicting tidal currents in San Francisco Bay using a spectral model","docAbstract":"This paper describes the formulation of a spectral (or frequency based) model which solves the linearized shallow water equations. To account for highly variable basin bathymetry, spectral solutions are obtained using the finite element method which allows the strategic placement of the computation points in the specific areas of interest or in areas where the gradients of the dependent variables are expected to be large. Model results are compared with data using simple statistics to judge overall model performance in the San Francisco Bay estuary. Once the model is calibrated and verified, prediction of the tides and tidal currents in San Francisco Bay is accomplished by applying astronomical tides (harmonic constants deduced from field data) at the prediction time along the model boundaries.
","conferenceTitle":"Hydraulic Engineering: Proceedings of the 1988 National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering","conferenceDate":"8 August 1988 through 12 August 1988","conferenceLocation":"Colorado Springs, CO, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","isbn":"0872626709; 0872626709","usgsCitation":"Burau, J.R., and Cheng, R.T., 1988, Predicting tidal currents in San Francisco Bay using a spectral model, Hydraulic Engineering: Proceedings of the 1988 National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering, Colorado Springs, CO, USA, 8 August 1988 through 12 August 1988, p. 634-639.","startPage":"634","endPage":"639","numberOfPages":"6","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":225635,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a81dbe4b0c8380cd7b792","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burau, Jon R. 0000-0002-5196-5035 jrburau@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5196-5035","contributorId":1500,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burau","given":"Jon","email":"jrburau@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":368281,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cheng, Ralph T.","contributorId":69134,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cheng","given":"Ralph","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368282,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014383,"text":"70014383 - 1988 - Estimation of urban stormwater quality","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:30","indexId":"70014383","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Estimation of urban stormwater quality","docAbstract":"Two data-based methods for estimating urban stormwater quality have recently been made available - a planning level method developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and a nationwide regression method developed by the U.S. Geological Survey. Each method uses urban stormwater water-quality constituent data collected for the Nationwide Urban Runoff Program (NURP) during 1979-83. The constituents analyzed include 10 chemical constituents - chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS), dissolved solids (DS), total nitrogen (TN), total ammonia plus nitrogen (AN), total phosphorus (TP), dissolved phosphorous (DP), total copper (CU), total lead (PB), and total zinc (ZN). The purpose of this report is to briefly compare features of the two estimation methods.","conferenceTitle":"Hydraulic Engineering: Proceedings of the 1988 National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering","conferenceDate":"8 August 1988 through 12 August 1988","conferenceLocation":"Colorado Springs, CO, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","isbn":"0872626709; 0872626709","usgsCitation":"Jennings, M.E., and Tasker, G.D., 1988, Estimation of urban stormwater quality, Hydraulic Engineering: Proceedings of the 1988 National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering, Colorado Springs, CO, USA, 8 August 1988 through 12 August 1988, p. 78-83.","startPage":"78","endPage":"83","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225571,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0bbde4b0c8380cd52861","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jennings, Marshall E.","contributorId":55813,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jennings","given":"Marshall","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368272,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tasker, Gary D.","contributorId":95035,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tasker","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368273,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014378,"text":"70014378 - 1988 - Instrumentation for a dry-pond detention study","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:31","indexId":"70014378","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Instrumentation for a dry-pond detention study","docAbstract":"A 12.3-acre, fully urbanized, residential land-use catchment was instrumented by the U. S. Geological Survey in Topeka, Kansas. Hydraulic instrumentation for flow measurement includes two types of flumes, a pipe-insert flume and a culvert-inlet (manhole) flume. Samples of rainfall and runoff for water-quality analyses were collected by automatic, 3-liter, 24-sample capacity water samples controlled by multichannel data loggers. Ancillary equipment included a raingage and wet/dry atmospheric-deposition sampler. Nineteen stormwater runoff events were monitored at the site using the instrumentation system. The system has a high reliability of data capture and permits an accurate determination of storm-water loads.","conferenceTitle":"Hydraulic Engineering: Proceedings of the 1988 National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering","conferenceDate":"8 August 1988 through 12 August 1988","conferenceLocation":"Colorado Springs, CO, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","isbn":"0872626709; 0872626709","usgsCitation":"Pope, L.M., Jennings, M., and Thibodeaux, K., 1988, Instrumentation for a dry-pond detention study, Hydraulic Engineering: Proceedings of the 1988 National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering, Colorado Springs, CO, USA, 8 August 1988 through 12 August 1988, p. 84-89.","startPage":"84","endPage":"89","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225506,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3c49e4b0c8380cd62c08","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pope, L. M.","contributorId":71939,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pope","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368261,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jennings, M.E.","contributorId":76775,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jennings","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368262,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thibodeaux, K.G.","contributorId":16440,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thibodeaux","given":"K.