A technique was developed to measure water content in soil as a function of capillary pressure from 5 to 95°C. To overcome problems encountered at high temperature, a modified Tempe pressure cell containing a soil sample is suspended in a constant-temperature water bath. The cell's porous plate is in direct contact with circulating bath water, thus eliminating the problem of entrapped air bubbles. A balance located above the water bath measures water content changes in the soil by weighing the entire pressure cell under water. The technique is designed to measure soil water retention characteristics and to make transient outflow estimates of the soil water diffusivity at temperatures from 5 to 95°C. We also used the technique to determine the isobaric temperature dependence of water retention in soil. Results indicate that at constant capillary pressure, the relationship between moisture content and temperature is hysteretic.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2136/sssaj1984.03615995004800010002x","usgsCitation":"Constantz, J., and Herkelrath, W., 1984, Submersible pressure outflow cell for measurement of soil water retention and diffusivity from 5 to 95 degrees C: Soil Science Society of America Journal, v. 48, no. 1, p. 7-10, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1984.03615995004800010002x.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"7","endPage":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220548,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"48","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9d42e4b08c986b31d730","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Constantz, Jim","contributorId":66338,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Constantz","given":"Jim","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366406,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Herkelrath, W.N.","contributorId":77981,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herkelrath","given":"W.N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366407,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70013556,"text":"70013556 - 1984 - Thermal modeling of Halley's comet","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-20T20:51:35","indexId":"70013556","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":661,"text":"Advances in Space Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Thermal modeling of Halley's comet","docAbstract":"The comet thermal model of Weissman and Kieffer is used to calculate gas production rates and other parameters for the 1986 perihelion passage of Halley's Comet. Gas production estimates are very close to revised pre-perihelion estimates by Newburn based on 1910 observations of Halley; the increase in observed gas production post-perihelion may be explained by a variety of factors. The energy contribution from multiply scattered sunlight and thermal emission by coma dust increases the total energy reaching the Halley nucleus at perihelion by a factor of 2.4. The high obliquity of the Halley nucleus found by Sekanina and Larson may help to explain the asymmetry in Halley's gas production rates around perihelion. ?? 1984.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Advances in Space Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0273-1177(84)90032-2","issn":"02731177","usgsCitation":"Weissman, P., and Kieffer, H.H., 1984, Thermal modeling of Halley's comet: Advances in Space Research, v. 4, no. 9, p. 221-224, https://doi.org/10.1016/0273-1177(84)90032-2.","startPage":"221","endPage":"224","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220205,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":267877,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0273-1177(84)90032-2"}],"volume":"4","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb24ae4b08c986b3256da","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Weissman, P.R.","contributorId":7838,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weissman","given":"P.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366333,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kieffer, H. H.","contributorId":40725,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kieffer","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366334,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70013555,"text":"70013555 - 1984 - A probabilistic model for the persistence of early planar fabrics in polydeformed pelitic schists","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-13T23:57:04.025952","indexId":"70013555","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2468,"text":"Journal of Structural Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A probabilistic model for the persistence of early planar fabrics in polydeformed pelitic schists","docAbstract":"Although early planar fabrics are commonly preserved within microlithons in low-grade pelites, in higher-grade (amphibolite facies) pelitic schists fabric regeneration often appears complete. Evidence for early fabrics may be preserved within porphyroblasts but, within the matrix, later deformation often appears to totally obliterate or reorient earlier fabrics. However, examination of several hundred Dalradian pelites from Connemara, western Ireland, reveals that preservation of early fabrics is by no means uncommon; relict matrix domains, although volumetrically insignificant, are remarkably persistent even when inferred later strains are very large and fabric regeneration appears, at first sight, complete.
Deterministic plasticity theories are ill-suited to the analysis of such an inhomogeneous material response, and a probabilistic model is proposed instead. It assumes that ductile polycrystal deformation is controlled by elementary flow units which can be activated once their associated stress barrier is overcome. Bulk flow propensity is related to the proportion of simultaneous activations, and a measure of this is derived from the probabilistic interaction between a stress-barrier spectrum and an internal stress spectrum (the latter determined by the external loading and the details of internal stress transfer). The spectra are modelled as Gaussian distributions although the treatment is very general and could be adapted for other distributions. Using the time rate of change of activation probability it is predicted that, initially, fabric development will be rapid but will then slow down dramatically even though stress increases at a constant rate. This highly non-linear response suggests that early fabrics persist because they comprise unfavourable distributions of stress-barriers which remain unregenerated at the time bulk stress is stabilized by steady-state flow. Relict domains will, however, bear the highest stress and are potential upper-bound palaeostress estimators. Some factors relevant to the micromechanical explanation of relict matrix domains are discussed.
