Radon 222 concentrations in the water and sedimentary columns and radon exchange rates across the sediment-water and air-water interfaces have been measured in a section of south San Francisco Bay. Two independent methods have been used to determine sediment-water exchange rates, and the annual averages of these methods agree within the uncertainty of the determinations, about 20%. The annual average of benthic fluxes from shoal areas is nearly a factor of 2 greater than fluxes from the channel areas. Fluxes from the shoal and channel areas exceed those expected from simple molecular diffusion by factors of 4 and 2, respectively, apparently due to macrofaunal irrigation. Values of the gas transfer coefficient for radon exchange across the air-water interface were determined by constructing a radon mass balance for the water column and by direct measurement using floating chambers. The chamber method appears to yield results which are too high. Transfer coefficients computed using the mass balance method range from 0.4 m/day to 1.8 m/day, with a 6-year average of 1.0 m/day. Gas exchange is linearly dependent upon wind speed over a wind speed range of 3.2–6.4 m/s, but shows no dependence upon current velocity. Gas transfer coefficients predicted from an empirical relationship between gas exchange rates and wind speed observed in lakes and the oceans are within 30% of the coefficients determined from the radon mass balance and are considerably more accurate than coefficients predicted from theoretical gas exchange models.
","language":"English","publisher":"AGU Publications","doi":"10.1029/JC089iC03p03593","usgsCitation":"Hartman, B., and Hammond, D.E., 1984, Gas exchange rates across the sediment-water and air-water interfaces in south San Francisco Bay: Journal of Geophysical Research C: Oceans, v. 89, no. C3, p. 3593-3603, https://doi.org/10.1029/JC089iC03p03593.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"3593","endPage":"3603","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":316652,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.4810791015625,\n 37.400710068740565\n ],\n [\n -122.4810791015625,\n 37.89436302930203\n ],\n [\n -121.90704345703124,\n 37.89436302930203\n ],\n [\n -121.90704345703124,\n 37.400710068740565\n ],\n [\n -122.4810791015625,\n 37.400710068740565\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"89","issue":"C3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56b9ca56e4b08d617f63a812","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hartman, Blayne","contributorId":77664,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hartman","given":"Blayne","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":597560,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hammond, Douglas E.","contributorId":67878,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hammond","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":597561,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70174312,"text":"70174312 - 1984 - Response of northern San Francisco Bay to riverine inputs of dissolved inorganic carbon, silicon, nitrogen and phosphorus","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-07-27T13:26:28","indexId":"70174312","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Response of northern San Francisco Bay to riverine inputs of dissolved inorganic carbon, silicon, nitrogen and phosphorus","docAbstract":"Estuarine processes can be effective in modifying (filtering) distributions of dissolved inorganic forms of carbon (DIC), silicon (DIS), nitrogen (DIN), and phosphorus (DIP) in northern San Francisco Bay. During winter, high inflow from the Sacramento-San Joaquin river system supplied these nutrients to the estuary at rates that exceeded potential rates of estuarine supply and removal processes. During spring and summer, when inflow rates were lower, the estuary was an effective “filter” of the river inflow “signal” because rates of estuarine processes were high relative to river and other supply rates. At lower inflow rates, the river apparently influenced estuarine hydrodynamic features that controlled rates of phytoplankton nutrient removal. Largest biological removal effects were localized in San Pablo Bay during spring and Suisun Bay during summer, and they were generally more pronounced in shallow water areas of the bays. In San Pablo Bay, effects of biological removal appeared soon after river inflow decreased from high winter rates, but persisted for only a short time. During the following summer months, DIN and DIP distributions in San Pablo Bay indicated that estuarine sources contributed to higher concentrations of these nutrients.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"The estuary as a filter","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Academic Press","doi":"10.1016/B978-0-12-405070-9.50016-5","usgsCitation":"Schemel, L.E., Harmon, D.D., Eager, S.W., and Peterson, D., 1984, Response of northern San Francisco Bay to riverine inputs of dissolved inorganic carbon, silicon, nitrogen and phosphorus, chap. of The estuary as a filter, p. 221-240, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-405070-9.50016-5.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"221","endPage":"240","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":324845,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.51953124999999,\n 37.78916666399649\n ],\n [\n -122.51953124999999,\n 38.161556068786886\n ],\n [\n -122.23937988281251,\n 38.161556068786886\n ],\n [\n -122.23937988281251,\n 37.78916666399649\n ],\n [\n -122.51953124999999,\n 37.78916666399649\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"577f7d32e4b0ef4d2f45fac0","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Kennedy, Victor S.","contributorId":172744,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kennedy","given":"Victor S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":641804,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Schemel, Laurence E. lschemel@usgs.gov","contributorId":4085,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schemel","given":"Laurence","email":"lschemel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":641800,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harmon, Dana D.","contributorId":34929,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harmon","given":"Dana","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":641801,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Eager, Stephen W.","contributorId":172743,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Eager","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":641802,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Peterson, David H.","contributorId":82776,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"David H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":641803,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70193881,"text":"70193881 - 1984 - Bioavailability of Pb and Zn from mine tailings as indicated by erythrocyte aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALA-D) activity in suckers (Pisces: catostomidae)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-07T11:29:49","indexId":"70193881","displayToPublicDate":"1984-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1169,"text":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Bioavailability of Pb and Zn from mine tailings as indicated by erythrocyte aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALA-D) activity in suckers (Pisces: catostomidae)","docAbstract":"The activity of the erythrocyte enzyme δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALA-D) was measured in 35 catostomids (black redhorse, Moxostoma duquesnei; golden redhorse, M. erythrurum; northern hogsucker, Hypentelium nigricans) collected from three sites on a stream contaminated with Pb-, Cd-, and Zn-rich mine tailings and from an uncontaminated site upstream. Enzyme activity was expressed in terms of hemoglobin (Hb), DNA, and protein concentrations; these variables can be determined in the laboratory on once-frozen blood samples. Concentrations of Pb and Zn in blood and of Pb in edible tissues were significantly higher, and ALA-D activity was significantly lower, at all three contaminated sites than upstream. At the most contaminated site, ALA-D activity was 62–67% lower than upstream. Lead concentrations in the edible tissues and in blood were positively correlated (r = 0.80), whereas ALA-D activity was negatively correlated with Pb in blood (r = −0.70) and in edible tissues (r = −0.59). Five statistically significant relations between Pb and Zn in blood and ALA-D activity were determined. The two models that explained the highest percentage (> 74%) of the total variance also included factors related to Hb concentration. All five significant models included negative coefficients for variables that represented Pb in blood and positive coefficients for Zn in blood. The ALA-D assay with results standardized to Hb concentration represents an expedient alternative to the more traditional hematocrit standardization, and the measurement of ALA-D activity by this method can be used to document exposure of fish to environmental Pb.
","language":"English","publisher":"NRC Research Press","doi":"10.1139/f84-120","usgsCitation":"Schmitt, C.J., Dwyer, F.J., and Finger, S.E., 1984, Bioavailability of Pb and Zn from mine tailings as indicated by erythrocyte aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALA-D) activity in suckers (Pisces: catostomidae): Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, v. 41, no. 7, p. 1030-1040, https://doi.org/10.1139/f84-120.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"1030","endPage":"1040","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":348360,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Missouri","otherGeospatial":"Big River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.109619140625,\n 37.51844023887861\n ],\n [\n -90.06591796875,\n 37.51844023887861\n ],\n [\n -90.06591796875,\n 38.61687046392973\n ],\n [\n -91.109619140625,\n 38.61687046392973\n ],\n [\n -91.109619140625,\n 37.51844023887861\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"41","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a6140a6e4b06e28e9c25f26","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schmitt, Christopher J. 0000-0001-6804-2360 cjschmitt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6804-2360","contributorId":491,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmitt","given":"Christopher","email":"cjschmitt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":720872,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dwyer, F. James","contributorId":176136,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dwyer","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"James","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":720873,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Finger, Susan E. sfinger@usgs.gov","contributorId":1317,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finger","given":"Susan","email":"sfinger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":720874,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70197851,"text":"70197851 - 1984 - Statistical relations among earthquake magnitude, surface rupture length, and surface fault displacement","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-29T15:53:13.291712","indexId":"70197851","displayToPublicDate":"1984-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Statistical relations among earthquake magnitude, surface rupture length, and surface fault displacement","docAbstract":"In order to refine correlations of surface-wave magnitude, fault rupture length at the ground surface, and fault displacement at the surface by including the uncertainties in these variables, the existing data were critically reviewed and a new data base was compiled. Earthquake magnitudes were redetermined as necessary to make them as consistent as possible with the Gutenberg methods and results, which make up much of the data base. Measurement errors were estimated for the three variables for 58 moderate to large shallow-focus earthquakes. Regression analyses were then made utilizing the estimated measurement errors.
