No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr93551D","usgsCitation":"Ingebritsen, S.E., and Scholl, M.A., 1993, Annotated bibliography, hydrogeology of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-551, iii, 30 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93551D.","productDescription":"iii, 30 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":393032,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_40307.htm"},{"id":48963,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0551d/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":152798,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0551d/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Kilauea Volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.90011596679688,\n 19.004996642802364\n ],\n [\n -154.81246948242188,\n 19.004996642802364\n ],\n [\n -154.81246948242188,\n 19.65940054468096\n ],\n [\n -155.90011596679688,\n 19.65940054468096\n ],\n [\n -155.90011596679688,\n 19.004996642802364\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac8e4b07f02db67bd68","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ingebritsen, S. E.","contributorId":8078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ingebritsen","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":181022,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Scholl, M. A.","contributorId":86365,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scholl","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":181023,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70186482,"text":"70186482 - 1993 - Variations in magma supply rate at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-04T20:53:07","indexId":"70186482","displayToPublicDate":"1993-12-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Variations in magma supply rate at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii","docAbstract":"When an eruption of Kilauea lasts more than 4 months, so that a well-defined conduit has time to develop, magma moves freely through the volcano from a deep source to the eruptive site at a constant rate of 0.09 km3/yr. At other times, the magma supply rate to Kilauea, estimated from geodetic measurements of surface displacements, may be different. For example, after a large withdrawal of magma from the summit reservoir, such as during a rift zone eruption, the magma supply rate is high initially but then lessens and exponentially decays as the reservoir refills. Different episodes of refilling may have different average rates of magma supply. During four year-long episodes in the 1960s, the annual rate of refilling varied from 0.02 to 0.18 km3/yr, bracketing the sustained eruptive rate of 0.09 km3/yr. For decade-long or longer periods, our estimate of magma supply rate is based on long-term changes in eruptive rate. We use eruptive rate because after a few dozen eruptions the volume of magma that passes through the summit reservoir is much larger than the net change of volume of magma stored within Kilauea. The low eruptive rate of 0.009 km3/yr between 1840 and 1950, compared to an average eruptive rate of 0.05 km3/yr since 1950, suggests that the magma supply rate was lower between 1840 and 1950 than it has been since 1950. An obvious difference in activity before and since 1950 was the frequency of rift zone eruptions: eight rift zone eruptions occurred between 1840 and 1950, but more than 20 rift zone eruptions have occurred since 1950. The frequency of rift zone eruptions influences magma supply rate by suddenly lowering pressure of the summit magma reservoir, which feeds magma to rift zone eruptions. A temporary drop of reservoir pressure means a larger-than-normal pressure difference between the reservoir and a deeper source, so magma is forced to move upward into Kilauea at a faster rate.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/93JB02765","usgsCitation":"Dvorak, J.J., and Dzurisin, D., 1993, Variations in magma supply rate at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 98, no. B12, p. 22255-22268, https://doi.org/10.1029/93JB02765.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"22255","endPage":"22268","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":339172,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"98","issue":"B12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e4b0b4e4b09da6799977c5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dvorak, John J.","contributorId":24420,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dvorak","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688556,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dzurisin, Daniel 0000-0002-0138-5067 dzurisin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0138-5067","contributorId":538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dzurisin","given":"Daniel","email":"dzurisin@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":688557,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70211103,"text":"70211103 - 1993 - Anatomy of a basaltic volcano","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-07-14T19:26:29.030194","indexId":"70211103","displayToPublicDate":"1993-07-14T14:21:47","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2840,"text":"Nature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Anatomy of a basaltic volcano","docAbstract":"Kilauea volcano, in Hawaii, may be the best understood basaltic volcano in the world. Magma rises from a depth of 80 km or more and resides temporarily in near-surface reservoirs: eruption begins when the crust above one of these reservoirs splits open in response to a pressure increase. Repeated rift-zone eruptions compress Kilauea's flanks; after decades of accumulation, the stress is relieved in catastrophic earthquakes and southward displacement of the volcano's south flank.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Nature","doi":"10.1038/363125a0","usgsCitation":"Tilling, R.I., and Dvorak, J., 1993, Anatomy of a basaltic volcano: Nature, v. 363, p. 125-133, https://doi.org/10.1038/363125a0.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"125","endPage":"133","costCenters":[{"id":153,"text":"California Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":376385,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Kilauea Volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.48263549804685,\n 19.233363381183896\n ],\n [\n -155.02120971679688,\n 19.233363381183896\n ],\n [\n -155.02120971679688,\n 19.576611805040425\n ],\n [\n -155.48263549804685,\n 19.576611805040425\n ],\n [\n -155.48263549804685,\n 19.233363381183896\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"363","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tilling, Robert I. 0000-0003-4263-7221 rtilling@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4263-7221","contributorId":2567,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tilling","given":"Robert","email":"rtilling@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":792775,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dvorak, J.J.","contributorId":52597,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dvorak","given":"J.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":792776,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70018262,"text":"70018262 - 1993 - Noble gases in submarine pillow basalt glasses from Loihi and Kilauea, Hawaii: A solar component in the Earth","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-12T16:16:53.65792","indexId":"70018262","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Noble gases in submarine pillow basalt glasses from Loihi and Kilauea, Hawaii: A solar component in the Earth","docAbstract":"Noble gas elemental and isotopic abundances have been analysed in twenty-two samples of basaltic glass dredged from the submarine flanks of two currently active Hawaiian volcanoes, Loihi Seamount and Kilauea. Neon isotopic ratios are enriched in 20Ne and 21Ne by as much as 16% with respect to atmospheric ratios. All the Hawaiian basalt glass samples show relatively high
This paper explores the hypothesis that chromite seams in the Stillwater Complex formed in response to periodic increases in total pressure in the chamber. Total pressure increased because of the positive δV of nucleation of CO2 bubbles in the melt and their subsequent rise through the magma chamber, during which the bubbles increased in volume by a factor of 4–6. By analogy with the pressure changes in the summit chambers of Kilauea and Krafla volcanoes, the maximum variation was 0⋅2–0⋅25 kbar, or 5–10% of the total pressure in the Stillwater chamber. An evaluation of the likelihood of fountaining and mixing of a new, primitive liquid that entered the chamber with the somewhat more evolved liquid already in the chamber is based upon calculations using observed and inferred velocities and flow rates of basaltic magmas moving through volcanic fissures. The calculations indicate that hot, dense magma would have oozed, rather than fountained into the chamber, and early mixing of the new and residual magmas that could have resulted in chromite crystallizing alone did not take place.