The Border Ranges fault separates structurally complex accreted Cretaceous rocks from less deformed middle or late Paleozoic and younger rocks in the Cook-Shelikof basin. Of the five types of geophysical data used to investigate this fault, gravity data give the clearest indication of its presence and crustal structure. For at least 400 km along the fault, gravity anomalies include a +20 to +30 mGal peak along the fault's upper plate and a −40 mGal trough along the lower plate. The paired anomaly can be modeled satisfactorily by a simple step, in a deep dense layer, that lies within 3 km of the projected offshore location of the fault. Relatively low-density rocks lie along the fault's lower plate to a depth of about 10 km, and the upper part of the fault dips within 20° of vertical. Satellite altimetry data show that two circular geoid lows lie along the Border Ranges fault and coincide with lows in free air gravity data. Seismic refraction and seismic reflection data suggest that the large-scale density anomalies that cause both types of lows must lie at depths greater than about 1 km within the margin. Three regional magnetic anomalies (Knik Arm, Seldovia, and Shelikof) terminate at the Border Ranges fault, suggesting that the fault truncates obliquely rocks that lie along its northwest side. Six seismic reflection lines cross the Border Ranges fault, but none of them shows reflections from it. The absence of such reflections probably results from the fault's steep dip and from the presence of strong water bottom multiples in the data. From the Late Jurassic until the early Late Cretaceous, the magmatic arc near the Cook-Shelikof basin was inactive, and we infer that the predominant motion along the Border Ranges fault was strike slip. Resurgent Late Cretaceous magmatism was contemporaneous with uplift of rocks along the northwest side of the Border Ranges fault and with deformation of turbidite sequences in the fault's lower plate. We propose that during the Late Cretaceous, motion along the Border Ranges changed from strike slip to reverse. Cenozoic rocks near the fault show no evidence for post-Cretaceous fault movement.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB089iB13p11333","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Fisher, M.A., and von Huene, R.E., 1984, Geophysical investigation of a Suture Zone: The Border Ranges Fault of southern Alaska: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 89, no. B13, p. 11333-11351, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB089iB13p11333.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"11333","endPage":"11351","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220044,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"89","issue":"B13","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2828e4b0c8380cd59ea8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fisher, M. A.","contributorId":69972,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fisher","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366309,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"von Huene, Roland E. 0000-0003-1301-3866 rvonhuene@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1301-3866","contributorId":191070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"von Huene","given":"Roland","email":"rvonhuene@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":7065,"text":"USGS emeritus","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":366310,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70013513,"text":"70013513 - 1984 - Aquifer reclamation design: The use of contaminant transport simulation combined with nonlinear programing","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-20T19:47:35","indexId":"70013513","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Aquifer reclamation design: The use of contaminant transport simulation combined with nonlinear programing","docAbstract":"A simulation-management methodology is demonstrated for the rehabilitation of aquifers that have been subjected to chemical contamination. Finite element groundwater flow and contaminant transport simulation are combined with nonlinear optimization. The model is capable of determining well locations plus pumping and injection rates for groundwater quality control. Examples demonstrate linear or nonlinear objective functions subject to linear and nonlinear simulation and water management constraints. Restrictions can be placed on hydraulic heads, stresses, and gradients, in addition to contaminant concentrations and fluxes. These restrictions can be distributed over space and time. Three design strategies are demonstrated for an aquifer that is polluted by a constant contaminant source: they are pumping for contaminant removal, water injection for in-ground dilution, and a pumping, treatment, and injection cycle. A transient model designs either contaminant plume interception or in-ground dilution so that water quality standards are met. The method is not limited to these cases. It is generally applicable to the optimization of many types of distributed parameter systems.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR020i004p00415","usgsCitation":"Gorelick, S.M., Voss, C.I., Gill, P.E., Murray, W., Saunders, M., and Wright, M.H., 1984, Aquifer reclamation design: The use of contaminant transport simulation combined with nonlinear programing: Water Resources Research, v. 20, no. 4, p. 415-427, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR020i004p00415.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"415","endPage":"427","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":220592,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ed1fe4b0c8380cd4963a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gorelick, Steven M.","contributorId":8784,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gorelick","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366224,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Voss, Clifford I. 0000-0001-5923-2752 cvoss@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5923-2752","contributorId":1559,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Voss","given":"Clifford","email":"cvoss@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":366226,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gill, Philip E.","contributorId":6110,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gill","given":"Philip","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366225,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Murray, Walter","contributorId":74371,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Murray","given":"Walter","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366227,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Saunders, Michael A.","contributorId":100851,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Saunders","given":"Michael A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366228,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Wright, Margaret H.","contributorId":37391,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wright","given":"Margaret","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366223,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70013512,"text":"70013512 - 1984 - Macrotidal subarctic environment of Turnagain and Knik Arms, Upper Cook Inlet, Alaska: sedimentology of the intertidal zone","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-21T23:25:21.913787","indexId":"70013512","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2450,"text":"Journal of Sedimentary Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Macrotidal subarctic environment of Turnagain and Knik Arms, Upper Cook Inlet, Alaska: sedimentology of the intertidal zone","docAbstract":"An extensive sheet of silty sand crossed by tidal channels is exposed at low tide in Turnagain and Knik Arms, Alaska. Transportation and deposition of sediment composing this sheet is the result of strong tidal currents due to the maximum spring tidal range of approximately 11.4 m. In Turnagain and Knik Arms, the initiation of the floodtide is accompanied by the occurrence of a tidal bore that travels at a speed of 4 m/sec or more up the tidal channels. In intertidal environments in many parts of the world, physical processes of sedimentation are typically influenced by surface fauna; sedimentary structures in some zones are altered or obliterated by the activities of the infauna. However, in Turnagain and Knik Arms, virtually no macrofauna exist, and so the area provides an opportunity to study depositional processes and sedimentary structures without the masking effects of bioturbation. Suspended-sediment values for Turnagain and Knik Arms are greatest in the summer months and nearest low-tide stages. Ice floes form during winter months and, in combination with the freezing of intertidal sediment to several meters of depth, have a significant effect on sediment dispersal and on the deepening and increased stability of the tidal channels. The intertidal sediment is mainly very well sorted, medium to very fine sand and coarse silt, with a notable paucity of gravel, coarse sand, and clay. Sediment accumulates in sandbars oriented parallel to the axis of the estuary. Textural and facies patterns reflect decreasing current energy, first, as a function of distance from the mouth of the estuary and, second, as a function of topographic elevation on the sandbars. The intertidal deposits in Turnagain Arm contain a transitional upward-fining sequence which is analogous to point-bar and channel-bar successions described by other workers. The base of the sequence contains parallel-laminated sand that is overlain by mixed parallel- and cross-laminated silty sand overlain by cross-laminated silty sand. At the top of the sequence is a unit of organically rich parallel-laminated silt and sandy silt. This suite of sedimentary features and textures indicates changing current velocities and directions as bars emerge or are modified during ebb tide, and the vertical sequences could potentially be used to record intertidal bar erosion and aggradation by point- and channel-bar migration, a process carried out primarily by bed-load currents.
