{"pageNumber":"1508","pageRowStart":"37675","pageSize":"25","recordCount":41028,"records":[{"id":70014029,"text":"70014029 - 1984 - Mineralogic evidence for an impact event at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-11-18T16:47:26.995723","indexId":"70014029","displayToPublicDate":"1984-05-25T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mineralogic evidence for an impact event at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary","docAbstract":"A thin claystone layer found in nonmarine rocks at the palynological Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary in eastern Montana contains an anomalously high value of iridium. The nonclay fraction is mostly quartz with minor feldspar, and some of these grains display planar features. These planar features are related to specific crystallographic directions in the quartz lattice. The shocked quartz grains also exhibit asterism and have lowered refractive indices. All these mineralogical features are characteristic of shock metamorphism and are compelling evidence that the shocked grains are the product of a high velocity impact between a large extraterrestrial body and the earth. The shocked minerals represent silicic target material injected into the stratosphere by the impact of the projectile.","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.224.4651.867","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Bohor, B., Foord, E., Modreski, P., and Triplehorn, D.M., 1984, Mineralogic evidence for an impact event at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary: Science, v. 224, no. 4651, p. 867-869, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.224.4651.867.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"867","endPage":"869","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225933,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"224","issue":"4651","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5a8be4b0c8380cd6ef59","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bohor, B.F.","contributorId":96351,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bohor","given":"B.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367414,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Foord, E.E.","contributorId":86835,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foord","given":"E.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367413,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Modreski, P.J.","contributorId":98335,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Modreski","given":"P.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367415,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Triplehorn, Don M.","contributorId":73211,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Triplehorn","given":"Don","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367412,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70210052,"text":"70210052 - 1984 - Brief comparison of some technological and environmental aspects of large-scale surface and underground mining of oil shale, Piceance Creek Basin, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-13T13:04:49.259917","indexId":"70210052","displayToPublicDate":"1984-05-12T12:10:01","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Brief comparison of some technological and environmental aspects of large-scale surface and underground mining of oil shale, Piceance Creek Basin, Colorado","docAbstract":"<p style=\"text-align: left;\" data-mce-style=\"text-align: left;\">Comparison of several aspects of surface and underground methods of mining for large-scale oil shale extraction in the Piceance Creek Basin suggests that surface mining techniques may have several advantages over underground methods. For a production level of one million barrels of shale oil per day, potential advantages include those related to economics, environmental effects, and the overall national interest. One million barrels of shale oil per day could be produced from 2-3 large surface mines compared to perhaps 10-20 large underground mines. Fewer surface mines would result in: (1) fewer roads and utility corridors, (2) less acres disturbed per barrel of oil pro duced, (3) reduced detrimental effects on ground water and surface water, (4) less wildlife distur bance, (5) a safer overall operation, (6) a greater opportunity to achieve stable long-term land and water reclamation, (7) potential economic advantages related to scale and materials handling, and (8) a three- to five-fold increase in resource recovery. Advantages to underground (including modified in situ [MIS]) mines include: (1) more flexibility of mine siting, (2) mining and handling a minimum of waste rock, and (3) simplified ore grade control for processing.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"largerWorkTitle":"17th oil shale symposium proceedings","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"conferenceTitle":"17th oil shale symposium proceedings","conferenceDate":"April 16-18, 1984","conferenceLocation":"Golden, Colorado ","language":"English","publisher":"Colorado School of Mines","usgsCitation":"Miller, G., Dyni, J.R., and Dietz, D., 1984, Brief comparison of some technological and environmental aspects of large-scale surface and underground mining of oil shale, Piceance Creek Basin, Colorado, <i>in</i> 17th oil shale symposium proceedings, v. 17, Golden, Colorado , April 16-18, 1984, p. 269-278.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"269","endPage":"278","costCenters":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":374685,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Piceance Creek Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -108.8690185546875,\n              40.03182061333687\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.60009765625,\n              40.03182061333687\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.60009765625,\n              40.643135583312805\n            ],\n            [\n              -108.8690185546875,\n              40.643135583312805\n            ],\n            [\n              -108.8690185546875,\n              40.03182061333687\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"17","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, G.A.","contributorId":107671,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"G.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":788935,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dyni, John R. jdyni@usgs.gov","contributorId":756,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dyni","given":"John","email":"jdyni@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":788930,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dietz, D.R.","contributorId":105830,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dietz","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":788936,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70209999,"text":"70209999 - 1984 - A seismic refraction study of the Oregon Cascades","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-08T15:05:09.438622","indexId":"70209999","displayToPublicDate":"1984-05-10T10:00:31","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A seismic refraction study of the Oregon Cascades","docAbstract":"<div class=\"article-section__content en main\"><p>A 275‐km‐long reversed refraction profile in the Oregon Cascades, two shallow earthquakes of magnitude 5 in southern Washington, a shallow earthquake of magnitude 4.6 in northern California, and a previously published analysis of the Bouguer gravity field are used to develop a crustal<span>&nbsp;</span><i>P</i><span>&nbsp;</span>wave velocity model for the Oregon Cascades. Travel time analysis of the refraction profile indicates a crustal structure characterized by surface layers with<span>&nbsp;</span><i>P</i><span>&nbsp;</span>wave velocities that vary from 2.9 to 5.2 km/s and thicknesses that vary from 2.5 to 5.0 km, upper crustal velocities of 6.1 to 6.5 km/s between the depths of 3 and 29 km, lower crustal velocities near 7.0 km/s between the depths of 29 and 44 km, and a mantle reflector at a depth of 44 km. Comparison with synthetic seismograms supports this structure and shows that the lower crustal and Mono transitions can be better modeled by continuous velocity gradients than by first‐order discontinuities. Arrival times from two shallow earthquakes in southern Washington in 1981 across 14 telemetry stations in the Oregon Cascades show an apparent velocity of 7.62 km/s. On the basis of a previously published gravity analysis, the mean north‐south component of the dip to the crust‐mantle boundary is estimated at 1° down dip to the south. The apparent velocity from the earthquakes and the dip estimate from gravity indicate that the true<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Pn</i><span>&nbsp;</span>velocity is 7.70 km/s. Arrival times from a shallow earthquake in northern California in 1978 across telemetry stations in the Washington Cascades are consistent with this model and indicate that the upper mantle velocity reaches 8.20 km/s at a depth of approximately 100 km.</p></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/JB089iB05p03121","usgsCitation":"Leaver, D.S., Mooney, W.D., and Kohler, W., 1984, A seismic refraction study of the Oregon Cascades: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 89, no. B5, p. 3121-3134, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB089iB05p03121.