Natural attenuation processes such as dispersion, advection, and biogradation serve to decrease concentrations of disssolved contaminants as they are transported in all ground-water systems. However, the efficiency of these natural attenuation processes and the degree to which they help attain remediation goals, varies considerably from site to site. This report provides a methodology for quantifying various natural attenuation mechanisms. This methodology incorporates information on (1) concentrations of contaminants in space and/or time; (2) ambient reduction/oxidation (redox) conditions; (3) rates and directions of ground-water flow; (4) rates of contaminant biodegradation; and (5) demographic considerations, such as the presence of nearby receptor exposure points or property boundaries. This document outlines the hydrologic, geochemical, and biologic data needed to assess the efficiency of natural attenuation, provides a screening tool for making preliminary assessments, and provides examples of how to determine when natural attenuation can be a useful component of site remediation at leaking underground storage tank sites.
\nAt a site in the Piedmont Physiographic Province (Laurens, South Carolina), hydrologic and water-chemistry data indicate that the natural attenuation capacity for benzene is approximately 5 percent per foot of flowpath. As a result, benzene concentrations would decrease from about 28,000 micrograms per liter in ground water at the source area to less than 5 micrograms per liter 200 feet downgradient and prior to discharging to a stream. Because of this rapid attenuation, contaminants do not presently impact the stream downgradient of the site. In contrast, at a site in the coastal Plain Physiographic Province (Charleston, South Carolina), hydrologic and water-chemistry data indicate that, even thought the site has a substantial natural attenuation capacity, it may not be sufficient to fully protect a nearby point of ground-water discharge.
\nThese two sites illustrate how the efficiency of natural attenuation processes acting on petroleum hydrocarbons can be systematically evaluated using hydrologic, geochemical, and microbiologic methods. These methods, in turn, can be used to assess the role that the natural attenuation of petroleum hydrocarbons can play in achieving overall site remediation.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri004161","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control.","usgsCitation":"Chapelle, F.H., Robertson, J.F., Landmeyer, J., and Bradley, P.M., 2000, Methodology for applying monitored natural attenuation to petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated ground-water systems with examples from South Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2000-4161, vi, 47 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri004161.","productDescription":"vi, 47 p.","numberOfPages":"55","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":157302,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri004161.JPG"},{"id":313237,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2000/4161/report.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"South Carolina","city":"Charleston, Laurens","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -80.08621215820312,\n 32.66134422267952\n ],\n [\n -80.08621215820312,\n 32.87612718124057\n ],\n [\n -79.69894409179688,\n 32.87612718124057\n ],\n [\n -79.69894409179688,\n 32.66134422267952\n ],\n [\n -80.08621215820312,\n 32.66134422267952\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82.1392822265625,\n 34.418239163003484\n ],\n [\n -82.1392822265625,\n 34.58460567894334\n ],\n [\n -81.90444946289061,\n 34.58460567894334\n ],\n [\n -81.90444946289061,\n 34.418239163003484\n ],\n [\n -82.1392822265625,\n 34.418239163003484\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a51e4b07f02db629fb3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chapelle, Frank H.","contributorId":53424,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapelle","given":"Frank","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196600,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Robertson, John F.","contributorId":65503,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robertson","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196601,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Landmeyer, James 0000-0002-5640-3816 jlandmey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5640-3816","contributorId":3257,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landmeyer","given":"James","email":"jlandmey@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":196599,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bradley, Paul M. 0000-0001-7522-8606 pbradley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7522-8606","contributorId":361,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradley","given":"Paul","email":"pbradley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":196598,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":30007,"text":"wri004113 - 2000 - Estimated flow-duration curves for selected ungaged sites in the Cimarron and lower Arkansas River basins in Kansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-09T20:34:20.007246","indexId":"wri004113","displayToPublicDate":"2001-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-4113","title":"Estimated flow-duration curves for selected ungaged sites in the Cimarron and lower Arkansas River basins in Kansas","docAbstract":"Flow-duration curves for 1968-98 were estimated for 16 ungaged sites in the Cimarron and lower Arkansas River Basins in south-central Kansas. The method of estimation used six unique factors of flow duration: (1) mean streamflow and percentage duration of mean streamflow, (2) ratio of 1-percent-duration streamflow to mean streamflow, (3) ratio of 0.1-percent-duration streamflow to 1-percent-duration streamflow, (4) ratio of 50-percent-duration streamflow to mean streamflow, (5) percentage duration of appreciable streamflow (0.10 cubic foot per second), and (6) average slope of the flow-duration curve. These factors were previously developed from a regionalized study of flow-duration curves using streamflow data for 1921-76. The method was tested on a currently measured, continuous-record streamflow-gaging station on the Little Arkansas River at Valley Center, Kansas, and was found to adequately estimate the computed flow-duration curve for the station. The low-flow parts of the estimated flow-duration curves were improved substantially using low- to medium-flow discharge measurements made concurrently with discharge measurements and flow-duration analyses performed at nearby, long-term, continuous-record, streamflow-gaging stations. The estimated flow-duration curves at the ungaged sites can be used for projecting future flow frequencies for assessment of total maximum daily loads (TMDL's) or other water-quality constituents and for water-availability studies.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri004113","usgsCitation":"Studley, S.E., 2000, Estimated flow-duration curves for selected ungaged sites in the Cimarron and lower Arkansas River basins in Kansas: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2000-4113, iv, 43 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri004113.","productDescription":"iv, 43 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":411584,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_30110.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":95814,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2000/4113/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":2449,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri004113","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":159545,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2000/4113/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Kansas","otherGeospatial":"Cimarron and lower Arkansas River basins","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -94.619,\n 37\n ],\n [\n -102.04,\n 37\n ],\n [\n -102.04,\n 40\n ],\n [\n -94.619,\n 40\n ],\n [\n -94.619,\n 37\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0de4b07f02db5fd01c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Studley, Seth E. sstudley@usgs.gov","contributorId":5916,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Studley","given":"Seth","email":"sstudley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":202519,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":28319,"text":"wri954211D - 2000 - Benthic invertebrates of fixed sites in the western Lake Michigan drainages, Wisconsin and Michigan, 1993-95","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-11T13:18:04","indexId":"wri954211D","displayToPublicDate":"2001-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4211","chapter":"D","title":"Benthic invertebrates of fixed sites in the western Lake Michigan drainages, Wisconsin and Michigan, 1993-95","docAbstract":"This report describes the variability in family-level benthic-invertebrate population data and the reliability of the data as a water-quality indicator for 11 fixed surface-water sites in the Western Lake Michigan Drainages study area of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program. Benthic-invertebrate-community measures were computed for the following: number of individuals, Hilsenhoff’s Family-Level Biotic Index, number and percent EPT (Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Tricoptera), Margalef’s Diversity Index, and mean tolerance value. Relations between these measures and environmental setting, habitat, and of chemical water quality are examined.
Benthic-invertebrate communities varied greatly among fixed sites and within individual streams among multiple-reach and multiple-year sampling. The variations between multiple reaches and years were sometimes larger than those found between different fixed sites. Factors affecting benthic invertebrates included both habitat and chemical quality. Generally, fixed-site streams with the highest diversity, greatest number of benthic invertebrates, and those at which community measures indicated the best water quality also had the best habitat and chemical quality. Variations among reaches are most likely related to differences in habitat.
Variations among years are most likely related to climatic changes, which create variations in flow and/or chemical quality. The variability in the data analyzed in this study shows how benthic invertebrates are affected by differences in both habitat and water quality, making them useful indicators of stream health; however, a single benthic-invertebrate sample alone cannot be relied upon to accurately describe water quality of the streams in this study. Benthic-invertebrate data contributed valuable information on the biological health of the 11 fixed sites when used as one of several data sources for assessing water quality.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Middleton, WI","doi":"10.3133/wri954211D","usgsCitation":"Lenz, B.N., and Rheaume, S.J., 2000, Benthic invertebrates of fixed sites in the western Lake Michigan drainages, Wisconsin and Michigan, 1993-95: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4211, vii, 30 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954211D.","productDescription":"vii, 30 p.","numberOfPages":"35","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":123032,"rank":2,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri_95_4211_d.jpg"},{"id":2371,"rank":3,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri954211D","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":310632,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri95-4211-D/pdf/wrir-95-4211-d.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan, Wisconsin","otherGeospatial":"Lake Michigan","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -86.8359375,\n 45.84410779560204\n ],\n [\n -86.9677734375,\n 46.09609080214316\n ],\n [\n -87.47314453125,\n 46.384833223492784\n ],\n [\n -87.703857421875,\n 46.61171462536894\n ],\n [\n -87.978515625,\n 46.70973594407157\n ],\n [\n -88.24218749999999,\n 46.73233101286786\n ],\n [\n -88.516845703125,\n 46.76244305208004\n ],\n [\n -88.890380859375,\n 46.73986059969267\n ],\n [\n -89.40673828125,\n 46.6795944656402\n ],\n [\n -89.615478515625,\n 46.543749602738565\n ],\n [\n -89.97802734375,\n 46.33175800051563\n ],\n [\n -89.945068359375,\n 46.20264638061019\n ],\n [\n -90.1318359375,\n 45.706179285330855\n ],\n [\n -90.17578124999999,\n 45.251688256117646\n ],\n [\n -90.120849609375,\n 44.86365630540611\n ],\n [\n -89.923095703125,\n 43.73935207915473\n ],\n [\n -89.615478515625,\n 43.29320031385282\n ],\n [\n -89.395751953125,\n 43.141078106345844\n ],\n [\n -89.12109375,\n 43.092960677116295\n ],\n [\n -88.87939453125,\n 43.068887774169625\n ],\n [\n -88.428955078125,\n 42.827638636242284\n ],\n [\n -87.7587890625,\n 42.4639928001706\n ],\n [\n -87.71484375,\n 43.22118973298753\n ],\n [\n -87.659912109375,\n 43.91372326852401\n ],\n [\n -87.242431640625,\n 44.457309801319305\n ],\n [\n -86.890869140625,\n 45.205263456162385\n ],\n [\n -86.72607421875,\n 45.42158812329091\n ],\n [\n -86.9677734375,\n 45.54483149242463\n ],\n [\n -86.8359375,\n 45.84410779560204\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a53e4b07f02db62b4f7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lenz, Bernard N.","contributorId":85170,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lenz","given":"Bernard","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":199586,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rheaume, S. J.","contributorId":70804,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rheaume","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199585,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":24013,"text":"ofr00378 - 2000 - Assessment of sedimentation in Crowders Creek, York County, South Carolina, 1999-2000","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-13T19:43:10.382767","indexId":"ofr00378","displayToPublicDate":"2001-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-378","title":"Assessment of sedimentation in Crowders Creek, York County, South Carolina, 1999-2000","docAbstract":"Sedimentation in Crowders Creek cove in Lake Wylie, located in York County, South Carolina, has restricted boat navigation and made a boat ramp unusable. To provide baseline information, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the York County Council, collected bathymetric and bed-sediment data in the cove, and streamflow and suspended-sediment data in a free-flowing reach of Crowders Creek. Bathymetric data from a survey of the cove made in November 1999 were compared with bathymetric data derived from a 1973 U.S. Geological Survey topographic map. It was determined that at water-surface elevation of 568 feet, the volume of the cove available for water storage had decreased 90 percent, from 1.3 million cubic yards in 1973 to 135,000 cubic yards in 1999. Continuous water-level and streamflow data were collected at a U.S. Geological Survey stream-gaging station on Crowders Creek near Clover, South Carolina, for the period October 1, 1999, to April 30, 2000. Suspended-sediment concentration data were collected at four sites on February 14, 2000. The maximum instantaneous streamflow recorded during this event was 864 cubic feet per second, and the largest suspended-sediment load was calculated to be 2,120 tons per day. Bed-sediment samples were collected at four locations in the study area: one in the lower reach of Crowders Creek and three in the cove. These samples were analyzed for a total of 44 trace elements, 29 organochlorine pesticides, degradation products and polychlorinated biphenyls, and for particle-size distribution. None of the trace element concentrations exceeded guidelines for the concentrations above which adverse effects on stream biota are expected to occur. Two of 29 organochlorine pesticides were detected.p,p'-DDT at 11 micrograms per kilogram was detected at one site, and p,p'-DDE at 3.2 micrograms per kilogram was detected at another site. Particle-size analyses at these four sampling sites indicated that at least 60 percent of the sediments are smaller than 0.063 millimeter, which indicates the sediment is composed mostly of silts and clays.