Craters form when hailstones impact sand. When a hailstone melts, wet but unsaturated sand within the crater is attracted to the hailstone surface by surface tension. Shrinkage of the melting hailstone then produces one or more rings of sand within the impact crater.--Modified journal abstract.
The applicability of the James-Stein estimator in regional hydrologic studies which entail the estimation of an N-dimensional location parameter is discussed. Regional studies are frequently characterized by relatively short, generally correlated, samples drawn from nonsymmetric and bounded, i.e., nonnormal, populations. By means of computer simulation studies the James-Stein estimator, subject to the Lindley modification and adoption of the positive part rule suggested by Efron and Morris and conditioned on the assumption of independence, was shown to be robust in the case of the hydrologically plausible distribution considered here, namely, Weibull distributions with coefficient of skewness ranging from 0 to 10. However, in contrast to traditional methods of regionalization the effect of cross correlation is a diminishment of the relative risk advantage of the James-Stein estimator, even in the best case of normal variables : this is discussed and illustrated.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR020i011p01630","usgsCitation":"Landwehr, J.M., Matalas, N., and Wallis, J., 1984, Note on the applicability of the James-Stein Estimator in regional hydrologic studies: Water Resources Research, v. 20, no. 11, p. 1630-1638, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR020i011p01630.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"1630","endPage":"1638","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220430,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a685de4b0c8380cd73781","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Landwehr, J. Maciunas","contributorId":13962,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Landwehr","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Maciunas","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366191,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Matalas, N.C.","contributorId":25173,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Matalas","given":"N.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366190,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wallis, J.R.","contributorId":79236,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wallis","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366192,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70013465,"text":"70013465 - 1984 - Local gravity anomalies produced by dislocation sources","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-27T16:29:40.73796","indexId":"70013465","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":6453,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Local gravity anomalies produced by dislocation sources","docAbstract":"Rundle (1978) and Walsh and Rice (1979) have shown that the change in the vertical component of gravity is proportional to uplift for a spherical source of dilatation and for slip on an infinitely long dip-slip fault. In the first case, no free air gravity anomaly is produced and in the second case no Bouguer gravity anomaly. Gravity anomalies due to other dislocation sources in three dimensions are as follows: For strike-slip faulting the ratio of the gravity change to uplift depends upon position; however, the gravity change contours are roughly similar to those corresponding to a zero free air gravity anomaly. Nor is the ratio constant for dip-slip faulting except for the two special cases of dip slip on a vertical fault and horizontal slip on a horizontal fault, neither of which produce a Bouguer anomaly. The Bouguer anomaly produced by an open horizontal crack is the same as would be produced had the material within the crack been mined out without deforming the solid. If the horizontal crack were filled with material of density equal to the host rock (a good approximation to sill formation), no Bouguer anomaly is produced. For cracks of other inclinations the ratio of gravity change to uplift is not constant. Thus, dilatancy, in general, does not correspond to the absence of a free air anomaly, as might be suggested by the special case of a spherical source of dilatation. For two-dimensional models a cylindrical source of dilatation produces no free air gravity anomaly, dip-slip faulting produces no Bouguer anomaly, and open cracks produce a Bouguer anomaly equal to that which would be produced had the material within the crack been mined out without deforming the solid. A two-dimensional crack filled with material of density equal to that of the host rock would produce no Bouguer anomaly. Jachens et al. (1983) have reported temporal changes in gravity, elevation, and area strain along the San Andreas fault in southern California such that the Bouguer anomaly apparently remains unchanged and the uplift-to-strain ratio is about −100 km. Several dislocation mechanisms are proposed that fulfill these constraints, but these mechanisms appear to be rather contrived and are not regarded as satisfactory explanations.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB089iB03p01945","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Savage, J., 1984, Local gravity anomalies produced by dislocation sources: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 89, no. B3, p. 1945-1952, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB089iB03p01945.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"1945","endPage":"1952","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":487082,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/jb089ib03p01945","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":220041,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"89","issue":"B3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a48dce4b0c8380cd681a1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Savage, J.C. 0000-0002-5114-7673","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5114-7673","contributorId":102876,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savage","given":"J.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366123,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70013450,"text":"70013450 - 1984 - Effect of anisotropy and groundwater system geometry on seepage through lakebeds. 1. Analog and dimensional analysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-09T19:33:46","indexId":"70013450","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effect of anisotropy and groundwater system geometry on seepage through lakebeds. 