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"3121","endPage":"3134","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":374576,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -123.04687499999999,\n              41.983994270935625\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.498046875,\n              41.983994270935625\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.498046875,\n              45.99696161820381\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.04687499999999,\n              45.99696161820381\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.04687499999999,\n              41.983994270935625\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"89","issue":"B5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leaver, Donald S.","contributorId":224614,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Leaver","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":788757,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mooney, Walter D. 0000-0002-5310-3631 mooney@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5310-3631","contributorId":3194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mooney","given":"Walter","email":"mooney@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":788758,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kohler, W.M.","contributorId":62999,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kohler","given":"W.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":788759,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70013207,"text":"70013207 - 1984 - Interlaminated ice-proximal glacimarine sediments in Muir Inlet, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-10-16T16:55:21.25295","indexId":"70013207","displayToPublicDate":"1984-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Interlaminated ice-proximal glacimarine sediments in Muir Inlet, Alaska","docAbstract":"<p><span>Muir Inlet in Glacier Bay, Alaska, is a glacial fjord receiving a tremendous volume of sediment annually. The rate of sediment accumulation is greatest proximal to Muir Glacier (about 9 m yr</span><sup>−1</sup><span>) and decreases away from the glacier. The primary sediment sources are meltwater streams discharging at subglacial and ice-marginal positions to form overflows, interflows, and underflows (continuous turbidity currents).</span></p><p><span>Overflows and interflows interact with diurnal tidal currents and their volume and sediment concentration varies diurnally and annually with meltwater discharge. These effects produce cyclic deposits of a thin fine-grained sand or silt lamina that grades normally to a thicker poorly to very poorly sorted mud lamina. This lamina couplet is termed a&nbsp;<i>cyclopel</i>.</span></p><p><span>Underflows are suggested to occur in this glacimarine environment because of conditions unique to subglacial fluvial systems. Underflow deposits occur only in proximal positions (&lt;0.5 km from glacier face), and are coarse-grained, reverse to normal graded, and exhibit an increase in sorting and sand content up-layer.</span></p><p><span>Ice-rafted debris (identified as particles &gt;177&nbsp;<i>μ</i>m) is ubiquitous, though low (&lt;5% by weight), and occurs as isolated particles, frozen pellets, or as lenses that in cores may have a lamina appearance. Proximally, ice-rafted debris is difficult to identify because proximal sediment is often as coarse-grained.</span></p><p><span>Deposited sediment may be reworked by tidal currents, and sediment gravity flows.</span></p><p><span>Depositional processes operating in Muir Inlet produce interlaminated sand/silt/clay that characterizes sediment proximal to a glacier and fines seaward to mud. Sediment is classified into one of three sediment types:</span></p><p><span><span class=\"list-label\">(1) Type I sediment is very fine grained (mean 8.65--7.17 ~), low in sand (0.1--11.2%), and very poorly to poorly sorted. It is the dominant sediment type in Muir Inlet, and is transported by plumes and deposited by suspension settling.</span></span></p><p><span><span class=\"list-label\">(2) Type II sediment is fine- to coarse-grained (mean 6.70--3.12 ~), low to high in sand (5.1---86.6%), and very poorly to moderately sorted. It represents reworked sediment, proximal plume deposits, or coarse-grained laminae of cyclopels.</span></span></p><p><span><span class=\"list-label\">(3) Type III sediment is coarse-grained (mean 3.89--2.38 ~), high in sand (58.0--100.0%), and poorly to well sorted. It is deposited by sediment gravity flows or underflows.&nbsp;</span></span></p><div class=\"u-margin-s-bottom\"><br></div><p><span><br data-mce-bogus=\"1\"></span></p><p><span><br data-mce-bogus=\"1\"></span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0025-3227(84)90197-X","usgsCitation":"Mackiewicz, N., Powell, R., Carlson, P., and Molnia, B.F., 1984, Interlaminated ice-proximal glacimarine sediments in Muir Inlet, Alaska: Marine Geology, v. 57, no. 1-4, p. 113-147, https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(84)90197-X.","productDescription":"35 p.","startPage":"113","endPage":"147","costCenters":[{"id":36171,"text":"National Civil Applications Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":219901,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Muir Inlet","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -139.3374585763036,\n              59.27493414566115\n            ],\n            [\n              -139.3374585763036,\n              54.123667606054056\n            ],\n            [\n              -131.39721147007114,\n              54.123667606054056\n            ],\n            [\n              -131.39721147007114,\n              59.27493414566115\n            ],\n            [\n              -139.3374585763036,\n              59.27493414566115\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"57","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3d28e4b0c8380cd63347","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mackiewicz, N.E.","contributorId":25694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mackiewicz","given":"N.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365545,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Powell, R.D.","contributorId":74015,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Powell","given":"R.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365547,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Carlson, P.R.","contributorId":97055,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carlson","given":"P.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365548,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Molnia, Bruce F. 0000-0001-8102-6269","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8102-6269","contributorId":301013,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Molnia","given":"Bruce","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":36171,"text":"National Civil Applications Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":365546,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70120855,"text":"70120855 - 1984 - A field test of a winter pronghorn habitat suitability index model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-18T09:34:18","indexId":"70120855","displayToPublicDate":"1984-04-10T09:33:27","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"title":"A field test of a winter pronghorn habitat suitability index model","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","largerWorkTitle":"Eleventh biennial pronghorn antelope workshop","conferenceTitle":"Eleventh biennial pronghorn antelope workshop","conferenceDate":"1984-04-10T00:00:00","conferenceLocation":"Corpus Christi, TX","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Cook, J., Allen, A.W., Armbruster, M., and Irwin, L., 1984, A field test of a winter pronghorn habitat suitability index model, 2 p.","productDescription":"2 p.","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":292374,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53f25fc1e4b03334187188f5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cook, J.G.","contributorId":75885,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cook","given":"J.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498482,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Allen, Arthur W.","contributorId":40648,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allen","given":"Arthur","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498480,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Armbruster, M.J.","contributorId":21127,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Armbruster","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498479,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Irwin, L.L.","contributorId":72579,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Irwin","given":"L.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498481,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70013901,"text":"70013901 - 1984 - Major carbon-14 deficiency in modern snail shells from southern Nevada springs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-11-20T16:50:08.550523","indexId":"70013901","displayToPublicDate":"1984-04-06T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Major carbon-14 deficiency in modern snail shells from southern Nevada springs","docAbstract":"<p><span>Carbon-14 contents as low as 3.3 ± 0.2 percent modern (apparent age, 27,000 years) measured from the shells of snails&nbsp;</span><i>Melanoides tuberculatus</i><span>&nbsp;living in artesian springs in southern Nevada are attributed to fixation of dissolved HCO</span><sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup><span>&nbsp;with which the shells are in carbon isotope equilibrium. Recognition of the existence of such extreme deficiencies is necessary so that erroneous ages are not attributed to freshwater biogenic carbonates.