A multi-residue method is described for the determination o triazine herbicides in natural water samples. The technique uses solvent extraction followed by gas chromatographic separation and detection employing nitrogen-selective devices. Seven compounds can be determined simultaneously at a nominal detection limit of 0.1 μg/L in a 1-litre sample. Three different natural water samples were used for error analysis via evaluation of recovery efficiencies and estimation of overall method precision. As an alternative to liquid-liquid partition (solvent extraction) for removal of compounds of interest from water, solid-phase extraction (SPE) techniques employing chromatographic grade silicas with chemically modified surfaces have been examined. SPE is found to provide rapid and efficient concentration with quantitative recovery of some triazine herbicides from natural water samples. Concentration factors of 500 to 1000 times are obtained readily by the SPE technique.
Improved regional and interregional stratigraphic correlations of Pennsylvanian strata permit comparisons of vegetational changes in Euramerican coal swamps. The coal-swamp vegetation is known directly from in situ coal-ball peat deposits from more than 65 coals in the United States and Europe. Interpretations of coal-swamp floras on the basis of coal-ball peat studies are extended to broader regional and stratigraphic patterns by use of coal palynology. Objectives of the quantitative analyses of the vegetation in relation to coal are to determine the botanical constituents at the peat stage and their environmental implications for plant growth and peat accumulation. Morphological and paleoecological analyses provide a basis for deducing freshwater regimes of coal swamps.
Changes in composition of Pennsylvanian coal-swamp vegetation are quire similar from one paralic coal region to another and show synchrony that is attributable to climate. Paleobotany and paleogeography of the Euramerican province indicate a moist tropical paleoclimate. Rainfall, runoff and evapotranspiration were the variable climatic controls in the distribution of coal-swamp vegetation, peat accumulation and coal resources. In relative terms of climatic wetness the Pennsylvanian Period is divisible into five intervals, which include two relatively drier intervals that developed during the Lower-Middle and Middle-Upper Pennsylvanian transitions. The climate during Early Pennsylvanian time was moderately wet and the median in moisture availability. Early Middle Pennsylvanian was drier, probably seasonally dry-wet; late Middle Pennsylvanian was the wettest in the Midcontinent; early Late Pennsylvanian was the driest; and late Late Pennsylvanian was probably the wettest in the Dunkard Basin. The five climatic intervals represent a general means of dividing coal resources within each region into groups with similar botanical constituents and environments of peat accumulation. Regional differences in basinal geology and climate were significant variables, but the synchronous control of paleoclimate was of primary importance.
Simulated observations of spawning stock size, recruitment, and two random environmental variables were obtained from a density-independent Leslie matrix model. Recruitment to Age 1 was directly proportional to population fecundity but strongly influenced by the effects of the random environmental variables. The simulated observations were subjected to multiple regression analysis which detected the influence of the random environmental variables but did not reliably detect the influence of spawning stock. These results indicate that multiple regression is unreliable in detecting the influence of stock on recruitment when annual variations in recruitment are primarily due to environmental factors.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1984)4<186:OTATDT>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Goodyear, C., and Christensen, S.W., 1984, On the ability to detect the influence of spawning stock on recruitment: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 4, no. 2, p. 186-193, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1984)4<186:OTATDT>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"186","endPage":"193","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130751,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"4","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a16e4b07f02db603c9e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Goodyear, C.P.","contributorId":11538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goodyear","given":"C.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":319447,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Christensen, Sigurd W.","contributorId":94155,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christensen","given":"Sigurd","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":932409,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70012821,"text":"70012821 - 1984 - GEOLOGIC APPLICATIONS OF SIDE-LOOKING AIRBORNE RADAR DATA IN THE CENTRAL APPALACHIAN MOUNTAINS.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:03","indexId":"70012821","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"GEOLOGIC APPLICATIONS OF SIDE-LOOKING AIRBORNE RADAR DATA IN THE CENTRAL APPALACHIAN MOUNTAINS.","docAbstract":"Side-looking airborne radar has provided a sufficiently detailed synoptic view of the central Appalachian Mountains that the images give an unparalleled representation of the size and nature of the folds within the Valley and Ridge province. The radar data show that fold wavelengths decrease abruptly south of the region of the Pennsylvania, Maryland, and West Virginia State lines. Concomittantly, this decrease in fold wavelength is accompanied by an increase in both frequency and length of disturbed zones. The model predicted by the combination of the radar images and field observations suggests a broad lateral ramp, perpendicular to the strike of the fold-belt, connecting a deeper decollement level north of the Pennsylvania, Maryland and West Virginia State lines with a shallower decollement to the south. Recently, the first author has located a field example of a lateral ramp approximately one kilometer north of Mathias, West Virginia. This lateral ramp shows an up-to-the-north configuration and the extensions both northwestward and southeastward can be seen on the radar images as a series of cross-strike lineaments.","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the International Symposium on Remote Sensing of Environment, Third Thematic Conference: Remote Sensing for Exploration Geology.","conferenceLocation":"Colorado Springs, CO, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Environmental Research Inst of Michigan","publisherLocation":"Ann Arbor, MI, USA","usgsCitation":"Pohn, H.A., and Southworth, C.S., 1984, GEOLOGIC APPLICATIONS OF SIDE-LOOKING AIRBORNE RADAR DATA IN THE CENTRAL APPALACHIAN MOUNTAINS., Proceedings of the International Symposium on Remote Sensing of Environment, Third Thematic Conference: Remote Sensing for Exploration Geology., Colorado Springs, CO, USA.","startPage":"349","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221849,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a144ee4b0c8380cd549bc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pohn, Howard A.","contributorId":66681,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pohn","given":"Howard","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364608,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Southworth, C. Scott 0000-0002-7976-7807 