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368260,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70014353,"text":"70014353 - 1988 - Estimation of descriptive statistics for multiply censored water quality data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-21T11:05:47","indexId":"70014353","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimation of descriptive statistics for multiply censored water quality data","docAbstract":"This paper extends the work of Gilliom and Helsel (1986) on procedures for estimating descriptive statistics of water quality data that contain “less than” observations. Previously, procedures were evaluated when only one detection limit was present. Here we investigate the performance of estimators for data that have multiple detection limits. Probability plotting and maximum likelihood methods perform substantially better than simple substitution procedures now commonly in use. Therefore simple substitution procedures (e.g., substitution of the detection limit) should be avoided. Probability plotting methods are more robust than maximum likelihood methods to misspecification of the parent distribution and their use should be encouraged in the typical situation where the parent distribution is unknown. When utilized correctly, less than values frequently contain nearly as much information for estimating population moments and quantiles as would the same observations had the detection limit been below them.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR024i012p01997","usgsCitation":"Helsel, D., and Cohn, T., 1988, Estimation of descriptive statistics for multiply censored water quality data: Water Resources Research, v. 24, no. 12, p. 1997-2004, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR024i012p01997.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"1997","endPage":"2004","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226082,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0b82e4b0c8380cd5275b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Helsel, Dennis R.","contributorId":85569,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Helsel","given":"Dennis R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368200,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cohn, Timothy A. tacohn@usgs.gov","contributorId":2927,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cohn","given":"Timothy A.","email":"tacohn@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":368201,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014324,"text":"70014324 - 1988 - Stochastic system identification in structural dynamics","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:30","indexId":"70014324","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Stochastic system identification in structural dynamics","docAbstract":"Recently, new identification methods have been developed by using the concept of optimal-recursive filtering and stochastic approximation. These methods, known as stochastic identification, are based on the statistical properties of the signal and noise, and do not require the assumptions of current methods. The criterion for stochastic system identification is that the difference between the recorded output and the output from the identified system (i.e., the residual of the identification) should be equal to white noise. In this paper, first a brief review of the theory is given. Then, an application of the method is presented by using ambient vibration data from a nine-story building.","conferenceTitle":"Probabilistic Methods in Civil Engineering, Proceedings of the 5th ASCE Specialty Conference","conferenceDate":"25 May 1988 through 27 May 1988","conferenceLocation":"Blacksburg, VA, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","isbn":"0872626598","usgsCitation":"Safak, E., 1988, Stochastic system identification in structural dynamics, Probabilistic Methods in Civil Engineering, Proceedings of the 5th ASCE Specialty Conference, Blacksburg, VA, USA, 25 May 1988 through 27 May 1988, p. 269-272.","startPage":"269","endPage":"272","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225502,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9852e4b08c986b31bf93","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Safak, Erdal","contributorId":73984,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Safak","given":"Erdal","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368119,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70140571,"text":"70140571 - 1988 - The Land Analysis System (LAS) for multispectral image processing","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-18T14:35:02","indexId":"70140571","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1944,"text":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Land Analysis System (LAS) for multispectral image processing","docAbstract":"The Land Analysis System (LAS) is an interactive software system available in the public domain for the analysis, display, and management of multispectral and other digital image data. LAS provides over 240 applications functions and utilities, a flexible user interface, complete online and hard-copy documentation, extensive image-data file management, reformatting, conversion utilities, and high-level device independent access to image display hardware. The authors summarize the capabilities of the current release of LAS (version 4.0) and discuss plans for future development. Particular emphasis is given to the issue of system portability and the importance of removing and/or isolating hardware and software dependencies.