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.224.4644.58","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Riggs, A., 1984, Major carbon-14 deficiency in modern snail shells from southern Nevada springs: Science, v. 224, no. 4644, p. 58-61, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.224.4644.58.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"58","endPage":"61","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225989,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"southern Nevada","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -118.88277512777015,\n              38.33012887684694\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.61336760787137,\n              35.00673221663355\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.7498545050421,\n              36.019978816516755\n            ],\n            [\n              -113.96172703683513,\n              36.09823319683615\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.02928384201977,\n              38.352235693453565\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.88277512777015,\n              38.33012887684694\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"224","issue":"4644","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4c0ce4b0c8380cd69988","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Riggs, A.C.","contributorId":41462,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Riggs","given":"A.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367129,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":1001397,"text":"1001397 - 1984 - Comparative ability of northern pintails, gadwalls, and northern shovelers to metabolize foods","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-11-04T16:00:50.362161","indexId":"1001397","displayToPublicDate":"1984-04-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparative ability of northern pintails, gadwalls, and northern shovelers to metabolize foods","docAbstract":"<p>Feeding trials were used to compare the ability of northern pintails (<i>Anas acuta</i>), gadwalls (<i>A. strepera</i>), and northern shovelers (<i>A. clypeata</i>) to metabolize energy from a turkey starter ration, alfalfa pellets, and common barnyardgrass (<i>Echinochloa crusgalli</i>) seeds. No differences (P &gt; 0.05) were detected among the three species for any of the three foods (kg body weight/day basis), for dry matter intake (DMI), body weight gain (BWG), apparent metabolizable energy (AME), or metabolized energy (MEE) on any given diet consumed in quantities large enough to promote body weight gain. The AME content of alfalfa was 57% less than the value for turkey starter and 50% less than for barnyardgrass seeds. All three species metabolized more energy and gained weight faster when fed turkey starter. Energy modeling may be facilitated if additional research verifies that all species of dabbling ducks have equal ability to obtain energy from foods available to them in the wild. Behavioral and morphological factors may be more important in defining feeding niches than digestive physiology, at least for the three duck species tested, at the time of year of the experiments, and within the limits of the quality of foods used.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3801167","usgsCitation":"Miller, M.R., 1984, Comparative ability of northern pintails, gadwalls, and northern shovelers to metabolize foods: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 48, no. 2, p. 362-370, https://doi.org/10.2307/3801167.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"362","endPage":"370","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133760,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"48","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae5a1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, Michael R.","contributorId":45796,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Miller","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":12709,"text":"Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":310970,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":1001233,"text":"1001233 - 1984 - Nest spacing, habitat selection, and behavior of waterfowl on Miller Lake Island, North Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-11-04T15:51:04.682079","indexId":"1001233","displayToPublicDate":"1984-04-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nest spacing, habitat selection, and behavior of waterfowl on Miller Lake Island, North Dakota","docAbstract":"<p>The nesting behavior of a concentration of nesting mallards (<i>Anas platyrhynchos</i>) and gadwalls (<i>A. strepera</i>) was studied on a 4.5-ha island in Miller Lake, North Dakota, in 1977. A single 0.59-ha clump of thick shrub contained 225 simultaneously active mallard nests on 10 May. During the peak nesting period, mallard nests were spaced an average of 2.7 m from conspecifics. Active nests of all species peaked at 327, spaced an average of 2.1 m apart. Nests were clustered in thick shrub with moderate numbers in open shrub and few in grassland. Nest placement was significantly related to the amount of vegetative screening although mammalian predators were absent on the island. Cover density appeared to be important to the nesting hens as vegetation screened nests from potential avian predators and from harassment by other conspecific nesting hens and drakes. Mallards and gadwalls nesting on this island used wetlands in &gt;100 km2 around Miller Lake. During daylight hours in late April 1978, an average of 4.9 mallards/minute arrived at the island; a peak of 17.2 mallards/minute arrived at 0800. In late April 1978, as many as 26 mallard pairs/ha occurred on favored wetlands and behavioral aggression was intense. Yet, most mallard hens maintained adequate space to acquire food and other requisites. Mallards and gadwalls were sufficiently adaptable to successfully exploit the Miller Lake island and environments that resulted in high reproductive success. Other local breeding Anatidae because of behavioral constraints were unable to exploit the same situation.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3801163","usgsCitation":"Lokemoen, J.T., Duebbert, H.F., and Sharp, D., 1984, Nest spacing, habitat selection, and behavior of waterfowl on Miller Lake Island, North Dakota: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 48, no. 2, p. 309-321, https://doi.org/10.2307/3801163.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"309","endPage":"321","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133658,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Dakota","otherGeospatial":"Miller Lake 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,{"id":1001446,"text":"1001446 - 1984 - Ecological distribution and crude density of breeding birds on prairie wetlands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-11-04T16:05:30.144261","indexId":"1001446","displayToPublicDate":"1984-04-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ecological distribution and crude density of breeding birds on prairie wetlands","docAbstract":"Breeding populations of 28 species of wetland-dwelling birds other than waterfowl (Anatidae) were censused on 1,321 wetlands lying within the prairie pothole region of North Dakota. Ecological distribution and two crude measures of relative density were calculated for the 22 commonest species using eight wetland classes. Semipermanent wetlands supported nearly two-thirds of the population and were used by all 22 species, whereas seasonal wetlands contained about one-third of the population and were used by 20 species Semipermanent, fen, and temporary wetlands contained highest bird densities on the basis of wetland area; on the basis of wetland unit, densities were highest on semipermanent, permanent, alkali, and fen wetlands. The highest ranking of semipermanent wetlands by all three measures of use was probably because these wetlands, as well as being relatively numerous and large, were vegetatively diverse. The fairly large proportion of the bird population supported by seasonal wetlands was a result of wetland abundance and moderate vegetative diversity. Increased vegetative diversity results from the development of characteristic zones of hydrophytes at sites where water persists longer during the growing season. Frequent cultivation of prairie wetlands results in the replacement of tall, robust perennials by bare soil or stands of short, weak-stemmed annuals that likely are unattractive to nesting birds.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3801174","usgsCitation":"Kantrud, H.A., and Stewart, R., 1984, Ecological distribution and crude density of breeding birds on prairie wetlands: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 48, no. 2, p. 426-437, https://doi.org/10.2307/3801174.