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr00378","usgsCitation":"Nagle, D.D., 2000, Assessment of sedimentation in Crowders Creek, York County, South Carolina, 1999-2000: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2000-378, iv, 14 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr00378.","productDescription":"iv, 14 p.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":406636,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_34369.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":53189,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0378/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":157213,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0378/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"South Carolina","county":"York County","otherGeospatial":"Crowders Creek","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -83.71307373046874,\n 35.67068501330236\n ],\n [\n -83.71307373046874,\n 35.67068501330236\n ],\n [\n -83.7103271484375,\n 35.67068501330236\n ],\n [\n -83.7103271484375,\n 35.67068501330236\n ],\n [\n -83.71307373046874,\n 35.67068501330236\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.34552001953125,\n 35.26187989638478\n ],\n [\n -81.35993957519531,\n 35.228794142471024\n ],\n [\n -81.35581970214844,\n 35.19513377063931\n ],\n [\n -81.35032653808592,\n 35.1760533659996\n ],\n [\n -81.35135650634766,\n 35.11148351132474\n ],\n [\n -81.2545394897461,\n 35.079741300161416\n ],\n [\n -81.1124038696289,\n 35.07046911981966\n ],\n [\n -81.09970092773438,\n 35.06737815891162\n ],\n [\n -81.06639862060547,\n 35.12187429289515\n ],\n [\n -81.11686706542967,\n 35.14068665962406\n ],\n [\n -81.14295959472656,\n 35.18419114526594\n ],\n [\n -81.23016357421875,\n 35.24674063355999\n ],\n [\n -81.23016357421875,\n 35.28374272801905\n ],\n [\n -81.33247375488281,\n 35.285984736065764\n ],\n [\n -81.34552001953125,\n 35.26187989638478\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa9e4b07f02db6683c7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nagle, Douglas D.","contributorId":41853,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nagle","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191149,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":27941,"text":"wri004009 - 2000 - Status of water levels and selected water-quality conditions in the Sparta and Memphis aquifers in eastern and south-central Arkansas, 1999","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:40","indexId":"wri004009","displayToPublicDate":"2001-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-4009","title":"Status of water levels and selected water-quality conditions in the Sparta and Memphis aquifers in eastern and south-central Arkansas, 1999","docAbstract":"During the spring of 1999, water levels were measured in the Sparta and Memphis aquifers in 321 wells in eastern and south-central Arkansas. Water samples were collected during the spring and summer of 1999 from wells completed in these aquifers. The specific conductance of the ground water was measured from 147 samples and dissolved chloride was measured from 98 samples. Maps of areal distribution of potentiometric surface and specific conductance generated from these data reveal spatial trends across the study area. The altitude of the potentiometric surface ranged from 214 feet below sea level in Union County to 332 feet above sea level in Grant County.\r\nThe regional direction of ground-water flow in Arkansas is from the north and west to the south and east, away from the recharge zone in the outcrop and subcrop area, except near areas affected by intense ground-water withdrawals; such areas are characterized by large cones of depression centered in Columbia, Jefferson, and Union Counties. Heavy pumpage locally has altered or reversed the natural direction of flow in some areas. Flow in these areas is toward the cones of depression at the center of pumping. Comparison of potentiometric surface maps through time shows that the cones of depression in Columbia and Union Counties are coalescing at or near the Columbia and Union County line.\r\nLong-term hydrographs of 20 wells indicate trends of water-level decline over a 31-year period. During the period 1969-1999, average water-level declines generally were less than 0.7 foot per year in Craighead, Drew, Lee, Ouachita, and Phillips Counties, and between 0.7 and 1.1 feet per year in Bradley, Cleveland, Cross, Dallas, Poinsett, and Prairie Counties. Analysis of water-level data from Calhoun, Desha, Jefferson, Lonoke, Lincoln, and Union Counties indicates water levels declined between 1.1 and 2.0 feet per year since 1969. Water levels in Arkansas and Columbia Counties have declined more than 2.0 feet per year for the past 31 years.\r\nWater-level data from counties with cones of depressions indicate that water levels continued to decline in three cones of depression from 1995 to 1999; however, water levels increased in one cone of depression. Water levels declined an average of 2.5 feet per year in Union County, 1.4 feet per year in Jefferson County, and 1.7 feet per year in Cross County since 1995. One relatively new cone of depression has formed in Arkansas County. Water levels declined 4.0 feet per year in Arkansas County since 1995. However, water levels appear to be increasing in Columbia County where the same 11 wells were monitored in 1995 and 1999, and the water levels increased at a rate of 0.6 foot per year.\r\nSpecific conductance measurements made on water samples collected during the study ranged from 44 microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius at a well in Ouachita County to 1,510 microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius at a well in Lee County. Dissolved chloride concentrations ranged from 1.1 milligram per liter at a well in Lincoln County to 220 milligrams per liter at a well in Union County.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri004009","usgsCitation":"Joseph, R.L., 2000, Status of water levels and selected water-quality conditions in the Sparta and Memphis aquifers in eastern and south-central Arkansas, 1999: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2000-4009, iii, 34 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.; 2 over-size sheets, scale 1:500,000 (1 inch = about 8 miles). , https://doi.org/10.3133/wri004009.","productDescription":"iii, 34 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.; 2 over-size sheets, scale 1:500,000 (1 inch = about 8 miles). ","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":95685,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2000/4009/report.pdf","size":"3593","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":95686,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2000/4009/plate-1.pdf","size":"913","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":95687,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2000/4009/plate-2.pdf","size":"807","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":158738,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2000/4009/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"500000","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b46f6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Joseph, Robert L. rljoseph@usgs.gov","contributorId":3482,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Joseph","given":"Robert","email":"rljoseph@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":198938,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":30854,"text":"wri004002 - 2000 - Metals transport in the Sacramento River, California, 1996-1997; Volume 2: Interpretation of metal loads","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-23T06:58:23","indexId":"wri004002","displayToPublicDate":"2001-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-4002","title":"Metals transport in the Sacramento River, California, 1996-1997; Volume 2: Interpretation of metal loads","docAbstract":"Metals transport in the Sacramento River, northern California, from July 1996 to June 1997 was evaluated in terms of metal loads from samples of water and suspended colloids that were collected on up to six occasions at 13 sites in the Sacramento River Basin. Four of the sampling periods (July, September, and November 1996; and May-June 1997) took place during relatively low-flow conditions and two sampling periods (December 1996 and January 1997) took place during high-flow and flooding conditions, respectively. This study focused primarily on loads of cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc, with secondary emphasis on loads of aluminum, iron, and mercury.
Trace metals in acid mine drainage from abandoned and inactive base-metal mines, in the East and West Shasta mining districts, enter the Sacramento River system in predominantly dissolved form into both Shasta Lake and Keswick Reservoir. The proportion of trace metals that was dissolved (as opposed to colloidal) in samples collected at Shasta and Keswick dams decreased in the order zinc ≈ cadmium > copper > lead. At four sampling sites on the Sacramento River--71, 256, 360, and 412 kilometers downstream of Keswick Dam--trace-metal loads were predominantly colloidal during both high- and low-flow conditions. The proportion of total cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc loads transported to San Francisco Bay and the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta estuary (referred to as the Bay-Delta) that is associated with mineralized areas was estimated by dividing loads at Keswick Dam by loads 412 kilometers downstream at Freeport and the Yolo Bypass. During moderately high flows in December 1996, mineralization-related total (dissolved + colloidal) trace-metal loads to the Bay-Delta (as a percentage of total loads measured downstream) were cadmium, 87 percent; copper, 35 percent; lead, 10 percent; and zinc, 51 percent. During flood conditions in January 1997 loads were cadmium, 22 percent; copper, 11 percent; lead, 2 percent; and zinc, 15 percent. During irrigation drainage season from rice fields (May-June 1997) loads were cadmium, 53 percent; copper, 42 percent; lead, 20 percent; and zinc, 75 percent. These estimates must be qualified by the following factors: (1) metal loads at Colusa in December 1996 and at Verona in May-June 1997 generally exceeded those determined at Freeport during those sampling periods. Therefore, the above percentages represent maximum estimates of the apparent total proportion of metals from mineralized areas upstream of Keswick Dam; and (2) for logistics reasons, the Sacramento River was sampled at Tower Bridge instead of at Freeport during January 1997.
Available data suggest that trace metal loads from agricultural drainage may be significant during certain flow conditions in areas where metals such as copper and zinc are added as agricultural amendments. Copper loads for sampling periods in July and September 1996 and in May-June 1997 show increases of dissolved and colloidal copper and in colloidal zinc between Colusa and Verona, the reach of the Sacramento River along which the Colusa Basin Drain, the Sacramento Slough, and other agricultural return flows are tributaries. Monthly sampling of these two agricultural drains by the USGS National Water-Quality Assessment Program shows seasonal variations in metal concentrations, reaching maximum concentrations of 4 to 6 micrograms per liter in \"dissolved\" (0.45-micrometer filtrate) copper concentrations in May 1996, December 1996, and June 1997. The total (dissolved plus colloidal) load of copper from the Colusa Basin Drain in June 1997 was 18 kilograms per day, whereas the copper load in Spring Creek, which drains the inactive mines on Iron Mountain, was 20 kilograms per day during the same sampling period. For comparison, during the January 1997 flood, the copper load in Spring Creek was about 1,100 kilograms per day and the copper load in the Yolo Bypass was about 7,300 kilograms per day. The data clearly indicate that most copper and zinc loads during the January 1997 flood entered the Sacramento River upstream of Colusa, and upstream of the influence of the most intense agricultural drainage return flows in the Sacramento River watershed.