","language":"English","publisher":"IEEE","doi":"10.1109/36.7696","usgsCitation":"Wharton, S.W., Lu, Y.C., Quirk, B.K., Oleson, L.R., Newcomer, J.A., and Irani, F., 1988, The Land Analysis System (LAS) for multispectral image processing: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, v. 26, no. 5, p. 693-697, https://doi.org/10.1109/36.7696.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"693","endPage":"697","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":297855,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"26","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54dd2c6ae4b08de9379b37bd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wharton, S. W.","contributorId":139120,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wharton","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":540142,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lu, Y. C.","contributorId":139121,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lu","given":"Y.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":540143,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Quirk, Bruce K. quirk@usgs.gov","contributorId":4285,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Quirk","given":"Bruce","email":"quirk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":540144,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Oleson, Lyndon R.","contributorId":31904,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oleson","given":"Lyndon","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":540145,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Newcomer, J. A.","contributorId":65849,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Newcomer","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":540146,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Irani, Frederick M. firani@usgs.gov","contributorId":2932,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Irani","given":"Frederick M.","email":"firani@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":242,"text":"Eastern Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":540147,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70142592,"text":"70142592 - 1988 - Intermediate-scale vegetation mapping of Innoko National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska using Landsat MSS digital data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-18T14:31:09","indexId":"70142592","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3052,"text":"Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Intermediate-scale vegetation mapping of Innoko National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska using Landsat MSS digital data","docAbstract":"A Landsat-derived vegetation map was prepared for lnnoko National Wildlife Refuge. The refuge lies within the northern boreal subzone of northwestern central Alaska. Six major vegetation classes and 21 subclasses were recognized: forest (closed needleleaf, open needleleaf, needleleaf woodland, mixed, and broadleaf); broadleaf scrub (lowland, upland burn regeneration, subalpine); dwarf scrub (prostrate dwarf shrub tundra, erect dwarf shrub heath, dwarf shrub-graminoid peatland, dwarf shrub-graminoid tussock peatland, dwarf shrub raised bog with scattered trees, dwarf shrub-graminoid marsh); herbaceous (graminoid bog, graminoid marsh, graminoid tussock-dwarf shrub peatland); scarcely vegetated areas (scarcely vegetated scree and floodplain); and water (clear, sedimented). The methodology employed a cluster-block technique. Sample areas were described based on a combination of helicopter-ground survey, aerial photo-interpretation, and digital Landsat data. Major steps in the Landsat analysis involved preprocessing (geometric correction), derivation of statistical parameters for spectral classes, spectral class labeling of sample areas, preliminary classification of the entire study area using a maximum-likelihood algorithm, and final classification utilizing ancillary information such as digital elevation data. The final product is 1:250,000-scale vegetation map representative of distinctive regional patterns and suitable for use in comprehensive conservation planning.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing","usgsCitation":"Talbot, S., and Markon, C.J., 1988, Intermediate-scale vegetation mapping of Innoko National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska using Landsat MSS digital data: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, v. 54, no. 3, p. 377-383.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"377","endPage":"383","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":298344,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Innoko National Wildlife Refuge","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -158.6041259765625,\n 63.17171454570863\n ],\n [\n -158.6041259765625,\n 63.386600640372414\n ],\n [\n -158.14819335937497,\n 63.386600640372414\n ],\n [\n -158.14819335937497,\n 63.17171454570863\n ],\n [\n -158.6041259765625,\n 63.17171454570863\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"54","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54fec433e4b02419550debc5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Talbot, Stephen S.","contributorId":73266,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Talbot","given":"Stephen S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":541966,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Markon, Carl J. markon@usgs.gov","contributorId":2499,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Markon","given":"Carl","email":"markon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":541967,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70142154,"text":"70142154 - 1988 - An integrated approach for automated cover-type mapping of large inaccessible areas in Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-18T14:32:25","indexId":"70142154","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3052,"text":"Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An integrated approach for automated cover-type mapping of large inaccessible areas in Alaska","docAbstract":"The lack of any detailed cover type maps in the state necessitated that a rapid and accurate approach to be employed to develop maps for 329 million acres of Alaska within a seven-year period. This goal has been addressed by using an integrated approach to computer-aided analysis which combines efficient use of field data with the only consistent statewide spatial data sets available: Landsat multispectral scanner data, digital elevation data derived from 1:250 000-scale maps, and 1:60 000-scale color-infrared aerial photographs.