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"426","endPage":"437","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488170,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3801174","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":133367,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North 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,{"id":70230758,"text":"70230758 - 1984 - Cenozoic plate motions and the volcano-tectonic evolution of western Oregon and Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-04-25T14:49:39.477786","indexId":"70230758","displayToPublicDate":"1984-04-01T09:39:14","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3524,"text":"Tectonics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Cenozoic plate motions and the volcano-tectonic evolution of western Oregon and Washington","docAbstract":"<p><span>A refined northeast Pacific plate-motion model provides a framework for analysis of the Tertiary volcanic and tectonic history of western Oregon and Washington. We examine three possible models for the origin of the allochthonous Paleocene and Eocene oceanic basalt basement of the Coast Range: (1) accretion to the continent of hot spot generated linear seamount chains; (2) accretion of thick oceanic crust and seamounts generated during Farallon-Kula spreading reorganizations between 61 and 48 Ma; and (3) eruption of basalt during oblique rifting of the continental margin as it overrode an active Yellowstone hot spot on the Kula-Farallon ridge. The plate model suggests that microplate rotation and accretion of hot spot generated linear aseismic ridges cannot be easily reconciled with rapid northeast motion of the KuIa and Farallon plates and the well-established paleomagnetic rotations. Following emplacement of the Coast Range basement, changes in the character of forearc, back arc and Cascade arc volcanism correlate with a marked decrease in the rate of Farallon-North America convergence between 43 and and 28 Ma. This slowdown may be responsible for (1) westward stepping of the volcanic arc front from the Challis axis to a Cascade axis at about 42 Ma; (2) a subsequent episode of increased ash flow tuff volcanism and extension in the Cascade arc between 37 and 18 Ma that correlates with the “ignimbrite flare-up” in the Basin and Range; and (3) a period of extensional basaltic and alkalic volcanism and intrusion in the Coast Range between 44 and 28 Ma. Reduction of the convergence rate and westward stepping of the flexure in the subducted slab may have reduced the horizontal compressive stress on the continent, allowing increased injection of magma into the crust, development of large, shallow magma chambers, and the outbreak of extensional volcanism over a large area behind the Farallon-North America subduction zone.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/TC003i002p00275","usgsCitation":"Wells, R.E., Engebretson, D.C., Snavely, P.D., and Coe, R.S., 1984, Cenozoic plate motions and the volcano-tectonic evolution of western Oregon and Washington: Tectonics, v. 3, no. 2, p. 275-294, https://doi.org/10.1029/TC003i002p00275.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"275","endPage":"294","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":399584,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon, 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D. Jr.","contributorId":22770,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snavely","given":"P.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":841293,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Coe, R. S.","contributorId":81228,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Coe","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":841294,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70120852,"text":"70120852 - 1984 - Estimating the effect of hunting on annual survival rates of adult mallards","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-11-04T17:00:02.257322","indexId":"70120852","displayToPublicDate":"1984-04-01T09:23:09","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimating the effect of hunting on annual survival rates of adult mallards","docAbstract":"Management programs for waterfowl populations include rationale for, and establishment of, hunting regulations.  These programs rest partially on the results of scientific studies on the effect of harvest rates on annual survival rates.  The evidence of this relationship has changed markedly since the mid-1970's, and it is not widely believed that a largely compensatory relationship exists between hunting mortality and other forms of mortality for the mallard (<i>Anas platyrhynchos</i>).  This paper employs a general probabilistic model formulated to include a parameter (b) representing a continuum between complete compensation (b=0) and total additivity (b=1).  Maximum likelihood estimates of this parameter were computer for 47 data sets of adult mallards banded throughout North American before hunting commenced.  We found additional evidence of a highly compensatory mortality process for adult male mallards, while the evidence for adults female mallards remains inconclusive.  Effective harvest, land acquisition, and land management programs depend upon additional information on the chronology and mechanisms underlying a compensatory mortality process.","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Society","doi":"10.2307/3801166","usgsCitation":"Burnham, K.P., White, G.C., and Anderson, D.R., 1984, Estimating the effect of hunting on annual survival rates of adult mallards: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 48, no. 2, p. 350-361, https://doi.org/10.2307/3801166.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"350","endPage":"361","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":488227,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3801166","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":292371,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"48","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53f25fe4e4b0333418718917","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burnham, Kenneth P.","contributorId":95025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burnham","given":"Kenneth","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":189,"text":"Colorado Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":498472,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"White, Gary C.","contributorId":66831,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"White","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":6621,"text":"Colorado State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":498470,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Anderson, David R.","contributorId":92722,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498471,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70014063,"text":"70014063 - 1984 - Fossils of hydrothermal vent worms from Cretaceous sulfide ores of the Samail ophiolite, Oman","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-11-20T16:59:48.446012","indexId":"70014063","displayToPublicDate":"1984-03-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fossils of hydrothermal vent worms from Cretaceous sulfide ores of the Samail ophiolite, Oman","docAbstract":"<p><span>Fossil worm tubes of Cretaceous age preserved in the Bayda massive sulfide deposit of the Samail ophiolite, Oman, are apparently the first documented examples of fossils embedded in massive sulfide deposits from the geologic record. The geologic setting of the Bayda deposit and the distinctive mineralogic and textural features of the fossiliferous samples suggest that the Bayda sulfide deposit and fossil fauna are remnants of a Cretaceous sea-floor hydrothermal vent similar to modern hot springs on the East Pacific Rise and the Juan de Fuca Ridge.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.223.4643.1407","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Haymon, R., Koski, R., and Sinclair, C., 1984, Fossils of hydrothermal vent worms from Cretaceous sulfide ores of the Samail ophiolite, Oman: Science, v. 223, no. 4643, p. 1407-1409, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.223.4643.1407.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"1407","endPage":"1409","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225422,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Oman","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              57.370964245666244,\n              23.82099762554445\n            ],\n            [\n              56.778723974184544,\n              22.553180703386502\n            ],\n            [\n              56.47872050222912,\n              21.299535219636695\n            ],\n            [\n              58.040145262642966,\n              20.904916651997283\n            ],\n            [\n              58.12479287236886,\n              21.541573993214833\n            ],\n            [\n              57.76330365901765,\n              22.12099949152139\n            ],\n            [\n              58.02074300857758,\n              22.93048172886184\n            ],\n            [\n              58.3860729502932,\n              23.144495696419717\n            ],\n            [\n              58.147817599336975,\n              23.715351336200357\n            ],\n            [\n              57.370964245666244,\n              23.82099762554445\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"223","issue":"4643","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a138ee4b0c8380cd546c1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Haymon, R.M.","contributorId":17772,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haymon","given":"R.