This study has demonstrated that some trace metals of environmental significance (cadmium, copper, and zinc) in the Sacramento River are transported largely in dissolved form at upstream sites (below Shasta Dam, below Keswick Dam, and at Bend Bridge) proximal to the mineralized areas of the West Shasta and East Shasta mining districts. In contrast, these trace metals are transported largely in colloidal form at downstream sites (Colusa, Verona, Freeport, and Yolo Bypass). Aluminum, iron, and lead were observed to be transported predominantly in the colloidal phase at all mainstem Sacramento River sampling sites during all sampling periods in this study. Despite continuous water treatment, which has removed 85 to 90 percent of the cadmium, copper, and zinc from the mine drainage at Iron Mountain, Spring Creek remains a significant source of these metals to the Sacramento River system.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Sacramento, CA","doi":"10.3133/wri004002","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Sacramento Regional County Sanitation District, California State Water Resources Control Board, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and U.S. Department of Commerce, National Marine Fisheries Service","usgsCitation":"2000, Metals transport in the Sacramento River, California, 1996-1997; Volume 2: Interpretation of metal loads: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2000-4002, xi, 106 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri004002.","productDescription":"xi, 106 p.","numberOfPages":"118","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology 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Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":728627,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Taylor, Howard E. hetaylor@usgs.gov","contributorId":1551,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"Howard","email":"hetaylor@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":728628,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dileanis, Peter D. dileanis@usgs.gov","contributorId":71541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dileanis","given":"Peter","email":"dileanis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":728629,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Domagalski, Joseph L. 0000-0002-6032-757X joed@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6032-757X","contributorId":1330,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Domagalski","given":"Joseph","email":"joed@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":728630,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":28637,"text":"wri004062 - 2000 - Phosphorus and E. coli in the Fanno and Bronson Creek subbasins of the Tualatin River basin, Oregon, during summer low-flow conditions, 1996","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-10-30T18:19:49.674994","indexId":"wri004062","displayToPublicDate":"2001-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-4062","displayTitle":"Phosphorus and E. coli in the Fanno and Bronson Creek subbasins of the Tualatin River basin, Oregon, during summer low-flow conditions, 1996","title":"Phosphorus and E. coli in the Fanno and Bronson Creek subbasins of the Tualatin River basin, Oregon, during summer low-flow conditions, 1996","docAbstract":"As part of an ongoing cooperative study between the Unified Sewerage Agency of Washington County, Oregon, and the U.S. Geological Survey, phosphorus and Escherichia coli (E. coli) concentrations were measured in the Fanno and Bronson Creek subbasins of the Tualatin River Basin during September 1996. Data were collected at 19 main-stem and 22 tributary sites in the Fanno Creek subbasin, and at 14 main-stem and 4 tributary sites in the Bronson Creek subbasin. These data provided the following information on summer base-flow conditions in the subbasins. Concentrations of total phosphorus at 70% of the sites sampled in the Fanno Creek subbasin were between 0.1 and 0.2 mg/L (milligrams per liter), very near the estimated background level of 0.14 mg/L attributed to ground-water base flow. These data indicate that ground-water discharge could account for the phosphorus measured at most sites in this subbasin.Concentrations of phosphorus at all but one of the sites sampled in the Bronson Creek subbasin were also between 0.1 and 0.2 mg/L, indicating that ground-water discharge could account for the phosphorus measured at most sites in this subbasin.A few sites in the Fanno Creek subbasin had phosphorus concentrations above background levels, indicating a source other than ground water. Some of these sites- Pendleton Creek and the tributary near Gemini, for example-were probably affected by the decomposition of avian waste materials and the release of phosphorus from bottom sediments in nearby ponds.Concentrations of E. coli--an indicator of fecal contamination and the potential presence of bacterial pathogens-exceeded the current single-sample criterion for recreational contact in freshwater (406 organisms/100 mL [organisms per 100 milliliters]) at 70% of the sites sampled in the Fanno Creek subbasin.Concentrations of E. coli in the Bronson Creek subbasin exceeded the single-sample criterion at one-third of the sites sampled.Most occurrences of elevated E. coli levels were probably due to sources such as domestic pet and wildlife waste, failing septic systems, or improperly managed hobby farms. The data did not indicate any large breaks in sewer lines or other large-scale sources of bacterial contamination to surface water in either subbasin during this low-flow period.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Portland, OR","doi":"10.3133/wri004062","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation withe the Unified Sewerage Agency of Washington County, Oregon.","usgsCitation":"McCarthy, K.A., 2000, Phosphorus and E. coli in the Fanno and Bronson Creek subbasins of the Tualatin River basin, Oregon, during summer low-flow conditions, 1996: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2000-4062, iii, 31 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri004062.","productDescription":"iii, 31 p.","numberOfPages":"38","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":158789,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri004062.PNG"},{"id":311366,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2000/4062/report.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":463436,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_30036.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Bronson Creek, Fanno Creek, Taulatin River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.1700439453125,\n 32.55144352864431\n ],\n [\n -91.1700439453125,\n 32.55144352864431\n ],\n [\n -91.16455078125,\n 32.55144352864431\n ],\n [\n -91.16455078125,\n 32.55144352864431\n ],\n [\n -91.1700439453125,\n 32.55144352864431\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.57421875,\n 45.00365115687189\n ],\n [\n -123.57421875,\n 45.85176048817254\n ],\n [\n -122.178955078125,\n 45.85176048817254\n ],\n [\n -122.178955078125,\n 45.00365115687189\n ],\n [\n -123.57421875,\n 45.00365115687189\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adbe4b07f02db685f55","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McCarthy, Kathleen A. mccarthy@usgs.gov","contributorId":1159,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCarthy","given":"Kathleen","email":"mccarthy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":200156,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":29867,"text":"wri994223 - 2000 - Water quality at basic fixed sites in the upper Colorado River basin National Water-Quality Assessment study unit, October 1995-September 1998","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-19T20:04:31.828862","indexId":"wri994223","displayToPublicDate":"2001-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-4223","title":"Water quality at basic fixed sites in the upper Colorado River basin National Water-Quality Assessment study unit, October 1995-September 1998","docAbstract":"The Upper Colorado River Basin study unit of the U.S. Geological Survey National Water-Quality Assessment Program consists of the Colorado River watershed upstream from near the Colorado-Utah State line. The basin is about equally divided between the Southern Rocky Mountains and the Colorado Plateau physiographic provinces. Data were collected at pairs of indicator sites for mining, increasing urban development, and agricultural land use. Reference basic fixed sites were established in each physiographic province to provide baseline or background information in areas where anthropogenic influences are minimal. Water-quality data collection began at three of the sites in water year 1995. Full implementation of data collection at the 14-site network began in October 1996 and continued through September 1998. Six hundred and sixty water-quality samples were collected at the network sites. Snowmelt runoff dominates the hydrology in most of the basin, but water management for irrigation, storage, and transmountain diversions substantially changes annual runoff characteristics in some areas. Streamflow during water years 1995 and 1997 was generally greater than long-term average conditions. During water year 1996, streamflow also was above average at many sites but not to the extent as seen during 1995 or 1997. Water year 1998 streamflows typically were near or slightly below the long-term average. Extreme low-flow conditions generally did not occur at the sites during the data-collection period. Dissolved nitrate and total phosphorus concentrations at the background site within the Southern Rocky Mountain physiographic province typically were low (hundreths of milligrams per liter). Concentrations in areas of urban development and areas in the lower parts of the basin generally were in the tenths of milligrams per liter and in some agricultural areas were in the milligram per liter range. Median dissolved-solids concentrations at sites in the Southern Rocky Mountains were typically less than 200 milligrams per liter. Small tributaries in the Colorado Plateau and agricultural areas had dissolved-solids concentrations in the thousands of milligrams per liter range. Trace-element concentrations were high, at times, in areas of mining land use. Median zinc concentration for the French Gulch near Breckenridge site was 2,700 micrograms per liter. Comparison of measured concentrations to Colorado State instream standards showed that concentrations of dissolved oxygen, pH, nitrate, and ammonia were within instream standards at all sites. Concentrations of cadmium and zinc at the site on French Gulch (a mining-affected site) often were greater than the State instream standard.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri994223","usgsCitation":"Spahr, N.E., Boulger, R.W., and Szmajter, R.J., 2000, Water quality at basic fixed sites in the upper Colorado River basin National Water-Quality Assessment study unit, October 1995-September 1998: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4223, viii, 63 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri994223.","productDescription":"viii, 63 p.","numberOfPages":"70","costCenters":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":410728,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_27043.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":160116,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":2394,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri99-4223","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -109.05,\n 38\n ],\n [\n -105.667,\n 38\n ],\n [\n -105.667,\n 40.4170\n ],\n [\n -109.05,\n 40.4170\n ],\n [\n -109.05,\n 38\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4880e4b07f02db515e36","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Spahr, Norman E. nspahr@usgs.gov","contributorId":1977,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spahr","given":"Norman","email":"nspahr@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":202266,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Boulger, Robert W.","contributorId":27898,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boulger","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202267,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Szmajter, Richard J.","contributorId":58315,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Szmajter","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202268,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":21838,"text":"ofr00407 - 2000 - Geophysical constraints on the Virgin River Depression, Nevada, Utah, and Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-06-22T13:27:47.142974","indexId":"ofr00407","displayToPublicDate":"2001-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-407","title":"Geophysical constraints on the Virgin River Depression, Nevada, Utah, and Arizona","docAbstract":"Gravity and aeromagnetic data provide insights into the subsurface lithology and structure of the Virgin River Depression (VRD) of Nevada, Utah, and Arizona. The gravity data indicate that the Quaternary and Tertiary sedimentary deposits hide a complex pre-Cenozoic surface. A north-northwest-trending basement ridge separates the Mesquite and Mormon basins, as evidenced by seismic-reflection, gravity, and aeromagnetic data. The Mesquite basin is very deep, reaching depths of 8?10 km. The Mormon basin reaches thicknesses of 5 km. Its northern margin is very steep and may be characterized by right steps, although this interpretation could change with additional gravity stations. Most of the young (Quaternary), small-displacement faults trend within 10? of due north and occur within the deeper parts of the Mesquite basin north of the Virgin River. South of the Virgin River, only a few, young, small-displacement faults are mapped; the trend of these faults is more northeasterly and parallels the basement topography and is distinct from that of the faults to the north. The Virgin River appears to follow the margin of the basin as it emerges from the plateau.\n The high-resolution aeromagnetic data outline the extent of shallow volcanic rocks in the Mesquite basin. The north-northwest alignment of volcanic rocks east of Toquop Wash appear to be structurally controlled because of faults imaged on seismic-reflection profiles and because the alignment is nearly perpendicular to the direction of Cenozoic extension. More buried volcanics likely exist to the north and east of the high-resolution aeromagnetic survey. Broader aeromagnetic anomalies beneath pre-Cenozoic basement in the Mormon Mountains and Tule Springs Hills reflect either Precambrian basement or Tertiary intrusions. These rocks are probably barriers to groundwater flow, except where fractured.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr00407","issn":"0566-8174","usgsCitation":"Langenheim, V., Glen, J.M., Jachens, R., Dixon, G.L., Katzer, T., and Morin, R.L., 2000, Geophysical constraints on the Virgin River Depression, Nevada, Utah, and Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2000-407, i, 26 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr00407.","productDescription":"i, 26 p.","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":51324,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0407/pdf/of00-407n.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":153618,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0407/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":1234,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0407/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona, Nevada, Utah","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -114.4968,36.5008 ], [ -114.4968,37.4999 ], [ -113.7344,37.4999 ], [ -113.7344,36.5008 ], [ -114.4968,36.5008 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac8e4b07f02db67bf25","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Langenheim, Victoria E. 0000-0003-2170-5213 zulanger@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2170-5213","contributorId":1526,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langenheim","given":"Victoria E.","email":"zulanger@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":185900,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Glen, J. M.","contributorId":37338,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glen","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185901,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jachens, R.C.","contributorId":55433,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jachens","given":"R.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185903,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dixon, G. L.","contributorId":95468,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dixon","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185904,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Katzer, T.C.","contributorId":49391,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Katzer","given":"T.