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing","usgsCitation":"Fleming, M.D., 1988, An integrated approach for automated cover-type mapping of large inaccessible areas in Alaska: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, v. 54, no. 3, p. 357-362.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"357","endPage":"362","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":298200,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -170.33203125,\n 51.72702815704774\n ],\n [\n -170.33203125,\n 72.0739114882038\n ],\n [\n -141.50390625,\n 72.0739114882038\n ],\n [\n -141.50390625,\n 51.72702815704774\n ],\n [\n -170.33203125,\n 51.72702815704774\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"54","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54f597c0e4b02419550d2f3c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fleming, Michael D.","contributorId":102638,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fleming","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":541633,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70142175,"text":"70142175 - 1988 - Extracting topographic structure from digital elevation data for geographic information-system analysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-18T14:31:27","indexId":"70142175","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3052,"text":"Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Extracting topographic structure from digital elevation data for geographic information-system analysis","docAbstract":"Software tools have been developed at the U.S. Geological Survey's EROS Data Center to extract topographic structure and to delineate watersheds and overland flow paths from digital elevation models. The tools are specialpurpose FORTRAN programs interfaced with general-purpose raster and vector spatial analysis and relational data base management packages.
\nThe first phase of analysis is a conditioning phase that generates three data sets: the original OEM with depressions filled, a data set indicating the flow direction for each cell, and a flow accumulation data set in which each cell receives a value equal to the total number of cells that drain to it. The original OEM and these three derivative data sets can then be processed in a variety of ways to optionally delineate drainage networks, overland paths, watersheds for userspecified locations, sub-watersheds for the major tributaries of a drainage network, or pour point linkages between watersheds. The computer-generated drainage lines and watershed polygons and the pour point linkage information can be transferred to vector-based geographic information systems for futher analysis. Comparisons between these computergenerated features and their manually delineated counterparts generally show close agreement, indicating that these software tools will save analyst time spent in manual interpretation and digitizing.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing","usgsCitation":"Jenson, S.K., and Domingue, J.O., 1988, Extracting topographic structure from digital elevation data for geographic information-system analysis: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, v. 54, no. 11, p. 1593-1600.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"1593","endPage":"1600","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":298224,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"54","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54f597cae4b02419550d2f45","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jenson, Susan K.","contributorId":66859,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jenson","given":"Susan","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":541674,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Domingue, Julia O.","contributorId":91832,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Domingue","given":"Julia","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":541675,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70142159,"text":"70142159 - 1988 - NOAA-10 AVHRR thermal-infrared image of the Colorado Rocky Mountains","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-18T14:31:46","indexId":"70142159","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3052,"text":"Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"NOAA-10 AVHRR thermal-infrared image of the Colorado Rocky Mountains","docAbstract":"This month we demonstrate an example of the use of thermal infrared imagery to produce a relatively sharp surrogate shaded-relief image. The image shows one aspect of the drama and usefulness of calibrated thermal imagery that (because of compatible projection and pixel size) can be easily combined with other spectral bands of a satellite image. Such data can be enhanced in yet another way by stereoscopically combining two similar images with different orbital paths, such as was shown in the AVHRR column for January 1988.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing","usgsCitation":"Gallo, K.P., Quirk, B.K., and Hood, J.J., 1988, NOAA-10 AVHRR thermal-infrared image of the Colorado Rocky Mountains: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, v. 54, no. 6.