Mixing was an important process in the Stillwater magma chamber, however. After the new magma in the chamber underwent ˜5% fractional crystallization, its composition, temperature, and density approached those of the overlying liquid in the chamber and the liquids then mixed. If this process occurred many times over the course of the development of the Ultramafic series, a thick column of magma with orthopyroxene on its liquidus would have been the result. Thus, the sequence of multiple injections, fractionation, and mixing with previously fractionated magma could have been the mechanism that produced the thick bronzite cumulate layer (the Bronzitite zone) above the cyclic units.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford University Press","doi":"10.1093/petrology/34.5.955","usgsCitation":"Lipin, B.R., 1993, Pressure increases, the formation of chromite seams, and the development of the ultramafic series in the Stillwater Complex, Montana: Journal of Petrology, v. 34, no. 5, p. 955-976, https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/34.5.955.","productDescription":"22 p. ","startPage":"955","endPage":"976","costCenters":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":339753,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"34","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58f1e0cde4b08144348b7e78","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lipin, Bruce R. blipin@usgs.gov","contributorId":5723,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lipin","given":"Bruce","email":"blipin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":691078,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70168947,"text":"70168947 - 1993 - Volcanic gases create air pollution on the Island of Hawai’i","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-14T06:21:05","indexId":"70168947","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1437,"text":"Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Volcanic gases create air pollution on the Island of Hawai’i","docAbstract":"In a handful of molten magma weighing about a pound, there is less than a tenth of an ounce, by weight, of idssolved gas-roughly the same weight as a pinch of table salt. Yet this tiny amount of gas produces spectacular lava foundations hundreds of meters high (see accompanying photograph). The fountain occurs as magma reaches the surface, because dissolved volcanic gases exolve and expand tremendously as pressure on the magma is released. Anyone who has shaken a bottle of soda and opened it quickly has received the full value of this basic principle of physics.
\nGases are dissolved in magma at depth, where pressures within Earth's crust are very great-many thousands of pounds per square inch. As the magma rises to the surface and erupts, the pressure decreases, and gas is released. The main gases dissolved in magma are water vapor, carbon dioxide, and sulfur gases, with lesser amounts of others, such as hydrogen, carbon monoxide, hydrochloric acid, and hydrofluoric acid. In our pinch-of-salt-to-a-handful-of-magma illustration above, most of the \"pinch\" is water vapor, followed by lesser amounts of carbon dioxide and sulfur gases with a few \"grains\" of hydrogen and other acid gases.
\nThe current eruption of Kilauea produces large quantities of volcanic gases that contribute to \"volcanic air pollution.\" In this article we discuss the nature of the gases released from Kilauea, hoe we study them, and what happened to the gases in the environment after they are released.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Sutton, J., and Elias, T., 1993, Volcanic gases create air pollution on the Island of Hawai’i: Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS), v. 24, no. 4, p. 178-196.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"178","endPage":"196","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":318705,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Island of Hawaii","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -156.59912109375,\n 18.8543103618898\n ],\n [\n -154.66552734375,\n 18.8543103618898\n ],\n [\n -154.66552734375,\n 20.159098270646936\n ],\n [\n -156.59912109375,\n 20.159098270646936\n ],\n [\n -156.59912109375,\n 18.8543103618898\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"24","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56e005f8e4b015c306fd0fe5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sutton, J.","contributorId":23706,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sutton","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":622181,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Elias, T. 0000-0002-9592-4518","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9592-4518","contributorId":71195,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elias","given":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":622182,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70168534,"text":"70168534 - 1993 - Where lava meets the sea; Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-06-05T11:07:54","indexId":"70168534","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1437,"text":"Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Where lava meets the sea; Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii","docAbstract":"Active volcanoes on the island of Hawai'i provide scientists with exceptional opportunities to observe volcanic phenomena at close range. Such an opportunity occurred on November 24, 1992, when geologists from the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) witnessed spectacular explosive interactions between lava and seawater on the southeast coast of the island. As seawater invaded submarine conduits transporting milten lava, large steam explosions produced glowing fountains of lava that rose as high as 100m into the air and built a 7.5-m-high mound of volcanic ejecta called a littoral cone (see cover paragraphs).
\nSeaside explosions of the type and magnitude of the event on November 24, 1992, are infrequent. the observation of this event represents a rare opportunity to enhance our understanding of the birth of littoral cones and the nature of explosive activity when lava enters the ocean.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Mattox, T.N., 1993, Where lava meets the sea; Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii: Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS), v. 24, no. 4, p. 160-177.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"160","endPage":"177","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":318137,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Kilauea","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.27252197265625,\n 19.619305073651013\n ],\n [\n -154.65866088867188,\n 19.570142140282975\n ],\n [\n -154.71084594726562,\n 19.12051698736277\n ],\n [\n -155.44830322265625,\n 19.2748506284423\n ],\n [\n -155.27252197265625,\n 19.619305073651013\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"24","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56c6f954e4b0946c65240775","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mattox, T. N.","contributorId":55450,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mattox","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":620799,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70017404,"text":"70017404 - 1993 - Geophysical characteristics of the hydrothermal systems of Kilauea volcano, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-24T14:19:06","indexId":"70017404","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1828,"text":"Geothermics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geophysical characteristics of the hydrothermal systems of Kilauea volcano, Hawaii","docAbstract":"Clues to the overall structure of Kilauea volcano can be obtained from spatial studies of gravity, magnetic, and seismic velocity variations. The rift zones and summit are underlain by dense, magnetic, high P-wave-velocity rocks at depths of about 2 km less. The gravity and seismic velocity studies indicate that the rift structures are broad, extending farther to the north than to the south of the surface features. The magnetic data give more definition to the rift structures by allowing separation into a narrow, highly-magnetized, shallow zone and broad, flanking, magnetic lows. The patterns of gravity, magnetic variations, and seismicity document the southward migration of the upper cast rift zone. Regional, hydrologic features of Kilauea can be determined from resistivity and self-potential studies. High-level groundwater exists beneath Kilauea summit to elevations of +800 m within a triangular area bounded by the west edge of the upper southwest rift zone, the east edge of the upper east rift zone, and the Koa'c fault system. High-level groundwater is present within the east rift zone beyond the triangular summit area. Self-potential mapping shows that areas of local heat produce local fluid circulation in the unconfined aquifer (water table). The dynamics of Kilauea eruptions are responsible for both the source of heat and the fracture permeability of the hydrothermal system. Shallow seismicity and surface deformation indicate that magma is intruding and that fractures are forming beneath the rift zones and summit area. Magma supply estimates are used to calculate the rate of heat input to Kilauea's hydrothermal systems. Heat flows of 370-820 mW/m2 are calculated from deep wells within the lower east rift zone. The estimated heat input rate for Kilauea of 9 gigawatts (GW) is at least 25 times higher than the conductive heat loss as estimated from the heat flow in wells extrapolated over the area of the summit caldera and rift zones. Heat must be dissipated by another mechanism, or the heat input rate estimates are much too high. ?? 