Streamflow discharge is usually determined indirectly from measurements of the river stage at gaging stations and through the use of stage-discharge relationships (rating curves). However, in alluvial streams, stage-discharge relationships change continually and, sometimes, quite markedly. Such changes may be caused by major floods, seasonal variations, or long-term secular trends associated with changes in the river channel. Consequently, reliable estimates of discharge using rating curves are not possible unless frequent direct measurements of discharge are made. Such measurements involve appreciable costs, and it is important to evaluate their contribution in increasing the accuracy of estimation of quantities of interest such as mean daily, monthly or annual flow. A methodology for the evaluation of the efficiency of data-collection strategies for alluvial rivers is developed and applied to stations on the Missouri River, U.S.A. A flexible and expedient model describing the variability of discharges and shifts in the stage-discharge relationship is developed. Procedures for the estimation of parameters and the validation of the model using actual data are presented. The calibrated and validated model is then employed in simulations to evaluate the effect of sampling strategies (such as frequency and accuracy of discharge measurements) on the accuracy of estimated mean daily, monthly and annual flow. Curves relating the cost of sampling to the achieved accuracy can be generated, and the optimization of sampling strategies given accuracy or budget objectives or constraints can be achieved.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(84)90186-0","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Kitanidis, P., Lara, O.G., and Lane, R., 1984, Evaluation of the efficiency of streamflow data collection strategies for alluvial rivers: Journal of Hydrology, v. 72, no. 1-2, p. 85-103, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(84)90186-0.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"85","endPage":"103","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220409,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"72","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0ce2e4b0c8380cd52d2a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kitanidis, P.K.","contributorId":63274,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kitanidis","given":"P.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365378,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lara, O. G.","contributorId":31001,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lara","given":"O.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365377,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lane, R.W.","contributorId":86228,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lane","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365379,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70014066,"text":"70014066 - 1984 - Distribution and ecology of deep-water benthic foraminifera in the Gulf of Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-16T15:08:16.465443","indexId":"70014066","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-14T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2996,"text":"Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology","printIssn":"0031-0182","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Distribution and ecology of deep-water benthic foraminifera in the Gulf of Mexico","docAbstract":"Bathyal and abyssal foraminifera in the Gulf of Mexico are distributed among thirteen generic predominance facies. Five predominance facies nearly encircle the Gulf basin along the slope and rise; a sixth predominance facies blankets the Sigsbee Plain, and a seventh is restricted to the Mississippi Fan. The remaining eight predominance facies have more restricted distributions. The areal patterns of these predominance facies can be related chiefly to water mass and substrate characteristics; modifications are brought about by calcite dissolution, upwelling, and sill depth. Analysis of ancient generic predominance facies is useful in predicting relative paleobathymetry and other paleoenvironmental properties.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0031-0182(84)90090-7","issn":"00310182","usgsCitation":"Poag, C.W., 1984, Distribution and ecology of deep-water benthic foraminifera in the Gulf of Mexico: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 48, no. 1, p. 25-37, https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(84)90090-7.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"25","endPage":"37","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225487,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alabama, Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi, Texas","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -97.13858134169811,\n 29.197248880700073\n ],\n [\n -97.13858134169811,\n 21.67225015871294\n ],\n [\n -83.08875993352926,\n 21.67225015871294\n ],\n [\n -83.08875993352926,\n 29.197248880700073\n ],\n [\n -97.13858134169811,\n 29.197248880700073\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"48","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a028ae4b0c8380cd500bc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Poag, C. W.","contributorId":16402,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poag","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367485,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70013270,"text":"70013270 - 1984 - Unzipping of the volcano arc, Japan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-08-28T13:19:05.525932","indexId":"70013270","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-11T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3525,"text":"Tectonophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Unzipping of the volcano arc, Japan","docAbstract":"During the Oligocene epoch, California was marked by extensive nonmarine sedimentation, in contrast to its pre-Oligocene and post-Oligocene depositional history. The Oligocene continental deposits are especially widespread in southern California and fill a number of small and generally partly restricted basins. Fluvial facies in many basins prograded over previously deposited lower Tertiary turbidites. Volcanism, from widespread centers, was associated with the nonmarine sedimentation. However, some basins remained marine and a few contain Oligocene turbidites and pelagic sediments deposited at bathyal depths.
The Oligocene redbeds of California do not form a post-orogenic molasse sequence comparable to the Old Red Sandstone or Alpine molasse. They are synorogenic and record local uplift of basins and surrounding source areas. Late Cretaceous to contemporary orogenesis in California has been generally characterized by the formation of small restricted basins of variable depth adjacent to small upland areas in response to strike-slip faulting.
Deposition of Oligocene redbeds was associated with climatic change from warm and humid to cold and semiarid, and a global lowering of sea level. Oligocene tectonism occurred during the transition from subduction of the Farallon Plate to initiation of the modern San Andreas transform system. However, the major influence that caused uplift, formation of fault-bounded basins, and extensive redbed deposition, especially in southern California, was the approach of the Pacific—Farallon spreading ridge to the western margin of California.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0037-0738(84)90084-8","issn":"00370738","usgsCitation":"Nilsen, T., 1984, Oligocene tectonics and sedimentation, California: Sedimentary Geology, v. 38, no. 1-4, p. 305-336, https://doi.org/10.1016/0037-0738(84)90084-8.","productDescription":"32 p.","startPage":"305","endPage":"336","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225673,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -124.78292543050603,\n 41.97057915664769\n ],\n [\n -124.4131945565704,\n 38.993561336650515\n ],\n [\n -122.31765799179524,\n 35.729185699233476\n ],\n [\n -120.14818260143954,\n 33.85477140683112\n ],\n [\n -117.37479892783924,\n 32.536771595067066\n ],\n [\n -114.44263074812577,\n 32.54217267400776\n ],\n [\n -114.22583932906319,\n 34.60378613476084\n ],\n [\n -119.91574659111643,\n 39.32948005445555\n ],\n [\n -119.90047967604241,\n 42.01525201756317\n ],\n [\n -124.78292543050603,\n 41.97057915664769\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"38","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6d67e4b0c8380cd75100","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nilsen, Tor H.","contributorId":100016,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nilsen","given":"Tor H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367211,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70014047,"text":"70014047 - 1984 - A review of crust and upper mantle structure studies of the Snake River Plain-Yellowstone volcanic system: A major lithospheric anomaly in the western U.S.A.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-08-26T16:52:03.221469","indexId":"70014047","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3525,"text":"Tectonophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A review of crust and upper mantle structure studies of the Snake River Plain-Yellowstone volcanic system: A major lithospheric anomaly in the western U.S.A.","docAbstract":"The Snake River Plain-Yellowstone volcanic system is one of the largest, basaltic, volcanic field in the world. Here, there is clear evidence for northeasterly progression of rhyolitic volcanism with its present position in Yellowstone. Many theories have been advanced for the origin of the Snake River Plain-Yellowstone system. Yellowstone and Eastern Snake River Plain have been studied intensively using various geophysical techniques. Some sparse geophysical data are available for the Western Snake River Plain as well. Teleseismic data show the presence of a large anomalous body with low P- and S-wave velocities in the crust and upper mantle under the Yellowstone caldera. A similar body in which compressional wave velocity is lower than in the surrounding rock is present under the Eastern Snake River Plain. No data on upper mantle anomalies are available for the Western Snake River Plain. Detailed seismic refraction data for the Eastern Snake River Plain show strong lateral heterogeneities and suggest thinning of the granitic crust from below by mafic intrusion. Available data for the Western Snake River Plain also show similar thinning of the upper crust and its replacement by mafic material. The seismic refraction results in Yellowstone show no evidence of the low-velocity anomalies in the lower crust suggested by teleseismic P-delay data and interpreted as due to extensive partial melting. However, the seismic refraction models indicate lower-than-normal velocities and strong lateral inhomogeneities in the upper crust. Particularly obvious in the refraction data are two regions of very low seismic velocities near the Mallard Eake and Sour Creek resurgent domes in the Yellowstone caldera. The low-velocity body near the Sour Creek resurgent dome is interpreted as partially molten rock. Together with other geophysical and thermal data, the seismic results indicate that a sub-lithospheric thermal anomaly is responsible for the time-progressive volcanism along the Eastern Snake River Plain. However, the exact mechanism responsible for the volcanism and details of magma storage and migration are not yet fully understood.