1. Analog and dimensional analysis","docAbstract":"Distribution of seepage through lakebeds is controlled partly by geometric configuration of the lake and of the groundwater system interacting with the lake. To evaluate the effect of these factors, conductive-paper electric-analog models were used to analyze a number of lake and groundwater settings having different geometric configurations. Most settings analyzed are of lakes that do not penetrate the groundwater system. The width ratio, the ratio of half the lake width to thickness of the groundwater system, is the principal geometric characteristic used in this study. Because the distribution of groundwater seepage into a lake is not uniform across the lakebed, the concept of a streamlinecrowding factor is developed, and is used to determine seepage patterns from geometric characteristics of the lake and its contiguous groundwater system. Analysis of fourteen different width ratios of lake and groundwater systems indicates that lakes can be defined by three general groups of seepage patterns, which include flow patterns, volumes and rates: (1) lakes having width ratios less than ∼ 0.6 show relatively uniform distribution of seepage across the lakebed; (2) lakes having width ratios of ∼ 0.6 to ∼ 2.0 change in absolute and relative streamline crowding in the near-shore region; and (3) lakes having width ratios greater than ∼ 2.0 show stable flow patterns near shore; however, with increasing lake width, the relative streamline crowding increases relative to that width. For deep lakes and those in anisotropic media, the crowding effect is decreased, resulting in more uniform seepage across the lakebed.
Complete records of organic-carbon-rich Cretaceous strata were continuouslycored on the flanks of the Mid-Pacific Mountains and southern Hess Rise in the central North Pacific Ocean during DSDP Leg 62. Organic-carbon-rich laminated silicified limestones were deposited in the western Mid-Pacific Mountains during the early Aptian, a time when that region was south of the equator and considerably shallower than at present. Organic-carbon-rich, laminated limestone on southern Hess Rise overlies volcanic basement and includes 136 m of stratigraphic section of late Albian to early Cenomanian age. This limestone unit was deposited rapidly as Hess Rise was passing under the equatorial high-productivity zone and was subsiding from shallow to intermediate depths. The association of volcanogenic components with organic-carbon-rich strata on Hess Rise in the Mid-Pacific Mountains is striking and suggests that there was a coincidence of mid-plate volcanic activity and the production and accumulation of organic matter at intermediate water depths in the tropical Pacific Ocean during the middle Cretaceous.
Pyrolysis assays and analyses of extractable hydrocarbons indicate that the organic matter in the limestone on Hess Rise is composed mainly of lipid-rich kerogen derived from aquatic marine organisms and bacteria. Limestones from the Mid-Pacific Mountains generally contain low ratios of pyrolytic hydrocarbons to organic carbon and low hydrogen indices, suggesting that the organic matter may contain a significant proportion of land-derived material, possibly derived from numerous volcanic islands that must have existed before the area subsided. The organic carbon in all samples analyzed is isotopically light (δ13C − 24 to − 29 per mil) relative to most modern rine organic carbon, and the lightest carbon is also the most lipid-rich.
There is a positive linear correlation between sulfur and organic carbon in samples from Hess Rise and from the Mid-Pacific Mountains. The slopes and intercepts of C-S regression lines however, are different for each site and all are different from regression lines for samples from modern anoxic marine sediments and from Black Sea cores.
The organic-carbon-rich limestones on Hess Rise, the Mid-Pacific Mountains, and other plateaus and seamounts in the Pacific Ocean are not synchronous but do occur within the same general middle Cretaceous time period as organic-carbon-rich lithofacies elsewhere in the world ocean, particularly in the Atlantic Ocean. Strata of equivalent age in the deep basins of the Pacific Ocean are not rich in organic carbon, and were deposited in oxygenated environments. This observation, together with the evidence that the plateau sites were considerably shallower and closse to the equator during the middle Creataceous suggests that local tectonic and hydrographic conditions may have resulted in high surface-water productivity and the preservation of organic matter in an oxygen-deficient environment where an expanded mid-water oxygen minimum developed and impinged on elevated platforms and seamounts.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0146-6380(84)90135-9","usgsCitation":"Dean, W., Claypool, G., and Thide, J., 1984, Accumulation of organic matter in Cretaceous oxygen-deficient depositional environments in the central Pacific Ocean: Organic Geochemistry, v. 7, no. 1, p. 39-51, https://doi.org/10.1016/0146-6380(84)90135-9.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"39","endPage":"51","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220308,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"7","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e683e4b0c8380cd4746e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dean, W.E.","contributorId":97099,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dean","given":"W.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366022,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Claypool, George E.","contributorId":8475,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Claypool","given":"George E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366020,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thide, J.","contributorId":64798,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thide","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366021,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70013411,"text":"70013411 - 1984 - Radioactive disequilibria in mineralised fracture samples from two uranium occurrences in northern Sweden","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-22T20:32:32","indexId":"70013411","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2588,"text":"LITHOS","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Radioactive disequilibria in mineralised fracture samples from two uranium occurrences in northern Sweden","docAbstract":"Mineralised fractures from two uranium occurrences in northern Sweden were examined mineralogically and isotopically to establish the presence or absence of radioactive equilibrium that may indicate recent rock-water interaction processes based on the natural mobility of uranium (i.e.; during the last 0.5 Ma). The results show evidence of radioactive disequilibrium in six of the nine samples investigated. Disequilibria are attributable to solution to solid 234U recoil gain (weakly mineralised zones adjacent to the main mineralisation) and solid to solution 234U recoil loss (moderate to highly mineralised zones). The absence of significant 238U loss in the samples emphasises the reducing conditions at the sampled depths. ?? 1984.