1993.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geothermics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0375-6505(93)90004-7","issn":"03756505","usgsCitation":"Kauahikaua, J., 1993, Geophysical characteristics of the hydrothermal systems of Kilauea volcano, Hawaii: Geothermics, v. 22, no. 4, p. 271-299, https://doi.org/10.1016/0375-6505(93)90004-7.","startPage":"271","endPage":"299","numberOfPages":"29","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228368,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":268156,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0375-6505(93)90004-7"}],"volume":"22","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2811e4b0c8380cd59dd2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kauahikaua, J. 0000-0003-3777-503X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3777-503X","contributorId":26087,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kauahikaua","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376340,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70017417,"text":"70017417 - 1993 - Geology of kilauea volcano","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-24T14:18:27","indexId":"70017417","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1828,"text":"Geothermics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geology of kilauea volcano","docAbstract":"This paper summarizes studies of the structure, stratigraphy, petrology, drill holes, eruption frequency, and volcanic and seismic hazards of Kilauea volcano. All the volcano is discussed, but the focus is on its lower cast rift zone (LERZ) because active exploration for geothermal energy is concentrated in that area. Kilauea probably has several separate hydrothermal-convection systems that develop in response to the dynamic behavior of the volcano and the influx of abundant meteoric water. Important features of some of these hydrothermal-convection systems are known through studies of surface geology and drill holes. Observations of eruptions during the past two centuries, detailed geologic mapping, radiocarbon dating, and paleomagnetic secular-variation studies indicate that Kilauea has erupted frequently from its summit and two radial rift zones during Quaternary time. Petrologic studies have established that Kilauea erupts only tholeiitic basalt. Extensive ash deposits at Kilauea's summit and on its LERZ record locally violent, but temporary, disruptions of local hydrothermal-convection systems during the interaction of water or steam with magma. Recent drill holes on the LERZ provide data on the temperatures of the hydrothermal-convection systems, intensity of dike intrusion, porosity and permeability, and an increasing amount of hydrothermal alteration with depth. The prehistoric and historic record of volcanic and seismic activity indicates that magma will continue to be supplied to deep and shallow reservoirs beneath Kilauea's summit and rift zones and that the volcano will be affected by eruptions and earthquakes for many thousands of years. ?? 1993.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geothermics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0375-6505(93)90002-5","issn":"03756505","usgsCitation":"Moore, R.B., and Trusdell, F., 1993, Geology of kilauea volcano: Geothermics, v. 22, no. 4, p. 243-254, https://doi.org/10.1016/0375-6505(93)90002-5.","startPage":"243","endPage":"254","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228554,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":268155,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0375-6505(93)90002-5"}],"volume":"22","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a24c9e4b0c8380cd583b0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moore, R. B.","contributorId":98720,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376381,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Trusdell, F. A.","contributorId":57471,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trusdell","given":"F. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376380,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70017437,"text":"70017437 - 1993 - The hydrothermal-convection systems of kilauea: an historical perspective","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-24T14:17:45","indexId":"70017437","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1828,"text":"Geothermics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The hydrothermal-convection systems of kilauea: an historical perspective","docAbstract":"Kilauea is one of only two basaltic volcanoes in the world where geothermal power has been produced commercially. Little is known about the origin, size and longevity of its hydrothermal-convection systems. We review the history of scientific studies aimed at understanding these systems and describe their commercial development. Geothermal energy is a controversial issue in Hawai'i, partly because of hydrogen sulfide emissions and concerns about protection of rain forests. ?? 1993.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geothermics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0375-6505(93)90001-4","issn":"03756505","usgsCitation":"Moore, R.B., and Kauahikaua, J.P., 1993, The hydrothermal-convection systems of kilauea: an historical perspective: Geothermics, v. 22, no. 4, p. 233-241, https://doi.org/10.1016/0375-6505(93)90001-4.","startPage":"233","endPage":"241","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228885,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":268154,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0375-6505(93)90001-4"}],"volume":"22","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bacd1e4b08c986b323775","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moore, R. B.","contributorId":98720,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376454,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kauahikaua, J. P.","contributorId":69992,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kauahikaua","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376453,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70017438,"text":"70017438 - 1993 - Development of the 1990 Kalapana Flow Field, Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:57","indexId":"70017438","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1109,"text":"Bulletin of Volcanology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Development of the 1990 Kalapana Flow Field, Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii","docAbstract":"The 1990 Kalapana flow field is a complex patchwork of tube-fed pahoehoe flows erupted from the Kupaianaha vent at a low effusion rate (approximately 3.5 m3/s). These flows accumulated over an 11-month period on the coastal plain of Kilauea Volcano, where the pre-eruption slope angle was less than 2??. the composite field thickened by the addition of new flows to its surface, as well as by inflation of these flows and flows emplaced earlier. Two major flow types were identified during the development of the flow field: large primary flows and smaller breakouts that extruded from inflated primary flows. Primary flows advanced more quickly and covered new land at a much higher rate than breakouts. The cumulative area covered by breakouts exceeded that of primary flows, although breakouts frequently covered areas already buried by recent flows. Lava tubes established within primary flows were longer-lived than those formed within breakouts and were often reoccupied by lava after a brief hiatus in supply; tubes within breakouts were never reoccupied once the supply was interrupted. During intervals of steady supply from the vent, the daily areal coverage by lava in Kalapana was constant, whereas the forward advance of the flows was sporadic. This implies that planimetric area, rather than flow length, provides the best indicator of effusion rate for pahoehoe flow fields that form on lowangle slopes. ?? 