ssouthwo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7976-7807","contributorId":1608,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Southworth","given":"C.","email":"ssouthwo@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Scott","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":364607,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70013199,"text":"70013199 - 1984 - On the formation of calderas during ignimbrite eruptions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:16","indexId":"70013199","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2840,"text":"Nature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"On the formation of calderas during ignimbrite eruptions","docAbstract":"Many large calderas result from the eruption of substantial volumes (tens or hundreds of km3) of silicic pyroclastics. Such events often begin with an airfall phase and progress to the generation of voluminous ignimbrites1-3. We propose here that many such eruptions involve two well-defined stages, based on a simple analysis of magma chamber pressure variations during an eruption. The first stage begins when an overpressured magma chamber fractures the country rock and forms a conduit to the surface. The chamber pressure decreases rapidly to values less than lithostatic pressure. We show that only small to moderate volumes of magma, representing a small fraction of the total chamber, can be erupted during this stage. In the second stage, caldera collapse results from a further decrease in magma pressure, which causes the chamber roof to fracture catastrophically and deform. Subsidence of the roof attempts to re-establish lithostatic pressures within the chamber and can drive substantial volumes of magma to the surface. Geological relationships in pyroclastic deposits associated with large caldera eruptions provide independent evidence for this model. ?? 1984 Nature Publishing Group.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Nature","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1038/310679a0","issn":"00280836","usgsCitation":"Druitt, T.H., and Sparks, R.S., 1984, On the formation of calderas during ignimbrite eruptions: Nature, v. 310, no. 5979, p. 679-681, https://doi.org/10.1038/310679a0.","startPage":"679","endPage":"681","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":204968,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/310679a0"},{"id":219784,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"310","issue":"5979","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6dcde4b0c8380cd75336","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Druitt, T. H.","contributorId":60662,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Druitt","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365528,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sparks, R. S. J.","contributorId":46686,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sparks","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"S. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365527,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70013387,"text":"70013387 - 1984 - Inverse problems for torsional modes.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-12T11:25:23","indexId":"70013387","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1804,"text":"Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Inverse problems for torsional modes.","docAbstract":"Considers a spherically symmetric, non-rotating Earth consisting of an isotropic, perfect elastic material where the density and the S-wave velocity may have one or two discontinuities in the upper mantle. Shows that given the velocity throughout the mantle and the crust and given the density in the lower mantle, then the freqencies of the torsional oscillations of one angular order (one torsional spectrum), determine the density in the upper mantle and in the crust uniquely. If the velocity is known only in the lower mantle, then the frequencies of the torsional oscillations of two angular orders uniquely determine both the density and the velocity in the upper mantle and in the crust. In particular, the position and size of the discontinuities in the density and velocity are uniquely determined by two torsional spectra.-Author","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-246X.1984.tb05074.x","usgsCitation":"Willis, C., 1984, Inverse problems for torsional modes.: Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society, v. 78, no. 3, p. 847-853, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1984.tb05074.x.","startPage":"847","endPage":"853","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":480200,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246x.1984.tb05074.x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":219914,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":269141,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1984.tb05074.x"}],"volume":"78","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3e50e4b0c8380cd63c8b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Willis, C.","contributorId":12748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Willis","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365952,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":93981,"text":"93981 - 1984 - Effects of chemically induced immune modulation on infectious diseases of fish","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:03:59","indexId":"93981","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Effects of chemically induced immune modulation on infectious diseases of fish","docAbstract":"No abstract available at this time","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Chemical Regulation of Immunity in Veterinary Medicine","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"language":"English","publisher":"Alan R. Liss","publisherLocation":"New York, NY","collaboration":"525/FH","usgsCitation":"Anderson, D.P., van Muiswinkel, W., and Roberson, B., 1984, Effects of chemically induced immune modulation on infectious diseases of fish, chap. of Chemical Regulation of Immunity in Veterinary Medicine, p. 187-211.","productDescription":"p. 187-211","startPage":"187","endPage":"211","numberOfPages":"25","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":128372,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ae4b07f02db62486a","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Kende, M.","contributorId":112839,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kende","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":505215,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gainer, J.","contributorId":111362,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gainer","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":505214,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Chirigos, M.","contributorId":113756,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chirigos","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":505216,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Anderson, D. P.","contributorId":32469,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":298317,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"van Muiswinkel, W. B.","contributorId":57783,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"van Muiswinkel","given":"W. B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":298318,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Roberson, B.S.","contributorId":103986,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roberson","given":"B.