The regression analysis demonstrates that the relations among the variables magnitude, length, and displacement are stochastic in nature. The stochastic variance, introduced in part by incomplete surface expression of seismogenic faulting, variation in shear modulus, and regional factors, dominates the estimated measurement errors. Thus, it is appropriate to use ordinary least squares for the regression models, rather than regression models based upon an underlying deterministic relation in which the variance results primarily from measurement errors.
Significant differences exist in correlations of certain combinations of length, displacement, and magnitude when events are grouped by fault type or by region, including attenuation regions delineated by Evernden and others.
Estimates of the magnitude and the standard deviation of the magnitude of a prehistoric or future earthquake associated with a fault can be made by correlating Ms with the logarithms of rupture length, fault displacement, or the product of length and displacement.
Fault rupture area could be reliably estimated for about 20 of the events in the data set. Regression of Ms on rupture area did not result in a marked improvement over regressions that did not involve rupture area. Because no subduction-zone earthquakes are included in this study, the reported results do not apply to such zones.
","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/BSSA0740062379","usgsCitation":"Bonilla, M.G., Mark, R., and Lienkaemper, J.J., 1984, Statistical relations among earthquake magnitude, surface rupture length, and surface fault displacement: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 74, no. 6, p. 2379-2411, https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0740062379.","productDescription":"33 p.","startPage":"2379","endPage":"2411","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":355274,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":422237,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/ssa/bssa/article/74/6/2379/118679/Statistical-relations-among-earthquake-magnitude"}],"volume":"74","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bonilla, Manuel G.","contributorId":74384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bonilla","given":"Manuel","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":738759,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mark, Robert K.","contributorId":30648,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mark","given":"Robert K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":738760,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lienkaemper, James J. 0000-0002-7578-7042 jlienk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7578-7042","contributorId":1941,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lienkaemper","given":"James","email":"jlienk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":738761,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70207376,"text":"70207376 - 1984 - Origin of Hawaiian tholeiite: A metasomatic model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-03T15:04:42.86726","indexId":"70207376","displayToPublicDate":"1984-12-18T13:01:15","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Origin of Hawaiian tholeiite: A metasomatic model","docAbstract":"Two voluminous magma types generated in the mantle underlying the Pacific plate are mid‐ocean ridge tholeiite (MORB) erupted at the East Pacific Rise spreading center and Hawaiian tholeiite (HT) erupted above the Hawaiian hot spot or melting anomaly. MORB has low initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios and low amounts of all incompatible trace elements including rare earths; chondrite‐normalized patterns are depleted in light rare earths. HT, by contrast, has higher initial 87Sr/86Sr and higher amounts of incompatible trace elements; chondrite‐nor‐malized patterns are enriched in the middle and light rare earths. HT is generally poorer in CaO and Al2O3 and much richer in total iron and TiO2 compared with MORB having the same MgO content. Primary magma compositions for the two volcanic systems are calculated in Fe‐Mg equilibrium with residual olivine (Fo92). MORB is generated by partial melting of a trace element depleted Iherzolite source leaving a residual assemblage dominated by olivine and orthopyroxene. The percentage of partial melting for a primary magma containing 15% MgO is calculated to be 35–42% in a source mantle having a heavy rare earth content of 3×chondrite and 33–35% MgO. HT, represented by Kilauea tholeiite, is generated by partial melting of a mixture of unmelted and residual mantle for MORB which has been modified by metasomatic addition of a nephelinitic fluid, amphibole, and minor amounts of apatite and Fe‐bearing phases such as sulfide and magnetite/ilmenite. This model yields a picritic magma in equilbrium with magnesian dunite at high (>40%) degrees of partial melting. The source also has 35% MgO before partial melting. Melting in both systems in polyvariant and not controlled by lower‐temperature invariant equilibria. The low‐velocity zone is considered to be the source of metasomatic fluids that are driven upward into the lowermost lithosphere in response to a thermal plume. Picritic primary magmas are produced by shear melting, localized in the zone of thinned and metasomatized lithosphere beneath Hawaii. Melt extraction is rapid and episodic at intervals of months to decades; magma is not stored in the mantle but passes upward to a plexus of storage reservoirs located 2–6 km beneath the surface of Kilauea. Kilauea primary magmas fractionate olivine during upward transport to reach bulk compositions of 13–14% MgO in storage. Different magma batches erupted to the surface, distinguished by different major and minor element compositons compared at similar MgO content, represent combinations of differing degrees of metasomatic enrichment, differing degrees of partial melting, and some effects of premelting mantle heterogeneity.
","language":"English","publisher":"AGU","doi":"10.1029/JB089iB05p03233","usgsCitation":"Wright, T., 1984, Origin of Hawaiian tholeiite: A metasomatic model: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 89, no. 5, p. 3233-3252, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB089iB05p03233.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"3233","endPage":"3252","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":370418,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -160.48828125,\n 21.6778482933475\n ],\n [\n -156.181640625,\n 18.271086109608877\n ],\n [\n -154.0283203125,\n 19.68397023588844\n ],\n [\n -159.14794921875,\n 22.958393318086348\n ],\n [\n -160.48828125,\n 21.6778482933475\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"89","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wright, Thomas L. twright@usgs.gov","contributorId":3890,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"Thomas L.","email":"twright@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":777861,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70013881,"text":"70013881 - 1984 - Contribution of small glaciers to global sea level","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-30T16:38:41.954235","indexId":"70013881","displayToPublicDate":"1984-12-12T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Contribution of small glaciers to global sea level","docAbstract":"Observed long-term changes in glacier volume and hydrometeorological mass balance models yield data on the transfer of water from glaciers, excluding those in Greenland and Antarctica, to the oceans, The average observed volume change for the period 1900 to 1961 is scaled to a global average by use of the seasonal amplitude of the mass balance. These data are used to calibrate the models to estimate the changing contribution of glaciers to sea level for the period 1884 to 1975. Although the error band is large, these glaciers appear to accountfor a third to half of observed rise in sea level, approximately that fraction not explained by thermal expansion of the ocean.","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.226.4681.1418","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Meier, M.F., 1984, Contribution of small glaciers to global sea level: Science, v. 226, no. 4681, p. 1418-1421, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.226.4681.1418.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"1418","endPage":"1421","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225669,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"226","issue":"4681","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fa85e4b0c8380cd4db4f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Meier, M. F.","contributorId":98713,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meier","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367073,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70207107,"text":"70207107 - 1984 - Deformation in the White Mountain seismic gap, California-Nevada, 1972-1982","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-28T15:37:25.281301","indexId":"70207107","displayToPublicDate":"1984-12-06T11:52:36","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Deformation in the White Mountain seismic gap, California-Nevada, 1972-1982","docAbstract":"A 100×40 km trilateration network extending from Bishop, California, to near Hawthorne, Nevada, crosses the east end of the Long Valley caldera, site of renewed magma inflation in the 1979–1980 interval, and spans most of the White Mountain seismic gap. The network was surveyed in 1972, 1973, 1976, 1979, 1980, and 1982. The 1980 survey may be contaminated by a scale error. In addition, leveling surveys across the caldera have been run in 1932, 1957, 1975, 1980, 1982, and 1983. Interpretation of the deformation is complicated by the occurrence of the May 1980 Mammoth Lakes earthquake sequence (four earthquakes ML≥6) at the south edge of the caldera as well as other moderate earthquakes within the White Mountain seismic gap. The vertical deformation is largely accounted for by 0.10‐ to 0.15‐km3 expansion of a spherical magma chamber 8–10 km beneath the resurgent dome within the Long Valley caldera sometime between July 1979 and September 1980 with an additional expansion of perhaps 0.05 km3 between September 1980 and July 1982. Some additional sources of deformation within the aftershock zone of the Mammoth Lakes earthquakes seem to be required to explain the horizontal deformation. We show that right‐lateral slip on vertical faults extending WNW from each of the three largest earthquakes in the Mammoth Lakes sequence provides the required additional deformation, but this solution is by no means unique. There are simply too few data to define the rather complex deformation that apparently occurred within the aftershock zone. There is little doubt, however, that inflation of a magma chamber beneath the resurgent dome within the Long Valley caldera was involved in the deformation.