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185902,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Morin, R. L.","contributorId":95484,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morin","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185905,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":24850,"text":"ofr00344 - 2000 - High-streamflow statistics of selected streams in the Red River of the North basin, North Dakota, Minnesota, South Dakota, and Manitoba","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-13T12:49:20","indexId":"ofr00344","displayToPublicDate":"2001-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-344","title":"High-streamflow statistics of selected streams in the Red River of the North basin, North Dakota, Minnesota, South Dakota, and Manitoba","docAbstract":"Statistical summaries of high-streamflow data through water year 1997 for selected active U.S. Geological Survey gaging stations for the Red River of the North Basin upstream of and including Emerson, Manitoba, but excluding the Devils Lake Basin, are presented in this report. The summaries for each streamflow-gaging station include (1) station description, (2) graph of the annual mean discharge for the period of record, (3) statistics of monthly and annual mean discharges, (4) graph of the annual flow duration, (5) monthly and annual flow duration, (6) probability of occurrence of annual high discharges, (7) annual peak discharge and corresponding gage height for the period of record, and (8) monthly and annual mean discharges for the period of record. Also included for stations located on the Red River of the North are hydrographs of daily mean discharges for the 3 years having the highest peak discharges and hydrographs of daily mean gage heights for the 3 years having the highest gage heights.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr00344","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Williams-Sether, T., 2000, High-streamflow statistics of selected streams in the Red River of the North basin, North Dakota, Minnesota, South Dakota, and Manitoba: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2000-344, iv, 498 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr00344.","productDescription":"iv, 498 p.","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":157142,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0344/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53848,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0344/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a58e4b07f02db62f171","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Williams-Sether, Tara 0000-0001-6515-9416 tjsether@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6515-9416","contributorId":152247,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams-Sether","given":"Tara","email":"tjsether@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":192685,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":28982,"text":"wri994248 - 2000 - Computed roughness coefficients for Skunk Creek above Interstate 17, Maricopa County, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-12T06:44:54","indexId":"wri994248","displayToPublicDate":"2001-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-4248","title":"Computed roughness coefficients for Skunk Creek above Interstate 17, Maricopa County, Arizona","docAbstract":"In the winter of 1997-98, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Flood Control District of Maricopa County, made six verification measurements for Manning's roughness coefficients at Skunk Creek above Interstate 17. Data from four floodflows were recorded and analyzed, three of these flows occurred in February 1998 when Arizona received precipitation from the El Nino weather phenomenon. Discharges ranged from 187 to 760 cubic feet per second and resultant verified values for Manning's roughness coefficient, n, ranged from 0.056 to 0.039. Skunk Creek above Interstate 17 - an ephemeral wash within a flood-control structure - is overgrown with desert brush throughout the main channel and the presence of the vegetation has a significant effect on n values throughout the reach. The results of this study are verified roughness coefficients that can be transferred to similarly vegetated channels in Maricopa County and other arid and semiarid environments where roughness factors must be assessed for flood management or other purposes.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Tucson, AZ","doi":"10.3133/wri994248","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Flood Control District of Maricopa County","usgsCitation":"O’Day, C.M., and Phillips, J.V., 2000, Computed roughness coefficients for Skunk Creek above Interstate 17, Maricopa County, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4248, i, 19 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri994248.","productDescription":"i, 19 p.","numberOfPages":"25","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":288386,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":288385,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1999/4248/report.pdf"}],"scale":"24000","projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator projection","country":"United States","state":"Arizona","county":"Maricopa County","otherGeospatial":"Skunk Creek","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -112.375,33.625 ], [ -112.375,34.0 ], [ -112.0,34.0 ], [ -112.0,33.625 ], [ -112.375,33.625 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b19e4b07f02db6a7b44","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"O’Day, Christie M.","contributorId":34556,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Day","given":"Christie","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200728,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Phillips, Jeff V.","contributorId":50510,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phillips","given":"Jeff","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200729,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":26459,"text":"wri994285 - 2000 - Biodegradation of chlorinated ethenes at a karst site in middle Tennessee","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:32","indexId":"wri994285","displayToPublicDate":"2001-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-4285","title":"Biodegradation of chlorinated ethenes at a karst site in middle Tennessee","docAbstract":"This report presents results of field and laboratory investigations examining the biodegradation of chlorinated ethenes in a karst aquifer contaminated with trichloroethylene (TCE). The study site, located in Middle Tennessee, was selected because of the presence of TCE degradation byproducts in the karst aquifer and available site hydrologic and chlorinated-ethene information. Additional chemical, biological, and hydrologic data were gathered to evaluate whether the occurrence of TCE degradation byproducts in the karst aquifer was the result of biodegradation within the aquifer or simply transport into the aquifer. Geochemical analysis established that sulfate-reducing conditions, essential for reductive dechlorination of chlorinated solvents, existed in parts of the contaminated karst aquifer. Other areas of the aquifer fluctuated between anaerobic and aerobic conditions and contained compounds associated with cometabolism, such as ethane, methane, ammonia, and dissolved oxygen. A large, diverse bacteria population inhabits the contaminated aquifer. Bacteria known to biodegrade TCE and other chlorinated solvents, such as sulfate-reducers, methanotrophs, and ammonia-oxidizers, were identified from karst-aquifer water using the RNA-hybridization technique. Results from microcosms using raw karst-aquifer water found that aerobic cometabolism and anaerobic reductive-dechlorination degradation processes were possible when appropriate conditions were established in the microcosms. These chemical and biological results provide circumstantial evidence that several biodegradation processes are active in the aquifer. Additional site hydrologic information was developed to determine if appropriate conditions persist long enough in the karst aquifer for these biodegradation processes to be significant. Continuous monitoring devices placed in four wells during the spring of 1998 indicated that pH, specific conductance, dissolved oxygen, and oxidation-reduction potentials changed very little in areas isolated from active ground-water flow paths. These stable areas in the karst aquifer had geochemical conditions and bacteria conducive to reductive dechlorination of chlorinated ethenes. Other areas of the karst aquifer were associated with active ground-water flow paths and fluctuated between anaerobic and aerobic conditions in response to rain events. Associated with this dynamic environment were bacteria and geochemical conditions conducive to cometabolism. In summary, multiple lines of evidence developed from chemical, biological, and hydrologic data demonstrate that a variety of biodegradation processes are active in this karst aquifer. ","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri994285","usgsCitation":"Byl, T., and Williams, S.D., 2000, Biodegradation of chlorinated ethenes at a karst site in middle Tennessee: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4285, vi, 58 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri994285.","productDescription":"vi, 58 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":2069,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri994285","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":124352,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri_99_4285.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49bee4b07f02db5d1300","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Byl, Thomas Duane","contributorId":65491,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Byl","given":"Thomas Duane","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196432,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Williams, Shannon D. swilliam@usgs.gov","contributorId":4133,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"Shannon","email":"swilliam@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":24708,"text":"Lower Mississippi-Gulf Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":196431,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":24147,"text":"ofr00170 - 2000 - Methods of analysis by the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Laboratory-Determination of ammonium plus organic nitrogen by a Kjeldahl digestion method and an automated photometric finish that includes digest cleanup by gas diffusion","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-05-28T18:28:35.651871","indexId":"ofr00170","displayToPublicDate":"2001-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-170","title":"Methods of analysis by the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Laboratory-Determination of ammonium plus organic nitrogen by a Kjeldahl digestion method and an automated photometric finish that includes digest cleanup by gas diffusion","docAbstract":"The National Water Quality Laboratory\n(NWQL) determined ammonium plus organic\nnitrogen (Kjeldahl nitrogen) by using semiautomated,\nblock digester methods for filtered\nand whole-water samples from 1986 until\nOctober 1, 1991. During that time,\nphosphorus was determined by a persulfate\ndigestion method. In 1991, projected\nincreases in demand for both tests by the U.S.\nGeological Survey?s National Water-Quality\nAssessment Program led the NWQL to\ndevelop and validate methods for determining\nboth analytes in a common digest.\nThis report describes a rapid and\naccurate method to determine Kjeldahl\nnitrogen. The batch, high-temperature (block\ndigester), Hg (II)-catalyzed digestion step\nused in the new methods I-2515-91/4515-91 is\nsimilar to U.S. Geological Survey methods\nI-2552-85/4552-85 and U.S. Environmental\nProtection Agency method 351.2 except that\nsample and reagent volumes are halved.\nPrepared digests are desolvated at 220 degrees\nCelsius (oC) and digested at 370oC in separate\nblock digesters set at these temperatures,\nrather than in a single, temperatureprogrammed\nblock digester. This approach\npermits 40 calibrants, reference materials, and\nsamples to be digested and resolvated in about\nan hour. Ammonium ions originally present\nin samples, along with those released during\nthe digestion step, are determined photometrically\nby an automated, salicylatehypochlorite\nBerthelot reaction procedure at a\nrate of 90 tests per hour. About 100\nmicroliters of digest are required per\ndetermination. The upper concentration level\nis 10 milligrams per liter (mg/L) with a\nmethod detection level of 0.05 mg/L.\nRepeatability for a sample containing about\n4.1 mg/L of Kjeldahl nitrogen in a high\nsuspended-solids matrix is 3.1 percent.\nBetween-day precision for the same sample is\n4.8 percent.\nA gas diffusion cell in the air-segmented\ncontinuous flow analyzer eliminates\nparticulates and ions that otherwise would\ninterfere in the photometric finish. A singlechannel\nanalyzer can process the resolvated\ndigests from two pairs of block digesters each\nhour. Statistical analysis of paired data for\nabout 1,500 samples determined by U.S.\nGeological Survey methods I-2552-85/4552-\n85 and I-2515-91/4515-91 during method\nvalidation revealed a median concentration\ndifference between the former and the latter\nmethods of about 0.1 mg-N/L. This result was\nexpected because digestion blank concentrations\n(nearly equal to 0.1 mg/L) were not\nsubtracted from concentrations reported by\nmethods I-2552-85/4552-85. A 10-year\nrecord of National Water Quality Laboratory\nKjeldahl nitrogen blind blank concentration\ndata also supports a step-change decrease in\nKjeldahl nitrogen concentrations of about 0.1\nmg/L after methods I-2552-85/4552-85 were\nreplaced by methods I-2515-91/4515-91 on\nOctober 1, 1991. Somewhat larger\nconcentration differences between the two methods were observed for a subset of about\n350 samples with nitrate plus nitrite\nconcentrations greater than 1 mg-N/L.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey :Branch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr00170","usgsCitation":"Patton, C.J., and Truitt, E.P., 2000, Methods of analysis by the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Laboratory-Determination of ammonium plus organic nitrogen by a Kjeldahl digestion method and an automated photometric finish that includes digest cleanup by gas diffusion: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2000-170, v, 31 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr00170.","productDescription":"v, 31 p.","costCenters":[{"id":452,"text":"National Water Quality Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":155935,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0170/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53291,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0170/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a54e4b07f02db62bb9a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Patton, Charles J. cjpatton@usgs.gov","contributorId":809,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Patton","given":"Charles","email":"cjpatton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":191402,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Truitt, Earl P.","contributorId":65877,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Truitt","given":"Earl","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191403,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":24225,"text":"ofr00169 - 2000 - Flow-velocity and depth data during peak discharge events at selected bridge crossings in North Carolina, 1964-98","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-07T14:17:53","indexId":"ofr00169","displayToPublicDate":"2001-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-169","title":"Flow-velocity and depth data during peak discharge events at selected bridge crossings in North Carolina, 1964-98","docAbstract":"Flow-velocity and depth data were collected from July 1996 through December 1998 during peak discharge events at 21 bridge crossings that are adjacent to U.S. Geological Survey streamgaging stations in North Carolina. These data were collected during measurements of peak discharges that had recurrence intervals ranging from less than 2 years to about 100 years. The velocity and depth data can be used to evaluate predicted flow velocities and scour depths that are computed as part of scour analyses at the selected bridge crossings.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr00169","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Pope, B.F., 2000, Flow-velocity and depth data during peak discharge events at selected bridge crossings in North Carolina, 1964-98: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2000-169, iii, 47 p. ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr00169.","productDescription":"iii, 47 p. ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science 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Carolina\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49d6e4b07f02db5de7b4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pope, Benjamin F.","contributorId":12445,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pope","given":"Benjamin","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191526,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":23764,"text":"ofr2000185 - 2000 - Hydrogeology and simulation of ground-water flow at the Gettysburg Elevator Plant Superfund Site, Adams County, Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-31T20:46:57.544871","indexId":"ofr2000185","displayToPublicDate":"2001-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-185","title":"Hydrogeology and simulation of ground-water flow at the Gettysburg Elevator Plant Superfund Site, Adams County, Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"Ground water in Triassic-age sedimentary fractured-rock aquifers in the area of Gettysburg, Pa., is used as drinking water and for industrial and commercial supply. In 1983, ground water at the Gettysburg Elevator Plant was found by the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources to be contaminated with trichloroethene, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, and other synthetic organic compounds. As part of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency?s Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act, 1980 process, a Remedial Investigation was completed in July 1991, a method of site remediation was issued in the Record of Decision dated June 1992, and a Final Design Report was completed in May 1997. In cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in the hydrogeologic assessment of the site remediation, the U.S. Geological Survey began a study in 1997 to determine the effects of the onsite and offsite extraction wells on ground-water flow and contaminant migration from the Gettysburg Elevator Plant. This determination is based on hydrologic and geophysical data collected from 1991 to 1998 and on results of numerical model simulations of the local ground-water flow-system.\r\n\r\nThe Gettysburg Elevator Site is underlain by red, green, gray, and black shales of the Heidlersburg Member of the Gettysburg Formation. Correlation of natural-gamma logs indicates the sedimentary rock strike about N. 23 degrees E. and dip about 23 degrees NW. Depth to bedrock onsite commonly is about 6 feet but offsite may be as deep as 40 feet.\r\n\r\nThe ground-water system consists of two zones?a thin, shallow zone composed of soil, clay, and highly weathered bedrock and a thicker, nonweathered or fractured bedrock zone. The shallow zone overlies the bedrock zone and truncates the dipping beds parallel to land surface. Diabase dikes are barriers to ground-water flow in the bedrock zone. The ground-water system is generally confined or semi-confined, even at shallow depths.\r\n\r\nDepth to water can range from flowing at land surface to more than 71 feet below land surface. Potentiometric maps based on measured water levels at the Gettysburg Elevator Plant indicate ground water flows from west to east, towards Rock Creek. Multiple-well aquifer tests indicate the system is heterogeneous and flow is primarily in dipping beds that contain discrete secondary openings separated by less permeable beds. Water levels in wells open to the pumped bed, as projected along the dipping stratigraphy, are drawn down more than water levels in wells not open to the pumped bed.\r\n\r\nGround-water flow was simulated for steady-state conditions prior to pumping and long-term average pumping conditions. The three-dimensional numerical flow model (MODFLOW) was calibrated by use of a parameter estimation program (MODFLOWP). Steady-state conditions were assumed for the calibration period of 1996. An effective areal recharge rate of 7 inches was used in model calibration. The calibrated flow model was used to evaluate the effectiveness of the current onsite and offsite extraction well system. The simulation results generally indicate that the extraction system effectively captures much of the ground-water recharge at the Gettysburg Elevator Plant and, hence, contaminated ground-water migrating from the site. Some of the extraction wells pump at low rates and have very small contributing areas. Results indicate some areal recharge onsite will move to offsite extraction wells.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr2000185","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"Low, D.J., Goode, D., and Risser, D.W., 2000, Hydrogeology and simulation of ground-water flow at the Gettysburg Elevator Plant Superfund Site, Adams County, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2000-185, vi, 34 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr2000185.","productDescription":"vi, 34 p.","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":203590,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":7640,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/185/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":406040,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_30032.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","county":"Adams County","otherGeospatial":"Gettysburg Elevator Plant Superfund Site","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -77.25,\n 39.833\n ],\n [\n -77.208,\n 39.833\n ],\n [\n -77.208,\n 39.883\n ],\n [\n -77.25,\n 39.883\n ],\n [\n -77.25,\n 39.833\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db625380","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Low, Dennis J. djlow@usgs.gov","contributorId":3450,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Low","given":"Dennis","email":"djlow@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":190678,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Goode, Daniel J. 0000-0002-8527-2456 djgoode@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8527-2456","contributorId":2433,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goode","given":"Daniel J.","email":"djgoode@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":190677,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Risser, Dennis W. 0000-0001-9597-5406 dwrisser@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9597-5406","contributorId":898,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Risser","given":"Dennis","email":"dwrisser@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":190676,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":25670,"text":"wri994283 - 2000 - Methods of rating unsaturated zone and watershed characteristics of public water supplies in North Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-31T11:52:37","indexId":"wri994283","displayToPublicDate":"2001-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-4283","title":"Methods of rating unsaturated zone and watershed characteristics of public water supplies in North Carolina","docAbstract":"Overlay and index methods were derived for rating the unsaturated zone and watershed characteristics for use by the State of North Carolina in assessing more than 11,000 public water-supply wells and approximately 245 public surface-water intakes. The rating of the unsaturated zone and watershed characteristics represents a practical and effective means of assessing part of the inherent vulnerability of water supplies to potential contamination. Factors that influence the inherent vulnerability of the drinking water supply to potential contamination were selected and assigned ratings (on a scale of 1 to 10) to cover the possible range of values in North Carolina. These factors were assigned weights of 1, 2, or 3 to reflect their relative influence on the inherent vulnerability of the drinking water supply. The factor values were obtained from Geographic Information System data layers, and were transformed into grids having 60-meter by 60-meter cells, with each cell being assigned a value.\r\n\r\nIdentification of factors, the development of ratings for each, and assignment of weights were based on (1) a literature search, which included examination of potential factors and their effects on the drinking water; and (2) consultation with experts in the science and engineering of hydrology, geology, forestry, agriculture, and water management.\r\n\r\nFactors selected for rating the inherent vulnerability of the unsaturated zone are vertical hydraulic conductance, land-surface slope, land cover, and land use. Vertical hydraulic conductance is a measure of the capacity of unsaturated material to transmit water. Land-surface slope influences whether precipitation runs off land surfaces or infiltrates into the subsurface. Land cover, the physical overlay of the land surface, influences the amount of precipitation that becomes overland flow or infiltrates into the subsurface. Land use describes activities that occur on the land surface and influence the potential generation of nonpoint-source contamination.\r\n\r\nFactors selected for rating the watershed characteristics upstream from surface-water intakes are average annual precipitation, land-surface slope, land cover, land use, and ground-water contribution. The average annual precipitation represents the mass of water that becomes available for transport in a watershed. Land-surface slope, land cover, and land use have similar influences in watersheds as those identified for the unsaturated zone. Ground-water contribution represents the part of streamflow that is derived from ground-water discharge.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nInformation Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri994283","usgsCitation":"Eimers, J., Weaver, J., Terziotti, S., and Midgette, R., 2000, Methods of rating unsaturated zone and watershed characteristics of public water supplies in North Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4283, iv, 31 p. :ill., maps (some col.) ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri994283.","productDescription":"iv, 31 p. :ill., maps (some col.) ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":157607,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":1957,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index 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Carolina\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a54e4b07f02db62bfe9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eimers, Jo Leslie","contributorId":52946,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eimers","given":"Jo Leslie","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194591,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Weaver, J.C.","contributorId":50561,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weaver","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194590,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Terziotti, Silvia 0000-0003-3559-5844 seterzio@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3559-5844","contributorId":1613,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Terziotti","given":"Silvia","email":"seterzio@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":476,"text":"North Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":194588,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Midgette, R.W.","contributorId":44955,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Midgette","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194589,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":30157,"text":"wri994268 - 2000 - Flow and salinity characteristics of the upper Suwannee River Estuary, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:50","indexId":"wri994268","displayToPublicDate":"2001-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-4268","title":"Flow and salinity characteristics of the upper Suwannee River Estuary, Florida","docAbstract":"Continuous stage and salinity data were recorded from August 1995 to December 1997 at four gages located in the upper Suwannee River Estuary. Continuous velocity data were recorded at two of the four gages and continuous discharge data were computed for these two gages. Additional salinity data were collected at 15 monitoring sites from November 1992 to October 1997. Wind-speed data collected at Cedar Key, Florida, during the study period were utilized in the regression analysis. Correlations were developed to describe the longitudinal extent of the saltwater/freshwater interface (defined as 0.5 parts per thousand (ppt) salinity) and salinity distribution in the upper Suwannee River Estuary. On East Pass, the median of difference between daily maximum and daily minimum stage ranged from 2.92 feet for a gage at river mile 3.8 to 3.33 feet for a gage at river mile 1.2. Velocities tended to be unidirectional with some instances of bilateral flow. Reversal in flow direction was common and coincided with rising tides. Monthly mean discharges for the Suwannee River near Wilcox, Florida, during the study period typically were lower than the average for the period of record (1931.97). Discharge near Wilcox averaged 4,000 cubic feet per second (ft3/s) lower than the long-term average from June to September 1996. An El Ni?o event induced precipitation that was responsible for higher than average monthly mean discharge measured near Wilcox during November and December 1997. The maximum observed salinity concentrations for the study period ranged from 28.20 ppt at river mile 3.8 to 31.00 ppt at river mile 1.9. Median daily fluctuations of salinity at river miles 3.8 and 1.2 were 0.12 and 11.31 ppt, respectively. The maximum daily upstream extent of the saltwater/freshwater interface was at or upstream from river mile 4.0 for about 50 percent of the study period. The interface was at or upstream from river mile 3.8 and river mile 2.8 40 and 57 percent of the time. The interface was downstream from river mile 1.2 and river mile 1.9 11 and 21 percent of the time, respectively. The median daily maximum salinity for the four gages ranged from 0.22 ppt at river mile 3.8 to 11.50 ppt at river mile 1.2. Multiple linear-regression models were developed to determine the isohaline location for 0.5, 2, 5, 10, 15, and 20 ppt salinity, and to predict the maximum daily salinity concentrations at gages as a function of stage, river discharge, and wind. The salinity at a location was inversely proportional to the daily mean discharge at the Suwannee River near Wilcox. Under extreme low-flow conditions (3,500 ft3/s), the regression models predicted that the interface would occur at river mile 7.2, upstream from the Gopher River confluence with the Suwannee River. Wind speed did not have a substantial influence on model predictions. The period of record for the Suwannee River at Wilcox was applied to appropriate regression models to produce a synthetic record of historical salinity distributions. Two withdrawal scenarios, a 10-percent diversion and a 1,000 ft3/s diversion, were evaluated relative to high-, medium-, and low-flow conditions and compared to actual salinity distributions. The 10-percent and 1,000 ft3/s withdrawals scenarios resulted in the isohaline of 0.5 ppt migrating 0.6 and 1.58 miles upstream from the actual isohaline location for a low-flow condition of 4,500 ft3/s, and migrating 0.14 and 0.65 miles upstream from the actual isohaline location for a high-flow conditions of 20,300 ft3/s for Wadley Pass.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor].,","doi":"10.3133/wri994268","usgsCitation":"Tillis, G.M., 2000, Flow and salinity characteristics of the upper Suwannee River Estuary, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4268, vi, 40 p. : b ill. (some col.), col. maps, charts ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri994268.","productDescription":"vi, 40 p. : b ill. (some col.), col. maps, charts ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":159261,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":2398,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri994268","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4883e4b07f02db517762","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tillis, Gina M.","contributorId":92302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tillis","given":"Gina","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202783,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":38118,"text":"ofr00184 - 2000 - MODFLOW-2000, the U.S. Geological Survey modular ground-water model; user guide to the observation, sensitivity, and parameter-estimation processes and three post-processing programs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-11T13:45:37","indexId":"ofr00184","displayToPublicDate":"2001-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-184","title":"MODFLOW-2000, the U.S. Geological Survey modular ground-water model; user guide to the observation, sensitivity, and parameter-estimation processes and three post-processing programs","docAbstract":"This report documents the Observation, Sensitivity, and Parameter-Estimation Processes of the ground-water modeling computer program MODFLOW-2000. The Observation Process generates model-calculated values for comparison with measured, or observed, quantities. A variety of statistics is calculated to quantify this comparison, including a weighted least-squares objective function. In addition, a number of files are produced that can be used to compare the values graphically. The Sensitivity Process calculates the sensitivity of hydraulic heads throughout the model with respect to specified parameters using the accurate sensitivity-equation method. These are called grid sensitivities. If the Observation Process is active, it uses the grid sensitivities to calculate sensitivities for the simulated values associated with the observations. These are called observation sensitivities. Observation sensitivities are used to calculate a number of statistics that can be used (1) to diagnose inadequate data, (2) to identify parameters that probably cannot be estimated by regression using the available observations, and (3) to evaluate the utility of proposed new data.