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":298319,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70012678,"text":"70012678 - 1984 - On the treatment of evapotranspiration, soil moisture accounting, and aquifer recharge in monthly water balance models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-12T17:45:00","indexId":"70012678","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"On the treatment of evapotranspiration, soil moisture accounting, and aquifer recharge in monthly water balance models","docAbstract":"Several two- to six-parameter regional water balance models are examined by using 50-year records of monthly streamflow at 10 sites in New Jersey. These models include variants of the Thornthwaite-Mather model, the Palmer model, and the more recent Thomas abcd model. Prediction errors are relatively similar among the models. However, simulated values of state variables such as soil moisture storage differ substantially among the models, and fitted parameter values for different models sometimes indicated an entirely different type of basin response to precipitation. Some problems in parameter identification are noted, including difficulties in identifying an appropriate time lag factor for the Thornthwaite-Mather-type model for basins with little groundwater storage, very high correlations between upper and lower storages in the Palmer-type model, and large sensitivity of parameter a of the abcd model to bias in estimates of precipitation and potential evapotranspiration. Modifications to the threshold concept of the Thornthwaite-Mather model were statistically valid for the six stations in northern New Jersey. The abcd model resulted in a simulated seasonal cycle of groundwater levels similar to fluctuations observed in nearby wells but with greater persistence. These results suggest that extreme caution should be used in attaching physical significance to model parameters and in using the state variables of the models in indices of drought and basin productivity.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR020i008p01137","usgsCitation":"Alley, W.M., 1984, On the treatment of evapotranspiration, soil moisture accounting, and aquifer recharge in monthly water balance models: Water Resources Research, v. 20, no. 8, p. 1137-1149, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR020i008p01137.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"1137","endPage":"1149","numberOfPages":"1","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222371,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6e03e4b0c8380cd7544b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Alley, William M. walley@usgs.gov","contributorId":1661,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alley","given":"William","email":"walley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":364205,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70013929,"text":"70013929 - 1984 - Hydrothermal minerology of research drill hole Y-3, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-09-02T14:53:05.613161","indexId":"70013929","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Hydrothermal minerology of research drill hole Y-3, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming","docAbstract":"The approximate paragenetic sequence of hydrothermal minerals in the Y-3 U. S. Geological Survey research diamond-drill hole in Lower Geyser Basin, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, is: hydrothermal chalcedony, hematite, pyrite, quartz, clay minerals (smectite and mixed-layer illite-smectite), calcite, chlorite, fluorite, pyrite, quartz, zeolite minerals (analcime, dachiardite, laumontite, stilbite, and yugawaralite), and clay minerals (smectite and mixed-layer illite-smectite). A few hydrothermal minerals that were identified in drill core Y-3 (lepidolite, aegirine, pectolite, and truscottite) are rarely found in modern geothermal areas. The alteration minerals occur primarily as vug and fracture fillings that were deposited from cooling thermal water. Refs.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Transactions - Geothermal Resources Council","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Geothermal Energy: Bet on It! Geothermal Resources Council 1984 Annual Meeting","conferenceLocation":"Reno, NV, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Geothermal Resources Council","publisherLocation":"Davis, CA, USA","usgsCitation":"Bargar, K.E., and Beeson, M.H., 1984, Hydrothermal minerology of research drill hole Y-3, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, in Transactions - Geothermal Resources Council, v. 8, Reno, NV, USA, p. 111-117.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"111","endPage":"117","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225414,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Yellowstone National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.016845703125,\n 43.84245116699039\n ],\n [\n -109.302978515625,\n 43.84245116699039\n ],\n [\n -109.302978515625,\n 44.972570682240644\n ],\n [\n -111.016845703125,\n 44.972570682240644\n ],\n [\n -111.016845703125,\n 43.84245116699039\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2e8ee4b0c8380cd5c662","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bargar, Keith E.","contributorId":9643,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bargar","given":"Keith","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367185,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Beeson, Melvin H. mbeeson@usgs.gov","contributorId":5017,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beeson","given":"Melvin","email":"mbeeson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":367184,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70012873,"text":"70012873 - 1984 - A Model of Regional Ground-Water Flow in Secondary-Permeability Terrane","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-21T12:11:24.86057","indexId":"70012873","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A Model of Regional Ground-Water Flow in Secondary-Permeability Terrane","docAbstract":"The ground-water flow system in the Lower Susquehanna River Basin in Pennsylvania and Maryland can be considered as one complex unconfined aquifer in which secondary porosity and permeability are the dominant influences on the occurrence and flow of ground water. The degree of development of secondary porosity and permeability in the various lithologies of the lower basin determines the aquifer characteristics of each lithology. Based on qualitative evidence, the use of a porous-media model was assumed to be appropriate on a regional scale and a finite-difference ground-water flow model was constructed for the lower basin.
The conceptual model of ground-water flow in the lower basin incorporates the major features of the flow system. Through the use of two layers, 21 hydrogeologic units, and five topographic settings, the conceptual model was systematically reduced to arrive at a simplified conceptual model. Further reduction produced a numerical model representation of the conceptual model, in which the essential features of the lower-basin flow system were quantified for input into the numerical model.
The model was calibrated under both steady-state and transient conditions, and was used to evaluate the water-supply potential of the 21 hydrogeologic units. The carbonate units have the greatest potential for ground-water development and the Triassic sedimentary and crystalline units have the least potential. A total ground-water yield potential of about 900 million gallons per day could be obtained from the lower basin with a consequent 50-percent reduction of base flow in streams.