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"777","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":298204,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Rocky Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -109.061279296875,\n 37.00255267215955\n ],\n [\n -109.061279296875,\n 41.00477542222949\n ],\n [\n -102.041015625,\n 41.00477542222949\n ],\n [\n -102.041015625,\n 37.00255267215955\n ],\n [\n -109.061279296875,\n 37.00255267215955\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"54","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54f597cce4b02419550d2f4b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gallo, Kevin P. kgallo@usgs.gov","contributorId":4200,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gallo","given":"Kevin","email":"kgallo@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":541642,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Quirk, Bruce K. quirk@usgs.gov","contributorId":4285,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Quirk","given":"Bruce","email":"quirk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":541643,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hood, Joy J. jhood@usgs.gov","contributorId":5510,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hood","given":"Joy","email":"jhood@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":541644,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70137749,"text":"70137749 - 1988 - Strontium-isotope stratigraphy of Enewetak Atoll","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-26T01:21:12.431826","indexId":"70137749","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Strontium-isotope stratigraphy of Enewetak Atoll","docAbstract":"87Sr/86Sr ratios determined for samples from a 350 m core of Neogene lagoonal, shallow-water limestones from Enewetak Atoll display a remarkably informative trend. Like the recently published data for Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) carbonates, 87Sr/86Sr at Enewetak increases monotonically but not smoothly from the early Miocene to the Pleistocene. The data show intervals of little or no change in 87Sr/86Sr, punctuated by sharp transitions to lower values toward greater core depths. The sharp transitions correlate with observed solution disconformities caused by periods of subaerial erosion, whereas the intervals of little or no change in 87Sr/86Sr correspond to intervals of rapid accumulation of shallow-water carbonate sediments. When converted to numerical ages using the published DSDP 590B trend, the best-resolved time breaks are at 282 m (12.3 to 18.2 Ma missing) and 121.6 m (3.0 to 5.3 Ma missing) below the lagoon floor. At Enewetak, Sr isotopes offer a stratigraphic resolution for these shallow-marine Neogene carbonates comparable to that of nannofossil zonation in deep-sea carbonates (0.3-3 m.y.). In addition, the correlation of times of Sr-isotope breaks at Enewetak with times of rapid Sr-isotope change in the DSDP 590B samples confirms the importance off sea-level changes in the evolution of global-marine Sr isotopes and shows that the Sr-isotope response to sea-level falls is rapid.
No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wdrMDDE871","usgsCitation":"James, R., Simmons, R., and Strain, B., 1987, Water resources data Maryland and Delaware, water year 1987: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report MD-DE-87-1, 470 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrMDDE871.","productDescription":"470 p.","costCenters":[{"id":41514,"text":"Maryland-Delaware-District of Columbia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":381951,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1987/md-de-87-1/wdrMDDE871.pdf","text":"Report","size":"23.5 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Water Data Report MD-DE-87-1"},{"id":174356,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1987/md-de-87-1/wdrMDDE871_coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Delaware, 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\"}}]}","contact":"","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fcd42","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"James, R.W.","contributorId":70434,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"James","given":"R.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":257159,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Simmons, R.J.","contributorId":34583,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simmons","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":257158,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Strain, B.F.","contributorId":76388,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Strain","given":"B.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":257160,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70179024,"text":"70179024 - 1987 - Base of moderately saline ground water in the Uinta Basin, Utah, with an introductory section describing the methods used in determining its position","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-13T13:56:15","indexId":"70179024","displayToPublicDate":"2016-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":294,"text":"Technical Publication","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":4}},"seriesNumber":"92","title":"Base of moderately saline ground water in the Uinta Basin, Utah, with an introductory section describing the methods used in determining its position","docAbstract":"The base of the moderately saline water (water that contains from 3,000 to 10,000 milligrams per liter of dissolved solids) was mapped by using available water-quality data and by determining formation-water resistivities from geophysical well logs based on the resistivity-porosity, spontaneous potential, and resistivity-ratio methods. The contour map developed from these data showed a mound of very saline and briny water, mostly of sodium chloride and sodium bicarbonate type, in most of that part of the Uinta Basin that is underlain by either the Green River or Wasatch Formations. Along its northern edge, the mound rises steeply from below sea level to within 2,000 feet of the land surface and, locally, to land surface. Along its southern edge, the mound rises less steeply and is more complex in outline. This body of very saline to briny water may be a lens; many wells or test holes drilled within the area underlain by the mound re-entered fresh to moderately saline water at depths of 8,000 to 15,000 feet below lam surface.