The Parameter-Estimation Process uses a modified Gauss-Newton method to adjust values of user-selected input parameters in an iterative procedure to minimize the value of the weighted least-squares objective function. Statistics produced by the Parameter-Estimation Process can be used to evaluate estimated parameter values; statistics produced by the Observation Process and post-processing program RESAN-2000 can be used to evaluate how accurately the model represents the actual processes; statistics produced by post-processing program YCINT-2000 can be used to quantify the uncertainty of model simulated values.
Parameters are defined in the Ground-Water Flow Process input files and can be used to calculate most model inputs, such as: for explicitly defined model layers, horizontal hydraulic conductivity, horizontal anisotropy, vertical hydraulic conductivity or vertical anisotropy, specific storage, and specific yield; and, for implicitly represented layers, vertical hydraulic conductivity. In addition, parameters can be defined to calculate the hydraulic conductance of the River, General-Head Boundary, and Drain Packages; areal recharge rates of the Recharge Package; maximum evapotranspiration of the Evapotranspiration Package; pumpage or the rate of flow at defined-flux boundaries of the Well Package; and the hydraulic head at constant-head boundaries. The spatial variation of model inputs produced using defined parameters is very flexible, including interpolated distributions that require the summation of contributions from different parameters.
Observations can include measured hydraulic heads or temporal changes in hydraulic heads, measured gains and losses along head-dependent boundaries (such as streams), flows through constant-head boundaries, and advective transport through the system, which generally would be inferred from measured concentrations.
MODFLOW-2000 is intended for use on any computer operating system. The program consists of algorithms programmed in Fortran 90, which efficiently performs numerical calculations and is fully compatible with the newer Fortran 95. The code is easily modified to be compatible with FORTRAN 77. Coordination for multiple processors is accommodated using Message Passing Interface (MPI) commands. The program is designed in a modular fashion that is intended to support inclusion of new capabilities.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Denver, CO","doi":"10.3133/ofr00184","issn":"0094-9140","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Energy","usgsCitation":"Hill, M.C., Banta, E.R., Harbaugh, A., and Anderman, E., 2000, MODFLOW-2000, the U.S. Geological Survey modular ground-water model; user guide to the observation, sensitivity, and parameter-estimation processes and three post-processing programs: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2000-184, Report: ix, 209 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr00184.","productDescription":"Report: ix, 209 p. ","startPage":"1","endPage":"209","numberOfPages":"219","costCenters":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":165531,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0184/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":64368,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0184/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":3454,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/nrp/gwsoftware/modflow2000/ofr00-184.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7fe4b07f02db648cee","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hill, Mary C. mchill@usgs.gov","contributorId":974,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"Mary","email":"mchill@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":219055,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Banta, E. R.","contributorId":63038,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Banta","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219057,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Harbaugh, A.W.","contributorId":15208,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harbaugh","given":"A.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219054,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Anderman, E.R.","contributorId":62241,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderman","given":"E.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219056,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":27042,"text":"wri994234 - 2000 - Characterization of water quality and simulation of temperature, nutrients, biochemical oxygen demand, and dissolved oxygen in the Wateree River, South Carolina, 1996-98","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-13T20:44:18.369204","indexId":"wri994234","displayToPublicDate":"2001-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-4234","title":"Characterization of water quality and simulation of temperature, nutrients, biochemical oxygen demand, and dissolved oxygen in the Wateree River, South Carolina, 1996-98","docAbstract":"In May 1996, the U.S. Geological Survey entered into a cooperative agreement with the Kershaw County Water and Sewer Authority to characterize and simulate the water quality in the Wateree River, South Carolina. Longitudinal profiling of dissolved-oxygen concentrations during the spring and summer of 1996 revealed dissolved-oxygen minimums occurring upstream from the point-source discharges. The mean dissolved-oxygen decrease upstream from the effluent discharges was 2.0 milligrams per liter, and the decrease downstream from the effluent discharges was 0.2 milligram per liter. Several theories were investigated to obtain an improved understanding of the dissolved-oxygen dynamics in the upper Wateree River. Data suggest that the dissolved-oxygen concentration decrease is associated with elevated levels of oxygen-consuming nutrients and metals that are flowing into the Wateree River from Lake Wateree.
Analysis of long-term streamflow and water-quality data collected at two U.S. Geological Survey gaging stations suggests that no strong correlation exists between streamflow and dissolved-oxygen concentrations in the Wateree River. However, a strong negative correlation does exist between dissolved-oxygen concentrations and water temperature. Analysis of data from six South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control monitoring stations for 1980.95 revealed decreasing trends in ammonia nitrogen at all stations where data were available and decreasing trends in 5-day biochemical oxygen demand at three river stations.
The influence of various hydrologic and point-source loading conditions on dissolved-oxygen concentrations in the Wateree River were determined by using results from water-quality simulations by the Branched Lagrangian Transport Model. The effects of five tributaries and four point-source discharges were included in the model. Data collected during two synoptic water-quality samplings on June 23.25 and August 11.13, 1997, were used to calibrate and validate the Branched Lagrangian Transport Model. The data include dye-tracer concentrations collected at six locations, stream-reaeration data collected at four locations, and water-quality and water-temperature data collected at nine locations. Hydraulic data for the Branched Lagrangian Transport Model were simulated by using the U.S. Geological Survey BRANCH one-dimensional, unsteady-flow model. Data that were used to calibrate and validate the BRANCH model included time-series of water-level and streamflow data at three locations. The domain of the hydraulic model and the transport model was a 57.3- and 43.5-mile reach of the river, respectively.
A sensitivity analysis of the simulated dissolved-oxygen concentrations to model coefficients and data inputs indicated that the simulated dissolved-oxygen concentrations were most sensitive to changes in the boundary concentration inputs of water temperature and dissolved oxygen followed by sensitivity to the change in streamflow. A 35-percent increase in streamflow resulted in a negative normalized sensitivity index, indicating a decrease in dissolved-oxygen concentrations. The simulated dissolved-oxygen concentrations showed no significant sensitivity to changes in model input rate kinetics.
To demonstrate the utility of the Branched Lagrangian Transport Model of the Wateree River, the model was used to simulate several hydrologic and water-quality scenarios to evaluate the effects on simulated dissolved-oxygen concentrations. The first scenario compared the 24-hour mean dissolved-oxygen concentrations for August 13, 1997, as simulated during the model validation, with simulations using two different streamflow patterns. The mean streamflow for August 13, 1997, was 2,000 cubic feet per second. Simulations were run using mean streamflows of 1,000 and 1,400 cubic feet per second while keeping the water-quality boundary conditions the same as were used during the validation simulations.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri994234","usgsCitation":"Feaster, T., and Conrads, P., 2000, Characterization of water quality and simulation of temperature, nutrients, biochemical oxygen demand, and dissolved oxygen in the Wateree River, South Carolina, 1996-98: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4234, vi, 90 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri994234.","productDescription":"vi, 90 p.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":411915,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_25647.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":55923,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1999/4234/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":119976,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1999/4234/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"South Carolina","otherGeospatial":"Catabwa-Wateree River","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"properties\":{},\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-81.7657470703125,35.567980458012094],[-81.8756103515625,35.536696378395035],[-82.0074462890625,35.572448615622804],[-82.0623779296875,35.585851593232356],[-82.16812133789062,35.54060755592023],[-82.22579956054688,35.59255224089235],[-82.24159240722656,35.65729624809628],[-82.20794677734374,35.74818410650582],[-82.08915710449219,35.801664652427895],[-82.02598571777344,35.81001773806242],[-81.96418762207031,35.821153818963175],[-81.95594787597656,35.92019610057511],[-81.95182800292969,35.98078444581272],[-81.903076171875,36.053540128339755],[-81.8536376953125,36.05798104702501],[-81.76712036132812,36.055760619006755],[-81.71905517578125,36.04021586880111],[-81.66824340820312,35.98245135784044],[-81.5679931640625,35.9157474194997],[-81.31393432617188,35.95911138558121],[-81.26998901367188,36.03244234269516],[-81.19171142578125,36.0779620797358],[-81.08322143554688,36.06353184297193],[-80.79620361328125,35.89350026142572],[-80.71929931640624,35.69299463209881],[-80.7275390625,35.53110865111194],[-80.69869995117188,35.43381992014202],[-80.70556640625,35.34425514918409],[-80.80718994140625,35.15584570226544],[-80.81268310546874,34.95349314197422],[-80.771484375,34.89494244739732],[-80.71105957031249,34.65467425162703],[-80.68084716796875,34.51787261401661],[-80.52978515625,34.35704160076073],[-80.4583740234375,34.23905366851639],[-80.518798828125,34.03900467904445],[-80.496826171875,33.88865750124075],[-80.60394287109375,33.75060604160645],[-80.71998596191406,33.82992730179868],[-80.74745178222656,34.05209051767928],[-80.83328247070312,34.27083595165],[-80.8971405029297,34.3201881768449],[-80.98915100097656,34.40634314091266],[-81.04133605957031,34.487881874939866],[-81.10588073730469,34.710009159224946],[-81.12167358398438,34.84311278917537],[-81.16905212402344,35.07271701786369],[-81.15669250488281,35.18222692831516],[-81.12373352050781,35.25627309169437],[-81.12648010253906,35.460669951495305],[-81.2384033203125,35.567980458012094],[-81.3922119140625,35.58138418324621],[-81.595458984375,35.59925232772949],[-81.7657470703125,35.567980458012094]]]}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49ace4b07f02db5c6b89","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Feaster, Toby D. 0000-0002-5626-5011 tfeaster@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5626-5011","contributorId":1109,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Feaster","given":"Toby D.","email":"tfeaster@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":559,"text":"South Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":197457,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Conrads, Paul 0000-0003-0408-4208 pconrads@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0408-4208","contributorId":764,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conrads","given":"Paul","email":"pconrads@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":559,"text":"South Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":197456,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":25540,"text":"wri994138 - 2000 - Geology, hydrology, and ground-water quality of the upper part of the Galena-Platteville aquifer at the Parson's Casket Hardware Superfund site in Belvidere, Illinois","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-15T11:13:45","indexId":"wri994138","displayToPublicDate":"2001-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-4138","title":"Geology, hydrology, and ground-water quality of the upper part of the Galena-Platteville aquifer at the Parson's Casket Hardware Superfund site in Belvidere, Illinois","docAbstract":"The geology, hydrology, hydraulic properties, and distribution of contaminants in the upper part of the Galena-Platteville aquifer at the Parson's Casket Hardware Superfund site in Belvidere, Illinois, were characterized on the basis of data collected from boreholes by use of packer assemblies, flowmeter logging, and borehole ground-penetrating radar. Four permeable intervals were identified in the upper part of the Galena-Platteville aquifer: (1) a shallow, subhorizontal fracture from 37 to 40 feet below land surface; (2) an inclined fracture from 75 to 85 feet; (3) a shallow, vuggy interval from 90 to 100 feet; and (4) a deep, vuggy interval from about 140 to 180 feet. The calculated horizontal hydraulic conductivity of the two fractured intervals exceeds 50 feet per day and is more than an order of magnitude greater than that of the vuggy intervals. Water levels in the Galena-Platteville aquifer respond to pumping cycles in the Belvidere municipal-supply wells below a depth of at least 180 feet.