1993 Springer-Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of Volcanology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF00302000","issn":"02588900","usgsCitation":"Mattox, T.N., Heliker, C., Kauahikaua, J., and Hon, K., 1993, Development of the 1990 Kalapana Flow Field, Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 55, no. 6, p. 407-413, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00302000.","startPage":"407","endPage":"413","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206162,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00302000"},{"id":228886,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"55","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0067e4b0c8380cd4f74b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mattox, T. N.","contributorId":55450,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mattox","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376457,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Heliker, C.","contributorId":80314,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heliker","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376458,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kauahikaua, J. 0000-0003-3777-503X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3777-503X","contributorId":26087,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kauahikaua","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376456,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hon, K.","contributorId":20471,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hon","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376455,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70017452,"text":"70017452 - 1993 - The hydrogeology of Kilauea volcano","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-24T14:16:57","indexId":"70017452","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1828,"text":"Geothermics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The hydrogeology of Kilauea volcano","docAbstract":"The hydrogeology of Kilauea volcano and adjacent areas has been studied since the turn of this century. However, most studies to date have focused on the relatively shallow, low-salinity parts of the ground-water system, and the deeper hydrothermal system remains poorly understood. The rift zones of adjacent Mauna Loa volcano bound the regional ground-water flow system that includes Kilauea, and the area bounded by the rift zones of Kilauea and the ocean may comprise a partly isolated subsystem. Rates of ground-water recharge vary greatly over the area and discharge is difficult to measure, because streams are ephemeral and most ground-water discharges diffusely at or below sea level. Hydrothermal systems exist at depth in Kilauea's cast and southwest rift zone, as evidenced by thermal springs at the coast and wells in the lower east-rift zone. Available data suggest that dike-impounded, heated ground water occurs at relatively high elevations in the upper east-and southwest-rift zones of Kilauea, and that permeability at depth in the rift zones (probably < 10-15 m2) is much lower than that of unaltered basalt flows closer to the surface (> 10 10 m2). Substantial variations in permeability and the presence of magmatic heat sources influence the structure of the fresh water-salt water interface, so the Ghyben-Herzberg model will often fail to predict its position. Numerical modeling studies have considered only subsets of the hydrothermal system, because no existing computer code solves the coupled fluid-flow, heat- and solute-transport problem over the temperature and salinity range encountered at Kilauea. ?? 1993.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geothermics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0375-6505(93)90003-6","issn":"03756505","usgsCitation":"Ingebritsen, S.E., and Scholl, M.A., 1993, The hydrogeology of Kilauea volcano: Geothermics, v. 22, no. 4, p. 255-270, https://doi.org/10.1016/0375-6505(93)90003-6.","startPage":"255","endPage":"270","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228419,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":268153,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0375-6505(93)90003-6"}],"volume":"22","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bacc7e4b08c986b32372b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ingebritsen, S. E.","contributorId":8078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ingebritsen","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376515,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Scholl, M. A.","contributorId":86365,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scholl","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376516,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70017946,"text":"70017946 - 1993 - Thermal budget of the lower east rift zone, Kilauea Volcano","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:55","indexId":"70017946","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Thermal budget of the lower east rift zone, Kilauea Volcano","docAbstract":"The lower east rift zone of Kilauea has been the site of repeated fissure eruptions fed by dikes that traverse the depths of interest to geothermal explorations. We find that a hot-rock-and-magma system of low permeability extending along the rift zone at depths below about 4 km and replenished with magma at a rate that is small in comparison to the modern eruption rate Kilauea can supply heat to an overlying hydrothermal aquifer sufficient to maintain temperatures of about 250??C if the characteristic permeability to 4-km depth is about 10-15m2.","largerWorkTitle":"Transactions - Geothermal Resources Council","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 1993 Annual Meeting on Utilities and Geothermal: An Emerging Partnership","conferenceDate":"10 October 1993 through 13 October 1993","conferenceLocation":"Burlingame, CA, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by Geothermal Resources Council","publisherLocation":"Davis, CA, United States","issn":"01935933","isbn":"0934412715","usgsCitation":"Delaney, P.T., Duffield, W.A., Sass, J.H., and Kauahikaua, J.P., 1993, Thermal budget of the lower east rift zone, Kilauea Volcano, in Transactions - Geothermal Resources Council, v. 17, Burlingame, CA, USA, 10 October 1993 through 13 October 1993, p. 101-103.","startPage":"101","endPage":"103","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228913,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb212e4b08c986b3255a1","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Anon","contributorId":128316,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Anon","id":536398,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Delaney, Paul T.","contributorId":15195,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Delaney","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378002,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Duffield, Wendell A.","contributorId":14363,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duffield","given":"Wendell","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378001,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sass, John H.","contributorId":69596,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sass","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378003,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kauahikaua, James P. 0000-0003-3777-503X jimk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3777-503X","contributorId":2146,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kauahikaua","given":"James","email":"jimk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":378000,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70018214,"text":"70018214 - 1993 - Vesiculation of basaltic magma during eruption","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-26T16:44:54","indexId":"70018214","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Vesiculation of basaltic magma during eruption","docAbstract":"Vesicle size distributions in vent lavas from the Pu'u'O'o-Kupaianaha eruption of Kilauea volcano are used to estimate nucleation and growth rates of H2O-rich gas bubbles in basaltic magma nearing the earth's surface (≤120 m depth). By using well-constrained estimates for the depth of volatile exsolution and magma ascent rate, nucleation rates of 35.9 events ⋅ cm-3 ⋅ s-1 and growth rates of 3.2 x 10-4cm/s are determined directly from size-distribution data. The results are consistent with diffusion-controlled growth as predicted by a parabolic growth law. This empirical approach is not subject to the limitations inherent in classical nucleation and growth theory and provides the first direct measurement of vesiculation kinetics in natural settings. In addition, perturbations in the measured size distributions are used to examine bubble escape, accumulation, and coalescence prior to the eruption of magma.