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0040-1951(84)90209-9","issn":"00401951","usgsCitation":"Iyer, H.M., 1984, A review of crust and upper mantle structure studies of the Snake River Plain-Yellowstone volcanic system: A major lithospheric anomaly in the western U.S.A.: Tectonophysics, v. 105, no. 1-4, p. 291-308, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(84)90209-9.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"291","endPage":"308","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226198,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, Washington, Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Snake River Plain","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -120.75522630969246,\n 48.99647522967908\n ],\n [\n -121.34357181116266,\n 40.94856106036778\n ],\n [\n -120.51316857399542,\n 40.82964955876772\n ],\n [\n -116.84272791453125,\n 41.89549551259576\n ],\n [\n -115.64848818410448,\n 41.3864499907779\n ],\n [\n -113.86318033209798,\n 41.953660184765866\n ],\n [\n -110.16687892122758,\n 43.55396021584184\n ],\n [\n -110.88285627702768,\n 48.99647522967908\n ],\n [\n -120.75522630969246,\n 48.99647522967908\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"105","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e54fe4b0c8380cd46c9a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Iyer, H. M.","contributorId":17997,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Iyer","given":"H.","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367448,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70013892,"text":"70013892 - 1984 - Crustal structure of the Appalachian Highlands in Tennessee","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-08-27T15:53:18.625814","indexId":"70013892","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3525,"text":"Tectonophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Crustal structure of the Appalachian Highlands in Tennessee","docAbstract":"Crustal structure of the southern Appalachians and adjacent Interior Low Plateaus in Tennessee is derived from seismic-refraction measurements observed by the U.S. Geological Survey in 1965 along reversed lines, normal (NW-SE) and parallel (NE-SW) to the structure of the Appalachian Highlands' major geologic divisions. Its easternmost part is located approximately 80 km southwest of the westernmost part of the COCORP seismic-reflection traverse within the Blue Ridge province. The velocity-depth models derived for both observational directions consist of three crustal layers with surprisingly high velocities, being about 6.1-6.2 km/s in the upper crust down to 7-10 km depth, 6.7-6.8 km/s for the middle crust between about 17 and 34 km and varying from 7.1 to 7.4 km/s for the lower crust at about 40-47 km depth. The boundaries between the three crustal layers as well as the crust-mantle boundary are transition zones of up to 11 km thickness. Similar to old orogens in other parts of the earth, the main result is a thick crust, at places in excess of 50 km, with high average velocity and a broad crust-mantle transition zone.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0040-1951(84)90170-7","issn":"00401951","usgsCitation":"Prodehl, C., Schlittenhardt, J., and Stewart, S., 1984, Crustal structure of the Appalachian Highlands in Tennessee: Tectonophysics, v. 109, no. 1-2, p. 61-76, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(84)90170-7.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"61","endPage":"76","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225859,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Tennessee","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -89.5710918770125,\n 36.48942173779831\n ],\n [\n -90.31145359952295,\n 34.978847126844116\n ],\n [\n -84.83869592546016,\n 35.001180610300125\n ],\n [\n -84.32955924931457,\n 35.03143158917508\n ],\n [\n -83.24187257764022,\n 35.60255042817792\n ],\n [\n -81.6504228297176,\n 36.337544081213366\n ],\n [\n -81.67445326401526,\n 36.60071959757968\n ],\n [\n -88.17804473973936,\n 36.63028858771913\n ],\n [\n -88.19788810140045,\n 36.54062638542621\n ],\n [\n -89.5710918770125,\n 36.48942173779831\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"109","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fcede4b0c8380cd4e508","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Prodehl, C.","contributorId":100376,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prodehl","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367106,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schlittenhardt, J.","contributorId":83678,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schlittenhardt","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367105,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stewart, S.W.","contributorId":34550,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stewart","given":"S.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367104,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70013618,"text":"70013618 - 1984 - Transport and concentration controls for chloride, strontium, potassium and lead in Uvas Creek, a small cobble-bed stream in Santa Clara County, California, U.S.A.: 2. Mathematical modeling","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-15T16:00:11.629528","indexId":"70013618","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Transport and concentration controls for chloride, strontium, potassium and lead in Uvas Creek, a small cobble-bed stream in Santa Clara County, California, U.S.A.: 2. Mathematical modeling","docAbstract":"Three models describing solute transport of conservative ion species and another describing transport of species which adsorb linearly and reversibly on bed sediments are developed and tested. The conservative models are based on three different conceptual models of the transient storage of solute in the bed. One model assumes the bed to be a well-mixed zone with flux of solute into the bed proportional to the difference between stream concentration and bed concentration. The second model assumes solute in the bed is transported by a vertical diffusion process described by Fick's law. The third model assumes that convection occurs in a selected portion of the bed while the mechanism of the first model functions everywhere. The model for adsorbing species assumes that the bed consists of particles of uniform size with the rate of uptake controlled by an intraparticle diffusion process.
All models are tested using data collected before, during and after a 24-hr. pulse injection of chloride, strontium, potassium and lead ions into Uvas Creek near Morgan Hill, California, U.S.A. All three conservative models accurately predict chloride ion concentrations in the stream. The model employing the diffusion mechanism for bed transport predicts better than the others.
The adsorption model predicts both strontium and potassium ion concentrations well during the injection of the pulse but somewhat overestimates the observed concentrations after the injection ceases. The overestimation may be due to the convection of solute deep into the bed where it is retained longer than the 3-week post-injection observation period. The model, when calibrated for strontium, predicts potassium equally well when the adsorption equilibrium constant for strontium is replaced by that for potassium.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(84)90047-7","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Jackman, A.P., Walters, R.A., and Kennedy, V.C., 1984, Transport and concentration controls for chloride, strontium, potassium and lead in Uvas Creek, a small cobble-bed stream in Santa Clara County, California, U.S.A.: 2. Mathematical modeling: Journal of Hydrology, v. 75, no. 1-4, p. 111-141, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(84)90047-7.","productDescription":"31 p.","startPage":"111","endPage":"141","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":220155,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Santa Clara County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"id\":227,\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Santa 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A. P.","contributorId":46957,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jackman","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366495,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Walters, R. A.","contributorId":34174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walters","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366493,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kennedy, V. C.","contributorId":46080,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kennedy","given":"V.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366494,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70013401,"text":"70013401 - 1984 - Use of a digital model to evaluate hydrogeologic controls on groundwater flow in a fractured rock aquifer at Niagara Falls, New York, U.S.A.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-15T15:51:34.651381","indexId":"70013401","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of a digital model to evaluate hydrogeologic controls on groundwater flow in a fractured rock aquifer at Niagara Falls, New York, U.S.A.","docAbstract":"The Hyde Park landfill is a 15-acre (6.1 ha) chemical waste disposal site located north of Niagara Falls, New York. Underlying the site in descending order are: (1) low-permeability glacial till and lacustrine deposits; (2) a moderately permeable fractured rock aquifer - the Lockport Dolomite; and (3) a low-permeability unit - the Rochester Shale. The site is bounded on three sides by groundwater drains; the Niagara River gorge, the Niagara Power Project canal, and the Niagara Power Project buried conduits.