Stratiform tourmalinites are significant minor rock types in many regional metamorphic terranes of the world. Tourmalinites are more widespread than previously recognized and are especially common in Proterozoic and early Paleozoic sequences dominated by clastic metasedimentary rocks. They consist of conformable layers made up primarily of quartz and abundant tourmaline, the latter typically exceeding 15% to 20% of rock volumes. A few tourmalinites display striking sedimentary structures such as graded bedding, cross-laminations, slump and flame structures, and rip-up clasts. These and other geologic features provide important constraints for assessing the origin of these rocks, and they suggest that tourmalinites form by the early diagenetic modification of a primary boron-rich chemical precipitate. Tourmalinites are significant in preserving a valuable record of unusual chemical and paleogeographic conditions in clastic sedimentary basins, and in their close association with a variety of stratabound mineral deposits.
The Border Ranges fault separates structurally complex accreted Cretaceous rocks from less deformed middle or late Paleozoic and younger rocks in the Cook-Shelikof basin. Of the five types of geophysical data used to investigate this fault, gravity data give the clearest indication of its presence and crustal structure. For at least 400 km along the fault, gravity anomalies include a +20 to +30 mGal peak along the fault's upper plate and a −40 mGal trough along the lower plate. The paired anomaly can be modeled satisfactorily by a simple step, in a deep dense layer, that lies within 3 km of the projected offshore location of the fault. Relatively low-density rocks lie along the fault's lower plate to a depth of about 10 km, and the upper part of the fault dips within 20° of vertical. Satellite altimetry data show that two circular geoid lows lie along the Border Ranges fault and coincide with lows in free air gravity data. Seismic refraction and seismic reflection data suggest that the large-scale density anomalies that cause both types of lows must lie at depths greater than about 1 km within the margin. Three regional magnetic anomalies (Knik Arm, Seldovia, and Shelikof) terminate at the Border Ranges fault, suggesting that the fault truncates obliquely rocks that lie along its northwest side. Six seismic reflection lines cross the Border Ranges fault, but none of them shows reflections from it. The absence of such reflections probably results from the fault's steep dip and from the presence of strong water bottom multiples in the data. From the Late Jurassic until the early Late Cretaceous, the magmatic arc near the Cook-Shelikof basin was inactive, and we infer that the predominant motion along the Border Ranges fault was strike slip. Resurgent Late Cretaceous magmatism was contemporaneous with uplift of rocks along the northwest side of the Border Ranges fault and with deformation of turbidite sequences in the fault's lower plate. We propose that during the Late Cretaceous, motion along the Border Ranges changed from strike slip to reverse. Cenozoic rocks near the fault show no evidence for post-Cretaceous fault movement.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB089iB13p11333","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Fisher, M.A., and von Huene, R.E., 1984, Geophysical investigation of a Suture Zone: The Border Ranges Fault of southern Alaska: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 89, no. B13, p. 11333-11351, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB089iB13p11333.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"11333","endPage":"11351","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220044,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"89","issue":"B13","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2828e4b0c8380cd59ea8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fisher, M. A.","contributorId":69972,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fisher","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366309,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"von Huene, Roland E. 0000-0003-1301-3866 rvonhuene@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1301-3866","contributorId":191070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"von Huene","given":"Roland","email":"rvonhuene@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":7065,"text":"USGS emeritus","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":366310,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70013274,"text":"70013274 - 1984 - Mineralogy and chemistry of massive sulfide deposits from the Juan de Fuca Ridge","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-03T01:16:04.658224","indexId":"70013274","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mineralogy and chemistry of massive sulfide deposits from the Juan de Fuca Ridge","docAbstract":"Six hydrothermal vent sites and associated benthic communities were located in the axial valley of the southern Juan de Fuca Ridge using transponder-navigated bottom photography. The hydrothermal deposits form ledges and shallow mounds within a central zone characterized by a linear bathymetric depression and numerous collapse features. The flat valley floor adjacent to the central zone consists of ferrobasalt lobate flows and sheet flows; sediment cover is minimal. Vent sites are characterized by concentrations of tube worms, clams, benthic siphonophores, and several unidentified fauna.
Two types of massive sulfide were dredged from one of the vent sites. Type A samples are angular slabs of dark gray Zn-rich sulfide with interlayers and a thin, partly oxidized crust of Fe sulfide. These layered sulfide aggregates appear to be fragments of a sulfide wall enclosing an active hydrothermal vent. The outer sulfide wall is composed mainly of colloform Fe sulfide and Fe-poor sphalerite deposited under lower-temperature conditions whereby sea water and hydrothermal fluid mix above the discharge point. With continued sulfide deposition, the wall inhibits mixing of sea water and hydrothermal fluid. Inside the wall, the intensifying hydrothermal system deposits a higher-temperature assemblage of granular Fe-rich sphalerite, wurtzite, pyrite, and minor Cu-Fe sulfide. The zonation in wurtzite from Fe-rich cores to Fe-poor rims may result from a late-stage cooling of the hydrothermal fluid and(or) a change in fluid chemistry. The sulfide wall grows outward where a rupture in it permits the escape of high-temperature fluid and then deposition of a secondary shell over the breakthrough point. As temperature increases, earlier-formed minerals dissolve, and Zn, Fe, and Pb migrate toward the outer sulfide wall. Tube worms flourished in the outer wall of type A samples, and abandoned tube structures served as conduits for the late-stage hydrothermal fluids.