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB089iB09p07671","usgsCitation":"Savage, J.C., and Lisowski, M., 1984, Deformation in the White Mountain seismic gap, California-Nevada, 1972-1982: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 89, no. B9, p. 7671-7687, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB089iB09p07671.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"7671","endPage":"7687","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":370040,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Long Valley caldera","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.44610595703124,\n 37.413800350662896\n ],\n [\n -118.22662353515624,\n 37.413800350662896\n ],\n [\n -118.22662353515624,\n 38.371808917147554\n ],\n [\n -119.44610595703124,\n 38.371808917147554\n ],\n [\n -119.44610595703124,\n 37.413800350662896\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"89","issue":"B9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Savage, James C. 0000-0002-5114-7673 jasavage@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5114-7673","contributorId":2412,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savage","given":"James","email":"jasavage@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":776857,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lisowski, Michael 0000-0003-4818-2504 mlisowski@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4818-2504","contributorId":637,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lisowski","given":"Michael","email":"mlisowski@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":776858,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70207106,"text":"70207106 - 1984 - Earthquake swarm in Long Valley caldera, California, January 1983: Evidence for dike inflation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-28T15:26:17.668526","indexId":"70207106","displayToPublicDate":"1984-12-06T11:29:43","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Earthquake swarm in Long Valley caldera, California, January 1983: Evidence for dike inflation","docAbstract":"The 1982–1983 deformation observed by trilateration and leveling surveys across the Long Valley caldera is apparently related to the 8.5‐km‐long by 8‐km‐deep vertical rupture surface defined by the January 1983 earthquake swarm that occurred in the south moat of the caldera. The observed deformation can be explained as follows. In late 1982, 0.03 km3 of magma was injected into a dike that dips 30° northward from the bottom of the rupture surface. The downdip dimension of this dike is 8 km. The dike inflation accounts for the uplift observed across the caldera as well as some of the horizontal deformation. Inflation of the dike generated a tension of about 3 bars across the vertical plane that was to become the rupture surface of the January swarm. This reduced the frictional stress on the rupture plane and perhaps triggered the slip that caused the January swarm. Right‐lateral slip (0.22 m) on the uppermost 2 km of the rupture plane during and after the January swarm accounts for the additional horizontal deformation observed. The model can be improved marginally if strike slip is admitted over the entire rupture surface and 0.006 km3 of magma is injected along that surface in the depth interval 3–8 km. The improvement in the model fit, however, is not sufficient to require shallow injection of magma. Thus we conclude that inflation of a dike at depth (8–12 km) dipping northward beneath the resurgent dome plus shallow right‐lateral slip on the rupture surface is a simple, but not unique, explanation of the observed deformation and seismicity.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/JB089iB10p08315","usgsCitation":"Savage, J.C., and Cockerham, R., 1984, Earthquake swarm in Long Valley caldera, California, January 1983: Evidence for dike inflation: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 89, no. B10, p. 8315-8324, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB089iB10p08315.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"8315","endPage":"8324","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":370039,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Long Valley Caldera","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.278564453125,\n 37.49447320172351\n ],\n [\n -118.5479736328125,\n 37.49447320172351\n ],\n [\n -118.5479736328125,\n 38.1151107557172\n ],\n [\n -119.278564453125,\n 38.1151107557172\n ],\n [\n -119.278564453125,\n 37.49447320172351\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"89","issue":"B10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Savage, James C. 0000-0002-5114-7673 jasavage@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5114-7673","contributorId":2412,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savage","given":"James","email":"jasavage@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":776855,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cockerham, R.S.","contributorId":21421,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cockerham","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776856,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70199566,"text":"70199566 - 1984 - Transport and concentration controls for chloride, strontium, potassium and lead in Uvas Creek, a small cobble-bed stream in Santa Clara County, California, U.S.A.: 1. Conceptual model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-20T17:13:40","indexId":"70199566","displayToPublicDate":"1984-12-05T17:13:09","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Transport and concentration controls for chloride, strontium, potassium and lead in Uvas Creek, a small cobble-bed stream in Santa Clara County, California, U.S.A.: 1. Conceptual model","docAbstract":"Stream sediments adsorb certain solutes from streams, thereby significantly changing the solute composition; but little is known about the details and rates of these adsorptive processes. To investigate such processes, a 24-hr. injection of a solution containing chloride, strontium, potassium, sodium and lead was made at the head of a 640-m reach of Uvas Creek in west-central Santa Clara County, California. Uvas Creek is a cobble-bed pool-and-riffle stream draining the eastern slopes of the Santa Cruz Mountains. By September 12, 1973, after a long dry season, Uvas Creek had a low (0.0215 m3s−1 average) flow which varied diurnally, from 0.018 to 0.025 m3s−1. Because stream discharge varied while the injection rate was constant, the concentration of tracers (injected solutes), after mixing in the stream, varied inversely with discharge.
Chloride, a nonreactive solute, served as a tracer of water movement. Analysis of extensive chloride concentration data at five sites below the injection point during and after the injection demonstrated that there was considerable underflow of water through the stream gravels; however, the extent of underflow varied greatly within the study reach. Pre-injection water, displaced by tracer-laden water percolating through the gravels, diluted tracers in the stream channel, giving the mistaken impression of groundwater inflow at some points. Accurate measurement of total discharge in such streams requires prolonged tracer injection unless a reach can be found where underflow is negligible.
Strontium and potassium were adsorbed by the bed sediments to a moderate extent and lead was strongly adsorbed. A high proportion of these metals could be removed by adsorption from percolating underflow because of extensive and intimate contact with bed sediments. After channel clearing following injection cutoff, 51% of the added strontium and 96% of the lead remained in the study reach, whereas only 19% of the chloride remained. Packets of sized sediment, placed in the stream before the experiment and withdrawn during and after the injection, indicated that the strontium absorbed on the 0.42–0.50-mm size sediment appeared to achieve near equilibrium with dissolved strontium within less than 2 hr. whereas 3.4–4.0-mm grains had not reached that stage after 24 hr.
The cation-exchange capacity (CEC) of the sediments shows a “bimodal” distribution with grain size. Largest values are in the finest sizes, lower values in the fine-to-medium sand-size range, intermediate values in the coarse- to very coarse-grained sand, and decreasing values with size above very coarse-grained sand. This considerable exchange capacity in coarse-sand to granule-size particles means that a streambed, that has not been infilled with fines to reduce permeability, can be highly reactive and accessible throughout a rather thick sediment layer and hence have a large and available reactive capacity.
As stream discharge increases from low flow, the ratio of underflow to channel flow should decrease rapidly with resultant diminution in percent of solutes sorbed within a particular stream reach.