The mechanism by which groundwater moves through fractured rocks underlying a hazardous waste site was investigated using a digital simulation approach. Three hypotheses were tested related to flow in the fractured rocks underlying Hyde Park landfill. For this purpose we used a Galerkin finite-element approximation to solve a saturated-unsaturated flow equation.
A primary focus was to investigate anisotropy in the Lockport Dolomite, that is the effectiveness of horizontal (bedding) joints vs. vertical joints as water-transmitting openings. Three hydrogeologic scenarios were set up — each with prescribed limits on the hydrologic parameters. Scenario 1 specified strongly anisotropic conditions in the Lockport Dolomite (horizontal hydraulic conductivity along bedding joints exceeds vertical conductivity by 2–3 orders of magnitude), uniform areal recharge (5 in. yr.−1 or 12.7 cm yr.−1) except at the landfill where there is no recharge, and no flow through the base of the Rochester Shale. Scenario 2 also specified strongly anisotropic conditions in the Lockport; however, areal recharge was 6 in. yr.−1 (15.2 cm yr.−1) except at the landfill where the recharge was 2 in. yr.−1 (5.1 cm yr.−1), and outflow from the Rochester occurred. Scenario 3 specified isotropic conditions (that is, permeability along horizontal and vertical joints is the same in the Lockport Dolomite), recharge rates were the same as in scenario 2 and outflow through Rochester occurred.
Scenario 2 provided the closest agreement between the simulated and measured heads while scenario 3 provided the poorest agreement. Among the three scenarios tested, scenario 2 (with strongly anisotropic conditions in the Lockport Dolomite with added recharge through the landfill cap and limited flow through the Rocherster Shale) is considered the most realistic hydrogeologic model.
Based on simulation with the hydrogeologic parameters of scenario 2, groundwater flow near the Hyde Park site can be summarized as follows:
1. (1) Specific discharge (Darcy velocity) ranges from ≈0.01 to 0.1 ft. day−1 (0.003 to 0.03 m day−1) in the upper unit of the Lockport Dolomite to slightly more than 0.0001 ft. day−1 (0.00003 m day−1) in the Rochester Shale. Real velocities are highest in the upper unit of the Lockport, ranging from ≈1 to 5 ft. day−1 (0.3 to 1.5 m day−1) if the average effective porosity is assumed to be 0.02.
2. (2) A groundwater divide exists east of the landfill, indicating that all groundwater originating near or flowing beneath the landfill will flow toward and discharge in the gorge.
3. (3) Highest flow velocities (and presumably greatest potential for transporting chemical contaminants) occur in the upper unit of the Lockport and part of the lower unit of the Lockport Dolomite between the landfill and the gorge. The average time required for groundwater to move from the landfill to the discharge points at the gorge along selected flow paths in the Lockport Dolomite is estimated to be 5-6 yr.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(84)90049-0","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Maslia, M., and Johnston, R., 1984, Use of a digital model to evaluate hydrogeologic controls on groundwater flow in a fractured rock aquifer at Niagara Falls, New York, U.S.A.: Journal of Hydrology, v. 75, no. 1-4, p. 167-194, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(84)90049-0.","productDescription":"28 p.","startPage":"167","endPage":"194","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220091,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","otherGeospatial":"Niagara Falls","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -79.07144327825095,\n 43.09286795115449\n ],\n [\n -79.07144327825095,\n 43.07801889165893\n ],\n [\n -79.05037086913583,\n 43.07801889165893\n ],\n [\n -79.05037086913583,\n 43.09286795115449\n ],\n [\n -79.07144327825095,\n 43.09286795115449\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"75","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbe8fe4b08c986b329661","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Maslia, M.L.","contributorId":24090,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maslia","given":"M.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365990,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnston, R.H.","contributorId":19536,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnston","given":"R.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365989,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70013436,"text":"70013436 - 1984 - Transport and concentration controls for chloride, strontium, potassium and lead in Uvas Creek, a small cobble-bed stream in Santa Clara County, California, U.S.A.: 1. Conceptual model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-15T16:08:38.668793","indexId":"70013436","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Transport and concentration controls for chloride, strontium, potassium and lead in Uvas Creek, a small cobble-bed stream in Santa Clara County, California, U.S.A.: 1. Conceptual model","docAbstract":"Stream sediments adsorb certain solutes from streams, thereby significantly changing the solute composition; but little is known about the details and rates of these adsorptive processes. To investigate such processes, a 24-hr. injection of a solution containing chloride, strontium, potassium, sodium and lead was made at the head of a 640-m reach of Uvas Creek in west-central Santa Clara County, California. Uvas Creek is a cobble-bed pool-and-riffle stream draining the eastern slopes of the Santa Cruz Mountains. By September 12, 1973, after a long dry season, Uvas Creek had a low (0.0215 m3s−1 average) flow which varied diurnally, from 0.018 to 0.025 m3s−1. Because stream discharge varied while the injection rate was constant, the concentration of tracers (injected solutes), after mixing in the stream, varied inversely with discharge.
Chloride, a nonreactive solute, served as a tracer of water movement. Analysis of extensive chloride concentration data at five sites below the injection point during and after the injection demonstrated that there was considerable underflow of water through the stream gravels; however, the extent of underflow varied greatly within the study reach. Pre-injection water, displaced by tracer-laden water percolating through the gravels, diluted tracers in the stream channel, giving the mistaken impression of groundwater inflow at some points. Accurate measurement of total discharge in such streams requires prolonged tracer injection unless a reach can be found where underflow is negligible.
Strontium and potassium were adsorbed by the bed sediments to a moderate extent and lead was strongly adsorbed. A high proportion of these metals could be removed by adsorption from percolating underflow because of extensive and intimate contact with bed sediments. After channel clearing following injection cutoff, 51% of the added strontium and 96% of the lead remained in the study reach, whereas only 19% of the chloride remained. Packets of sized sediment, placed in the stream before the experiment and withdrawn during and after the injection, indicated that the strontium absorbed on the 0.42–0.50-mm size sediment appeared to achieve near equilibrium with dissolved strontium within less than 2 hr. whereas 3.4–4.0-mm grains had not reached that stage after 24 hr.
The cation-exchange capacity (CEC) of the sediments shows a “bimodal” distribution with grain size. Largest values are in the finest sizes, lower values in the fine-to-medium sand-size range, intermediate values in the coarse- to very coarse-grained sand, and decreasing values with size above very coarse-grained sand. This considerable exchange capacity in coarse-sand to granule-size particles means that a streambed, that has not been infilled with fines to reduce permeability, can be highly reactive and accessible throughout a rather thick sediment layer and hence have a large and available reactive capacity.