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(1993)021<0157:VOBMDE>2.3.CO;2","issn":"00917613","usgsCitation":"Mangan, M.T., Cashman, K., and Newman, S., 1993, Vesiculation of basaltic magma during eruption: Geology, v. 21, no. 2, p. 157-160, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1993)021<0157:VOBMDE>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"157","endPage":"160","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227548,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"21","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc250e4b08c986b32aa77","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mangan, Margaret T. 0000-0002-5273-8053 mmangan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5273-8053","contributorId":3343,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mangan","given":"Margaret","email":"mmangan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":378897,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cashman, Katharine V.","contributorId":40097,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cashman","given":"Katharine V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378898,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Newman, Sally","contributorId":191450,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Newman","given":"Sally","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378896,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70017870,"text":"70017870 - 1993 - Dynamic behavior of Kilauea Volcano and its relation to hydrothermal systems and geothermal energy","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:55","indexId":"70017870","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Dynamic behavior of Kilauea Volcano and its relation to hydrothermal systems and geothermal energy","docAbstract":"Exploitation of hydrothermal systems on active basaltic volcanoes poses some unique questions about the role of volcanism and hydrothermal system evolution. Volcanic activity creates and maintains hydrothermal systems while earthquakes create permeable fractures that, at least temporarily, enhance circulation. Magma and water, possibly hydrothermal water, can interact violently to produce explosive eruptions. Finally, we speculate on whether volcanic behavior can be affected by high rates of heat extraction.","largerWorkTitle":"Transactions - Geothermal Resources Council","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 1993 Annual Meeting on Utilities and Geothermal: An Emerging Partnership","conferenceDate":"10 October 1993 through 13 October 1993","conferenceLocation":"Burlingame, CA, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by Geothermal Resources Council","publisherLocation":"Davis, CA, United States","issn":"01935933","isbn":"0934412715","usgsCitation":"Kauhikaua, J., and Moore, R.B., 1993, Dynamic behavior of Kilauea Volcano and its relation to hydrothermal systems and geothermal energy, in Transactions - Geothermal Resources Council, v. 17, Burlingame, CA, USA, 10 October 1993 through 13 October 1993, p. 129-133.","startPage":"129","endPage":"133","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228631,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0423e4b0c8380cd507e2","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Anon","contributorId":128316,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Anon","id":536384,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Kauhikaua, Jim","contributorId":11354,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kauhikaua","given":"Jim","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377803,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moore, R. B.","contributorId":98720,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377804,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70017894,"text":"70017894 - 1993 - Pressure increases, the formation of chromite seams, and the development of the ultramafic series in the Stillwater Complex, Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-04T11:20:47.24699","indexId":"70017894","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2420,"text":"Journal of Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pressure increases, the formation of chromite seams, and the development of the ultramafic series in the Stillwater Complex, Montana","docAbstract":"This paper explores the hypothesis that chromite seams in the Stillwater Complex formed in response to periodic increases in total pressure in the chamber. Total pressure increased because of the positive δV of nucleation of CO2 bubbles in the melt and their subsequent rise through the magma chamber, during which the bubbles increased in volume by a factor of 4–6. By analogy with the pressure changes in the summit chambers of Kilauea and Krafla volcanoes, the maximum variation was 0⋅2–0⋅25 kbar, or 5–10% of the total pressure in the Stillwater chamber. An evaluation of the likelihood of fountaining and mixing of a new, primitive liquid that entered the chamber with the somewhat more evolved liquid already in the chamber is based upon calculations using observed and inferred velocities and flow rates of basaltic magmas moving through volcanic fissures. The calculations indicate that hot, dense magma would have oozed, rather than fountained into the chamber, and early mixing of the new and residual magmas that could have resulted in chromite crystallizing alone did not take place.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1093/petrology/34.5.955","issn":"00223530","usgsCitation":"Lipin, B., 1993, Pressure increases, the formation of chromite seams, and the development of the ultramafic series in the Stillwater Complex, Montana: Journal of Petrology, v. 34, no. 5, p. 955-976, https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/34.5.955.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"955","endPage":"976","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228911,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"34","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a8b5be4b0c8380cd7e219","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lipin, B. R.","contributorId":61031,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lipin","given":"B. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377856,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70017928,"text":"70017928 - 1993 - Thermodynamic evaluation and restoration of volcanic gas analyses: An example based on modern collection and analytical methods","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-15T15:59:21.069014","indexId":"70017928","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1754,"text":"Geochemical Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Thermodynamic evaluation and restoration of volcanic gas analyses: An example based on modern collection and analytical methods","docAbstract":"Thermodynamic evaluation and restoration procedures are applied to a set of 10 volcanic gas analyses obtained by modern collection and analytical methods. The samples were collected from a vigorously fuming fissure during episode 1 of the Puu Oo eruption of Kilauea Volcano in 1983. A variety of analytical techniques were used to determine the gas compositions. In most samples, the combined amounts of N2 + Ar + O2 are far less abundant than H2, CO, or H2S, suggesting little or no contamination or reaction with atmospheric gases. Thermodynamic evaluation shows that 6 of the 10 analyses are equilibrium compositions, and 4 analyses are disequilibrium compositions. Three of the disequilibrium analyses involve samples affected by minor spilling of NaOH solution from the sample bottles during collection. The deviation of these analyses from equilibrium is dominated by the effects of disequilibrium water-loss. The fourth disequilibrium analysis is contaminated with meteoric water. In all 4 cases, the restoration procedures retrieve the original equilibrium compositions. -from Author","language":"English","publisher":"Geochemical Society of Japan","doi":"10.2343/geochemj.27.305","usgsCitation":"Gerlach, T.M., 1993, Thermodynamic evaluation and restoration of volcanic gas analyses: An example based on modern collection and analytical methods: Geochemical Journal, v. 27, no. 4-5, p. 305-322, https://doi.org/10.2343/geochemj.27.305.