","language":"English","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(84)90046-5","usgsCitation":"Kennedy, V.C., Jackman, A.P., Zand, S., Zellweger, G.W., and Avanzino, R., 1984, Transport and concentration controls for chloride, strontium, potassium and lead in Uvas Creek, a small cobble-bed stream in Santa Clara County, California, U.S.A.: 1. Conceptual model: Journal of Hydrology, v. 75, no. 1-4, p. 67-110, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(84)90046-5.","productDescription":"44 p.","startPage":"67","endPage":"110","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":357589,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Santa Clara County","otherGeospatial":"Uvas Creek","volume":"75","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kennedy, V. C.","contributorId":46080,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kennedy","given":"V.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":745872,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jackman, A. P.","contributorId":46957,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jackman","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":745873,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zand, S.M.","contributorId":25699,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zand","given":"S.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":745874,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Zellweger, G. W.","contributorId":55445,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zellweger","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":745875,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Avanzino, R.J.","contributorId":37336,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Avanzino","given":"R.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":745876,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70013849,"text":"70013849 - 1984 - Storm-generated variations in nearshore beach topography","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-10-16T17:13:38.488998","indexId":"70013849","displayToPublicDate":"1984-12-03T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Storm-generated variations in nearshore beach topography","docAbstract":"A series of nearshore beach profile measurements from the Outer Banks of North Carolina spanning a four-month period have been examined for temporal variations in nearshore topography. Principal component analysis of the profile data indicates that most of the variation in nearshore topography occurs in four principal modes, two quasiseasonal and two subseasonal. The first principal component, or eigenvector, corresponds to a bar-berm function. The second, to a terrace function. Combined, the first two vectors explain 76.3% of the total variance. The third and fourth components, representing subseasonal modes, are a ridge and runnel and a storm bar function, respectively. Both occur in direct response to storm wave activity. Although the bar-berm and terrace modes of profile variation have been previously identified using principal component analysis techniques, the subsequent modes have not. The ridge and runnel function accounts for 10.6% of total profile variability and the storm bar function accounts for 5.0%.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0025-3227(84)90052-5","usgsCitation":"Lins, H.F., 1984, Storm-generated variations in nearshore beach topography: Marine Geology, v. 62, no. 1-2, p. 13-29, https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(84)90052-5.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"13","endPage":"29","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220075,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","otherGeospatial":"Outer Banks","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76.25679346421666,\n 36.146063741929154\n ],\n [\n -76.25679346421666,\n 35.386845871442645\n ],\n [\n -75.36350096680715,\n 35.386845871442645\n ],\n [\n -75.36350096680715,\n 36.146063741929154\n ],\n [\n -76.25679346421666,\n 36.146063741929154\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"62","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b987ee4b08c986b31c067","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lins, Harry F. 0000-0001-5385-9247 hlins@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5385-9247","contributorId":1505,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lins","given":"Harry","email":"hlins@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":367004,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70199728,"text":"70199728 - 1984 - Design and implementation of evapotranspiration measuring equipment for Owens Valley, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-26T12:48:10","indexId":"70199728","displayToPublicDate":"1984-12-01T12:47:37","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1866,"text":"Groundwater Monitoring & Remediation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Design and implementation of evapotranspiration measuring equipment for Owens Valley, California","docAbstract":"As part of a plant survivability and ground water study in Owens Valley, California, semipermanent installations are used to measure continuous range‐land evapotranspiration in the valley's phreatophyte community. A proposed mobile installation also has been designed. The semipermanent micrometeoro‐logical station collects continuous data for solution of the Bowen ratio/energy budget equation and the Penman combination equation. Three sites were chosen for this type of installation to provide a representative sampling of Owens Valley. The proposed mobile aerodynamic installation should be capable of calculating evapotranspiration by the eddy correlation method. This instrumentation will be used throughout the valley for short periods of time (up to five days). Many problems with equipment operation, calibration and design have been identified and resolved by means of improved calibration techniques, systematic error‐removal techniques, reduced cycle times, modified equipment design and proper observer training. The collected evapotranspiration data will be instrumental in developing a one‐dimensional evapotranspiration flux algorithm for a model of valleywide ground water flow.
","language":"English","publisher":"National Groundwater Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6592.1984.tb00907.x","usgsCitation":"Simpson, M.R., and Duell, L.F., 1984, Design and implementation of evapotranspiration measuring equipment for Owens Valley, California: Groundwater Monitoring & Remediation, v. 4, no. 4, p. 155-163, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6592.1984.tb00907.x.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"155","endPage":"163","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":357780,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Owens Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.8,\n 35.7\n ],\n [\n -117.4,\n 35.7\n ],\n [\n -117.4,\n 37.7\n ],\n [\n -118.8,\n 37.7\n ],\n [\n -118.8,\n 35.7\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"4","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-02-22","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Simpson, Michael R.","contributorId":90704,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simpson","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":746350,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Duell, Lowell F. W. Jr.","contributorId":81124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duell","given":"Lowell","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"F. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":746351,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70120876,"text":"70120876 - 1984 - Proceedings of a workshop on fish habitat suitability index models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-18T10:58:29","indexId":"70120876","displayToPublicDate":"1984-12-01T10:48:46","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1021,"text":"Biological Report","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Proceedings of a workshop on fish habitat suitability index models","docAbstract":"One of the habitat-based methodologies for impact assessment currently in use by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service is the Habitat Evaluation Procedures (HEP) (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1980). HEP is based on the assumption that the quality of an area as wildlife habitat at a specified target year can be described by a single number, called a Habitat Suitability Index (HSI). An HSI of 1.0 represents optimum habitat: an HSI of 0.0 represents unsuitable habitat. The verbal or mathematical rules by which an HSI is assigned to an area are called an HSI model. A series of Habitat Suitability Index (HSI) models, described by Schamberger et al. (1982), have been published to assist users in applying HEP.
\nHSI model building approaches are described in U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (1981). One type of HSI model described in detail requires the development of Suitability Index (SI) graphs for habitat variables believed to be important for the growth, survival, standing crop, or other measure of well-being for a species. Suitability indices range from 0 to 1.0, with 1.0 representing optimum conditions for the variable. When HSI models based on suitability indices are used, habitat variable values are measured, or estimated, and converted to SI's through the use of a Suitability Index graph for each variable. Individual SI's are aggregated into an HSI. Standard methods for testing this type of HSI model did not exist at the time the studies reported in this document were performed.
\nA workshop was held in Fort Collins, Colorado, February 14-15, 1983, that brought together biologists experienced in the use, development, and testing of aquatic HSI models, in an effort to address the following objectives: (1) review the needs of HSI model users; (2) discuss and document the results of aquatic HSI model tests; and (3) provide recommendations for the future development, testing, modification, and use of HSI models. Individual presentations, group discussions, and group decision techniques were used to develop and present information at the meeting. A synthesis of the resulting concepts, results, and recommendations follows this preface. Subsequent papers describe individual tests of selected HSI models. Most of the tests involved comparison of values from HSI models or Suitability index (SI) curves with standing crop, as required contractually. Time and budget constraints generally limited tests to the use of data previously collected for other purposes.
\nThese proceedings are intended to help persons responsible for the development, testing, or use of HSI models by increasing their understanding of potential uses and limitations of testing procedures and models based on aggregated Suitability Indices. Problems encountered when testing HSI models are described, model performance during tests is documents, and recommendations for future model development and testing presented by the participants are listed and interpreted.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Biological Report","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Dept. of the Interior","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Terrell, J.W., 1984, Proceedings of a workshop on fish habitat suitability index models: Biological Report, v. 85, no. 6, 393 p.","productDescription":"393 p.","numberOfPages":"393","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":292399,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"85","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53f25febe4b0333418718949","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Terrell, James W. 0000-0001-5394-5663","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5394-5663","contributorId":92726,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Terrell","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":498530,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70120857,"text":"70120857 - 1984 - A workshop model simulating fate and effect of drilling muds and cuttings on benthic communities","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-18T10:13:10","indexId":"70120857","displayToPublicDate":"1984-12-01T09:47:05","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"seriesNumber":"WELUT-85/W02","title":"A workshop model simulating fate and effect of drilling muds and cuttings on benthic communities","docAbstract":"Oil and gas exploration and production at marine sites has generated concern over potential environmental impacts resulting from the discharge of spent drilling muds and cuttings. This concern has led to a broad array of publicly and privately sponsored research. This report described a cooperative modeling effort designed to focus information resulting from this research through construction of explicit equations that simulate the potential impacts of discharge drilling fluids (muds) and cuttings on marine communities. The model is the result of collaboration among more than 30 scientists. The principal cooperating organizations were the E.S. Environmental Protection Agency, the U.S. Minerals Management Service, the Offshore Operators Committee, and the Alaska Oil and Gas Association.