Type B sulfide samples are subrounded, spongy-textured fragments composed almost entirely of dendritic aggregates of pale, Fe-poor colloform sphalerite and opaline silica. This type of sulfide is deposited in open space by moderate- to low-temperature fluid discharging at a slow but variable rate; the fluid becomes increasingly oxidizing, resulting in late-stage deposition of hematite, barite, and sulfur. Type B samples show little evidence of burrowing animals; this type of sulfide may be deposited in settings peripheral to sites of focused discharge.
Distribution of seepage through lakebeds is controlled partly by geometric configuration of the lake and of the groundwater system interacting with the lake. To evaluate the effect of these factors, conductive-paper electric-analog models were used to analyze a number of lake and groundwater settings having different geometric configurations. Most settings analyzed are of lakes that do not penetrate the groundwater system. The width ratio, the ratio of half the lake width to thickness of the groundwater system, is the principal geometric characteristic used in this study. Because the distribution of groundwater seepage into a lake is not uniform across the lakebed, the concept of a streamlinecrowding factor is developed, and is used to determine seepage patterns from geometric characteristics of the lake and its contiguous groundwater system. Analysis of fourteen different width ratios of lake and groundwater systems indicates that lakes can be defined by three general groups of seepage patterns, which include flow patterns, volumes and rates: (1) lakes having width ratios less than ∼ 0.6 show relatively uniform distribution of seepage across the lakebed; (2) lakes having width ratios of ∼ 0.6 to ∼ 2.0 change in absolute and relative streamline crowding in the near-shore region; and (3) lakes having width ratios greater than ∼ 2.0 show stable flow patterns near shore; however, with increasing lake width, the relative streamline crowding increases relative to that width. For deep lakes and those in anisotropic media, the crowding effect is decreased, resulting in more uniform seepage across the lakebed.
The applicability of the James-Stein estimator in regional hydrologic studies which entail the estimation of an N-dimensional location parameter is discussed. Regional studies are frequently characterized by relatively short, generally correlated, samples drawn from nonsymmetric and bounded, i.e., nonnormal, populations. By means of computer simulation studies the James-Stein estimator, subject to the Lindley modification and adoption of the positive part rule suggested by Efron and Morris and conditioned on the assumption of independence, was shown to be robust in the case of the hydrologically plausible distribution considered here, namely, Weibull distributions with coefficient of skewness ranging from 0 to 10. However, in contrast to traditional methods of regionalization the effect of cross correlation is a diminishment of the relative risk advantage of the James-Stein estimator, even in the best case of normal variables : this is discussed and illustrated.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR020i011p01630","usgsCitation":"Landwehr, J.M., Matalas, N., and Wallis, J., 1984, Note on the applicability of the James-Stein Estimator in regional hydrologic studies: Water Resources Research, v. 20, no. 11, p. 1630-1638, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR020i011p01630.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"1630","endPage":"1638","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220430,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a685de4b0c8380cd73781","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Landwehr, J. Maciunas","contributorId":13962,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Landwehr","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Maciunas","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366191,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Matalas, N.C.","contributorId":25173,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Matalas","given":"N.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366190,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wallis, J.R.","contributorId":79236,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wallis","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366192,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70013465,"text":"70013465 - 1984 - Local gravity anomalies produced by dislocation sources","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-27T16:29:40.73796","indexId":"70013465","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":6453,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Local gravity anomalies produced by dislocation sources","docAbstract":"Rundle (1978) and Walsh and Rice (1979) have shown that the change in the vertical component of gravity is proportional to uplift for a spherical source of dilatation and for slip on an infinitely long dip-slip fault. In the first case, no free air gravity anomaly is produced and in the second case no Bouguer gravity anomaly. Gravity anomalies due to other dislocation sources in three dimensions are as follows: For strike-slip faulting the ratio of the gravity change to uplift depends upon position; however, the gravity change contours are roughly similar to those corresponding to a zero free air gravity anomaly. Nor is the ratio constant for dip-slip faulting except for the two special cases of dip slip on a vertical fault and horizontal slip on a horizontal fault, neither of which produce a Bouguer anomaly. The Bouguer anomaly produced by an open horizontal crack is the same as would be produced had the material within the crack been mined out without deforming the solid. If the horizontal crack were filled with material of density equal to the host rock (a good approximation to sill formation), no Bouguer anomaly is produced. For cracks of other inclinations the ratio of gravity change to uplift is not constant. Thus, dilatancy, in general, does not correspond to the absence of a free air anomaly, as might be suggested by the special case of a spherical source of dilatation. For two-dimensional models a cylindrical source of dilatation produces no free air gravity anomaly, dip-slip faulting produces no Bouguer anomaly, and open cracks produce a Bouguer anomaly equal to that which would be produced had the material within the crack been mined out without deforming the solid. A two-dimensional crack filled with material of density equal to that of the host rock would produce no Bouguer anomaly. Jachens et al. (1983) have reported temporal changes in gravity, elevation, and area strain along the San Andreas fault in southern California such that the Bouguer anomaly apparently remains unchanged and the uplift-to-strain ratio is about −100 km. Several dislocation mechanisms are proposed that fulfill these constraints, but these mechanisms appear to be rather contrived and are not regarded as satisfactory explanations.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB089iB03p01945","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Savage, J., 1984, Local gravity anomalies produced by dislocation sources: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 89, no. B3, p. 1945-1952, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB089iB03p01945.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"1945","endPage":"1952","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":487082,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/jb089ib03p01945","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":220041,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"89","issue":"B3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a48dce4b0c8380cd681a1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Savage, J.C. 0000-0002-5114-7673","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5114-7673","contributorId":102876,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savage","given":"J.