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"305","endPage":"322","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[{"id":157,"text":"Cascades Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":480307,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2343/geochemj.27.305","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":228637,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","issue":"4-5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb271e4b08c986b3257e4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gerlach, Terrance M.","contributorId":89512,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gerlach","given":"Terrance","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377932,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70018210,"text":"70018210 - 1993 - Oxygen buffering of Kilauea volcanic gases and the oxygen fugacity of Kilauea basalt","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-12T16:15:08.171924","indexId":"70018210","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Oxygen buffering of Kilauea volcanic gases and the oxygen fugacity of Kilauea basalt","docAbstract":"Volcanic gases collected during episode 1 of the Puu Oo eruption along the east rift zone of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii, have uniform C-O-H-S-Cl-F compositions that are sharply depleted in CO2. The CO2-poor gases are typical of Type II volcanic gases (gerlach and Graeber, 1985) and were emitted from evolved magma stored for a prolonged period of time in the east rift zone after releasing CO2-rich gases during an earlier period of temporary residence in the summit magma chamber. The samples are remarkably free of contamination by atmospheric gases and meteoric water. Thermodynamic evaluation of the analytical data shows that the episode 1 gases have equilibrium compositions appropriate for temperatures between 935 and 1032°C. Open- and closed-system equilibrium models of species distributions for the episode 1 gases show unequivocally that coexisting lavas buffered the gas oxygen fugacities during cooling. These models indicate that the fO2 buffering process occurs by transfer of oxygen from the major species in the gas phase (H2O, CO2, SO2) to the lava during cooling and that the transfer of oxygen also controls the fugacities of several minor and trace species (H2, CO, H2S, S2, Cl2, F2), in addition to O2 during cooling. Gas/lava exchanges of other components are apparently insignificant and exert little influence, compared to oxygen exchange, during cooling. Oxygen transfer during cooling is variable, presumably reflecting short-term fluctuations in gas flow rates. Higher flow rates restrict the time available for gas/lava oxygen transfer and result in gases with higher equilibrium temperatures. Lower flow rates favor fO2-constrained equilibration by oxygen transfer down to lower temperatures. Thus, the chemical equilibrium preserved in these gases is a heterogeneous equilibrium constrained by oxygen fugacity, and the equilibrium temperatures implied by the compositions of the gases reflect the temperatures at which gas/lava oxygen exchange ceased. This conclusion challenges the common assumption that volcanic gases are released from lava in a state of chemical equilibrium and then continue equilibrating homogeneously with falling temperature until reaction rates are unable to keep pace with cooling. No evidence is found, moreover, that certain gas species are kinetically more responsive and able to equilibrate down to lower temperatures than those of the last gas/lava oxygen exchange. Homogeneous reaction rates in the gas phase are apparently slow compared to the time it took for the gases to move from the last site of gas/lava equilibration to the site of collection. An earlier set of data for higher temperature CO2-rich Type I volcanic gases, which come from sustained summit lava lake eruptions supplied by magma that experienced substantially shorter periods of crustal storage, shows fO2 buffering by oxygen transfer up to 1185°C. Oxygen fugacity measurements in drill holes into ponded lava flows suggest that buffering by oxygen transfer may control the fO2 of residual gases down to several hundred degrees below the solidus in the early stages of cooling. Although the details of the fO2 buffering mechanisms for oxygen transfer are unknown, the fact that fO2 buffering is effective from molten to subsolidus conditions suggests that the reaction mechanisms must change with cooling as the reactants change from predominantly melt, to melt plus crystals, to glass plus crystals. Mass balance calculations suggest that redox reactions between the gas and ferrous/ferric iron in the lava are plausible mechanisms for the oxygen transfer and that the fO2 of the gases is buffered by sliding ferrous/ferric equilibria in the erupting lavas. Contrary to expectations based on models predicting the oxidation of basalt by H2 and CO escape during crustal storage, CO2-rich Type I gases and CO2-poor Type II gases have identical oxygen fugacities despite greatly different crustal storage and degassing histories. Volcanic gas data give a tightly constrained log fO2 of NNO − 0.5 (±0.05) for subaerially erupted Kilauea basalt from liquidus to solidus temperatures, consistent with recent fO2 determinations for the mantle source regions of ocean island basalts. Because the oxygen fugacities of volcanic gases emitted by subaerial lavas imply that the fO2 of Kilauea basalt is unchanged during crustal storage, Kilauea basalt either arrives in the crust with an oxygen fugacity between NNO and FMQ, or it develops an oxygen fugacity in this range immediately upon arrival in the summit chamber.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(93)90169-W","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Gerlach, T., 1993, Oxygen buffering of Kilauea volcanic gases and the oxygen fugacity of Kilauea basalt: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 57, no. 4, p. 795-814, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(93)90169-W.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"795","endPage":"814","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227501,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"57","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7288e4b0c8380cd76b5c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gerlach, T.M.","contributorId":38713,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gerlach","given":"T.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378884,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":58507,"text":"mf2193 - 1992 - Map showing lava-flow hazard zones, Island of Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-04T18:52:17.169575","indexId":"mf2193","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2193","title":"Map showing lava-flow hazard zones, Island of Hawaii","docAbstract":"This map shows lava-flow hazard zones for the five volcanoes on the Island of Hawaii. Volcano boundaries are shown as heavy, dark bands, reflecting the overlapping of lava flows from adjacent volcanoes along their common boundary. Hazard-zone boundaries are drawn as double lines because of the geologic uncertainty in their placement. Most boundaries are gradational, and the change In the degree of hazard can be found over a distance of a mile or more. The general principles used to place hazard-zone boundaries are discussed by Mullineaux and others (1987) and Heliker (1990). The differences between the boundaries presented here and in Heliker (1990) reflect new data used in the compilation of a geologic map for the Island of Hawaii (E.W. Wolfe and Jean Morris, unpub. data, 1989). The primary source of information for volcano boundaries and generalized ages of lava flows for all five volcanoes on the Island of Hawaii is the geologic map of Hawaii (E.W. Wolfe and Jean Morris, unpub. data, 1989). More detailed information is available for the three active volcanoes. For Hualalai, see Moore and others (1987) and Moore and Clague (1991); for Mauna Loa, see Lockwood and Lipman (1987); and for Kilauea, see Holcomb (1987) and Moore and Trusdell (1991).","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/mf2193","usgsCitation":"Wright, T., Chun, J.Y., Esposo, J., Heliker, C., Hodge, J., Lockwood, J.P., and Vogt, S.M., 1992, Map showing lava-flow hazard zones, Island of Hawaii: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 2193, 1 Plate: 35.51 x 26.99 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/mf2193.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 35.51 x 26.99 inches","costCenters":[{"id":336,"text":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":122097,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/mf_2193.jpg"},{"id":94155,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/1992/2193/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"250000","projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator","datum":"Old Hawaiian","country":"United States","state":"Hawai'i","otherGeospatial":"Island Of Hawaii","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -156.25,18.5 ], [ -156.25,20.5 ], [ -154.5,20.5 ], [ -154.5,18.5 ], [ -156.25,18.