As stream discharge increases from low flow, the ratio of underflow to channel flow should decrease rapidly with resultant diminution in percent of solutes sorbed within a particular stream reach.
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Conceptual model: Journal of Hydrology, v. 75, no. 1-4, p. 67-110, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(84)90046-5.","productDescription":"44 p.","startPage":"67","endPage":"110","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220588,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Santa Clara County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"id\":227,\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Santa 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C.","contributorId":46080,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kennedy","given":"V.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366059,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jackman, A. P.","contributorId":46957,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jackman","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366060,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zand, S.M.","contributorId":25699,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zand","given":"S.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366057,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Zellweger, G. W.","contributorId":55445,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zellweger","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366061,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Avanzino, R.J.","contributorId":37336,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Avanzino","given":"R.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366058,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70013271,"text":"70013271 - 1984 - Groundwater-flow parameter estimation and quality modeling of the Equus Beds aquifer in Kansas, U.S.A.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-14T16:53:54.718216","indexId":"70013271","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Groundwater-flow parameter estimation and quality modeling of the Equus Beds aquifer in Kansas, U.S.A.","docAbstract":"The salinity problems created in the Burrton area as a result of poor oil-field brine disposal practices of the past continue to be a major concern to the area depending on the Equus Beds aquifer for water, including the City of Wichita, Kansas. In this paper, an attempt is made to predict where and how fast the brine plume will move in this area, and what the average chloride concentrations in different parts of the aquifer are. In order to make such predictions, it was necessary to get a calibrated model of the groundwater-flow velocity field. Multiple regression analysis is used for parameter estimation of the steady-state groundwater-flow equation applied in the most critical area of the Equus Beds aquifer. Results of such an analysis produced a correlation coefficient of 0.992 between calculated and observed values of hydraulic head. A chloride transport modeling effort is then carried out despite some serious data deficiencies, the significance of which are evaluated through sensitivity analysis. Thus, starting with the quasi steady-state conditions of the early 1940's, it was possible to match the present chloride distribution satisfactorily. Chloride concentration predictions made for the year 2000 indicate that the quality of the Wichita well-field waters will not generally deteriorate from their present condition by that time.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(84)90164-1","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Sophocleous, M., 1984, Groundwater-flow parameter estimation and quality modeling of the Equus Beds aquifer in Kansas, U.S.A.: Journal of Hydrology, v. 69, no. 1-4, p. 197-222, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(84)90164-1.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"197","endPage":"222","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219846,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Kansas","otherGeospatial":"Equus Beds aquifer","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -97.75234872951685,\n 38.17839167762153\n ],\n [\n -97.75234872951685,\n 37.4855633758371\n ],\n [\n -96.79405394886194,\n 37.4855633758371\n ],\n [\n -96.79405394886194,\n 38.17839167762153\n ],\n [\n -97.75234872951685,\n 38.17839167762153\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"69","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2dcde4b0c8380cd5c02c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sophocleous, M.A.","contributorId":18032,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sophocleous","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365692,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70013221,"text":"70013221 - 1984 - Experimental studies in natural groundwater recharge dynamics: Assessment of recent advances in instrumentation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-14T17:00:46.569772","indexId":"70013221","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-25T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Experimental studies in natural groundwater recharge dynamics: Assessment of recent advances in instrumentation","docAbstract":"To quantify and model the natural groundwater-recharge process, two sites in south-central Kansas, U.S.A., were instrumented with various modern sensors and data microloggers. The atmospheric-boundary layer and the unsaturated and saturated soil zones were monitored as a unified regime. Data from the various sensors were collected using microloggers in combination with magnetic-cassette tape, graphical and digital recorders, analog paper-tape recorders, and direct observations to evaluate and automate data collection and processing.
Atmospheric sensors included an anemometer, a tipping-bucket raingage, an air-temperature thermistor, a relative-humidity probe, a net radiometer, and a barometric-pressure transducer. Sensors in the unsaturated zone consisted of soil-temperature thermocouples, tensiometers coupled with pressure transducers and dial gages, gypsum blocks, and a neutron moisture probe operated by an observer. The saturated-zone sensors consisted of a water-level pressure transducer, a conventional float gage connected to a variable potentiometer, soil thermocouples, and a number of multiple-depth piezometers.
Evaluation of the operation of these sensors and recorders indicated that certain types of equipment such as pressure transducers are very sensitive to environmental conditions. Extraordinary steps had to be taken to protect some of the equipment, whereas other equipment seemed to be reliable under all conditions. Based on such experiences, a number of suggestions aimed at improving such investigations are outlined.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(84)90133-1","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Sophocleous, M., and Perry, C.A., 1984, Experimental studies in natural groundwater recharge dynamics: Assessment of recent advances in instrumentation: Journal of Hydrology, v. 70, no. 1-4, p. 369-382, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(84)90133-1.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"369","endPage":"382","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220081,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Kansas","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -99.1748871630371,\n 38.507940104645996\n ],\n [\n -99.1748871630371,\n 37.64917420455242\n ],\n [\n -97.68600447634276,\n 37.64917420455242\n ],\n [\n -97.68600447634276,\n 38.507940104645996\n ],\n [\n -99.1748871630371,\n 38.507940104645996\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"70","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0ddfe4b0c8380cd53226","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sophocleous, M.","contributorId":13373,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sophocleous","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365571,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Perry, C. A.","contributorId":106149,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perry","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365572,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":3480,"text":"cir917 - 1984 - Comparison of computer-based and manual coal resource estimation methods for the Cache coal bed, Recluse Geologic Model Area, Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:38","indexId":"cir917","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"917","title":"Comparison of computer-based and manual coal resource estimation methods for the Cache coal bed, Recluse Geologic Model Area, Wyoming","docAbstract":"Coal resources have been estimated, using both manual and computer methods, for the Cache coal bed in the Recluse Geologic Model Area, which covers the White Tail Butte, Pitch Draw, Recluse, and Homestead Draw SW 7?-minute quadrangles in Campbell County, Wyoming. Approximately 300 coal thickness measurements from drill-hole logs are distributed throughout the area The Cache coal bed and associated strata are in the Paleocene Tongue River Member of the Fort Union Formation. The depth to the Cache coal bed ranges from 269 to 1,257 feet. The coal bed is as much as 31 feet thick but is absent in places. Comparisons between hand-drawn and computer-generated isopach maps show minimal differences. Total coal resources estimated by hand show the bed to contain 2,228 million short tons or about 2.6 percent more than the computer-calculated figure of 2,169 million short tons.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/cir917","usgsCitation":"Schneider, G.B., Crowley, S.S., and Carey, M.A., 1984, Comparison of computer-based and manual coal resource estimation methods for the Cache coal bed, Recluse Geologic Model Area, Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 917, iii, 48 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir917.","productDescription":"iii, 48 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124565,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1984/0917/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":30491,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1984/0917/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a82e4b07f02db64a9e8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schneider, Gary B.","contributorId":64253,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schneider","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147003,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Crowley, Sharon S.","contributorId":78325,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crowley","given":"Sharon","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147004,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Carey, Mary Alice","contributorId":80646,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carey","given":"Mary","email":"","middleInitial":"Alice","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147005,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":25971,"text":"wri844194 - 1984 - Evaluation of the hydrologic system and potential effects of mining in the Dickinson lignite area, eastern slope and western Stark and Hettinger counties, North Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-14T15:41:55","indexId":"wri844194","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"84-4194","title":"Evaluation of the hydrologic system and potential effects of mining in the Dickinson lignite area, eastern slope and western Stark and Hettinger counties, North Dakota","docAbstract":"The investigation of the water resources of the Dickinson lignite area, an area of about 500 square miles, was undertaken to define the hydrologic system of the area and to project probable effects of coal mining on the system.