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367479,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Koski, R.A.","contributorId":16006,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koski","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367478,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sinclair, C.","contributorId":98476,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sinclair","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367480,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70013154,"text":"70013154 - 1984 - Zinc- and Y-group-bearing senaite from St Peters Dome, and new data on senaite from Dattas, Minas Gerais, Brazil","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-10-07T15:42:01.391879","indexId":"70013154","displayToPublicDate":"1984-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2748,"text":"Mineralogical Magazine","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Zinc- and Y-group-bearing senaite from St Peters Dome, and new data on senaite from Dattas, Minas Gerais, Brazil","docAbstract":"<p><span>A Zn- and Y-group-bearing senaite, formulated as&nbsp;</span><i><span class=\"italic\">AM</span></i><sub><span class=\"sub\">21</span></sub><span>O</span><sub><span class=\"sub\">38</span></sub><span>&nbsp;(Pb</span><sub><span class=\"sub\">0.63</span></sub><span>Na</span><sub><span class=\"sub\">0.46</span></sub><span>Ba</span><sub><span class=\"sub\">0.11</span></sub><span>)</span><span class=\"sub\">Σ1.20</span><span>(Ti</span><sub><span class=\"sub\">14.64</span></sub><img src=\"https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20210202014135270-0938:S0026461X00023380:S0026461X00023380_inline01.png?pub-status=live\" alt=\"\" data-mce-src=\"https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20210202014135270-0938:S0026461X00023380:S0026461X00023380_inline01.png?pub-status=live\"><span>Zn</span><sub><span class=\"sub\">1.74</span></sub><img src=\"https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20210202014135270-0938:S0026461X00023380:S0026461X00023380_inline04.png?pub-status=live\" alt=\"\" data-mce-src=\"https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20210202014135270-0938:S0026461X00023380:S0026461X00023380_inline04.png?pub-status=live\"><span>Y‒group REE</span><sub><span class=\"sub\">0.70</span></sub><span>Mn</span><sub><span class=\"sub\">0.38</span></sub><span>Nb</span><sub><span class=\"sub\">0.20</span></sub><span>Sn</span><sub><span class=\"sub\">0.03</span></sub><span>Zr</span><sub><span class=\"sub\">0.03</span></sub><span>Th</span><sub><span class=\"sub\">0.02</span></sub><span>)</span><sub><span class=\"sub\">Σ20.9</span></sub><span>O</span><sub><span class=\"sub\">38</span></sub><span>, a member of the crichtonite group, is a newly characterized phase associated with murataite at the St Peters Dome area, Colorado. The Zn- and Y-group-bearing senaite is uranium-free and nonmetamict, but otherwise is comparable to known senaites and davidites in X-ray diffraction pattern, symmetry, and structure. The&nbsp;</span><span class=\"italic\">REE</span><span>&nbsp;distribution shows a strong dominance of Y and the Y-group&nbsp;</span><span class=\"italic\">REE</span><span>&nbsp;which are present in&nbsp;</span><i><span class=\"italic\">M</span></i><span>(1). Megascopically, the mineral is black, submetallic, and opaque; in polished section it appears to be white and moderately bright compared with murataite. Cleavage is absent but twinning on {52</span><img src=\"https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20210202014135270-0938:S0026461X00023380:S0026461X00023380_inline07.png?pub-status=live\" alt=\"\" data-mce-src=\"https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20210202014135270-0938:S0026461X00023380:S0026461X00023380_inline07.png?pub-status=live\"><span>0} is present.</span></p><p><span>Senaite and hitherto unreported zinc-bearing senaite from Dattas, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil, have the following respective structural formulas as determined by electron microprobe:</span></p><p>(Pb<sub><span class=\"sub\">0.76</span></sub>Sr<sub><span class=\"sub\">0.20</span></sub>La<sub><span class=\"sub\">0.08</span></sub>Ce<sub><span class=\"sub\">0.07</span></sub>Ba<sub><span class=\"sub\">0.04</span></sub>)<sub><span class=\"sub\">Σ1.15</span></sub>(Ti<sub><span class=\"sub\">12.89</span></sub><img src=\"https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20210202014135270-0938:S0026461X00023380:S0026461X00023380_inline03.png?pub-status=live\" alt=\"\" data-mce-src=\"https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20210202014135270-0938:S0026461X00023380:S0026461X00023380_inline03.png?pub-status=live\">Mn<sub><span class=\"sub\">0.88</span></sub>Y<sub><span class=\"sub\">0.59</span></sub>Zn<sub><span class=\"sub\">0.12</span></sub>Mg<sub><span class=\"sub\">0.07</span></sub>Nb<sub><span class=\"sub\">0.03</span></sub>Cr<sub><span class=\"sub\">0.02</span></sub>Th<sub><span class=\"sub\">0.02</span></sub>)<sub><span class=\"sub\">Σ20.61</span></sub>O<sub><span class=\"sub\">38</span></sub></p><p>and</p><p>(Pb<sub><span class=\"sub\">0.89</span></sub>Ba<sub><span class=\"sub\">0.15</span></sub>Ce<sub><span class=\"sub\">0.02</span></sub>Sr<sub><span class=\"sub\">0.02</span></sub>)<sub><span class=\"sub\">Σ1.08</span></sub>(Ti<sub><span class=\"sub\">14.57</span></sub><img src=\"https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20210202014135270-0938:S0026461X00023380:S0026461X00023380_inline05.png?pub-status=live\" alt=\"\" data-mce-src=\"https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20210202014135270-0938:S0026461X00023380:S0026461X00023380_inline05.png?pub-status=live\">Zn<sub><span class=\"sub\">1.76</span></sub>Na<sub><span class=\"sub\">0.63</span></sub>Mn<sub><span class=\"sub\">0.50</span></sub>Y<sub><span class=\"sub\">0.28</span></sub>Nb<sub><span class=\"sub\">0.14</span></sub>Mg<sub><span class=\"sub\">0.04</span></sub>Cr<sub><span class=\"sub\">0.02</span></sub>)<sub><span class=\"sub\">Σ20.83</span></sub>O<sub><span class=\"sub\">38</span></sub></p><p><span><br data-mce-bogus=\"1\"></span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Cambridge University Press","doi":"10.1180/minmag.1984.048.346.13","usgsCitation":"Foord, E.E., Sharp, W.N., and Adams, J., 1984, Zinc- and Y-group-bearing senaite from St Peters Dome, and new data on senaite from Dattas, Minas Gerais, Brazil: Mineralogical Magazine, v. 48, no. 346, p. 97-106, https://doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1984.048.346.13.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"97","endPage":"106","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220628,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Brazil","otherGeospatial":"Dattas, Minas Gerais","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-57.62513,-30.21629],[-56.2909,-28.85276],[-55.16229,-27.88192],[-54.49073,-27.47476],[-53.64874,-26.92347],[-53.62835,-26.12487],[-54.13005,-25.54764],[-54.62529,-25.73926],[-54.42895,-25.16218],[-54.29348,-24.5708],[-54.29296,-24.02101],[-54.65283,-23.83958],[-55.0279,-24.00127],[-55.40075,-23.95694],[-55.51764,-23.572],[-55.61068,-22.65562],[-55.79796,-22.35693],[-56.47332,-22.0863],[-56.88151,-22.28215],[-57.93716,-22.09018],[-57.87067,-20.73269],[-58.16639,-20.1767],[-57.8538,-19.97],[-57.95,-19.4],[-57.67601,-18.96184],[-57.49837,-18.17419],[-57.73456,-17.55247],[-58.2808,-17.27171],[-58.38806,-16.87711],[-58.24122,-16.29957],[-60.15839,-16.25828],[-60.54297,-15.09391],[-60.25115,-15.07722],[-60.26433,-14.64598],[-60.4592,-14.35401],[-60.5033,-13.77595],[-61.08412,-13.47938],[-61.7132,-13.4892],[-62.12708,-13.19878],[-62.80306,-13.00065],[-63.1965,-12.62703],[-64.31635,-12.46198],[-65.40228,-11.56627],[-65.3219,-10.89587],[-65.44484,-10.51145],[-65.33844,-9.76199],[-66.64691,-9.93133],[-67.1738,-10.30681],[-68.04819,-10.71206],[-68.27125,-11.01452],[-68.78616,-11.03638],[-69.52968,-10.95173],[-70.09375,-11.12397],[-70.54869,-11.00915],[-70.48189,-9.49012],[-71.30241,-10.07944],[-72.18489,-10.0536],[-72.56303,-9.52019],[-73.22671,-9.46221],[-73.01538,-9.03283],[-73.57106,-8.42445],[-73.98724,-7.52383],[-73.7234,-7.341],[-73.72449,-6.9186],[-73.12003,-6.62993],[-73.21971,-6.08919],[-72.96451,-5.74125],[-72.89193,-5.27456],[-71.74841,-4.59398],[-70.92884,-4.40159],[-70.79477,-4.25126],[-69.89364,-4.29819],[-69.4441,-1.55629],[-69.42049,-1.12262],[-69.57707,-0.54999],[-70.02066,-0.18516],[-70.01557,0.54141],[-69.4524,0.70616],[-69.25243,0.60265],[-69.21864,0.98568],[-69.8046,1.08908],[-69.81697,1.71481],[-67.86857,1.69246],[-67.53781,2.03716],[-67.26,1.72],[-67.06505,1.13011],[-66.87633,1.25336],[-66.32577,0.72445],[-65.54827,0.78925],[-65.35471,1.09528],[-64.61101,1.32873],[-64.19931,1.49285],[-64.08309,1.91637],[-63.36879,2.2009],[-63.42287,2.41107],[-64.27,2.49701],[-64.40883,3.12679],[-64.36849,3.79721],[-64.81606,4.05645],[-64.62866,4.14848],[-63.88834,4.02053],[-63.0932,3.77057],[-62.80453,4.00697],[-62.08543,4.16212],[-60.96689,4.53647],[-60.60118,4.9181],[-60.73357,5.20028],[-60.21368,5.24449],[-59.98096,5.01406],[-60.111,4.57497],[-59.76741,4.4235],[-59.53804,3.9588],[-59.81541,3.6065],[-59.97452,2.75523],[-59.71855,2.24963],[-59.64604,1.78689],[-59.03086,1.3177],[-58.54001,1.26809],[-58.42948,1.46394],[-58.11345,1.5072],[-57.66097,1.68258],[-57.33582,1.94854],[-56.7827,1.86371],[-56.53939,1.89952],[-55.9957,1.81767],[-55.9056,2.022],[-56.07334,2.22079],[-55.97332,2.51036],[-55.56976,2.42151],[-55.09759,2.52375],[-54.52475,2.31185],[-54.08806,2.10556],[-53.77852,2.3767],[-53.55484,2.3349],[-53.41847,2.05339],[-52.93966,2.12486],[-52.55642,2.50471],[-52.24934,3.24109],[-51.6578,4.15623],[-51.31715,4.20349],[-51.06977,3.6504],[-50.50888,1.90156],[-49.97408,1.73648],[-49.9471,1.04619],[-50.69925,0.22298],[-50.38821,-0.07844],[-48.62057,-0.23549],[-48.5845,-1.23781],[-47.82496,-0.58162],[-46.56658,-0.94103],[-44.9057,-1.55174],[-44.41762,-2.13775],[-44.58159,-2.69131],[-43.41879,-2.38311],[-41.47266,-2.91202],[-39.97867,-2.87305],[-38.50038,-3.70065],[-37.22325,-4.82095],[-36.45294,-5.1094],[-35.5978,-5.1495],[-35.23539,-5.46494],[-34.89603,-6.73819],[-34.72999,-7.34322],[-35.12821,-8.9964],[-35.63697,-9.64928],[-37.04652,-11.04072],[-37.68361,-12.17119],[-38.42388,-13.03812],[-38.67389,-13.05765],[-38.95328,-13.79337],[-38.8823,-15.66705],[-39.16109,-17.20841],[-39.26734,-17.86775],[-39.58352,-18.2623],[-39.76082,-19.59911],[-40.77474,-20.90451],[-40.94476,-21.93732],[-41.75416,-22.37068],[-41.98828,-22.97007],[-43.0747,-22.96769],[-44.64781,-23.35196],[-45.35214,-23.79684],[-46.47209,-24.08897],[-47.64897,-24.8852],[-48.49546,-25.87702],[-48.641,-26.6237],[-48.47474,-27.17591],[-48.66152,-28.18613],[-48.88846,-28.67412],[-49.58733,-29.22447],[-50.69687,-30.98447],[-51.57623,-31.7777],[-52.25608,-32.24537],[-52.7121,-33.19658],[-53.37366,-33.76838],[-53.65054,-33.202],[-53.20959,-32.72767],[-53.78795,-32.04724],[-54.57245,-31.49451],[-55.60151,-30.85388],[-55.97324,-30.88308],[-56.97603,-30.10969],[-57.62513,-30.21629]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Brazil\"}}]}","volume":"48","issue":"346","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2018-07-05","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bd283e4b08c986b32f856","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Foord, Eugene