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"LITHOS","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0024-4937(84)90021-5","issn":"00244937","usgsCitation":"Smellie, J.A., and Rosholt, J., 1984, Radioactive disequilibria in mineralised fracture samples from two uranium occurrences in northern Sweden: LITHOS, v. 17, no. C, p. 215-225, https://doi.org/10.1016/0024-4937(84)90021-5.","startPage":"215","endPage":"225","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220254,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":267966,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0024-4937(84)90021-5"}],"volume":"17","issue":"C","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a93ace4b0c8380cd80f79","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smellie, John A.T.","contributorId":26437,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smellie","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"A.T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366014,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rosholt, J.N.","contributorId":37749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosholt","given":"J.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366015,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70013406,"text":"70013406 - 1984 - MICROCHARACTERIZATION OF ARSENIC- AND SELENIUM-BEARING PYRITE IN UPPER FREEPORT COAL, INDIANA COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:36","indexId":"70013406","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3335,"text":"Scanning Electron Microscopy","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"MICROCHARACTERIZATION OF ARSENIC- AND SELENIUM-BEARING PYRITE IN UPPER FREEPORT COAL, INDIANA COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA.","docAbstract":"Optical and scanning electron microscope as well as electron and proton microprobe techniques have been used in a detailed investigation of the modes of occurrence of arsenic and selenium in pyrite in Upper Freeport coal from the Homer City area, Indiana County, Pennsylvania. Polished blocks were prepared from columnar samples of the coal bed to represent particular zones continuously from top to bottom. Initial selection of zones to be studied was based on chemical analysis of bench-channel samples. Microprobe data indicate that the highest concentrations of arsenic (as great as 1. 5 wt. %) are apparently in solid solution in pyrite within a limited stratigraphic interval of the coal bed. Smaller amounts of arsenic and selenium (concentrations up to approximately 0. 1 and 0. 2 wt. % respectively) were detected at isolated points within pyrite grains in various strata of the coal bed.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Scanning Electron Microscopy","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"05865581","usgsCitation":"Minkin, J., Finkelman, R.B., Thompson, C., Chao, E.C., Ruppert, L., Blank, H., and Cecil, C.B., 1984, MICROCHARACTERIZATION OF ARSENIC- AND SELENIUM-BEARING PYRITE IN UPPER FREEPORT COAL, INDIANA COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA.: Scanning Electron Microscopy, no. pt 4, p. 1515-1529.","startPage":"1515","endPage":"1529","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220143,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"pt 4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4ac5e4b0c8380cd6901c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Minkin, J.A.","contributorId":38588,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Minkin","given":"J.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366001,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Finkelman, R. B.","contributorId":20341,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finkelman","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366000,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thompson, C.L.","contributorId":12189,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"C.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365999,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Chao, E. C. T.","contributorId":96713,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chao","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"C. T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366005,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ruppert, L.F. 0000-0003-4990-0539","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4990-0539","contributorId":59043,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruppert","given":"L.F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366002,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Blank, H.","contributorId":63275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blank","given":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366004,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Cecil, C. B. 0000-0002-9032-1689","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9032-1689","contributorId":62204,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cecil","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366003,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70013396,"text":"70013396 - 1984 - Reflectance spectroscopy: Quantitative analysis techniques for remote sensing applications","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-06T15:57:06.613394","indexId":"70013396","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2312,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reflectance spectroscopy: Quantitative analysis techniques for remote sensing applications","docAbstract":"Several methods for the analysis of remotely sensed reflectance data are compared, including empirical methods and scattering theories, both of which are important for solving remote sensing problems. The concept of the photon mean optical path length and the implications for use in modeling reflectance spectra are presented. It is shown that the mean optical path length in a particulate surface is in rough inverse proportion to the square root of the absorption coefficient. Thus, the stronger absorber a material is, the less photons will penetrate into the surface. The concept of apparent absorbance (‐In reflectance) is presented, and it is shown that absorption bands, which are Gaussian in shape when plotted as absorption coefficient (true absorbance) versus photon energy, are also Gaussians in apparent absorbance. However, the Gaussians in apparent absorbance have a smaller intensity and a width which is a factor of √2 larger. An apparent continuum in a reflectance spectrum is modeled as a mathematical function used to isolate a particular absorption feature for analysis. It is shown that a continuum should be removed by dividing it into the reflectance spectrum or subtracting it from the apparent absorbance and that the fitting of Gaussians to absorption features should be done using apparent absorbance versus photon energy. Kubelka‐Munk theory is only valid for materials with small total absorption and for bihemispherical reflectance, which are rarely encountered in geologic remote sensing. It is shown that the recently advocated bidirectional reflectance theories have the potential for use in deriving mineral abundance from a reflectance spectrum.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB089iB07p06329","usgsCitation":"Clark, R.N., and Roush, T.L., 1984, Reflectance spectroscopy: Quantitative analysis techniques for remote sensing applications: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 89, no. B7, p. 6329-6340, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB089iB07p06329.