\nThe overall simulation model can be conceptualized as three connected submodels: Discharge and Plume Fate, Sediment Redistribution, and Benthic Community Effects. On each day of simulation, these submodels are executed in sequence, with flows of information between submodels. The Benthic Community Effects submodel can be further divided into sections that calculate mortality due to burial, mortality due to toxicity, mortality due to resuspension disturbance, and growth of the community.
\nThe model represents a series of seven discrete 1-m2 plots at specified distances along a transect in one direction away from a discharge point. It consists of coupled difference equations for which parameter values can easily be set to evaluate different conditions or to examine the sensitivity of output to various assumptions. Sets of parameter values were developed to represent four general cases or scenarios: (1) a shallow (5 m), cold environment with ice cover during a substantial fraction of the year, such as might be encountered in the Beaufort Sea, Alaska; (2) a shallow (20 m), temperate environment, such as might be encountered in the Gulf of Mexico; (3) a deeper (80 m), temperate environment, such as might be encountered in the Gulf of Mexico; and (4) a very deep (1,000 m) environment, such as might be encountered on the Atlantic slope.
\nThe focus of the modeling effort was on the connection of a reasonable representation of physical fate to the biological responses of populations, rather than on highly detailed representations of individual processes. For example, the calculations of physical fate are not as detailed as those in the recently published model of Brandsma et al. (1983). The value of the model described herein is in the broad scope of processes that are explicitly represented and linked together. The model cannot be considered to produce reliable predictions of the quantitative impacts of discharged drilling fluids and cuttings on biological populations at a particular site. Limitations of the model in predicting integrated fate and effects can be traced to three general areas: level of refinement of the algorithms used in the model; lack of understanding of the processes determining fate and effects; and parameter and data values.
\nDespite the limitations, several qualitative conclusions concerning both potential impacts and the importance of various remaining data gaps can be drawn from the modeling effort. These include:
\n(1) Simple, unequivocal conclusions about fate and effects across geographical regions and drilling operations are difficult, if not misleading, due to the large amount of variability in characteristics of discharged materials (e.g., oil content and toxicity), discharge conditions (e.g., duration of drilling operations), physical environments (e.g., water depth, current direction, and sediment disturbance regimes), and biological communities (e.g., intrinsic growth rates). Different combinations of these characteristics can result in substantial differences in simulated environmental fate and biological effects. For examples, simulated recovery in some high-energy environments occurs within months after the cessation of discharge operations, even at heavily impacted sites, whereas simulated recover in some low-energy environments takes years at heavily impacted sites.
\n<2) Considerable difficulties remain in the reliable extrapolation of results from laboratory toxicity experiments to predictions of population effects in the field.
\n(3) The volume of material discharged and duration of operations in the production drilling operations simulated by the model are sufficient to produce substantial simulated biological impacts at some plots, both in terms of differences from a control plot during the period of discharge operations, and in terms of the recovery period following the perturbations.
\nEvaluation of the significance of potential effects involves the following factors:
\n• Definition of a specific spatial and temporal reference frame (e.g., What is the natural variation? Is 1 year to be considered a \"long\" or \"short\" time? Is 50 m to be considered a \"large\" or \"trivial\" distance?
\n• Consideration of rare or unique resources and particularly sensitive biotic assemblages.
\n• Consideration of the potential for long term, cumulative effects.
\nSome of these aspects are clearly beyond the scope of this modeling efforts (e.g., the model does not simulate the long term fate of resuspended material). The model does, however, contain an internal \"reference frame\" by comparison to simulated behavior at a control plot. The model, in general, simulates substantial \"natural\" variation at the reference or control plots, both over time, due to sediment disturbance events in medium to high energy environments, and over space, due to geographically varying conditions, such as water depth and current regime.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Western Energy and Land Use Team","publisherLocation":"Fort Collins, CO","usgsCitation":"Auble, G.T., Andrews, A.K., Hamilton, D.B., Roelle, J.E., and Shoemaker, T.G., 1984, A workshop model simulating fate and effect of drilling muds and cuttings on benthic communities, 189 p.","productDescription":"189 p.","numberOfPages":"189","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":292380,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53f25fc2e4b03334187188f7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Auble, Gregor T. 0000-0002-0843-2751 aubleg@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0843-2751","contributorId":2187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Auble","given":"Gregor","email":"aubleg@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":498496,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Andrews, Austin K.","contributorId":85516,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andrews","given":"Austin","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498499,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hamilton, David B. hamiltond@usgs.gov","contributorId":193,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hamilton","given":"David","email":"hamiltond@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":498495,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Roelle, James E. roelleb@usgs.gov","contributorId":2330,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roelle","given":"James","email":"roelleb@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":498497,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Shoemaker, Thomas G.","contributorId":19491,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shoemaker","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498498,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70013388,"text":"70013388 - 1984 - An engineering economic analysis of a program for artificial groundwater recharge","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-04-22T17:09:50.980176","indexId":"70013388","displayToPublicDate":"1984-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2529,"text":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An engineering economic analysis of a program for artificial groundwater recharge","docAbstract":"This study describes and demonstrates two alternate methods for evaluating the relative costs and benefits of artificial groundwater recharge using percolation ponds. The first analysis considers the benefits to be the reduction of pumping lifts and land subsidence; the second considers benefits as the alternative costs of a comparable surface delivery system. Example computations are carried out for an existing artificial recharge program in Santa Clara Valley in California. A computer groundwater model is used to estimate both the average long term and the drought period effects of artificial recharge in the study area. For the example problem, the benefits of reduced average annual pumping lifts and reduced incremental subsidence are greater than the total costs of continuing the existing artificial recharge program. Benefits for reduced subsidence are strongly dependent on initial aquifer conditions. The second analysis compares the costs of continuing the artificial recharge program with the costs of a surface system which would achieve the same hydraulic effects. Results indicate that the costs of artificial recharge are considerably smaller than the alternative costs of an equivalent surface system. In evaluating a particular program, consideration should also be given to uncertainties in future supplies and demands for water as well as to the probability of extreme events such as droughts
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.1984.tb04802.x","issn":"00431370","usgsCitation":"Reichard, E.G., and Bredehoeft, J.D., 1984, An engineering economic analysis of a program for artificial groundwater recharge: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 20, no. 6, p. 929-939, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1984.tb04802.x.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"929","endPage":"939","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219915,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Santa Clara Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.45341998199527,\n 37.599673196238015\n ],\n [\n -122.45341998199527,\n 37.23160777152658\n ],\n [\n -121.58462504609989,\n 37.23160777152658\n ],\n [\n -121.58462504609989,\n 37.599673196238015\n ],\n [\n -122.45341998199527,\n 37.599673196238015\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"20","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0460e4b0c8380cd5094c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reichard, Eric G. 0000-0002-7310-3866 egreich@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7310-3866","contributorId":1207,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reichard","given":"Eric","email":"egreich@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":365953,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bredehoeft, John D.","contributorId":86747,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bredehoeft","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365954,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70206859,"text":"70206859 - 1984 - Late Devonian icriodontid biofacies models and alternate shallow-water conodont zonation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-26T14:44:08.464546","indexId":"70206859","displayToPublicDate":"1984-11-25T12:58:08","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1727,"text":"GSA Special Papers","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Late Devonian icriodontid biofacies models and alternate shallow-water conodont zonation","docAbstract":"Recognition of differences in the habitats, apparatuses, and ranges of Late Devonian Icriodus and Pelekysgnathus permits refinement of their biofacies interpretations and construction of an alternate icriodontid zonation. Icriodus is a euphotic genus that predominated in most environments during the early Late Devonian (Frasnian) but died out during the early Famennian. Its apparatus consists of platform (I) elements; four larger, acodiniform cones; and two smaller, oneotodiform, scolopodiform, or drepanodiform cones. Pelekysgnathus is a shallow-water genus, which shortly after Icriodus died out, produced somewhat deeper water taxa with triple-rowed I elements that are homeomorphs of Icriodus I elements. Apparatuses for both single-rowed taxa (Pelekysgnathus) and triple-rowed taxa (“Icriodus”) contain oistodiform cones, apparently in place of one or more of the acodiniform cones. Biofacies models for southern Belgium and Utah show that Icriodus lived not only in nearshore environments but ranged into the pelagic palmatolepid-bispathodid (I) and palmatolepid-polygnathid (II) biofacies. Younger “Icriodus”, however, inhabited mainly the deeper subtidal polygnathid-“icriodid” (III) and polygnathid-pelekysgnathid (IV) biofacies. Pelekysgnathus inhabited mainly the polygnathid-pelekysgnathid biofacies and ranged shoreward into the shallow-subtidal clydagnathid (V), scaphignathid (VI), patrognathid (VII), and pandorinellinid (VIII) biofacies, but has not yet been found in the hypersaline antognathid (IX) biofacies (new).