E.","contributorId":96319,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foord","given":"Eugene","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365424,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sharp, William N.","contributorId":18751,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sharp","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365423,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Adams, J.W.","contributorId":101290,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adams","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365425,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70208673,"text":"70208673 - 1984 - Cenozoic silicoflagellates from Rockall Plateau, Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 81","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-25T07:27:50","indexId":"70208673","displayToPublicDate":"1984-02-24T13:01:12","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1996,"text":"Initial Reports of the D.S.D.P.","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Cenozoic silicoflagellates from Rockall Plateau, Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 81","docAbstract":"<p>Eocene to Pliocene silicoflagellates from the Rockall Plateau are sparse to moderately abundant and include assem blages at the upper and lower boundaries of the Miocene Series. Relative paleotemperature values for silicoflagellates from the upper Miocene and lower Pliocene at DSDP Hole 552A based on quantitative data are cooler than are those from equatorial Pacific Sites 503 and 504, but show a matching warm peak at the Miocene/Pliocene boundary and a major cooling in the lower Pliocene.</p><p> Five new taxa of silicoflagellates are defined from Rockall Plateau assemblages: Corbisema panda Bukry, n. sp., Dictyochapulchella var. inflata Bukry, n. van, <i>Distephanus xenus</i> Bukry, n. sp., Mesocena apiculata evexa Bukry, n. subsp., and <i>Naviculopsis pacifica pansa</i> Bukry, n. subsp. </p>","language":"English","publisher":"Texas A&M","doi":"10.2973/dsdp.proc.81.112.1984","usgsCitation":"Bukry, D., 1984, Cenozoic silicoflagellates from Rockall Plateau, Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 81: Initial Reports of the D.S.D.P., v. 81, p. 547-563, https://doi.org/10.2973/dsdp.proc.81.112.1984.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"547","endPage":"563","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488868,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2973/dsdp.proc.81.112.1984","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":372566,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Location of Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 81 Sites 552 to 555 and Leg 48 Sites 403 to 406 at Rockall Plateau, west of Scotland","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -25.751953125,\n              51.83577752045248\n            ],\n            [\n              -19.6875,\n              51.83577752045248\n            ],\n            [\n              -19.6875,\n              57.89149735271034\n            ],\n            [\n              -25.751953125,\n              57.89149735271034\n            ],\n            [\n              -25.751953125,\n              51.83577752045248\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"81","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bukry, David 0000-0003-4540-890X dbukry@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4540-890X","contributorId":3550,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bukry","given":"David","email":"dbukry@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":782957,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70209998,"text":"70209998 - 1984 - A seismic refraction survey of the Imperial Valley Region, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-08T14:33:17.65006","indexId":"70209998","displayToPublicDate":"1984-02-10T09:24:57","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A seismic refraction survey of the Imperial Valley Region, California","docAbstract":"<div class=\"article-section__content en main\"><p>The U.S. Geological Survey conducted an extensive seismic refraction survey in the Imperial Valley region of California in 1979. The Imperial Valley is located in the Salton Trough, an active rift between the Pacific and North American plates. Forty shots fired at seven shot points were recorded by 100 portable seismic instruments at typical spacing of 0.5–1 km. More than 1300 recording locations were occupied, and more than 3000 usable seismograms were obtained. We analyzed five profiles using a standard ray‐tracing program, constructed a contour map of reduced travel times from our most widely recorded shot point, and modeled an existing gravity profile across the Salton Trough. Results are itemized: (1) All models have in common a sedimentary layer (<i>V<sub>p</sub></i><span>&nbsp;</span>= 1.8–5.0 km/s), a “transition zone” (<i>V<sub>p</sub></i><span>&nbsp;</span>= 5.0–5.65 km/s), a basement (<i>V<sub>p</sub></i><span>&nbsp;</span>= 5.65 km/s in the Imperial Valley, 5.9 km/s on the bordering mesas), and subbasement (<i>V<sub>p</sub></i><span>&nbsp;</span>= 7.2 km/s). (2) The sedimentary layer ranges in thickness along the axis of the Salton Trough from 3.7 km (Salton Sea) to 4.8 km (U.S.‐Mexican border). On the bordering mesas it is quite variable in thickness. (3) The “transition” zone is about 1 km thick in most places. In the Imperial Valley there are no marked velocity discontinuities in this zone between the sedimentary layer and basement. On the bordering mesas, however, there is a discontinuity at the top of this zone. (4) There are apparently two types of basement. On the bordering mesas, basement is crystalline igneous and metamorphic rocks. In the Imperial Valley, basement is mostly lower‐greenshist‐facies sedimentary rocks, based primarily on the smooth transition in character from sediment to basement arrivals, the low value of basement velocity, and the fact that deep (4 km) wells in the valley penetrate only the upper part of the known Cenozoic stratigraphic column for the Salton Trough. (5) The subbasement, or intermediate crustal layer, ranges in depth along the axis of the Salton Trough from 16 km (Salton Sea) to 10 km (U.S.‐Mexican border). Gravity modeling requires that this layer deepen and/or pinch out beneath the bordering mesas and mountain ranges. Based on its high velocity and the presence of intrusive basaltic rocks in the sedimentary section in the Imperial Valley, the subbasement is thought to be a mafic intrusive complex similar to oceanic middle crust. (6) Several structures are seen that affect basement, transition zone, and deeper parts of the sedimentary layer. They include a scarp along the Imperial fault, as much as 1 km down to the northeast, and a scarp passing roughly along the topographic boundary between the Imperial Valley and the bordering mesa to the west, as much as 3½ km down to the east. We interpret the latter scarp to be the suture, or rift boundary, between the older crystalline basement on the mesa and the younger metasedimentary basement in the Imperial Valley. (7) On a contour map of reduced travel time from our most widely recorded shot point, subtle patches of early arrivals among otherwise late arrivals in the central Imperial Valley correlate well with known geothermal resource areas having reservoir temperatures of more than 150°C. Apparently the Salton Trough is a location where new crust is being generated. As the rift opens, mafic intrusive rocks fill it from below as sedimentary rocks fill it from above. Rifting and intrusion produce high heat flow that metamorphoses the sedimentary rocks to shallow depth (metasedimentary basement in the Imperial Valley) and thus consolidates the new crust.</p></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/JB089iB02p01165","usgsCitation":"Fuis, G.S., Mooney, W.D., Healy, J.H., McMechan, G.A., and Lutter, W.J., 1984, A seismic refraction survey of the Imperial Valley Region, California: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 89, no. B2, p. 1165-1189, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB089iB02p01165.