Aquifers occur in sandstone beds in: the Fox Hills Sandstone and the lower Hell Creek Formation of Cretaceous age, the upper Hell Creek Formation of Cretaceous age and the lower Ludlow Member of the Fort Union Formation of Tertiary age, and the upper Ludlow and lower Tongue River Members of the Fort Union Formation of Tertiary age. Aquifers also occur in the sandstone and lignite lenses in the upper Tongue River Member and the Sentinel Butte Member of the Fort Union Formation.
Depths to the Fox Hills-lower Hell Creek aquifer system range from about 1,300 to 1,710 feet. Well yields range from 18 to 100 gallons per minute. The water is soft and is a sodium bicarbonate type. Dissolvedsolids concentrations in samples collected from the aquifer system ranged from 1,230 to 1,690 milligrams per liter.
Depths to the upper Hell Creek-lower Ludlow aquifer system range from about 720 to 1,040 feet. Well yields generally are less than 30 gallons per minute but may be as much as 150 gallons per minute. The water is soft and a sodium bicarbonate type. Dissolved-solids concentrations in samples collected from the aquifer system ranged from 1,010 to 1,450 milligrams per liter.
Depths to the upper Ludlow-lower Tongue River aquifer system range from about 440 to 713 feet. Well yields may range from about 1 to 100 gallons per minute. The water generally is soft and a sodium bicarbonate type but may be moderately hard and a sulfate type in the southwestern part of the area. Dissolved-solids concentrations in samples collected from the aquifer system ranged from 995 to 1,990 milligrams per liter.
Depths to the upper Tongue River-Sentinel Butte aquifer system range from near land surface to about 530 feet below land surface. Well yields generally range from about 1 to 185 gallons per minute. Yields from the lignite parts of the system range from about 2 to 60 gallons per minute. The water generally is a sodium bicarbonate type, but locally sulfate is the dominant anion. Dissolved-solids concentrations in samples collected from the aquifer system generally ranged from 574 to 2,720 milligrams per liter.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri844194","usgsCitation":"Armstrong, C.A., 1984, Evaluation of the hydrologic system and potential effects of mining in the Dickinson lignite area, eastern slope and western Stark and Hettinger counties, North Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 84-4194, Report: v, 35 p.; Plate: 22.55 x 19.31 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri844194.","productDescription":"Report: v, 35 p.; Plate: 22.55 x 19.31 inches","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":123870,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4194/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54717,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4194/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":54718,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4194/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"North Dakota","county":"Hettinger County, Stark County","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a08e4b07f02db5fa3b1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Armstrong, C. A.","contributorId":66231,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Armstrong","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195565,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":25393,"text":"wri834280 - 1984 - Analysis of the Carmel Valley alluvial ground-water basin, Monterey County, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-10-24T17:16:13","indexId":"wri834280","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"83-4280","title":"Analysis of the Carmel Valley alluvial ground-water basin, Monterey County, California","docAbstract":"A two-dimensional, finite-element, digital model was developed for the Carmel Valley alluvial ground-water basin using measured, computed, and estimated discharge and recharge data for the basin. Discharge data included evapotranspiration by phreatophytes and agricultural, municipal, and domestic pumpage. Recharge data included river leakage, tributary runoff, and pumping return flow. Recharge from subsurface boundary flow and rainfall infiltration was assumed to be insignificant. From 1974 through 1978, the annual pumping rate ranged from 5,900 to 9,100 acre-feet per year with 55 percent allotted to municipal use principally exported out of the valley, 44 percent to agricultural use, and 1 percent to domestic use. The pumpage return flow within the valley ranged from 900 to 1,500 acre-feet per year. The aquifer properties of transmissivity (about 5,900 feet squared per day) and of the storage coefficient (0.19) were estimated from an average alluvial thickness of 75 feet and from less well-defined data on specific capacity and grain-size distribution. During calibration the values estimated for hydraulic conductivity and storage coefficient for the lower valley were reduced because of the smaller grain size there. The river characteristics were based on field and laboratory analyses of hydraulic conductivity and on altitude survey data. The model is intended principally for simulation of flow conditions using monthly time steps. Time variations in transmissivity and short-term, highrecharge potential are included in the model. The years 1974 through 1978 (including \"pre-\" and \"post-\" drought) were selected because of the extreme fluctuation in water levels between the low levels measured during dry years and the above-normal water levels measured during the preceding and following wet years. Also, during this time more hydrologic information was available. Significantly, computed water levels were generally within a few feet of the measured levels, and computed flows were close to gaged riverflows for this simulation. However, the nonuniqueness of solutions with respect to different sets of data indicates the model does not necessarily validate the correctness of the individual variables. The model might be improved with additional knowledge of the distribution of confining sediments in the lower end of the valley and the aquifer properties above and below them. The solution algorithm could account for confinement or partial confinement in the lower end of the valley plus contributions from the Tularcitos aquifer.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","publisherLocation":"Sacramento, CA","doi":"10.3133/wri834280","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Monterey Peninsula Water Management District","usgsCitation":"Kapple, G.W., Mitten, H.T., Durbin, T.J., and Johnson, M.J., 1984, Analysis of the Carmel Valley alluvial ground-water basin, Monterey County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 83-4280, v, 45 p.; 1 Plate: 42 x 58.76 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri834280.","productDescription":"v, 45 p.; 1 Plate: 42 x 58.76 inches","numberOfPages":"50","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":123561,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1983/4280/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":262770,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1983/4280/wri834280_plate1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":54125,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1983/4280/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Monterey","otherGeospatial":"Carmel Valley","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.0,36.25 ], [ -122.0,36.75 ], [ -121.5,36.75 ], [ -121.5,36.25 ], [ -122.0,36.25 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acfe4b07f02db6800a2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kapple, Glenn W.","contributorId":89567,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kapple","given":"Glenn","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193507,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mitten, Hugh T.","contributorId":103652,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mitten","given":"Hugh","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193508,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Durbin, Timothy J.","contributorId":63373,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Durbin","given":"Timothy","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193506,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Johnson, Michael J. johnsonm@usgs.gov","contributorId":2282,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Michael","email":"johnsonm@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":193505,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":25426,"text":"wri844127 - 1984 - Cost effectiveness of the stream-gaging program in northeastern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:10","indexId":"wri844127","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"84-4127","title":"Cost effectiveness of the stream-gaging program in northeastern California","docAbstract":"Results are documented of a study of the cost effectiveness of the stream-gaging program in northeastern California. Data uses and funding sources were identified for the 127 continuous stream gages currently being operated in the study area. One stream gage was found to have insufficient data use to warrant cooperative Federal funding. Flow-routing and multiple-regression models were used to simulate flows at selected gaging stations. The models may be sufficiently accurate to replace two of the stations. The average standard error of estimate of streamflow records is 12.9 percent. This overall level of accuracy could be reduced to 12.0 percent using computer-recommended service routes and visit frequencies. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri844127","usgsCitation":"Hoffard, S., Pearce, V., Tasker, G.D., and Doyle, W., 1984, Cost effectiveness of the stream-gaging program in northeastern California: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 84-4127, vi, 110 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri844127.","productDescription":"vi, 110 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123066,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4127/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54143,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4127/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":54144,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4127/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad6e4b07f02db683f64","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hoffard, S.H.","contributorId":13269,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoffard","given":"S.