The Late Devonian, subdivided by 28 mainly Palmatolepis-based zones from the Lower (Polygnathus) asymmetricus to Upper (Siphonodella) praesulcata Zones in the standard conodont zonation for pelagic biofacies, can be subdivided into nine icriodontid-based zones in nearshore biofacies. In ascending order, these are the Icriodus symmetricus; Lower and Upper Pelekysgnathus planus; Lower, Middle, and Upper “I.” cornutus; and Lower, Middle, and Upper “I.” costatus Zones. Taxonomic revisions involve mainly relegating several previously described species to subspecies and morphotypes and raising some subspecies to species. Two new biostratigraphically significant subspecies, I. iowaensis ancylus n. subsp. and I. alternatus helmsi n. subsp., are recognized to occur both in the western United States and in Europe. Pelekysgnathus brevis n. sp. is described as new on the basis of a Middle Devonian occurrence in Utah.
","language":"English","publisher":"GSA","doi":"10.1130/SPE196-p143","usgsCitation":"Sandberg, C., and Dreesen, R., 1984, Late Devonian icriodontid biofacies models and alternate shallow-water conodont zonation: GSA Special Papers, v. 196, p. 143-178, https://doi.org/10.1130/SPE196-p143.","productDescription":"36 p.","startPage":"143","endPage":"178","costCenters":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":369556,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, New Mexico, Nevada, Utah","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.71874999999999,\n 41.0130657870063\n ],\n [\n -118.0810546875,\n 38.839707613545144\n ],\n [\n -117.42187500000001,\n 38.37611542403604\n ],\n [\n -115.94970703125,\n 40.863679665481676\n ],\n [\n -116.71874999999999,\n 41.0130657870063\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -113.4228515625,\n 39.027718840211605\n ],\n [\n -115.400390625,\n 37.64903402157866\n ],\n [\n -115.00488281250001,\n 37.26530995561875\n ],\n [\n -113.115234375,\n 38.496593518947584\n ],\n [\n -113.4228515625,\n 39.027718840211605\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -113.4228515625,\n 37.70120736474139\n ],\n [\n -113.00537109375,\n 35.65729624809628\n ],\n [\n -111.26953125,\n 35.67514743608467\n ],\n [\n -110.72021484375,\n 37.43997405227057\n ],\n [\n -107.46826171874999,\n 35.40696093270201\n ],\n [\n -105.57861328125,\n 38.03078569382294\n ],\n [\n -111.46728515624999,\n 40.64730356252251\n ],\n [\n -111.884765625,\n 42.61779143282346\n ],\n [\n -113.04931640625,\n 42.32606244456202\n ],\n [\n -112.43408203124999,\n 38.976492485539396\n ],\n [\n -113.4228515625,\n 37.70120736474139\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"196","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1984-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sandberg, Charles sandberg@usgs.gov","contributorId":199124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sandberg","given":"Charles","email":"sandberg@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":776085,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dreesen, Roland","contributorId":62927,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dreesen","given":"Roland","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776086,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70206778,"text":"70206778 - 1984 - Evaluation of a technique for simulating a compacting aquifer system in the Central Valley of California, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-21T13:54:52","indexId":"70206778","displayToPublicDate":"1984-11-21T13:43:18","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Evaluation of a technique for simulating a compacting aquifer system in the Central Valley of California, USA","docAbstract":"Large volumes of water have been pumped from the Central Valley aquifer system since the early 1900's. Water levels in the most heavily pumped areas had declined as much as 120 m by 1970. These large water-level declines resulted in approximately 21,000 hm3 of water released by inelastic compaction of numerous compressible fine-grained deposits. The principal technique used to evaluate the aquifer system was a three-dimensional computer program that solves the basic ground-water flow equation. The program was modified to incorporate water released by inelastic compaction of the fine-grained deposits by making storage a function of hydraulic head. The computer-simulated volume of water released from inelastic compaction for the period from 1961 through 1977 was 6 percent of the estimated volume. The technique could be used in other areas where water is released as a result of inelastic compaction of fine-grained deposits.
","conferenceTitle":" Land Subsidence: Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Land Subsidence","conferenceDate":"March 19-25, 1984","conferenceLocation":"Venice, Italy","language":"English","publisher":"IAHS Press","publisherLocation":"Wallingford, Oxfordshire","isbn":"9780947571405","usgsCitation":"Prudic, D.E., and Williamson, A.K., 1984, Evaluation of a technique for simulating a compacting aquifer system in the Central Valley of California, USA, Land Subsidence: Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Land Subsidence, Venice, Italy, March 19-25, 1984, p. 53-63.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"53","endPage":"63","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":369397,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Central Valley of California ","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.06909179687501,\n 40.73893324113601\n ],\n [\n -123.277587890625,\n 40.39676430557203\n ],\n [\n -119.454345703125,\n 35.074964853989556\n ],\n [\n -118.36669921875,\n 35.62158189955968\n ],\n [\n -122.06909179687501,\n 40.73893324113601\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Prudic, David E. deprudic@usgs.gov","contributorId":3430,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prudic","given":"David","email":"deprudic@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":775736,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Williamson, Alex K.","contributorId":36543,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williamson","given":"Alex","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":775737,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70199558,"text":"70199558 - 1984 - Reducing relative error from the CVBEM by proper treatment of the known boundary conditions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-20T16:19:52","indexId":"70199558","displayToPublicDate":"1984-11-01T16:19:09","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2022,"text":"International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reducing relative error from the CVBEM by proper treatment of the known boundary conditions","docAbstract":"By a proper treatment of the known boundary conditions of a boundary value problem, a complex variable boundary element method (CVBEM) can be used to exactly satisfy the known nodal point boundary values. In this fashion, a numerical model can be developed which generates relative error information along the problem boundary that can be used to reduce the modelling error by either an integrated measure or a maximum relative error measure.