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366123,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70013601,"text":"70013601 - 1984 - Review of developments in space remote sensing for monitoring resources","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-05-09T18:44:52.591106","indexId":"70013601","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Review of developments in space remote sensing for monitoring resources","docAbstract":"Space remote sensing systems are compared for suitability in assessing and monitoring the Earth's renewable resources. Systems reviewed include the Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM), the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR), the French Systeme Probatoire d'Observation de la Terre (SPOT), the German Shuttle Pallet Satellite (SPAS) Modular Optoelectronic Multispectral Scanner (MOMS), the European Space Agency (ESA) Spacelab Metric Camera, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Large Format Camera (LFC) and Shuttle Imaging Radar (SIR-A and -B), the Russian Meteor satellite BIK-E and fragment experiments and MKF-6M and KATE-140 camera systems, the ESA Earth Resources Satellite (ERS-1), the Japanese Marine Observation Satellite (MOS-1) and Earth Resources Satellite (JERS-1), the Canadian Radarsat, the Indian Resources Satellite (IRS), and systems proposed or planned by China, Brazil, Indonesia, and others. Also reviewed are the concepts for a 6-channel Shuttle Imaging Spectroradiometer, a 128-channel Shuttle Imaging Spectrometer Experiment (SISEX), and the U. S. Mapsat.","conferenceTitle":"35th Congress of the International Astronautical Federation","conferenceLocation":"Lausanne, Switzerland","language":"English","publisher":"AIAA","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, USA","usgsCitation":"Watkins, A., Lauer, D.T., Bailey, G., Moore, D.G., and Rohde, W.G., 1984, Review of developments in space remote sensing for monitoring resources, 35th Congress of the International Astronautical Federation, Lausanne, Switzerland.","numberOfPages":"31","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":219814,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a9361e4b0c8380cd80d9b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Watkins, Allen H.","contributorId":90466,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watkins","given":"Allen H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366450,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lauer, D. T.","contributorId":47907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lauer","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366449,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bailey, G. B.","contributorId":105041,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bailey","given":"G. B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366451,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Moore, D. G.","contributorId":7285,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366447,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Rohde, W. G.","contributorId":17759,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rohde","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366448,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70013188,"text":"70013188 - 1984 - ANALYSIS AND REDUCTION OF LANDSAT DATA FOR USE IN A HIGH PLAINS GROUND-WATER FLOW MODEL.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:31","indexId":"70013188","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"ANALYSIS AND REDUCTION OF LANDSAT DATA FOR USE IN A HIGH PLAINS GROUND-WATER FLOW MODEL.","docAbstract":"Data obtained from 59 Landsat scenes were used to estimate the areal extent of irrigated agriculture over the High Plains region of the United States for a ground-water flow model. This model provides information on current trends in the amount and distribution of water used for irrigation. The analysis and reduction process required that each Landsat scene be ratioed, interpreted, and aggregated. Data reduction by aggregation was an efficient technique for handling the volume of data analyzed. This process bypassed problems inherent in geometrically correcting and mosaicking the data at pixel resolution and combined the individual Landsat classification into one comprehensive data set.","conferenceTitle":"Technical Papers - 1984 ACSM-ASP Fall Convention.","conferenceLocation":"San Antonio, TX, USA","language":"English","publisher":"American Soc of Photogrammetry and American Congress on Surveying & Mapping","publisherLocation":"Falls Church, VA, USA","isbn":"0937294594","usgsCitation":"Thelin, G., Gaydas, L., Donovan, W., and Mladinich, C., 1984, ANALYSIS AND REDUCTION OF LANDSAT DATA FOR USE IN A HIGH PLAINS GROUND-WATER FLOW MODEL., Technical Papers - 1984 ACSM-ASP Fall Convention., San Antonio, TX, USA, p. 737-740.","startPage":"737","endPage":"740","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220522,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e62de4b0c8380cd471f5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thelin, Gail gpthelin@usgs.gov","contributorId":1065,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thelin","given":"Gail","email":"gpthelin@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":365503,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gaydas, Leonard","contributorId":31525,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gaydas","given":"Leonard","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365504,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Donovan, Walter","contributorId":67652,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Donovan","given":"Walter","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365505,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mladinich, Carol","contributorId":97176,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mladinich","given":"Carol","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365506,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70013523,"text":"70013523 - 1984 - LINEAR MODELS FOR MANAGING SOURCES OF GROUNDWATER POLLUTION.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:19","indexId":"70013523","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"LINEAR MODELS FOR MANAGING SOURCES OF GROUNDWATER POLLUTION.","docAbstract":"Mathematical models for the problem of maintaining a specified groundwater quality while permitting solute waste disposal at various facilities distributed over space are discussed. The pollutants are assumed to be chemically inert and their concentrations in the groundwater are governed by linear equations for advection and diffusion. The aim is to determine a disposal policy which maximises the total amount of pollutants released during a fixed time T while meeting the condition that the concentration everywhere is below prescribed levels.","conferenceTitle":"Computational Techniques and Applications: CTAC-83.","conferenceLocation":"Sydney, Aust","language":"English","publisher":"North-Holland","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Neth","isbn":"0444875271","usgsCitation":"Gorelick, S.M., and Gustafson, S., 1984, LINEAR MODELS FOR MANAGING SOURCES OF GROUNDWATER POLLUTION., Computational Techniques and Applications: CTAC-83., Sydney, Aust, p. 591-596.","startPage":"591","endPage":"596","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219806,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a40e7e4b0c8380cd65121","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Noye JohnFletcher