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"1165","endPage":"1189","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":374575,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California ","otherGeospatial":"Imperial Valley Region","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -116.89453125,\n              32.602361666817515\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.576416015625,\n              32.602361666817515\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.576416015625,\n              33.96158628979907\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.89453125,\n              33.96158628979907\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.89453125,\n              32.602361666817515\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"89","issue":"B2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fuis, Gary S. 0000-0002-3078-1544 fuis@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3078-1544","contributorId":2639,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fuis","given":"Gary","email":"fuis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":788752,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mooney, Walter D. 0000-0002-5310-3631 mooney@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5310-3631","contributorId":3194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mooney","given":"Walter","email":"mooney@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":788753,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Healy, J. H.","contributorId":48968,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Healy","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":788754,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McMechan, G. A.","contributorId":54647,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McMechan","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":788755,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lutter, W. J.","contributorId":90361,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lutter","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":788756,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70120870,"text":"70120870 - 1984 - Tests of compensatory vs. additive hypotheses of mortality in mallards","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-18T10:37:32","indexId":"70120870","displayToPublicDate":"1984-02-01T10:31:37","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1465,"text":"Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Tests of compensatory vs. additive hypotheses of mortality in mallards","docAbstract":"Band recovery data from over 410 000 adult Mallards (<i>Anas platyrhynchos</i>) banded in North America between 1950 and 1979 were analyzed to examine the effect of exploitation on annual survival rate.  Two extreme hypotheses were defined: completely compensatory, and totally additive, and an explicit mathematical model was presented to represent each hypothesis.  Comparison of the values of the log-likelihood functions at their maxima allowed discrimination between the two models (hypotheses). Extensive Monte Carlo studies were made on the performance of the discriminant test and the power of the test under the two extreme hypotheses and a range of intermediate hypotheses.  The results of the discriminant tests on the data agreed closely with the expected performance of the test if the true underlying process was compensatory.  We rejected the hypothesis of total additivity (<i>P</i>=.001).  Instead, it appears that hunting mortalities are largely compensated for by other forms of mortality.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Brooklyn Botanic Garden","publisherLocation":"Brooklyn, NY","doi":"10.2307/1939463","usgsCitation":"Burnham, K.P., and Anderson, D.R., 1984, Tests of compensatory vs. additive hypotheses of mortality in mallards: Ecology, v. 65, no. 1, p. 105-112, https://doi.org/10.2307/1939463.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"105","endPage":"112","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":292393,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":292391,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1939463"}],"volume":"65","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53f25ff2e4b033341871896e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burnham, Kenneth P.","contributorId":95025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burnham","given":"Kenneth","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":189,"text":"Colorado Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":498519,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Anderson, David R.","contributorId":92722,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498518,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70207800,"text":"70207800 - 1984 - Geologic evolution, sedimentation, and paleoenvironments of the Angola Basin and adjacent Walvis Ridge: Synthesis of results of Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 75","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-24T14:52:23.573871","indexId":"70207800","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-13T11:31:22","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1996,"text":"Initial Reports of the D.S.D.P.","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geologic evolution, sedimentation, and paleoenvironments of the Angola Basin and adjacent Walvis Ridge: Synthesis of results of Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 75","docAbstract":"<p>The section recovered at Site 530 (Holes 53OA and 530B) consists of eight sedimentary units and one basalt unit. The composition of the basalt recovered in Hole 53OA is distinct from typical mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORBs) but is similar to that of Hawaiian tholeiites and basalt from the central part of Walvis Ridge. Throughout most of its history, the southern Angola Basin received large volumes of redeposited material in the form of turbidites and, most recently, debris-flow deposits. Most of this material was derived from Walvis Ridge to the south, but thickness trends of acoustic units suggest that some of the sediment was derived from the African continental margin to the east.</p><p> The basal sedimentary unit (Albian to Santonian) at Site 530 contains 262 beds of black shale that are interbedded with green and red claystone. Black shale makes up less than 10% of the total section, but in two cores of early Turonian age, black shale beds compose about 50% of the section. The black shales contain up to 19% organic carbon (average of about 5%) that is mainly of autochthonous marine origin but with significant contributions from terrigenous organic matter. The origin of these more- and less-reduced interbedded lithologies with varying amounts and types of organic matter, and variable amounts of pelagic, hemipelagic, and turbiditic sediment is complex and cannot be explained by any one simple process. Many factors affecting the concentration of dissolved oxygen in the bottom waters of the Angola Basin varied throughout the middle Cretaceous to produce bottom-water conditions that fluctuated between mildly oxic and oxygen-deficient, but most of the time bottom-waters and sediment-interstitial waters were sufficiently oxic to permit the accumulation of red oxidized sediment.</p><p> A relatively complete sedimentary record of the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary was recovered within a sequence of mudstone and marlstone turbidites in Hole 530A. There is a significant increase in the concentration of iridium above background levels at the boundary. High concentrations of many other elements also occur within the same stratigraphic interval as the iridium anomaly. Furthermore, there is a marked decrease in CaCO3 in the Tertiary strata above the iridium anomaly which suggests that the production of shallow-water carbonate also may have been affected by whatever caused elevated concentrations of iridium and other elements. These observations are consistent with the asteroid-impact theory proposed to explain the worldwide occurrence of an iridium anomaly at the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary. </p><p>The Cenozoic history of the Angola Basin was controlled mainly by (1) restriction of bottom-water flow from the south by Walvis Ridge; (2) development of glaciation on Antarctica; (3) opening of circulation passages in the southern oceans; (4) rapid turnover of cold, nutrient-rich waters that resulted in high productivity of diatoms; (5) influx of terrigenous sediment mainly by turbidity currents; and (6) production and preservation of carbonate sediment. The most distinctive Cenozoic event recorded in the section at Site 530 is the beginning of extensive glaciation on Anarctica and concomitant initiation of modern thermohaline bottom-water circulation that is manifested as a middle Eocene to middle Oligocene unconformity or compressed section accompanied by a drastic decrease in accumulation of CaCO3. Diatom abundances in HPC cores from Walvis Ridge (Site 532) and Angola Basin (Hole 53OB) indicate that Benguela upwelling in these areas began in the late Miocene, reached a peak in the late Pliocene to early Pleistocene, and declined thereafter. Short-term variations in sediment composition at Site 532 are manifested as cyclic variations in concentrations of clay, CaCO3, and organic carbon with average periodicities of about 30-60 k.y. The main variability that produced the cycles probably was the influx of terrigenous clastic material which diluted the CaCO3. The sediment at Site 532 also contains several percent organic carbon that is dominantly of marine origin, but with significant terrigenous components. </p><p>Data from multichannel seismic, gravity, and