","language":"English","publisher":"Utah Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water Rights","publisherLocation":"Salt Lake City, UT","collaboration":"Prepared by the United States Geological Survey in Cooperation with the Utah Department of Natural Resources Division of Oil, Gas and Mining","usgsCitation":"Howells, L., Longson, M., and Hunt, G.L., 1987, Base of moderately saline ground water in the Uinta Basin, Utah, with an introductory section describing the methods used in determining its position: Technical Publication 92, iv, 59 p.","productDescription":"iv, 59 p.","numberOfPages":"65","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":332055,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":332053,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.waterrights.utah.gov/cgi-bin/libview.exe?Modinfo=Viewpub&LIBNUM=20-6-310"},{"id":332054,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://waterrights.utah.gov/docSys/v920/y920/y9200001.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","otherGeospatial":"Uinta Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.697998046875,\n 38.8225909761771\n ],\n [\n -111.697998046875,\n 41.008920735004885\n ],\n [\n -109.039306640625,\n 41.008920735004885\n ],\n [\n -109.039306640625,\n 38.8225909761771\n ],\n [\n -111.697998046875,\n 38.8225909761771\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"585116bee4b08138bf1abd70","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Howells, Lewis","contributorId":12081,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howells","given":"Lewis","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":655807,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Longson, M.S.","contributorId":89398,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Longson","given":"M.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":655808,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hunt, Gilbert L.","contributorId":61413,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hunt","given":"Gilbert","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":655809,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70178988,"text":"70178988 - 1987 - Morgan Hill, California Earthquake, April 1984","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-14T11:43:16","indexId":"70178988","displayToPublicDate":"2016-07-05T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1435,"text":"Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Morgan Hill, California Earthquake, April 1984","docAbstract":"Annual escapement records for 1968-1984 for five species of Pacific salmon-chinook (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), coho (O. kisutch), sockeye (O. nerka), pink (O. gorbuscha), and chum (O. keta)—and steelhead (Salmo gairdneri) were obtained from published and unpublished sources and organized in a computer database. More than 25,500 escapement records were obtained for more than 1,100 locations throughout Alaska, Washington, Idaho, Oregon, and California. Escapement trends for naturally reproducing populations for which data were available for at least 7 years from 1968 to 1984 and at least 4 years from 1975 to 1984 were analyzed by linear regression. Significant trends were observed in about 30% of the 886 populations examined. Trends were summarized by species for three geographic regions in Alaska and four in the Pacific Northwest (including California). For chinook, sockeye, and pink salmon, trends were predominantly increasing in the Alaska regions and either lacking or predominantly decreasing in most of the Pacific Northwest regions; for coho and chum salmon, trends were predominantly decreasing in one or more Alaska regions as well as in most of the Pacific Northwest regions. For steelhead, too few populations were examined to enable us to characterize trends throughout their range. Among the 657 salmonid populations excluded from the trend analysis because the data sets were incomplete, 13 (of which 2 were in Alaska) declined to zero during the period of analysis. For coho, sockeye, pink, and chum salmon and steelhead, major data gaps were revealed by a comparison of the geographic distribution of escapement records with the spawning distribution of the species. For chinook salmon, escapement records were more geographically representative of the spawning distribution.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Konkel, G., and McIntyre, J., 1987, Trends in spawning populations of Pacific anadromous salmonids: Fish and Wildlife Technical Report 9, iii, 25 p.","productDescription":"iii, 25 p.","numberOfPages":"36","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":314283,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56978341e4b039675d00a6fe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Konkel, G.W.","contributorId":152238,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Konkel","given":"G.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":588594,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McIntyre, J.D.","contributorId":27006,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McIntyre","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":588595,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70162133,"text":"70162133 - 1987 - Genetic variation in chinook, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, and coho, O. KisutchOncorhynchus tshawytscha, and coho, O. KisutchWe used starch-gel electrophoresis to genetically characterize the populations of chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, and coho salmon, O. kisutch, in the major drainages of the north coast of Washington (the Quillayute, Uoh, Queets, and Quinault Rivers). Of 55 loci examined for electrophoretically detectable variation. 