Clive","contributorId":128370,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Noye JohnFletcher Clive","id":536274,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Gorelick, Steven M.","contributorId":69295,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gorelick","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366260,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gustafson, Sven-Ake","contributorId":59557,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gustafson","given":"Sven-Ake","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366259,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70013513,"text":"70013513 - 1984 - Aquifer reclamation design: The use of contaminant transport simulation combined with nonlinear programing","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-20T19:47:35","indexId":"70013513","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Aquifer reclamation design: The use of contaminant transport simulation combined with nonlinear programing","docAbstract":"A simulation-management methodology is demonstrated for the rehabilitation of aquifers that have been subjected to chemical contamination. Finite element groundwater flow and contaminant transport simulation are combined with nonlinear optimization. The model is capable of determining well locations plus pumping and injection rates for groundwater quality control. Examples demonstrate linear or nonlinear objective functions subject to linear and nonlinear simulation and water management constraints. Restrictions can be placed on hydraulic heads, stresses, and gradients, in addition to contaminant concentrations and fluxes. These restrictions can be distributed over space and time. Three design strategies are demonstrated for an aquifer that is polluted by a constant contaminant source: they are pumping for contaminant removal, water injection for in-ground dilution, and a pumping, treatment, and injection cycle. A transient model designs either contaminant plume interception or in-ground dilution so that water quality standards are met. The method is not limited to these cases. It is generally applicable to the optimization of many types of distributed parameter systems.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR020i004p00415","usgsCitation":"Gorelick, S.M., Voss, C.I., Gill, P.E., Murray, W., Saunders, M., and Wright, M.H., 1984, Aquifer reclamation design: The use of contaminant transport simulation combined with nonlinear programing: Water Resources Research, v. 20, no. 4, p. 415-427, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR020i004p00415.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"415","endPage":"427","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":220592,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ed1fe4b0c8380cd4963a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gorelick, Steven M.","contributorId":8784,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gorelick","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366224,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Voss, Clifford I. 0000-0001-5923-2752 cvoss@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5923-2752","contributorId":1559,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Voss","given":"Clifford","email":"cvoss@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":366226,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gill, Philip E.","contributorId":6110,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gill","given":"Philip","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366225,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Murray, Walter","contributorId":74371,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Murray","given":"Walter","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366227,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Saunders, Michael A.","contributorId":100851,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Saunders","given":"Michael A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366228,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Wright, Margaret H.","contributorId":37391,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wright","given":"Margaret","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366223,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70013225,"text":"70013225 - 1984 - Application of mineral-solution equilibria to geochemical exploration for sandstone-hosted uranium deposits in two basins in west central Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-11T16:24:07.535841","indexId":"70013225","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Application of mineral-solution equilibria to geochemical exploration for sandstone-hosted uranium deposits in two basins in west central Utah","docAbstract":"A geochemical survey utilizing mainly ground waters was conducted in the Milford and Beaver basins. Waters were collected mainly from wells and springs at 100 sites and analyzed for major and minor elements. A computer model (WATEQ3) was used to calculate the redox potential and the state of saturation of the waters with respect to uraninite, coffinite, and other mineral phases. Several areas in the basins were shown to have ground-water environments of reducing redox potentials which are favorable for precipitation of reduced uranium minerals. In addition, the ground waters in some of these areas were shown to be saturated or near saturation with respect to uraninite and coffinite. These areas do not necessarily coincide with areas containing the highest concentrations of uranium in ground water. The methods described in this study for hydrogeochemical exploration for sandstone-hosted uranium deposits may have wide application, particularly throughout those filled basins in the western United States where nearby sources for uranium exist.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.79.2.266","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Miller, W.R., Wanty, R., and McHugh, J.B., 1984, Application of mineral-solution equilibria to geochemical exploration for sandstone-hosted uranium deposits in two basins in west central Utah: Economic Geology, v. 79, no. 2, p. 266-283, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.79.2.266.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"266","endPage":"283","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220133,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"79","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1984-04-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eca7e4b0c8380cd493ec","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, W. R.","contributorId":92239,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365580,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wanty, R. B. 0000-0002-2063-6423","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2063-6423","contributorId":66704,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wanty","given":"R. B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365578,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McHugh, J. B.","contributorId":79462,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McHugh","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365579,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70013278,"text":"70013278 - 1984 - Calculations of seabird population recovery from potential oilspills in the mid-Atlantic region of the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-29T16:50:52.832258","indexId":"70013278","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1458,"text":"Ecological Modelling","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Calculations of seabird population recovery from potential oilspills in the mid-Atlantic region of the United States","docAbstract":"Calculations were made of herring gull and