Results of flowmeter logging and constant discharge aquifer testing indicate that the shallow, subhorizontal fracture is hydraulically connected to the overlying unconsolidated aquifer. Discrete inclined fractures are the primary conduits for vertical ground-water flow between the permeable units within the upper part of the Galena-Platteville aquifer, and perhaps for flow to the deeper parts of the aquifer. The inclined fractures may become less permeable with depth.
A maximum effective porosity in the deep, vuggy interval of 8.8 percent was calculated from hydrologic and borehole radar-tomography data collected during tracer testing. The average maximum horizontal ground-water velocity through this interval was calculated at 21.4 feet per day using cross-hole radar tomography under a hydraulic gradient of 1.25 feet per foot.
Trichloroethene, trichloroethane, and tetrachloroethene are the primary volatile organic compounds detected in the aquifer. There is no distinct pattern of the concentration of volatile organic compounds with depth; however, the highest concentrations tend to be present in the shallow part of the aquifer at the site. Movement of organic compounds through vertical fractures may account for their presence in the deeper parts of the aquifer.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri994138","usgsCitation":"Kay, R.T., Yeskis, D., Lane, J., Mills, P., Joesten, P., Cygan, G., and Ursic, J., 2000, Geology, hydrology, and ground-water quality of the upper part of the Galena-Platteville aquifer at the Parson's Casket Hardware Superfund site in Belvidere, Illinois: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4138, v, 43 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri994138.","productDescription":"v, 43 p.","costCenters":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":95535,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1999/4138/report.pdf","size":"5526","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":157930,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1999/4138/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois","city":"Belvidere","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -88.83807241916656,\n 42.26712715934989\n ],\n [\n -88.83430659770966,\n 42.26712715934989\n ],\n [\n -88.83430659770966,\n 42.26919934059126\n ],\n [\n -88.83807241916656,\n 42.26919934059126\n ],\n [\n -88.83807241916656,\n 42.26712715934989\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c635","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kay, Robert T. 0000-0002-6281-8997 rtkay@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6281-8997","contributorId":1122,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kay","given":"Robert","email":"rtkay@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":344,"text":"Illinois Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":194107,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Yeskis, D.J.","contributorId":105334,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yeskis","given":"D.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194113,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lane, J.W. Jr.","contributorId":66723,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lane","given":"J.W.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194111,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mills, P. C.","contributorId":69117,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mills","given":"P. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194112,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Joesten, P. K.","contributorId":62818,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Joesten","given":"P. K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194110,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Cygan, G.L.","contributorId":56379,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cygan","given":"G.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194109,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Ursic, J.R.","contributorId":9518,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ursic","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194108,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":29309,"text":"wri994213 - 2000 - Hydrogeology of the gray limestone aquifer in southern Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:51","indexId":"wri994213","displayToPublicDate":"2001-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-4213","title":"Hydrogeology of the gray limestone aquifer in southern Florida","docAbstract":"Results from 35 new test coreholes and aquifer-test, water-level, and water-quality data were combined with existing hydrogeologic data to define the extent, thickness, hydraulic properties, and degree of confinement of the gray limestone aquifer in southern Florida. This aquifer, previously known to be present only in southeastern Florida (Miami-Dade, Broward, and Palm Beach Counties) below, and to the west of, the Biscayne aquifer, extends over most of central-south Florida, including eastern and central Collier County and southern Hendry County; it is the same as the lower Tamiami aquifer to the north, and it becomes the water-table aquifer and the upper limestone part of the lower Tamiami aquifer to the west. The aquifer generally is composed of gray, shelly, lightly to moderately cemented limestone with abundant shell fragments or carbonate sand, abundant skeletal moldic porosity, and minor quartz sand. The gray limestone aquifer comprises the Ochopee Limestone of the Tamiami Formation, and, in some areas, the uppermost permeable part of an unnamed formation principally composed of quartz sand. Underlying the unnamed formation is the Peace River Formation of the upper Hawthorn Group, the top of which is the base of the surficial aquifer system. Overlying the aquifer and providing confinement in much of the area is the Pinecrest Sand Member of the Tamiami Formation. The thickness of the aquifer is comparatively uniform, generally ranging from 30 to 100 feet. The unnamed formation part of the aquifer is up to 20 feet thick. The Ochopee Limestone accumulated in a carbonate ramp depositional system and contains a heterozoan carbonate-particle association. The principal rock types of the aquifer are pelecypod lime rudstones and floatstones and permeable quartz sands and sandstones. The pore types are mainly intergrain and separate vug (skeletal-moldic) pore spaces. The rock fabric and associated primary and secondary pore spaces combine to form a dual diffuse-carbonate and conduit flow system capable of producing high values of hydraulic conductivity. Transmissivity values of the aquifer are commonly greater than 50,000 feet squared per day to the west of Miami-Dade and Broward Counties. Hydraulic conductivity ranges from about 200 to 12,000 feet per day and generally increases from east to west; an east-to-west shallowing of the depositional profile of the Ochopee Limestone carbonate ramp contributes to this spatial trend. The aquifer contains two areas of high transmissivity, both of which trend northwest-southeast. One area extends through southern Hendry County. The other area extends through eastern Collier County, with a transmissivity as high as 300,000 feet squared per day; in this area, the aquifer is structurally high, the top of the aquifer is close to land surface, and it is unconfined to semiconfined. The confinement of the aquifer is good to the north and east in parts of southern Hendry, Palm Beach, Collier, Broward, and Miami-Dade Counties. In these areas, the upper confining unit approaches or is greater than 50 feet thick, and vertical leakance is less than 1.0 x 10-3 l/day. In most of the study area, the specific conductance in water from the gray limestone aquifer is 1,500 microsiemens per centimeter or less (chloride concentration of about 250 milligrams per liter or less). Areas where specific conductance is greater than 3,000 microsiemens per centimeter are found where there is a low horizontal-head gradient and the upper confining unit is greater than 50 feet thick. An area with specific conductance less than 1,500 microsiemens per centimeter extends from southern Hendry County to the southeast into western Broward County and coincides with an area of high transmissivity. However, much of this area has good confinement. The potentiometric gradient also is to the southeast in much of the area, and this area of low specific conductance is probably caused by a relatively rapid downgradient movement of fres","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"USGS,","doi":"10.3133/wri994213","usgsCitation":"Reese, R.S., and Cunningham, K.J., 2000, Hydrogeology of the gray limestone aquifer in southern Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4213, v, 244 p. : b ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri994213.","productDescription":"v, 244 p. : b ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":159572,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":2279,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri994213","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2de4b07f02db614b4c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reese, Ronald S. rsreese@usgs.gov","contributorId":1090,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reese","given":"Ronald","email":"rsreese@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":201321,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cunningham, Kevin J. 0000-0002-2179-8686 kcunning@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2179-8686","contributorId":1689,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cunningham","given":"Kevin","email":"kcunning@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":269,"text":"FLWSC-Ft. Lauderdale","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":201322,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":21892,"text":"ofr00168 - 2000 - Interaction between ground water and surface water in the northern Everglades and relation to water budget and mercury cycling; study methods and appendixes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-09T11:36:57.1596","indexId":"ofr00168","displayToPublicDate":"2001-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-168","title":"Interaction between ground water and surface water in the northern Everglades and relation to water budget and mercury cycling; study methods and appendixes","docAbstract":"The data presented in this report are products of an investigation that quantified interactions between ground water and surface water at several study sites in the northern Everglades. Goals included identifying the major geologic controls and human alterations that affect interactions between ground water and surface water, and determining how those interactions affect mercury contamination. The primary study area was the 3,815-acre Everglades Nutrient Removal (ENR), a wetland constructed in the early 1990s as a prototype Stormwater Treatment Area (STA), to determine the effectiveness in removing excess nutrients from agricultural drainage. In order to ensure that results from ENR are broadly informative, work was also conducted in Water Conservation Area-2A (WCA-2A), a 105,000-acre basin surrounded by levees. In the past 50 years, WCA-2A has experienced extensive re- engineering of water flow, alterations in the pattern of water-level fluctuations and timing of fire frequency, as well as substantial ecological changes. The most visible ecological alteration is the change in dominance over the past 30 years from a sawgrass wetland to cattail wetland in the northeastern part of WCA-2A. The drastic change in vegetation in WCA-2A resulted at least in part from inputs of excess phosphorus from agricultural drainage. \r\n\r\nSubstantial data collection programs were already in progress in both ENR and WCA- 2A when the present work began. The South Florida Water Management District (SFWMD) constructed the ENR project in 1994 to determine the effectiveness of constructed wetlands for water treatment. Measurements of surface water flow and water quality were made frequently in ENR between 1994 and 1998. Fewer ground water data were collected at ENR, and almost all of it was collected from shallow wells emplaced on perimeter levees. In contrast to the short-term nature of data collection in ENR, hydrologic and chemical data were collected over a much longer period in WCA-2A (since at least the mid- 1970s), but the number of sites and data- collection frequency is much less. Very little prior ground water data were available in WCA-2A. \r\n\r\nGiven the availability of prior information, the present study emphasized the collection of ground water field data, particularly in the interior wetland areas of ENR and WCA- 2A. New wells were emplaced to permit the geologic, hydraulic, and chemical sampling that was needed to characterize interactions between surface water and ground water. In particular, lithology and hydraulic properties of the Surficial aquifer were determined, ground water flow paths and velocities were delineated, hydrologic fluxes between surface water and ground water were measured, and water budgets and surface- subsurface fluxes of mercury were determined. \r\n\r\nThe purpose of this report is to compile under one cover all of the data collected in this investigation. In addition, the report contains a detailed description of the study methods and information about study sites, borehole drilling, well construction, seepage meter installation, and hydraulic and geochemical chemical sampling. Data interpretations are the subject of a companion report.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr00168","issn":"0566-8174","usgsCitation":"Harvey, J.W., Krupa, S., Gefvert, C., Choi, J., Mooney, R.H., and Giddings, J., 2000, Interaction between ground water and surface water in the northern Everglades and relation to water budget and mercury cycling; study methods and appendixes: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2000-168, xiv, 395 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr00168.","productDescription":"xiv, 395 p.","costCenters":[{"id":27821,"text":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":154150,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0168/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":51382,"rank":299,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0168/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"102 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 00-168"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Everglades","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.9580078125,\n 25.025884063244828\n ],\n [\n -80.013427734375,\n 25.025884063244828\n ],\n [\n -80.013427734375,\n 26.912273826625587\n ],\n [\n -81.9580078125,\n 26.912273826625587\n ],\n [\n -81.9580078125,\n 25.025884063244828\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3321 College Avenue