6 were polymorphic (frequency of the common allele was less than 0.95) in chinook salmon and 3 in coho salmon. Statistical tests of interdrainage and intradrainage variation for coho salmon were tenuous because most of the fish examined were from a single year class so that we could not account for variation among year classes. Nevertheless, these tests suggested that distinct stocks ofcoho salmon exist within drainages. and that variation was not significantly greater among drainages than within drainages. Interdrainage variation for wild chinook salmon was not significant. The data suggested that summer chinook salmon were electrophoretically different from fall chinook salmon, and the hatchery populations of chinook salmon were distinct from wild fish. A hatchery population developed primarily from north coast fish was electrophoretically more similar to wild chinook salmon than were the others.","language":"English","publisher":"National Marine Fisheries Service","usgsCitation":"Reisenbichler, R., and Phelps, S., 1987, Genetic variation in chinook, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, and coho, O. KisutchTitle III of the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act of 1980 (ANILCA, 1980) established the Tetlin National Wildlife Refuge (TNWR). Section 304 of the Act requires the Secretary of Interior to \"prepare, and from time to time revise, a comprehensive conservation plan\" for the refuge. Before developing a plan for the refuge, the Secretary shall identify and describe--a) the populations and habitats of the fish and wildlife resources of the refuge; b) the special values of the refuge as well as any other archeological, cultural, ecological, geological, historical, palentological, scenic, or wilderness value of the refuge; c) areas within the refuge that are suitable for use as administrative sites or visitor facilities… ; d) present the potential requirements for access with respect to the refuge… ; and e) significant problems which may adversely affect the populations and habitats of fish and wildlife identified and described... (ANILCA, 1980). Vegetation, water, and terrain (elevation, slope, and aspect) are the components of habitat and can be used in the determination of the above requirements.\nThe U. S. Fish & Wildlife Service (USFWS) has the responsibility for collecting the resource information to address the research, management, development and planning requirements identified in Section 304. Because of the brief period provided by the Act for data collection, habitat mapping, and habitat assessment, the USFWS in cooperation with the U.S. Geological Survey's EROS Field Office, used digital Landsat multispectral scanner data (MSS) and digital terrain data to produce land cover and terrain maps. A computer assisted digital analysis of Landsat MSS data was used because coverage by aerial photographs was incomplete for much of the refuge and because the level of detail, obtained from the analysis of Landsat data, is adequate to meet most USFWS research, management and planning needs. Relative cost and time requirements were also factors in the decision to use the digital analysis approach.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/70159091","usgsCitation":"Markon, C., 1987, Tetlin National Wildlife Refuge land cover mapping project users guide, 11 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70159091.","productDescription":"11 p.","numberOfPages":"20","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":309920,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/70159091.jpg"},{"id":310356,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70159091/report.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Tetlin National Wildlife Refuge","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -142.437744140625,\n 62.34451035966958\n ],\n [\n -142.437744140625,\n 63.15931607141054\n ],\n [\n -141.1358642578125,\n 63.15931607141054\n ],\n [\n -141.1358642578125,\n 62.34451035966958\n ],\n [\n -142.437744140625,\n 62.34451035966958\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5620ceace4b06217fc478b28","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Markon, Carl J.","contributorId":80305,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Markon","given":"Carl J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":577584,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70157446,"text":"70157446 - 1987 - Analysis of water-level fluctuations in Wisconsin wells","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-08T19:26:14","indexId":"70157446","displayToPublicDate":"2015-03-30T04:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5596,"text":"Wisconsin Geological & Natural History Survey Information Circular","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":2}},"seriesNumber":"63","title":"Analysis of water-level fluctuations in Wisconsin wells","docAbstract":"More than 60 percent of the residents of Wisconsin use ground water as their primary water source. Water supplies presently are abundant, but ground-water levels continually fluctuate in response to natural factors and human-related stresses. A better understanding of the magnitude, duration, and frequency of past fluctuations, and the factors controlling these fluctuations may help anticipate future changes in ground-water levels.