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193642,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pearce, V.F.","contributorId":79506,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pearce","given":"V.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193643,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tasker, Gary D.","contributorId":83097,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tasker","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193644,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Doyle, W.H.","contributorId":9685,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doyle","given":"W.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193641,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":27159,"text":"wri844233 - 1984 - Magnitude and frequency of flood volumes for urban watersheds in Leon County, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:26","indexId":"wri844233","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"84-4233","title":"Magnitude and frequency of flood volumes for urban watersheds in Leon County, Florida","docAbstract":"Techniques are provided for estimating runoff magnitudes for urban-flow streams in Leon County, Florida, for recurrence intervals of 2, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, and 500 years. Synthetic runoff volumes were generated by using a calibrated lumped-parameter rainfall-runoff model, pan evaporation data from Milton, Florida, and long-term unit rainfall records from Thomasville-Coolidge, Georgia, and Pensacola, Florida. The synthetic runoff volumes were used to develop station runoff-frequency relations which were used in multiple linear regression analyses to derive regional equations relating runoff to basin characteristics. The significant basin characteristic was impervious area. The average standard error of regression was + or - 16 percent for all recurrence intervals except the 2-year, + or - 18 percent and the 500-year + or - 17 percent. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri844233","usgsCitation":"Franklin, M., 1984, Magnitude and frequency of flood volumes for urban watersheds in Leon County, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 84-4233, iv, 20 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri844233.","productDescription":"iv, 20 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123871,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4233/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56036,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4233/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db6494f2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Franklin, M.A.","contributorId":13631,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Franklin","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197662,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":27398,"text":"wri844114 - 1984 - Hydrogeology and effects of tailings basins on the hydrology of Sands Plain, Marquette County, Michigan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-09-29T14:42:11","indexId":"wri844114","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"84-4114","title":"Hydrogeology and effects of tailings basins on the hydrology of Sands Plain, Marquette County, Michigan","docAbstract":"Sands Plain, a 225-square mile area, is near the Marquette iron-mining district in Michigan's Upper Peninsula. Gribben Basin, a settling basin for disposal of waste rock particles from iron-ore concentration, is in the western part. Because Sands Plain is near iron-ore deposits, but not underlain by them, parts of the area are being considered as sites for additional tailings basins.
Glacial deposits, as much as 500 feet thick, comprise the principal aquifer. Most ground water flows through the glacial deposits and discharges in a series of nearly parallel tributaries to the Chocolay River which flows into Lake Superior. Ninety-five percent of the discharge of these streams is ground-water runoff. The aquifer is recharged by precipitation at an average rate of 15 inches per year and by streamflow losses from the upper reaches of Goose Lake Outlet at an average rate of 2 inches per year.
Precipitation collected at two sites had mean pH values of 4.0; rates of deposition of sulfate and total dissolved nitrogen were estimated to be 17.4 and 5.8 pounds per acre per year, respectively. Dissolved-solids concentrations in water from streams ranged from 82 to 143 milligrams per liter; sulfate ranged from 4.2 to 10 milligrams per liter. Calcium and bicarbonate were the principal dissolved substances. Highest dissolved-solids concentrations in water from wells in glacial deposits were found in a major buried valley east of Goose Lake Outlet. These concentrations ranged from 14 to 246 milligrams per liter; sulfate concentrations ranged from 0.9 to 53 milligrams per liter. Because of the high ground-water component of streamflow, mean concentrations of total nitrogen and trace metals in surface water do not differ significantly from mean concentrations in ground water.
A two-dimensional digital model of ground-water flow was used to simulate water levels and ground-water runoff under steady-state and transient conditions Predictive simulations with the steady-state model were made to determine the effects of continued operation of Gribben tailings basin and construction and operation of four hypothetical tailings basins. Operation of Gribben Basin has decreased the average rate of ground-water flow to Goose Lake Outlet by 0.9 to 1.6 cubic feet per second but has increased the average rate of groundwater flow to Warner Creek by about 0.2 cubic foot per second. Continued filling of the tailings basin to its design capacity is expected to cause a slight increase in leakage from the basin to Goose Lake Outlet.
Four hypothetical tailings basins, comprising a total of 11 square miles, were simulated by successively adding one more basin to the previous basin configuration. Net ground-water flow to streams was reduced by the simulated basins. The magnitude of these reductions depends on engineering decisions about the method of basin construction and a better understanding of the hydraulic properties of the materials used to seal the basin perimeters. The maximum total reduction in ground-water runoff due to construction and operation of 11 square miles of tailings basins is about 18 cubic feet per second compared to flow simulated by a steady-state simulation without tailings basins. If bottom sealing, rather than slurry wall construction, is used for one of the hypothetical basins, the total maximum reduction is 7.5 cubic feet per second. Under some assumed conditions, leakage from the tailings basins may slightly increase ground-water flow to Goose Lake Outlet and Warner Creek. The maximum probable leakage from all tailings basins is about 7 cubic feet per second; the minimum probable leakage is about 0.7 cubic foot per second.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Lansing, MI","doi":"10.3133/wri844114","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Michigan Department of Natural Resources","usgsCitation":"Grannemann, N., 1984, Hydrogeology and effects of tailings basins on the hydrology of Sands Plain, Marquette County, Michigan: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 84-4114, Document: vi, 98 p.; Plate: 22.07 x 17.25 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri844114.","productDescription":"Document: vi, 98 p.; Plate: 22.07 x 17.25 inches","costCenters":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":56258,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4114/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":124328,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4114/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56257,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4114/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan","county":"Marquette County","otherGeospatial":"Sands Plain","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -87.625,\n 46.5\n ],\n [\n -87.233333,\n 46.5\n ],\n [\n -87.233333,\n 46.316667\n ],\n [\n -87.466667,\n 46.316667\n ],\n [\n -87.466667,\n 46.366667\n ],\n [\n -87.516667,\n 46.391667\n ],\n [\n -87.625,\n 46.391667\n ],\n [\n -87.625,\n 46.5\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4de4b07f02db6277f2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grannemann, N.G.","contributorId":11221,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grannemann","given":"N.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198048,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":27287,"text":"wri844327 - 1984 - Evaluation of the ground-water resources of parts of Lancaster and Berks Counties, Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-05T10:30:37","indexId":"wri844327","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"84-4327","title":"Evaluation of the ground-water resources of parts of Lancaster and Berks Counties, Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"Secondary openings in bedrock are the avenues for virtually all ground-water flow in a 626-sqare-mile area in Lancaster and Berks Counties, Pennsylvania. The number, size, and interconnection of secondary openings are functions of lithology, depth, and topography. Ground water actively circulates to depths of 150 to 300 feet below land surface. Total average annual ground-water recharge for the area is 388 million gallons per day, most of which discharges to streams from local, unconfined flow systems. \r\n\r\n A digital ground-water flow model was developed to simulate unconfined flow under several different recharge and withdrawal scenarios. On the basis of lithologic and hydrologic differences, the modeled area was sub-divided into 22 hydrogeologic units. A finite-difference grid with rectangular blocks, each 2,015 by 2,332 feet, was used. The model was calibrated under steady-state and transient conditions. The steady-state calibration was used to determine hydraulic conductivities and stream leakage coefficients and the transient calibration was used to determine specific yields. \r\n\r\n The 22 hydrogeologic units fall into four general lithologies: Carbonate rocks, metamorphic rocks, Paleozoic sedimentary rocks, and Triassic sedimentary rocks. Average hydraulic conductivity ranges from about 8.8 feet per day in carbonate units to about .5 feet per day in metamorphic units. The Stonehenge Formation (limestone) has the greatest average hydraulic conductivity--85.2 