Davie, FL 33314
Data that describe the physical characteristics of stream subbasins upstream from selected sites on streams in the Pine River Basin, located in central Minnesota, are presented in this report. The physical characteristics are the drainage area of the subbasin, the percentage area of the subbasin covered only by lakes, the percentage area of the subbasin covered by both lakes and wetlands, the main-channel length, and the main-channel slope. Stream sites include outlets of subbasins of at least 5 square miles, and locations of U.S. Geological Survey high-flow, and continuous-record gaging stations.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Mounds View, MN","doi":"10.3133/ofr2000171","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Minnesota Department of Transportation","usgsCitation":"Fischer, B.C., and Sanocki, C.A., 2000, Physical characteristics of stream subbasins in the Pine River Basin, central Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2000-171, Document: 8 p.; Plate: 11.0 x 8.5 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr2000171.","productDescription":"Document: 8 p.; Plate: 11.0 x 8.5 inches","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":321045,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr2000171.JPG"},{"id":12210,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://mn.water.usgs.gov/publications/pubs/00-171-plate.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":12209,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://mn.water.usgs.gov/publications/pubs/00-171.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","otherGeospatial":"Pine River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -94.57923889160156,\n 46.62303384721474\n ],\n [\n -94.57923889160156,\n 46.875682778386675\n ],\n [\n -94.0821075439453,\n 46.875682778386675\n ],\n [\n -94.0821075439453,\n 46.62303384721474\n ],\n [\n -94.57923889160156,\n 46.62303384721474\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adbe4b07f02db685d69","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fischer, Brian C.","contributorId":49832,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fischer","given":"Brian","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":205150,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sanocki, Christopher A.","contributorId":100432,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sanocki","given":"Christopher","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":205151,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":21705,"text":"ofr00350 - 2000 - Cruise report RV Ocean Surveyor cruise O-1-00-GM the bathymetry and acoustic backscatter of the Pinnacles area, northern Gulf of Mexico May 23, through June 10, 2000 Venice, LA to Venice, LA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-09T20:21:55.089104","indexId":"ofr00350","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-350","title":"Cruise report RV Ocean Surveyor cruise O-1-00-GM the bathymetry and acoustic backscatter of the Pinnacles area, northern Gulf of Mexico May 23, through June 10, 2000 Venice, LA to Venice, LA","docAbstract":"An extensive deep (~100 m) reef tract occurs on the Mississippi-Alabama outer continental shelf (OCS). The tract, known as \"The Pinnacles\", is apparently part of a sequence of drowned reef complexes along the \"40-fathom\" shelf edge of the northern Gulf of Mexico (Ludwick and Walton, 1957). It is critical to determine the accurate geomorphology of deep-reefs because of their importance as benthic habitats for fisheries. The Pinnacles were mapped by Ludwick and Walton (1957) using a single-beam echo sounder but the spatial extent and morphology were interpreted from a series of widely separated, poorly navigated bathymetric profiles. Other recent studies, supported by Minerals Management Service (MMS), used towed sidescan sonars and single-channel seismic-reflection profiling. None of the existing studies provide the quality of geomorphic data necessary for reasonable habitat studies. The fish faunas of shallow hermatypic reefs have been well studied, but those of deep ahermatypic reefs have relatively ignored. The ecology of deep ahermatypic reefs is fundamentally different from hermatipic reefs because autochthonous intracellular symbiotic zooxanthellae (the carbon source for hermatypic corals) do not form the base of the trophic web. Instead, exogenous plankton, transported to the reef by currents, serves as the primary carbon source. Deep OCS reefs also lie below the practical working depths for SCUBA; consequently, remote investigations from a ship or in situ investigations using submersibles or ROVs are required. Community structure and trophodynamics of demersal fishes of the Pinnacles are presently the focus of USGS reseach. A goal of the research is to answer questions concerning the relataive roles played by geomorphology and surficial geology in the interaction with and control of biological differentiation. OCS reefs are important because we now know that such areas are important coral reef fish havens, key spawning 2 sites, and a critical early larval and juvenile habitats for economically important sport/food fishes. Also, deep-reef ecosystems as well as the fish populations they sustain are impacted by intensive oil-field development. It is now known that deep OCS reefs function as a key source of re-population (via seasonal and ontogenetic migration) of already heavily impacted inshore reefs. A reflection of this realization is the recent closure by the Gulf States Fisheries Management Council of a 600 mi 2 area of the Florida Middle Grounds (another unmapped major \"40-fathom\" OCS reef complex) to commercial fishing to preserve grouper spawning aggregations.
\nIt is known that the Pinnacles reefs support a lush fauna of ahermatypic hard corals, soft corals, black corals, sessile crinoids and sponges—together forming a living habitat for a well-developed fish fauna. The fish fauna comprises typical Caribbean reef fishes and Carolinian shelf fishes, plus epipelagic fishes, and a few deep-sea fishes. The base of the megafaunal invertebrate food web is plankton, borne by essentially continuous semi-laminar currents flowing predominantly out of the SW, up, along and across the shelf edge. These currents are intercepted by pinnacles reefs, which lie roughly in two linear tracts, parallel to the coastline (see fig. 1 in report). USGS research initiated in 1997 (Sulak et al., in progress) has demonstrated that the Pinnacles reef fish fauna is dominated by planktivorous fishes. Ongoing food habits, trophic web and stable isotope analyses by the USGS are reinforcing a basic picture of deep OCS reefs as ecosystems based on exogenous current-borne plankton. Long-term current meter deployments have demonstrated that the >3 m, <16m relief of the Pinnacles reefs disrupts the prevailing currents, inducing local complexity (F. Kelly, Texas A&M Univ., pers. comm.) favorable to plankton and planktivores. Geodetically accurate bathymetry maps, coregistered with calibrated acoustic backscatter maps, are critical to delineate benthic biotopes, and are essential to correlate biological community differentiation with the physical environment. Previous mapping of the Pinnacles area using the TAMU towed single-beam sidescan system (Anonymous., 1999) employed technology with inherent deficiencies in backscatter calibration, bathymetric precision, and geo-referencing. The resulting bathymetric interpretations of TAMU data are further degraded by ship-track-parallel artifacts that obliterate geomorphology rendering them inadequate to provide high-resolution mapping of individual target reefs (typical maximum relief 15 m, diameter 200-500 m). The sidescan-sonar surveys of the area (Laswell et al., 1990) suffer many of the same deficiencies as the TAMU data so they add no quantitative and little qualitative information about the geomorphology and surficial geology.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr00350","issn":"0566-8174","usgsCitation":"Gardner, J.V., Sulak, K.J., Dartnell, P., Hellequin, L., Calder, B.R., and Mayer, L.A., 2000, Cruise report RV Ocean Surveyor cruise O-1-00-GM the bathymetry and acoustic backscatter of the Pinnacles area, northern Gulf of Mexico May 23, through June 10, 2000 Venice, LA to Venice, LA: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2000-350, 35 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr00350.","productDescription":"35 p.","numberOfPages":"36","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":281601,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr00350.jpg"},{"id":389028,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_32312.htm"},{"id":1152,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0350/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":51237,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0350/pdf/of00-350.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Gulf of Mexico, the Pinnacles area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -88.5,\n 29.1670\n ],\n [\n -87.417,\n 29.1670\n ],\n [\n -87.417,\n 29.5830\n ],\n [\n -88.5,\n 29.5830\n ],\n [\n -88.5,\n 29.1670\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad0e4b07f02db6808c3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gardner, James V.","contributorId":93035,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gardner","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185339,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sulak, Kenneth J. 0000-0002-4795-9310 ksulak@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4795-9310","contributorId":2217,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sulak","given":"Kenneth","email":"ksulak@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":185334,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dartnell, Peter 0000-0002-9554-729X pdartnell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9554-729X","contributorId":2688,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dartnell","given":"Peter","email":"pdartnell@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":185335,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hellequin, Laurent","contributorId":24804,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hellequin","given":"Laurent","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185336,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Calder, Brian R.","contributorId":79917,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Calder","given":"Brian","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185338,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Mayer, Larry A.","contributorId":69583,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mayer","given":"Larry","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185337,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":23245,"text":"ofr99227 - 2000 - Suspended sediment in the St. Francis River at St. Francis, Arkansas, 1986-95","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:55","indexId":"ofr99227","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-227","title":"Suspended sediment in the St. Francis River at St. Francis, Arkansas, 1986-95","docAbstract":"Daily suspended-sediment concentrations were analyzed from the St. Francis River at St. Francis, Arkansas during 1986 through 1995. Suspended-sediment particle size distribution was measured in selected samples from 1978 through 1998. These data are used to assess changes in suspended-sediment concentrations and loads through time. Suspended-sediment concentrations were positively related to discharge. At higher flows, percent silt-clay was negatively related to discharge. Nonparametric trend analysis (Mann-Kendall test) of suspended-sediment concentration over the period of record indicated a slight decrease in concentration. Flow-adjusted residuals of suspended-sediment concentration also decreased slightly through the same period. No change was identified in annual suspended-sediment load or annual flow-weighted concentration. Continued monitorig of daily-suspended-sediment concentrations at this site and others, and similar data analysis at other sites where data are available will provide a better understanding of sediment transport withint the St. Francis River.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr99227","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Green, W.R., Barks, C.S., and Hall, A.P., 2000, Suspended sediment in the St. Francis River at St. Francis, Arkansas, 1986-95: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 99-227, iii, 9 leaves :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr99227.","productDescription":"iii, 9 leaves :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":154245,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/0227/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52543,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/0227/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5fae4a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Green, W. Reed","contributorId":87886,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Green","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"Reed","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189723,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barks, C. Shane csbarks@usgs.gov","contributorId":2088,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barks","given":"C.","email":"csbarks@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Shane","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":189721,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hall, Alan P.","contributorId":8464,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hall","given":"Alan","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189722,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}