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"6329","endPage":"6340","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220033,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"89","issue":"B7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a43ae4b0e8fec6cdbad3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clark, Roger N. 0000-0002-7021-1220 rclark@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7021-1220","contributorId":515,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"Roger","email":"rclark@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":365977,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Roush, T. L.","contributorId":77661,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Roush","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365978,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70013387,"text":"70013387 - 1984 - Inverse problems for torsional modes.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-12T11:25:23","indexId":"70013387","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1804,"text":"Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Inverse problems for torsional modes.","docAbstract":"Considers a spherically symmetric, non-rotating Earth consisting of an isotropic, perfect elastic material where the density and the S-wave velocity may have one or two discontinuities in the upper mantle. Shows that given the velocity throughout the mantle and the crust and given the density in the lower mantle, then the freqencies of the torsional oscillations of one angular order (one torsional spectrum), determine the density in the upper mantle and in the crust uniquely. If the velocity is known only in the lower mantle, then the frequencies of the torsional oscillations of two angular orders uniquely determine both the density and the velocity in the upper mantle and in the crust. In particular, the position and size of the discontinuities in the density and velocity are uniquely determined by two torsional spectra.-Author","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-246X.1984.tb05074.x","usgsCitation":"Willis, C., 1984, Inverse problems for torsional modes.: Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society, v. 78, no. 3, p. 847-853, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1984.tb05074.x.","startPage":"847","endPage":"853","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":480200,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246x.1984.tb05074.x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":219914,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":269141,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1984.tb05074.x"}],"volume":"78","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3e50e4b0c8380cd63c8b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Willis, C.","contributorId":12748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Willis","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365952,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70013376,"text":"70013376 - 1984 - A simple model of ice segregation using an analytic function to model heat and soil-water flow","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-19T20:20:18.252681","indexId":"70013376","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2250,"text":"Journal of Energy Resources Technology, Transactions of the ASME","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A simple model of ice segregation using an analytic function to model heat and soil-water flow","docAbstract":"For slowly moving freezing fronts in soil, the heat-transport equation may be approximated by the Laplacian of temperature. Consequently, potential theory may be assumed to apply and the temperature state can be approximated by an analytic function. The movement of freezing fronts may be approximated by a time-stepped solution of the phase-change problem, thus solving directly for heat flow across a freezing or thawing front. Moisture transport may approximated by using an exact solution of the moisture-transport equation assuming quasi-steady-state conditions, appropriate boundary conditions, and an exponential function relating unsaturated hydraulic conductivity (defined within the thawed zones) to pore water pressure (tension). This approach is used to develop a single model of ice segregation (frost-heave) in freezing soils. Applications to published and experimental one-dimension soil column freezing data show promising results.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Mechanical Engineers","doi":"10.1115/1.3231116","issn":"01950738","usgsCitation":"Hromadka, T., and Guymon, G.L., 1984, A simple model of ice segregation using an analytic function to model heat and soil-water flow: Journal of Energy Resources Technology, Transactions of the ASME, v. 106, no. 4, p. 515-520, https://doi.org/10.1115/1.3231116.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"515","endPage":"520","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":220586,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"106","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1984-12-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aaf55e4b0c8380cd87524","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hromadka, T. V. II","contributorId":76464,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hromadka","given":"T. V.","suffix":"II","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365931,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Guymon, G. L.","contributorId":83941,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guymon","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365932,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70013357,"text":"70013357 - 1984 - Development and evaluation of a gas chromatographic method for the determination of triazine herbicides in natural water samples","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-20T19:50:52","indexId":"70013357","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2040,"text":"International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Development and evaluation of a gas chromatographic method for the determination of triazine herbicides in natural water samples","docAbstract":"A multi-residue method is described for the determination o triazine herbicides in natural water samples. The technique uses solvent extraction followed by gas chromatographic separation and detection employing nitrogen-selective devices. Seven compounds can be determined simultaneously at a nominal detection limit of 0.1 μg/L in a 1-litre sample. Three different natural water samples were used for error analysis via evaluation of recovery efficiencies and estimation of overall method precision. As an alternative to liquid-liquid partition (solvent extraction) for removal of compounds of interest from water, solid-phase extraction (SPE) techniques employing chromatographic grade silicas with chemically modified surfaces have been examined. SPE is found to provide rapid and efficient concentration with quantitative recovery of some triazine herbicides from natural water samples. Concentration factors of 500 to 1000 times are obtained readily by the SPE technique.