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a4c19","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wright, Thomas L. twright@usgs.gov","contributorId":3890,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"Thomas L.","email":"twright@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":259535,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chun, Jon Y.F.","contributorId":46681,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chun","given":"Jon","email":"","middleInitial":"Y.F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":259537,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Esposo, Joan","contributorId":57589,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Esposo","given":"Joan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":259539,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Heliker, Christina","contributorId":53353,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heliker","given":"Christina","affiliations":[{"id":336,"text":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":259538,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hodge, Jon","contributorId":74502,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hodge","given":"Jon","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":259540,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Lockwood, John P. 0000-0002-6562-0222","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6562-0222","contributorId":30976,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lockwood","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":259536,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Vogt, Susan M.","contributorId":91233,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vogt","given":"Susan","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":259541,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":21183,"text":"ofr92586 - 1992 - Core lithology, State of Hawaii Scientific Observation Hole 4 Kilauea Valcano, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:45","indexId":"ofr92586","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-586","title":"Core lithology, State of Hawaii Scientific Observation Hole 4 Kilauea Valcano, Hawaii","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr92586","usgsCitation":"Trusdell, F., Novak, E., and Evans, S., 1992, Core lithology, State of Hawaii Scientific Observation Hole 4 Kilauea Valcano, Hawaii: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 92-586, i, 72 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr92586.","productDescription":"i, 72 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":153068,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0586/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":50774,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0586/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad8e4b07f02db684a35","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Trusdell, F. A.","contributorId":57471,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trusdell","given":"F. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":183987,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Novak, Elizabeth","contributorId":78361,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Novak","given":"Elizabeth","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":183988,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Evans, S.R.","contributorId":83954,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evans","given":"S.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":183989,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70211101,"text":"70211101 - 1992 - Dynamics of Kilauea Volcano","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-07-14T19:05:03.654455","indexId":"70211101","displayToPublicDate":"1992-07-14T13:49:01","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3355,"text":"Scientific American","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Dynamics of Kilauea Volcano","docAbstract":"One of the longest volcanic eruptions in recorded history began in 1983. Lava flows from Kilauea have since added 120 hectares of new land to the island of Hawaii and covered 100 square kilometres. Kilauea is one of the most thoroughly studied volcanoes in the world. That scrutiny is helping scientists to understand how volcanoes work and to predict where other destructive eruptions might occur. Moreover, the volcano offers a unique window into the workings of the earth's interior.
","language":"English","publisher":"Nature Publishing Group","doi":"10.1038/scientificamerican0892-46","usgsCitation":"Dvorak, J., Johnson, C., and Tilling, R.I., 1992, Dynamics of Kilauea Volcano: Scientific American, v. 267, no. 2, p. 46-53, https://doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0892-46.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"46","endPage":"53","costCenters":[{"id":153,"text":"California Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":376383,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Kilauea Volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.48263549804685,\n 19.233363381183896\n ],\n [\n -155.02120971679688,\n 19.233363381183896\n ],\n [\n -155.02120971679688,\n 19.576611805040425\n ],\n [\n -155.48263549804685,\n 19.576611805040425\n ],\n [\n -155.48263549804685,\n 19.233363381183896\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"267","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dvorak, J.J.","contributorId":52597,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dvorak","given":"J.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":792770,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, Carl","contributorId":102085,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Carl","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":792771,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tilling, Robert I. 0000-0003-4263-7221 rtilling@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4263-7221","contributorId":2567,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tilling","given":"Robert","email":"rtilling@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":792772,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70207943,"text":"70207943 - 1992 - Morphology of the island of Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-20T15:10:07","indexId":"70207943","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-20T14:46:42","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1728,"text":"GSA Today","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Morphology of the island of Hawaii","docAbstract":"Digital elevation data for the island of Hawaii from the U.S. Geographical Survey gridded at 30 m spacing was used to generate a slope map, a shaded relief map, and plots that compare slope and elevation for each of the five volcanoes that compose the island.These computer- generated products are useful in analyzing the morphology of the sland. The volcanoes become steeper with increasing age. The five volcanoes, in order of increasing age, are Kilauea, Mauna Lao, Hualalai, Mauna Kea and Kohala; their average slopes are 3.3, 5.4, 6.6, 7.0, and 11.3, respectively. This relation apparently results from growth of the late, steeper alkali cap on the older volcanoes that include more viscous, thicker flows, flows that are smaller hence tend to pile up more near the summit vents, and volatile- rich lavas that commonly produce steep sided cinder cones at summit vents. The cause of the gentler slopes of younger volcanoes include the high proportion of exposed fluid lava flows from the shield building stage, the ponding of lava against earlier volcanoes, and the grading of lava to sea level; subsidence of the older volcanoes have cause these gently dipping near-seas-level lava flows to subside below the sea. Finally, steep erosional canyons have developed in large areas of the older volcanoes (notably Kohala).
Virtually all of the major fault systems on the sland appear to be related to the upper parts of giant landslides, most of which are hidden below sea level on the submarine flanks of the volcanoes. These are generally normal faults in the tensional regime at the heads and upper parts of the landslides Subtle changes in slope hint at buried landslide related faults scarps that have been covered by subsequent lava flows.
Major erosional canyons are present in only two places, each presumed to be in the amphitheaters of the major landslides. The probably formed in this setting because steam erosion is favored by the steep sloped generated at the heads of landslides. The slope map clearly displays two bands of steep slope on Mauna Kea that mark the terminal moraines at the edges of the last two advances of the Pleistocene ice cap.