","language":"English","doi":"10.1002/nme.1620201113","usgsCitation":"Hromadka, T., and Guymon, G.L., 1984, Reducing relative error from the CVBEM by proper treatment of the known boundary conditions: International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, v. 20, no. 11, p. 2113-2120, https://doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620201113.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"2113","endPage":"2120","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":357582,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","volume":"20","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-06-21","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hromadka, T. V. II","contributorId":76464,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hromadka","given":"T. V.","suffix":"II","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":745845,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Guymon, Gary L.","contributorId":52059,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guymon","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":745846,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70128353,"text":"70128353 - 1984 - Runoff, sediment transport, and landform modifications near Sheffield, Illinois","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-27T14:45:18","indexId":"70128353","displayToPublicDate":"1984-10-07T15:12:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Runoff, sediment transport, and landform modifications near Sheffield, Illinois","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Sixth Annual Department of Energy Low Level Waste Management Program Participants' Information Meeting, DOE Low Level Waste Management Program, Denver, September 11 13, 1984","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Department of Energy","usgsCitation":"Gray, J.R., 1984, Runoff, sediment transport, and landform modifications near Sheffield, Illinois, in Sixth Annual Department of Energy Low Level Waste Management Program Participants' Information Meeting, DOE Low Level Waste Management Program, Denver, September 11 13, 1984, p. 534-544.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"534","endPage":"544","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":295075,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"543500b8e4b0a4f4b46a23cb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gray, J. R.","contributorId":46025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gray","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502920,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70013767,"text":"70013767 - 1984 - Identification of an optimal groundwater management strategy in a contaminated aquifer","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-04-22T17:16:16.624115","indexId":"70013767","displayToPublicDate":"1984-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2529,"text":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Identification of an optimal groundwater management strategy in a contaminated aquifer","docAbstract":"A groundwater hydraulic management model is used to identify the optimal strategy for allocating limited fresh-water supplies and containing wastes in a hypothetical aquifer affected by brine contamination from surface disposal ponds. The present cost of pumping from a network of potential supply and interception wells is minimized over a five-year planning period, subject to a set of hydraulic, institutional, and legal constraints. Hydraulic constraints are formulated using linear systems theory to describe drawdown and velocity variables as linear functions of supply and interception well discharge decision variables. Successful validation of the optimal management strategy suggests that the model formulation can feasibly be applied to define management options for locally contaminated aquifer systems which are used to fulfill fresh-water demands.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.1984.tb04758.x","issn":"00431370","usgsCitation":"Colarullo, S., Heidari, M., and Maddock, T., 1984, Identification of an optimal groundwater management strategy in a contaminated aquifer: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 20, no. 5, p. 747-760, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1984.tb04758.x.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"747","endPage":"760","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":503473,"rank":2,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10150/192000","text":"External Repository"},{"id":219940,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3822e4b0c8380cd6145d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Colarullo, S.J. 0000-0003-4504-0068","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4504-0068","contributorId":96104,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colarullo","given":"S.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366825,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Heidari, M.","contributorId":26430,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heidari","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366823,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Maddock, T. III","contributorId":56107,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maddock","given":"T.","suffix":"III","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366824,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5221898,"text":"5221898 - 1984 - Organochlorine pesticide, polychlorobiphenyl, and mercury residues in bald eagle eggs – 1969-79 – And their relationships to shell thinning and reproduction","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-12T16:20:31.953986","indexId":"5221898","displayToPublicDate":"1984-09-01T12:19:29","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":887,"text":"Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Organochlorine pesticide, polychlorobiphenyl, and mercury residues in bald eagle eggs – 1969-79 – And their relationships to shell thinning and reproduction","docAbstract":"Bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) eggs were collected in 14 States in 1969–79 and analyzed for organochlorine pesticides, polychlorobiphenyls, and mercury. Moderate shell thinning occurred in eggs from several areas. Eggs from the Chesapeake Bay area contained the highest residue levels of most organochlorines. DDE was detected in all eggs; other organochlorines were detected less frequently. Mercury levels were highest in eggs from Maine. Eight contaminants were significantly negatively correlated with shell thickness or reproduction at sampled breeding areas; DDE was most closely related to these factors. Production of young was near normal at breeding areas when DDE was ⩽3 ppm (wet weight); reproductive failure approached 100% for those breeding areas where DDE in eggs was >15 ppm. Five ppm DDE was associated with 10% shell thinning. The other contaminants that were associated with these factors were also highly correlated with DDE; their impact appeared minor in relation to those of DDE.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF01056332","usgsCitation":"Wiemeyer, S.N., Lamont, T., Bunck, C.M., Sindelar, C.R., Gramlich, F.J., Fraser, J., and Byrd, M.A., 1984, Organochlorine pesticide, polychlorobiphenyl, and mercury residues in bald eagle eggs – 1969-79 – And their relationships to shell thinning and reproduction: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 13, no. 5, p. 529-549, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01056332.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"529","endPage":"549","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194046,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"13","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae5e4b07f02db68aa2c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wiemeyer, Stanley N.","contributorId":78279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiemeyer","given":"Stanley","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":334958,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lamont, Thair","contributorId":56321,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lamont","given":"Thair","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":334955,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bunck, Christine M. cbunck@usgs.gov","contributorId":731,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bunck","given":"Christine","email":"cbunck@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":334957,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sindelar, C. R.","contributorId":94756,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sindelar","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":334959,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Gramlich, F. J.","contributorId":13325,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gramlich","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":334953,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Fraser, James D.","contributorId":86686,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fraser","given":"James D.","affiliations":[{"id":33131,"text":"Dept of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Virginia Tech","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":334956,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Byrd, M. A.","contributorId":49477,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Byrd","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":334954,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":1013927,"text":"1013927 - 1984 - Bias-elimination in fish population models with stochastic variation in survival of the young","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-04-09T17:26:10.462297","indexId":"1013927","displayToPublicDate":"1984-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Bias-elimination in fish population models with stochastic variation in survival of the young","docAbstract":"The addition of random variation in survival to a single prereproductive age class in a Leslie matrix population model can alter population growth in the modeled system. Methods are presented to characterize the stochastic variation in survival and to determine a correction factor that, when included in the model, will eliminate the propensity for the modeled population to systematically deviate from the initial conditions. This ability is important for applications of fish population models that seek to evaluate probability distributions of population trends that are associated with stochastic variations in survival, and to forecast the effects of changes in fishing mortality rates in fluctuating environments.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1984)113<627:BIFPMW>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Goodyear, C., and Christensen, S., 1984, Bias-elimination in fish population models with stochastic variation in survival of the young: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 113, no. 5, p. 627-632, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1984)113<627:BIFPMW>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"627","endPage":"632","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130861,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"113","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a52e4b07f02db62adab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Goodyear, C.P.","contributorId":11538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goodyear","given":"C.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":319451,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Christensen, S.W.","contributorId":8023,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christensen","given":"S.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":319450,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70013972,"text":"70013972 - 1984 - Control of barrier island shape by inlet sediment bypassing: East Frisian Islands, West Germany","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-10-16T17:27:40.442325","indexId":"70013972","displayToPublicDate":"1984-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Control of barrier island shape by inlet sediment bypassing: East Frisian Islands, West Germany","docAbstract":"A study of the East Frisian Islands has shown that the plan form of these islands can be explained by processes of inlet sediment bypassing. This island chain is located on a high wave energy, high tide range shoreline where the average deep-water significant wave height exceeds 1.0 m and the spring tidal range varies from 2.7 m at Juist to 2.9 m at Wangerooge. An abundant sediment supply and a strong eastward component of wave power (4.4 × 103 W m−1) have caused a persistent eastward growth of the barrier islands. The eastward extension of the barriers has been accommodated more by inlet narrowing, than by inlet migration.