The Gossan Lead district is a 28-km-long, northeast-trending belt of discontinuous massive sulfide deposits in the Blue Ridge province of southwestern Virginia. The deposits, hosted by the Ashe Formation of late Proterozoic age, consist of strata-bound lenses and layers of massive pyrrhotite, minor chalcopyrite, sphalerite, and pyrite, and rare arsenopyrite and galena. Deposits were mined principally in the Iron Ridge and Betty Baker segments, respectively, at the southwestern and northeastern ends of the belt. Detailed mapping of the Gossan Howard, Huey, and Bumbarger pits in the Iron Ridge segment indicates that the deposits occur at one horizon and have been variously folded and brecciated after sulfide deposition. The Gossan Howard consists of a single, gently dipping lens of sulfide. The Huey deposit is complexly folded and locally contains tectonically thickened ore. The Bumbarger deposit is a lens as much as 40 m thick--the thickest known in the district. This deposit contains abundant coarse breccia fragments of wall rock around which the massive sulfide has flowed (during deformation and metamorphism), probably thickening the original deposit significantly. In the northeastern part of the district, drill holes intersect several sulfide layers that possibly are structurally repeated.The Ashe Formation in the district is a sequence of metasedimentary rocks and local conformable lenses of amphibolite and actinolite-chlorite schist. The metasedimentary rocks include metapelite, quartz-feldspar granofels (metagraywacke), and minor quartzite and carbonaceous schist, and are interpreted as marine turbidites. The amphibolites and other mafic rocks have chemical compositions similar to low Ti tholeiitic basalt, with a high Y/Nb (>10) and high average contents of Co (40 ppm), Cr (403 ppm), Ni (211 ppm), and V (247 ppm). Immobile trace element signatures (Ti-Y-Zr; Th-Hf-Ta; Ti-Cr) suggest a magmatic affinity with midocean ridge basalt (MORB); rare earth elements (REE) have low abundance levels (10X-15X chondrite), broadly flat patterns [(La/Yb) N = 0.7-1.1], and a slight depletion in the light elements similar to midocean ridge basalts. An amphibolite from a much higher stratigraphic level, south of the district, differs significantly from the mafic rocks closer to the sulfide zone in having the chemical signature of a transitional, slightly alkalic tholeiite with high TiO 2 (3.87 wt %), Fe 2 O 3 (16.4 wt %), and P 2 O 5 (0.56 wt %), low Y/Nb (3.3), and a highly fractionated rare earth element distribution [(La/Yb) N = 3.9] similar to continental basalt.Some silicate wall rocks of the deposits are mineralogically and chemically unusual, and differ substantially from the clastic metasediments of the Ashe Formation. Such rocks are composed mainly or wholly of plagioclase feldspar, biotite, chlorite, muscovite, or spessartine-rich garnet. The unusual lithologies form local strata-bound lenses in the footwall and/or hanging wall of the deposits, typically within 10 m of massive sulfide. The plagioclase rocks (3.4-7.6 wt % Na 2 O) consist largely of granoblastic albite-oligoclase (Ab (sub 78-90) ) with minor quartz and biotite; rare earth elements are highly fractionated [(La/Yb) N = 6.8-7.1] and their patterns resemble those of the quartz-feldspar granofels (metagraywacke) from the district.The biotite schists, locally monomineralic, have FeO/(FeO + MgO) = 0.5 and contain high phosphorus (1 wt % P 2 O 5 ) and fluorine (0.5 wt % F), present in fluorapatite. The chlorite schist is essentially all ripidolite; rare earth elements are highly fractionated, and have a large negative Eu anomaly. The spessartine-rich rocks (6.3-8.9 wt % MnO) are in places interlayered with the other unusual wall rocks and consist of abundant Mn-rich garnet (Sp 50 Al 23 Gr 19 Py 8 ) and minor quartz, plagioclase, pyrrhotite, and biotite. The distinctive mineralogy and chemistry of these rocks suggest that they represent metamorphosed alteration zones and/or intermixed chemical and clastic sediments.The sulfide deposits are interpreted as syngenetic in origin but modified in form by deformation which accompanied metamorphism. The great length of the mineralized district parallel to the regional strike and the flyschoid (turbidite) nature of the host rocks suggest that sedimentation and initial sulfide deposition took place in a deep, elongate marine basin or graben overlying a crustal rift zone. A rift underlying the sedimentary pile is consistent with the occurrence of mafic metavolcanic rocks of midocean ridge basalt affinity and could also have served as the feeder system for a line of hydrothermal vents on the sea floor that generated the sulfide deposits.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.79.7.1483","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Gair, J., and Slack, J.F., 1984, Deformation, geochemistry, and origin of massive sulfide deposits, Gossan lead district, Virginia: Economic Geology, v. 79, no. 7, p. 1483-1520, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.79.7.1483.","productDescription":"38 p.","startPage":"1483","endPage":"1520","numberOfPages":"38","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219973,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"79","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1984-11-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fe4de4b0c8380cd4ec63","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gair, J. E.","contributorId":50891,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gair","given":"J. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365846,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Slack, J. F.","contributorId":75917,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Slack","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365847,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70013938,"text":"70013938 - 1984 - Status and future of satellite image mapping: Based on experience of the U.S. Geological Survey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-03T13:53:05","indexId":"70013938","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Status and future of satellite image mapping: Based on experience of the U.S. Geological Survey","docAbstract":"Space systems now provide data in basically orthographic form which greatly simplifies the production of the image map. Moreover, the multispectral capability of space systems facilitates the use of the color mode when compared to aerial photography. Digital graphical information systems are now being developed on a global basis and the response from space which represents the image in multispectral form will undoubtedly be incorporated into such information systems. Thus, the capability of printing out the image along with more conventional map data will be a viable option.