\nThis report presents the results of statistical analyses of historical ground-water level fluctuations in Wisconsin. Short- and long-term fluctuations are discussed in terms of their relation to components of the hydrogeologic system.
\nWater-level measurements from 124 wells with at least 20 years of record each were used in the study. The mean, highest and lowest monthly mean, median, and selected quantiles were obtained using the SAS Proc Univariate procedure. The frequency values from the Univariate table were used to construct stage-duration graphs. Pearson Type ill frequency analyses were used to obtain probabilities of exceedance of particular water levels. The data were divided into seasonal data sets for each well. The stage-duration and Pearson Type III analyses are based on past fluctuations but may be useful for estimating future water-level changes under similar conditions.
\nMultiple-regression analyses were run on data from groups of wells representing different ground-water districts. The SAS Proc Stepwise method was used. The regression model used average annual amplitude as the dependent variable and mean water level, mean annual precipitation, standard deviation of the seasonal mean precipitation, aquifer type, and topographic setting as the independent variables.This procedure produced different regression equations for each hydrogeologic district. Regression analyses also were done on data from groups of wells representing different aquifers. These regression models used average annual amplitude as the dependent variable and mean water level, topographic setting, and standard deviation of seasonal mean precipitation as the independent variables.
\nBecause of the many factors influencing ground-water level fluctuations, it was difficult to obtain a regression model that accurately reproduced average annual amplitude. The results of the regression analyses are helpful in recognizing the important variables; however, the equations are not effective in predicting the amplitude of a particular well because local conditions were omitted in the regional analyses.
\nHydrographs of average annual water level and frequency distribution analyses of annual maximum and minimum water levels were inspected for possible long-term trends. Analysis of annual maximum and minimum water levels indicates several periods in the annual cyclic fluctuations-two periods of recession (winter and summer), and two periods of rising levels (spring and fall). Usually, water levels are lowest in late winter and highest in spring for every annual cycle. The summer-fall minimum and the fall maximum are less distinct and do not occur every year.
\nA composite frequency analysis of extreme annual water levels on 71 of the wells shows that the lowest levels most frequently occur in December, February, or March. However, the record low usually occurs in August, September, or October during drought. Ground-water levels most often peak in May, April, or June. In the fan they may peak from September through December, depending upon complexities of meteorological, geomorphological, and geological factors.
\nThe long-term cyclicity of ground-water level fluctuations is shown on hydrographs of wells Sw-7, Ln-25a, Mt-7, Ju-8, and Ju-98. Seasonal variations that tend to obscure the long-term trends are eliminated by plotting the average annual water levels. The hydrographs are similar even though the wells are 80 to 100 miles apart and constructed in different geologic materials. The long-term trends and the duration of the cycles apparently depend little on the location and on the lithologic composition of the aquifers, but rather on precipitation. The hydrographs show several periods of welldefined peaks and lows. The ground-water levels reached peaks in 1946, 1952, 1960, 1966, 1973, 1979. The average interval between these peaks is 6.6 years. The low levels occurred in 1949, 1955-59, 1964, 1970, and 1977; average interval between the low levels is 7.0 years, which is similar to that for the high levels.
\nLong-term trends are apparent on hydrographs of wells Br-46, Mr-2S, Pt-276, Ro-3, and Ve-8. The trend of average annual water levels has been generally increasing since the late 1950's and is in general agreement with the increasing trend of precipitation. Hydrographs of well Ve-8, which has the longest period of record in Wisconsin, indicate that the generally rising trend started even earlier at the end of an extensive drought period in the 1930's.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wisconsin Geological & Natural History Survey","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the University of Wisconsin Extension-Geological and Natural History Survey","usgsCitation":"Patterson, G.L., and Zaporozec, A., 1987, Analysis of water-level fluctuations in Wisconsin wells: Wisconsin Geological & Natural History Survey Information Circular 63, v, 38 p.","productDescription":"v, 38 p.","numberOfPages":"45","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":308448,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":350384,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://wgnhs.uwex.edu/pubs/download_ic63/"}],"country":"United 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