common tern population recovery from potential oilspill damage in the U.S. mid-Atlantic Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) oil leasing area. Population recovery was examined using a density-dependent age-specific life history table for each species. Both a deterministic and a stochastic approach were used in the calculations. In the deterministic approach, it was assumed that an oilspill contact to a seabird colony had occurred. Using the density-dependent model, population recovery was calculated for several different mortality scenarios. Assuming that all age classes suffer 95% mortality from an oilspill contact, a worst case scenario, it was estimated that the herring gull and common tern populations could recover to their pre-spill levels in approximately 45 years and more than 100 years, respectively. In the stochastic approach, the probabilities of oilspill contacts to these seabird colonies were calculated using an oilspill trajectory analysis model. Oilspill contacts to these colonies were simulated during the expected 30 year active life of the lease area. For each lease lifetime, the number of oilspill contacts to a seabird colony was sampled from a Poisson distribution and assigned randomly on a seasonal basis. This analysis indicated that the oilspill risks from the development of proposed lease tracts in the mid-Atlantic region pose minimal risk (3–5%) of severe population reduction for both herring gulls and common terns. If the oilspill risks from tanker transportation of crude oil imports are included along with the proposed lease tracts, then the risks of severe population reduction are increased to approximately 10% for herring gulls and 18% for common terns.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0304-3800(84)90025-5","usgsCitation":"Samuels, W., and Ladino, A., 1984, Calculations of seabird population recovery from potential oilspills in the mid-Atlantic region of the United States: Ecological Modelling, v. 21, no. 1, p. 63-84, https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3800(84)90025-5.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"63","endPage":"84","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219970,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Mid-Atlantic region","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -75.78218772294734,\n 41.41847066117498\n ],\n [\n -76.9461477045258,\n 34.39258601480289\n ],\n [\n -71.60300062228816,\n 34.993219485756725\n ],\n [\n -71.60300062228816,\n 41.41847066117498\n ],\n [\n -75.78218772294734,\n 41.41847066117498\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"21","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f307e4b0c8380cd4b56f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Samuels, William B.","contributorId":13238,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Samuels","given":"William B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365709,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ladino, A.","contributorId":6186,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ladino","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365708,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1000261,"text":"1000261 - 1984 - Potential impacts of water diversion on fishery resources in the Great Lakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-13T00:45:49.238397","indexId":"1000261","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1657,"text":"Fisheries","onlineIssn":"1548-8446","printIssn":"0363-2415","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Potential impacts of water diversion on fishery resources in the Great Lakes","docAbstract":"Uses of Great Lakes water within the Great Lakes basin are steadily increasing, and critical water shortages elsewhere may add to the demands for diversions of water out of the basin in the near future. The impacts of such diversions on fish in the Great Lakes must be considered in the context of in-basin uses of the water, because in-basin uses already adversely affect the fishery resources. Temporary in-basin water withdrawals from Lake Michigan by industry in 1980 equaled 260% of the total volume of water between the shoreline and the 10-meter depth—the littoral waters most heavily used by fish as spawning and nursery grounds. Nearly 100% of the fish removed by these water withdrawals were killed. Enough young alewives (Alosa pseudoharengus) and rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax) in Lake Michigan and young yellow perch (Perca flavescens) in western Lake Erie have been removed at water intakes in recent years to reduce the productivity and biomass of adult fish stocks. Out-of-basin diversions of water at Chicago and at the Welland Canal, channel modifications in the St. Clair River, and in-basin consumptive water withdrawals have lowered the annual mean water level of Lakes Michigan and Huron by about 27 cm and that of Lake Erie by about 10 cm, dewatering wetlands that historically served as spawning and nursery habitat for many valuable fish species. The dollar value of fish lost to water diversions and withdrawals has not yet been estimated, but water withdrawals alone have already reduced the annual economic impact of the Great Lakes fisheries, which has been estimated to be 1.16 billion dollars.
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C","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-31T16:05:42.245288","indexId":"70013587","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3420,"text":"Soil Science Society of America Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Submersible pressure outflow cell for measurement of soil water retention and diffusivity from 5 to 95 degrees C","docAbstract":"A technique was developed to measure water content in soil as a function of capillary pressure from 5 to 95°C. To overcome problems encountered at high temperature, a modified Tempe pressure cell containing a soil sample is suspended in a constant-temperature water bath. The cell's porous plate is in direct contact with circulating bath water, thus eliminating the problem of entrapped air bubbles. A balance located above the water bath measures water content changes in the soil by weighing the entire pressure cell under water. The technique is designed to measure soil water retention characteristics and to make transient outflow estimates of the soil water diffusivity at temperatures from 5 to 95°C. We also used the technique to determine the isobaric temperature dependence of water retention in soil. Results indicate that at constant capillary pressure, the relationship between moisture content and temperature is hysteretic.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2136/sssaj1984.03615995004800010002x","usgsCitation":"Constantz, J., and Herkelrath, W., 1984, Submersible pressure outflow cell for measurement of soil water retention and diffusivity from 5 to 95 degrees C: Soil Science Society of America Journal, v. 48, no. 1, p. 7-10, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1984.03615995004800010002x.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"7","endPage":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220548,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"48","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9d42e4b08c986b31d730","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Constantz, Jim","contributorId":66338,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Constantz","given":"Jim","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366406,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Herkelrath, W.N.","contributorId":77981,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herkelrath","given":"W.N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366407,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}