It is estimated from morphological evidence that a minimum of 2.7 × 105 m3 of sand is delivered to the inlets each year via the easterly longshore transport system. Much of this sand ultimately bypasses the inlets in the form of large, migrating swash bars. The location where the swash bars attach to the beach is controlled by the amount of overlap of the ebb-tidal delta along the downdrift inlet shoreline. The configuration of the ebb-tidal delta, in turn, is a function of inlet size and position of the main ebb channel. The swash bar welding process has caused preferential beach nourishment and historical shoreline progradation. Along the East Frisian Islands this process has produced barrier islands with humpbacked, bulbous updrift and bulbous downdrift shapes. The model of barrier island development presented in this paper not only explains well the configuration of the German barriers but also the morphology of barriers along many other mixed energy coasts.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0025-3227(84)90157-9","usgsCitation":"FitzGerald, D.M., Penland, S., and Nummedal, D., 1984, Control of barrier island shape by inlet sediment bypassing: East Frisian Islands, West Germany: Marine Geology, v. 60, no. 1-4, p. 355-376, https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(84)90157-9.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"355","endPage":"376","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226194,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Germany","otherGeospatial":"East Frisian Islands","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[9.92191,54.9831],[9.93958,54.59664],[10.95011,54.36361],[10.93947,54.00869],[11.95625,54.19649],[12.51844,54.47037],[13.64747,54.07551],[14.11969,53.75703],[14.35332,53.24817],[14.07452,52.98126],[14.4376,52.62485],[14.68503,52.08995],[14.6071,51.74519],[15.017,51.10667],[14.57072,51.00234],[14.30701,51.11727],[14.05623,50.92692],[13.33813,50.73323],[12.96684,50.48408],[12.24011,50.26634],[12.41519,49.96912],[12.52102,49.54742],[13.03133,49.30707],[13.59595,48.87717],[13.24336,48.41611],[12.8841,48.28915],[13.02585,47.63758],[12.93263,47.46765],[12.62076,47.67239],[12.14136,47.70308],[11.42641,47.52377],[10.5445,47.5664],[10.40208,47.30249],[9.89607,47.5802],[9.59423,47.52506],[8.52261,47.83083],[8.3173,47.61358],[7.46676,47.62058],[7.59368,48.33302],[8.09928,49.01778],[6.65823,49.20196],[6.18632,49.4638],[6.24275,49.90223],[6.04307,50.12805],[6.15666,50.80372],[5.98866,51.85162],[6.5894,51.85203],[6.84287,52.22844],[7.09205,53.14404],[6.90514,53.48216],[7.10042,53.69393],[7.93624,53.7483],[8.12171,53.52779],[8.80073,54.02079],[8.57212,54.39565],[8.52623,54.96274],[9.28205,54.83087],[9.92191,54.9831]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Germany\"}}]}","volume":"60","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fb3fe4b0c8380cd4dd9d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"FitzGerald, Duncan M.","contributorId":48077,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"FitzGerald","given":"Duncan","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367282,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Penland, S.","contributorId":58778,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Penland","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367284,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nummedal, D.","contributorId":56374,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nummedal","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367283,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70014072,"text":"70014072 - 1984 - Shoreface translation and the Holocene stratigraphic record: Examples from Nova Scotia, the Mississippi Delta and eastern Australia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-10-16T18:22:01.660768","indexId":"70014072","displayToPublicDate":"1984-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Shoreface translation and the Holocene stratigraphic record: Examples from Nova Scotia, the Mississippi Delta and eastern Australia","docAbstract":"Classic descriptive models of barrier sedimentation have been developed with data from the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United States. These models are dominated by low to moderate rates of relative sea level (RSL) rise and wave energy. Barriers respond by landward recycling of sediment through the mechanism of shoreface retreat. Sedimentation processes on the central coast of New South Wales (N.S.W.), Australia, consist of rapid RSL rise in early Holocene times followed by a stillstand since 6500 B.P. Wave energy is relatively high year-round and sand sources for barrier formation are only found on the inner shelf. Barrier sedimentation on the central coast of N.S.W. exhibits a thick, composite sequence composed of a basal marine transgressive sand overlain by regressive beach and dune facies.
The Louisiana coast surrounding the Mississippi delta is underlain by compacting deltaic muds which generate very rapid rates of RSL rise. The Louisiana coast experiences low wave energy punctuated by high-energy tropical and extra-tropical storm events. Barrier sediments accumulate from the erosion of deltaic headlands and undergo a transformation from subaerial barrier island systems to subaqueous shoals located on the inner shelf. Drumlins experience coastal erosion on the Eastern Shore of Nova Scotia and provide a sediment source for compartmented estuary mouth barriers. An ongoing, moderate rise of RSL results from the passage of a glacial forebulge. Wave energy is intermediate between Louisiana and N.S.W. and displays a seasonal pattern dominated by frequent winter storms. Coastal barrier sedimentation is episodic, consisting of a period of beach ridge progradation followed by barrier destruction and re-establishment further landward.
The three contrasting sedimentary sequences found in examples from Louisiana, N.S.W. and Nova Scotia indicate that presently available sedimentation models from locations such as the middle Atlantic or Texas coasts of the United States may only represent well-documented regional case studies. A true generalised coastal sedimentation model is required which can identify the parameters controlling vertical and horizontal translation of the depositional surface and provide relationships between these parameters which quantitatively predict the genesis, distribution and geometry of coastal sedimentary facies.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0025-3227(84)90159-2","usgsCitation":"Boyd, R., and Penland, S., 1984, Shoreface translation and the Holocene stratigraphic record: Examples from Nova Scotia, the Mississippi Delta and eastern Australia: Marine Geology, v. 60, no. 1-4, p. 391-412, https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(84)90159-2.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"391","endPage":"412","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225553,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"60","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8e8fe4b08c986b3189e7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boyd, Ron","contributorId":54737,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Boyd","given":"Ron","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367495,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Penland, S.","contributorId":58778,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Penland","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367496,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70175961,"text":"wri844188A - 1984 - Ground-water contamination by crude oil at the Bemidji, Minnesota, research site- An introduction: Chapter A in Ground-water contamination by crude oil at the Bemidji, Minnesota, research site; US Geological Survey Toxic Waste--ground-water contamination study","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70175961,"text":"wri844188A - 1984 - Ground-water contamination by crude oil at the Bemidji, Minnesota, research site- An introduction: Chapter A in Ground-water contamination by crude oil at the Bemidji, Minnesota, research site; US Geological Survey Toxic Waste--ground-water contamination study","indexId":"wri844188A","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"chapter":"A","title":"Ground-water contamination by crude oil at the Bemidji, Minnesota, research site- An introduction: Chapter A in Ground-water contamination by crude oil at the Bemidji, Minnesota, research site; US Geological Survey Toxic Waste--ground-water contamination study"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":30188,"text":"wri844188 - 1984 - Ground-water contamination by crude oil at the Bemidji, Minnesota, research site; US Geological Survey Toxic Waste--ground-water contamination study","indexId":"wri844188","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"title":"Ground-water contamination by crude oil at the Bemidji, Minnesota, research site; US Geological Survey Toxic Waste--ground-water contamination study"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":30188,"text":"wri844188 - 1984 - Ground-water contamination by crude oil at the Bemidji, Minnesota, research site; US Geological Survey Toxic Waste--ground-water contamination study","indexId":"wri844188","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"title":"Ground-water contamination by crude oil at the Bemidji, Minnesota, research site; US Geological Survey Toxic Waste--ground-water contamination study"},"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-12T12:11:01","indexId":"wri844188A","displayToPublicDate":"1984-07-19T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"84-4188","chapter":"A","title":"Ground-water contamination by crude oil at the Bemidji, Minnesota, research site- An introduction: Chapter A in Ground-water contamination by crude oil at the Bemidji, Minnesota, research site; US Geological Survey Toxic Waste--ground-water contamination study","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey has begun a research project to improve understanding of the mobilization, transport, and fate of petroleum contaminants in the shallow subsurface and to use this understanding to develop predictive models of contaminant behavior.
The project site is near Bemidji in northern Minnesota where an accidental spill of 10,500 barrels of crude oil occurred when a pipeline broke on August 20, 1979. Regulatory and remedial actions have been completed. The site is in a remote area with neither man-made hydraulic stresses nor other anthropogenic sources of the compounds of interest. The spill is in the recharge area of a local flow system that discharges to a small closed lake approximately 1,000 feet down the hydraulic gradient. The aquifer is pitted outwash dissected by younger glacial channels and is underlain by poorly permeable till at a depth of about 80 feet. Ground water dissolves oil floating on the water table under the spill site and moves toward the lake. At the water table, ground water enters the lake through lacustrine sediments; at depth, flow may be underneath the lake through the outwash. Contaminant transport has been as rapid as 4 feet per day based on the rate of movement of contaminants monitored through wells installed within a few days of the spill, but average rates are undoubtedly much less.
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