","language":"English","publisher":"GSA","usgsCitation":"Moore, J.G., and Mark, R., 1992, Morphology of the island of Hawaii: GSA Today, v. 2, no. 12, p. 257-262.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"257","endPage":"262","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371397,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Island of Hawaii","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -156.23107910156247,\n 18.849111862024\n ],\n [\n -154.775390625,\n 18.849111862024\n ],\n [\n -154.775390625,\n 20.396123272467616\n ],\n [\n -156.23107910156247,\n 20.396123272467616\n ],\n [\n -156.23107910156247,\n 18.849111862024\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"2","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moore, James G. 0000-0002-7543-2401 jmoore@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7543-2401","contributorId":2892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"James","email":"jmoore@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779836,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mark, Robert K.","contributorId":30648,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mark","given":"Robert K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779837,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016847,"text":"70016847 - 1992 - Petrology of lavas from episodes 2-47 of the Puu Oo eruption of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii: Evaluation of magmatic processes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:52","indexId":"70016847","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1109,"text":"Bulletin of Volcanology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Petrology of lavas from episodes 2-47 of the Puu Oo eruption of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii: Evaluation of magmatic processes","docAbstract":"The Puu Oo eruption of Kilauea Volcano in Hawaii is one of its largest and most compositionally varied historical eruptions. The mineral and whole-rock compositions of the Puu Oo lavas indicate that there were three compositionally distinct magmas involved in the eruption. Two of these magmas were differentiated (<6.8 wt% MgO) and were apparently stored in the rift zone prior to the eruption. A third, more mafic magma (9-10 wt% MgO) was probably intruded as a dike from Kilauea's summit reservoir just before the start of the eruption. Its intrusion forced the other two magmas to mix, forming a hybrid that erupted during the first three eruptive episodes from a fissure system of vents. A new hybrid was erupted during episode 3 from the vent where Puu Oo later formed. The composition of the lava erupted from this vent became progressively more mafic over the next 21 months, although significant compositional variation occurred within some eruptive episodes. The intra-episode compositional variation was probably due to crystal fractionation in the shallow (0.0-2.9 km), dike-shaped (i.e. high surface area/volume ratio) and open-topped Puu Oo magma reservoir. The long-term compositional variation was controlled largely by mixing the early hybrid with the later, more mafic magma. The percentage of mafic magma in the erupted lava increased progressively to 100% by episode 30 (about two years after the eruption started). Three separate magma reservoirs were involved in the Puu Oo eruption. The two deeper reservoirs (3-4 km) recharged the shallow (0.4-2.9 km) Puu Oo reservoir. Recharge of the shallow reservoir occurred rapidly during an eruption indicating that these reservoirs were well connected. The connection with the early hybrid magma body was cut off before episode 30. Subsequently, only mafic magma from the summit reservoir has recharged the Puu Oo reservoir. ?? 1992 Springer-Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of Volcanology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF00301115","issn":"02588900","usgsCitation":"Garcia, M., Rhodes, J., Wolfe, E., Ulrich, G., and Ho, R., 1992, Petrology of lavas from episodes 2-47 of the Puu Oo eruption of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii: Evaluation of magmatic processes: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 55, no. 1-2, p. 1-16, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00301115.","startPage":"1","endPage":"16","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205485,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00301115"},{"id":224466,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"55","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7833e4b0c8380cd78670","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Garcia, M.O.","contributorId":47868,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garcia","given":"M.O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374649,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rhodes, J.M.","contributorId":31110,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rhodes","given":"J.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374648,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wolfe, E.W.","contributorId":57470,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolfe","given":"E.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374650,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ulrich, G. E.","contributorId":88737,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ulrich","given":"G. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374652,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ho, R.A.","contributorId":68887,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ho","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374651,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70017157,"text":"70017157 - 1992 - Differentiation and magma mixing on Kilauea's east rift zone - A further look at the eruptions of 1955 and 1960. Part I. The late 1955 lavas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:47","indexId":"70017157","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1109,"text":"Bulletin of Volcanology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Differentiation and magma mixing on Kilauea's east rift zone - A further look at the eruptions of 1955 and 1960. Part I. The late 1955 lavas","docAbstract":"The lavas of the 1955 east rift eruption of Kilauea Volcano have been the object of considerable petrologic interest for two reasons. First, the early 1955 lavas are among the most differentiated ever erupted at Kilauea, and second, the petrographic character and chemical composition of the lava being erupted changed significantly during the eruption. This shift, from more differentiated (MgO=5.0-5.7%) to more magnesian (MgO=6.2-6.8%) lava, has been variously interpreted, as either due to systematic excavation of a zoned, differentiated magma body, or to invasion of the differentiated magma by more primitive magma, followed by rapid mixing and eruption of the resulting hybrid magmas. Petrologic examination of several nearvent spatter samples of the late 1955 lavas shows abundant evidence for magma mixing, including resorbed and/or reversely zoned crystals of olivine, augite and plagioclase. In addition, the compositional ranges of olivine, plagioclase and groundmass sulfide are very large, implying that the assemblages are hybrid. Core compositions of olivine phenocrysts range from Fo85 to Fo77. The most magnesian olivines in these samples must have originally crystallized from a melt containing 8.0-8.5% MgO, which is distinctly more magnesian than the bulk composition of the late 1955 lavas. The majorelement and trace-element data are either permissive or supportive of a hybrid origin for the late 1955 lavas. In particular, the compositional trends of the 1955 lavas on plots of CaO vs MgO, and the virtual invariance of Al2O3 and Sr in these plagioclase-phyric lavas are more easily explained by magma mixing than by fractionation. The pattern of internal disequilibrium/re-equilibration in the late 1955 spatter samples is consistent with reintrusion and mixing having occurred at least twice, during the latter part of the 1955 eruption. Plagioclase zonation preserves possible evidence for additional, earlier reintrusion events. Least-squares modelling the mixing of early 1955 bulk compositions with various summit lavas??olivine pick the 1952 summit lava as most like the primitive component. The results also indicate the primitive component had MgO=7.5-8.0%, corresponding to liquidus temperatures of 1165-1175??C. The absence of Fe-Ti oxide phenocrysts in the late 1955 lavas implies that the cooler component of the hybrid had T>1110??C. Thus the thermal contrast between the two components may have been as much as 55-65??C, sufficient to produce the conspicuous disequilibrium effects visible in the spatter samples. ?? 1992 Springer-Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of Volcanology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF00312319","issn":"02588900","usgsCitation":"Helz, R., and Wright, T.L., 1992, Differentiation and magma mixing on Kilauea's east rift zone - A further look at the eruptions of 1955 and 1960. Part I. The late 1955 lavas: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 54, no. 5, p. 361-384, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00312319.","startPage":"361","endPage":"384","numberOfPages":"24","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205571,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00312319"},{"id":224919,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"54","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0106e4b0c8380cd4fa5c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Helz, Rosalind Tuthill 0000-0003-1550-0684","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1550-0684","contributorId":16806,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Helz","given":"Rosalind Tuthill","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":375584,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wright, T. L.","contributorId":11188,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375583,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}