","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the International Symposium on Remote Sensing of Environment","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the Eighteenth International Symposium on Remote Sensing of Environment.","conferenceLocation":"Paris, France","language":"English","publisher":"Environmental Research Inst of Michigan","publisherLocation":"Ann Arbor, MI","issn":"02755505","usgsCitation":"Colvocoresses, A.P., 1984, Status and future of satellite image mapping: Based on experience of the U.S. Geological Survey, in Proceedings of the International Symposium on Remote Sensing of Environment, v. 2, Paris, France, p. 957-960.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"957","endPage":"960","numberOfPages":"4","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225611,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aaf8de4b0c8380cd87660","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Cook Jerald J.","contributorId":128359,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Cook Jerald J.","id":536285,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Colvocoresses, Alden P.","contributorId":72779,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colvocoresses","given":"Alden","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":367206,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70013332,"text":"70013332 - 1984 - Lu-Hf constraints on the evolution of lunar basalts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-27T16:32:11.008282","indexId":"70013332","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":6453,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lu-Hf constraints on the evolution of lunar basalts","docAbstract":"Very low Ti basalts and green glass samples from the moon show high Lu/Hf ratios and low Hf concentrations. Low-Ti lunar basalts show high and variable Lu/Hf ratios and higher Hf concentrations, whereas high-Ti lunar basalts show low Lu/Hf ratios and high Hf concentrations. KREEP basalts have constant Lu/Hf ratios and high but variable Hf concentrations. Using the Lu-Hf behavior as a constraint, we propose a model for the mare basalts evolution. This constraint requires extensive crystallization of the primary lunar magma ocean prior to formation of the lunar mare basalt sources and the KREEP basalts. Mare basalts are produced by the melting of the cumulate rocks, and KREEP basalts represent the residual liquid of the magma ocean.
Lu and Hf concentrations and the Hf isotopic data of lunar rocks suggest that assimilation cannot be accepted as a major process to explain the diversity of the lunar mare basalts. The urKREEP hypothesis is also unnecessary. Both high- and low-Ti basalts show enough iron enrichment to be regarded as melting products of the last stage cumulate rocks from the lunar magma ocean. The KREEP basalts are also rich in iron and may be regarded as the final, residual liquid left after the crystallization of the major portion of the primary lunar magma ocean.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB089iS02p0B445","usgsCitation":"Fujimaki, H., and Tatsumoto, M., 1984, Lu-Hf constraints on the evolution of lunar basalts: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 89, no. S02, p. B445-B458, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB089iS02p0B445.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"B445","endPage":"B458","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":502537,"rank":2,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://tohoku.repo.nii.ac.jp/records/5255","text":"External Repository"},{"id":219795,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"89","issue":"S02","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-21","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4a80e4b0c8380cd68e03","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fujimaki, Hirokazu","contributorId":27607,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fujimaki","given":"Hirokazu","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365828,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tatsumoto, Mistunobu","contributorId":24637,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tatsumoto","given":"Mistunobu","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365827,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70013310,"text":"70013310 - 1984 - Interactions of solutes and streambed sediment: 1. An experimental analysis of cation and anion transport in a mountain stream","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-20T19:29:01","indexId":"70013310","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Interactions of solutes and streambed sediment: 1. An experimental analysis of cation and anion transport in a mountain stream","docAbstract":"An experimental injection was performed to study the transport of stream water solutes under conditions of significant interaction with streambed sediments in a mountain pool-and-riffle stream. Experiments were conducted in Little Lost Man Creek, Humboldt County, California, in a period of low flow duringwhich only a part of the bank-full channel held active surface flow. The injection of chloride and several trace cations lasted 20 days. In this report we discuss the results of the first 24 hours of the injection and survey the results of the first 10 days. Solute-streambed interactions of two types were observed. First, the physical transport of the conservative tracer, chloride, was affected by intergravel flow and stagnant watt, zones created by the bed relief. Second, the transport of the cations (strontium, potassium, and lithium) was appreciably modified by sorption onto streambed sediment. In the stream the readily observable consequence of the solute-streambed interactions was an attenuation of the dissolved concentration of each of the tracers. The attenuation in the stream channel occurred concurrently with the storage of tracers in the streambed via both physical and chemical processes. All tracers were subsequently present in shallow wells dug several meters from the wetted part of the channel. Sediment samples collected approximately 3 weeks after the start of the injection contained increased concentrations of the injected cations.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR020i012p01797","usgsCitation":"Bencala, K.E., Kennedy, V.C., Zellweger, G.W., Jackman, A.P., and Avanzino, R.J., 1984, Interactions of solutes and streambed sediment: 1. An experimental analysis of cation and anion transport in a mountain stream: Water Resources Research, v. 20, no. 12, p. 1797-1803, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR020i012p01797.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"1797","endPage":"1803","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":220420,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Humboldt County","otherGeospatial":"Little Lost Man Creek","volume":"20","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3cd0e4b0c8380cd6307f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bencala, Kenneth E. kbencala@usgs.gov","contributorId":1541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bencala","given":"Kenneth","email":"kbencala@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":365789,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kennedy, Vance C.","contributorId":102063,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kennedy","given":"Vance","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365786,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zellweger, Gary W.","contributorId":71171,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zellweger","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365788,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Jackman, Alan P.","contributorId":28239,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jackman","given":"Alan","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365787,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Avanzino, Ronald J.","contributorId":24355,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Avanzino","given":"Ronald","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365785,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ]}