feet per day in carbonate units to about 0.11 feet per day in the greatest gaining-strem leakage coefficient--16.81 feet per day. Specific yield ranges from 0.06 to 0.09 in carbonate units, and is 0.02 to 0.015, and 0.012 in metamorphic, Paleozoic sedimentary, and Triassic sedimentary units, respectively. \r\n\r\n Transient simulations were made to determine the effects of four different combinations of natural and artificial stresses. Natural aquifer conditions (no ground-water withdrawals) and actual aquifer conditions (current ground-water withdrawals) were simulated for two years under normal seasonal and hypothetical drought (60-percent reduction in winter-spring recharge) conditions. \r\n\r\n In October, 6 months after the hypothetical drought, simulated declines in water-table altitude due to the drought occurred everywhere and ranged from a median of 3.6 feet in carbonate units to 8.7 feet in carbonate units. Simulated base flows for five major streams were reduced by 33 to 51 percent during the hypothetical drought. \r\n\r\n Also in October, maximum simulated declines in water-table altitude due to ground-water withdrawls ranged from 33 feet in carbonate units to 79 feet in Triassic sedimentary units. Simulated base flows for five major streams were reduced by the amount of ground water withdrawn. \r\n\r\n Finally, again in October, maximum simulated declines in water-table altitude due to the combination of hypothetical drought and ground-water withdrawls ranged from 38 feet in carbonate units to 109 feet in Triassic sedimentary units. Due to aquifer dewatering, simulated declines were as much as 24 feet greater than the sum of the separate simulated declines that were caused by hypothetical drought and ground-water withdrawals. Some of the greatest simulated declines were in well fields, operated by three municipalities that experienced water-supply problems during the 1980-81 drought.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri844327","usgsCitation":"Gerhart, J.M., and Lazorchick, G., 1984, Evaluation of the ground-water resources of parts of Lancaster and Berks Counties, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 84-4327, vii, 136 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri844327.","productDescription":"vii, 136 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":56170,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4327/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":56169,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4327/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":56165,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4327/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":56166,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4327/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":56167,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4327/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":124691,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4327/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56168,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4327/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a29e4b07f02db611ae6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gerhart, J. M.","contributorId":12855,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gerhart","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197854,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lazorchick, G.J.","contributorId":100391,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lazorchick","given":"G.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197855,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":27340,"text":"wri834078 - 1984 - Storage analyses for ephemeral streams in semiarid regions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:44","indexId":"wri834078","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"83-4078","title":"Storage analyses for ephemeral streams in semiarid regions","docAbstract":"A model has been developed for determining the probability of a reservoir being unable to provide a specified downstream water supply. By applying the model with a number of assumed storage capacities, the long-term water supply potential of a stream below a reservoir can be evaluated. Previous methods for determining available water supply from streamflow records using a reservoir storage analysis have met with limited success in semiarid regions. The shortcomings are due to the failure of the methods to account for zero-flow periods and the high day-to-day variability of discharge of many streams. The reservoir storage model presented in this report is designed to account for these streamflow characteristics. Reservoir inflow, outflow, and evaporation are modeled as varying daily, and values of storage probability are adjusted for zero-flow periods. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri834078","usgsCitation":"Glover, K.C., 1984, Storage analyses for ephemeral streams in semiarid regions: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 83-4078, v, 55 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri834078.","productDescription":"v, 55 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":158905,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1983/4078/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56205,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1983/4078/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b42fe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Glover, K. C.","contributorId":14828,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glover","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197945,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":30009,"text":"wri844162 - 1984 - Hydrology of Prairie Dog Creek Valley, Norton Dam to state line, north-central Kansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:03","indexId":"wri844162","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"84-4162","title":"Hydrology of Prairie Dog Creek Valley, Norton Dam to state line, north-central Kansas","docAbstract":"Development of water resources has been a major factor in the economy of Prairie Dog Creek Valley in north-central Kansas. Releases from Norton Reservoir to the Almena Irrigation District averaged 6,900 acre-feet per year during 1967-76. The number of irrigation wells increased from 4 to 147 during 1947-78. Ground water in the valley is derived mostly from the alluvial aquifer. The effects of irrigation on the aquifer are indicated by water-level changes. The water in storage increased from 130,000 to 136,000 acre-feet during 1947-78 due to recharge from surface-water irrigation. A steady-state model of the aquifer prior to irrigation (1947) indicated that most recharge was from precipitation (88 percent) and most discharge was to streams (54 percent) and reparian transpiration (26 percent). Although aquifer storage increased in this area, storage generally decreased in other areas of western Kansas. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri844162","usgsCitation":"Stullken, L., 1984, Hydrology of Prairie Dog Creek Valley, Norton Dam to state line, north-central Kansas: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 84-4162, vi, 49 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri844162.","productDescription":"vi, 49 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":122665,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4162/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58814,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4162/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":58815,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4162/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":58816,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4162/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":58817,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4162/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a17e4b07f02db6047de","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stullken, L.E.","contributorId":59049,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stullken","given":"L.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202523,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":29690,"text":"wri834271 - 1984 - Shallow ground-water flow and drainage characteristics of the Brown ditch basin near the East Unit, Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore, Indiana, 1982","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:57","indexId":"wri834271","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"83-4271","title":"Shallow ground-water flow and drainage characteristics of the Brown ditch basin near the East Unit, Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore, Indiana, 1982","docAbstract":"Brown ditch drains wetlands between three parallel ridges of sand dunes near the East Unit of Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore in Poter County, Indiana. Dune and lacustrine sands form a surficial aquifer that is the source of base flow to the ditch. Profiles established in July and August 1982 show that the average streambed slope of the ditch in the Lakeshore (0.19 percent) is six times that of the upstream east reach in the adjacent town, The Pines (0.03 percent). Although the ditch contains debris and vegetation, the reach in the Lakeshore seems to convey all the base flow it receives. In contrast, the upstream east arm contains several ponded sections where flow is sluggish. Digital model simulations show that dredging to form a uniformly graded streambed and eliminate ponding in the upstream east arm of the ditch south of The Pines could lower the water table 0.2 to 2.0 feet in The Pines. Lowering the ditch stage in the Lakeshore by 0.5 to 1.0 foot would cause additional water-table decline of less than 0.5 foot in The Pines. Lowering the ditch stage both in the Lakeshore and in The Pines could lower the water-table in the Lakeshore by nearly 1.0 foot. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri834271","usgsCitation":"Shedlock, R.J., and Harkness, W.E., 1984, Shallow ground-water flow and drainage characteristics of the Brown ditch basin near the East Unit, Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore, Indiana, 1982: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 83-4271, iv, 37 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri834271.","productDescription":"iv, 37 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":159674,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1983/4271/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58514,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1983/4271/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49d6e4b07f02db5de58c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shedlock, R. J.","contributorId":91510,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shedlock","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201957,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harkness, W. E.","contributorId":19176,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harkness","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201956,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":28174,"text":"wri844045 - 1984 - Geohydrology and chemical quality of water in Middle and Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous rocks, western Kansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:50","indexId":"wri844045","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"84-4045","title":"Geohydrology and chemical quality of water in Middle and Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous rocks, western Kansas","docAbstract":"Fresh and saline water occur in Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous rocks in western Kansas. The maximum thickness of the Jurassic aquifer is about 50 feet. During 1981, water levels ranged from 255 to 1,160 feet below land surface; the static heads ranged from about 2,400 to 3,100 feet above sea level and the hydraulic gradient ranged from 16 feet per mile toward the northeast to 40 feet per mile toward the north. The water is moderately saline, very hard, a sodium sulfate or sodium chloride type, and unsuitable for drinking and irrigation. The maximum thickness of the Cheyenne aquifer is about 190 feet. During 1981, water levels ranged from 267 to 375 feet below land surface; the static heads varied from less than 2,300 to more than 3,200 feet above sea level; and the hydraulic gradient was 8 feet per mile toward the east. The water is fresh to moderately saline, soft to very hard, a sodium sulfate or sodium , bicarbonate type, and suitable to unsuitable for drinking and irrigation. The maximum thickness of the Dakota aquifer is about 150 feet. During 1982, water levels ranged from 24 to 604 feet below land surface; the static heads ranged from about 2,100 to 3,200 feet above sea level; and the hydraulic gradient was 11 feet per mile toward the east and northeast. The water is fresh to slightly saline, soft to very hard, and suitable to unsuitable for drinking and irrigation. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri844045","usgsCitation":"Kume, J., 1984, Geohydrology and chemical quality of water in Middle and Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous rocks, western Kansas: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 84-4045, x, 54 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri844045.","productDescription":"x, 54 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":119670,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4045/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57007,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4045/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8d80","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kume, Jack","contributorId":100843,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kume","given":"Jack","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199334,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":28085,"text":"wri844312 - 1984 - Simulated artificial recharge in the Big Sioux Aquifer in Minnehaha County, South Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:43","indexId":"wri844312","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"84-4312","title":"Simulated artificial recharge in the Big Sioux Aquifer in Minnehaha County, South Dakota","docAbstract":"The Big Sioux aquifer in Minnehaha County is a water-table aquifer hydraulically connected to the Big Sioux River. A digital-computer model previously developed by the U.S. Geological Survey was used to simulate potential effects of artificial recharge on the aquifer. A simulation was made by recharging water at the rate of 870 gallons per minute for four 30-day periods. Total water recharged to the aquifer during the 120 days was 150.3 million gallons. About 24.4 million gallons of water discharged from the aquifer to the river during the 120-day recharge period and about 30 million gallons discharged from the aquifer to the river during three 30-day recovery periods, both as a result of the artificial recharge, therefore, a total of 54.4 million gallons or 36 percent of the 150.3 million gallons that was artificially recharged from the aquifer to the river. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri844312","usgsCitation":"Koch, N., 1984, Simulated artificial recharge in the Big Sioux Aquifer in Minnehaha County, South Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 84-4312, iii, 8 p. :maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri844312.","productDescription":"iii, 8 p. :maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":159042,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4312/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56905,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4312/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f9e4b07f02db5f388b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Koch, N.C.","contributorId":67529,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koch","given":"N.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199193,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":4116,"text":"cir905 - 1984 - Vertical crustal movements in Southern California, 1974 to 1978","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:36","indexId":"cir905","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"905","title":"Vertical crustal movements in Southern California, 1974 to 1978","docAbstract":"An extensive resurvey of most of the first-order leveling network in southern California, known as the Southern California Releveling Program (SCRP), was carried out during the first 5 months of 1978. The primary scientific purpose of these measurements was to rapidly update the vertical control record throughout a recently uplifted region of southern California in order to more thoroughly document the vertical component of tectonic movement and to provide a reliable base for comparison with future levelings. Analyses of historic first-order leveling results have clearly demonstrated that a broad crustal upwarping, largely contained within a region consisting of the Transverse Ranges province and an area along the intervening section of the San Andreas fault system, had developed between about 1959 and 1974. Unfortunately, there is strong evidence that parts of the 1978 SCRP data are contaminated by the effects of intrasurvey tectonic deformation, limited surficial failures, and, less certainly, magnetically induced systematic error associated with the use of automatic levels. However, any distortions in leveling results caused by these or other factors are not so serious as to render the SCRP data useless. In fact, the bulk of these data can be accepted at face value, and most of the remaining data can be incorporated with some caution to augment the more reliable parts of the network. The evaluation of the 1978 leveling is based on a combination of circuit-misclosures, local timing of the field observations, analysis of profiles of apparent height changes derived from comparisons with previous levelings, and an analysis of the position and orientation of the various routes in relation to the regional structural grain and the gradients of differential vertical motion established by previous investigations. Comparisons of the 1978 SCRP results with the latest of the previous surveys along each route retained in the analysis show that all but about one-third of the uplift established by leveling data from 1959 to the combined 1974/76 survey period had relaxed by early 1978 through tectonic subsidence. Subsequent limited relevelings along several of the 1978 routes show that rapid tectonic subsidence probably continued through at least early 1979. Despite the pronounced down-to-the-northeast (northeastward) tilt that developed between 1976 and early 1978, the overall shape of the uplift was well preserved. Results of repeated trilateration surveys since 1971 demonstrate that a remarkably uniform and nearly monotonic negative dilatational strain-change trend reversed abruptly between 1977 and 1979. The change from tectonic up to tectonic subsidence is associated with this reversal in horizontal strain accumulation. The reversal in strain trend was expressed as a cessation of the essentially uniaxial north-south contraction, which had been accumulating at about 2? 10 -7/yr (or 0.2 ?strain/yr), accompanied by onset of uniaxial east-west \r\nextension at about 5 ? 10 -7/yr (or 0.5 ?strain/yr). Minor earthquakes and occasional swarms of moderate earthquakes were particularly abundant during 1978 and 1979 in conspicuously mobile regions such as the eastern Transverse Ranges and the Salton Trough, areas respectively characterized by nearly complete collapse of the previous maximum uplift and by a dramatic enhancement of the previously identified tectonic subsidence.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/cir905","usgsCitation":"Burford, R.O., and Gilmore, T.D., 1984, Vertical crustal movements in Southern California, 1974 to 1978: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 905, iii, 22 p. :ill., maps ;26 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir905.","productDescription":"iii, 22 p. :ill., maps ;26 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124535,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1984/0905/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":31217,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1984/0905/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a13e4b07f02db6020dd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burford, Robert O.","contributorId":52560,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burford","given":"Robert","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148231,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gilmore, Thomas D.","contributorId":64235,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gilmore","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148232,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}