magnetic surveys were used to define the regional stratigraphic and structural evolution of Walvis Ridge and adjacent Cape and Angola basins. Six structural provinces are recognized, four on Walvis Ridge and two additional provinces that correspond to the Cape and Angola basins. The two eastern structural provinces on Walvis Ridge are underlain by continental crust. The two western structural provinces are underlain by oceanic basement. Two main directions of faults are evident in seismic profiles, one trending N 10° and one trending N 60°. The N 60° trend corresponds to the general orientation of the northern and southern flanks of Walvis Ridge as well as to the dominant direction of fracture zones. </p><p>During the first phase of separation of Africa from South America (ca. 120-130 m.y. ago), a voluminous mass of volcanics was emplaced simultaneous with the emplacement of basalt in the Parana Basin of Brazil and the Kaokoveld Region of South Africa. This period of volcanism also formed the series of seaward-dipping internal basement reflectors that are characteristic of the two structural provinces of Walvis Ridge. A system of fault blocks developed in the brittle upper part of the newly formed crust. During the second phase of rifting, which ended before late Aptian, more tilted fault blocks were created in the upper brittle stratified continental crust. Magnetic lineations in basement rocks in the Angola and Cape basins in the vicinity of Walvis Ridge are not distinct but suggest that oceanic crust began to be emplaced between 120 and 112 m.y. ago (Barremian to early Aptian). At least part of the oceanic crust of the central plateau of eastern Walvis Ridge (structural province 3) may have been emplaced before any oceanic crust formed in the adjacent basins. A ridge jump occurred during the late Aptian to early Albian in the southern part of the Angola Basin which translated the previously formed oceanic crust and its overlying evaporite deposits on the South American side. Several ridge jumps occurred on both sides of Walvis Ridge during the Late Cretaceous and early Tertiary to produce a 500-km-long segment of mid-ocean ridge.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Texas A&M University","doi":"10.2973/dsdp.proc.75.109.1984","usgsCitation":"Dean, W.E., Hay, W., and Sibuet, J., 1984, Geologic evolution, sedimentation, and paleoenvironments of the Angola Basin and adjacent Walvis Ridge: Synthesis of results of Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 75: Initial Reports of the D.S.D.P., v. 75, p. 509-544, https://doi.org/10.2973/dsdp.proc.75.109.1984.","productDescription":"36 p.","startPage":"509","endPage":"544","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488895,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2973/dsdp.proc.75.109.1984","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":371189,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Locations of dredge CH 18-DR06 and DSDP drill sites","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              9.31640625,\n              -24.986058021167594\n            ],\n            [\n              16.89697265625,\n              -24.986058021167594\n            ],\n            [\n              16.89697265625,\n              -17.035777250427184\n            ],\n            [\n              9.31640625,\n              -17.035777250427184\n            ],\n            [\n              9.31640625,\n              -24.986058021167594\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"75","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dean, Walter E. dean@usgs.gov","contributorId":1801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dean","given":"Walter","email":"dean@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779373,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hay, W.W.","contributorId":221650,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hay","given":"W.W.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":28140,"text":"UC Boulder","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":779374,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sibuet, Jean-Claude","contributorId":221651,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sibuet","given":"Jean-Claude","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779375,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70207799,"text":"70207799 - 1984 - Origin and geochemistry of Cretaceous deep-sea black shales and multicolored claystones, with emphasis on Deep Sea Drilling Project Site 530, southern Angola Basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-14T06:48:14","indexId":"70207799","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-13T11:03:23","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1996,"text":"Initial Reports of the D.S.D.P.","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Origin and geochemistry of Cretaceous deep-sea black shales and multicolored claystones, with emphasis on Deep Sea Drilling Project Site 530, southern Angola Basin","docAbstract":"<p>Deep-water sedimentary sequences of mid-Cretaceous age, rich in organic carbon, have been recovered at many DSDP sites in the Atlantic Ocean. Most of these sequences have a marked cyclicity in amount of organic carbon resulting in interbedded multicolored shale, marlstone, and (or) limestone that have cycle periods of 20,000 to 100,000 years and average 40,000 to 50,000 years. These cycles may be related to some climatic control on influx of terrigenous organic matter and sediment, rates of upwelling and sea-surface production of organic matter, and preservation of organic matter related to deeper-water dissolved oxygen concentration. These variations in supply of organic matter had pronounced effects on the potential of the sediment for subsequent diagenetic changes and geochemical partitioning in adjacent beds. </p><p>Many trace elements are enriched in organic-carbon-rich lithologies relative to interbedded organic-carbon-poor lithologies. Elements that are most commonly enriched are Cr, Ni, V, Cu, Zn, and Mo. The association of high traceelement concentrations with organic matter may be the result of concentration of these elements by organisms or by chemical sorption and precipitation processes under anoxic conditions. Detailed trace-element profiles from organiccarbon-rich strata at Site 530 suggest that there may be differential mobility of trace elements, with diffusion of some elements over distances of at least tens of meters. The sequence of trace-element mobility, from highest to lowest, is approximately Ba, Mn, Pb, Ni, Co, Cr, Cu, Zn, V, Cd, and Mo. Slowly deposited, oxidized clays directly overlying some black shale sequences are enriched in some metals, particularly Fe, Mn, Zn, and Cu, relative to normal pelagic clays, and this enrichment may be the result of upward migration of metals in pore waters during compaction or diffusion from the underlying black shale. </p><p>Most depositional models that have been used to explain the accumulation of the organic-carbon-rich strata imply that reducing conditions in the sediments (and therefore the increased degree of preservation of organic matter) were the result of anoxic or near-anoxic conditions in oceanic bottom waters, or in a midwater oxygen-minimum zone. Evidence from several DSDP sites in the Atlantic, however, indicate that some of these middle Cretaceous \"black shale\" beds may be the result of variations in rate of supply of organic matter that produced anoxia or near-anoxia within midwater oxygen-minimum zones and possibly, under extreme conditions, throughout much of the bottomwater mass. Although bottom-water anoxia may have occurred during periods of organic-carbon-rich strata, it was not necessarily the only cause for accumulation of these strata. The main reason for the accumulation of organic-carbonrich strata was an increase in the relative amount of organic debris being deposited. Some of this organic debris was derived from continental-margin areas of increased production, accumulation, and preservation of organic matter from marine, terrestrial, or mixed sources and transported to slope and basinal sites by turbidity currents. </p>","language":"English","publisher":"Texas A&M University","doi":"10.2973/dsdp.proc.75.121.1984","usgsCitation":"Dean, W.E., Arthur, M., and Stow, D., 1984, Origin and geochemistry of Cretaceous deep-sea black shales and multicolored claystones, with emphasis on Deep Sea Drilling Project Site 530, southern Angola Basin: Initial Reports of the D.S.D.P., v. 75, p. 819-844, https://doi.org/10.2973/dsdp.proc.75.121.1984.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"819","endPage":"844","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":487257,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2973/dsdp.proc.75.121.1984","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":371188,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Site 530","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              9.31640625,\n              -24.986058021167594\n            ],\n            [\n              16.89697265625,\n              -24.986058021167594\n            ],\n            [\n              16.89697265625,\n              -17.035777250427184\n            ],\n            [\n              9.31640625,\n              -17.035777250427184\n            ],\n            [\n              9.31640625,\n              -24.986058021167594\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"75","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dean, Walter E. dean@usgs.gov","contributorId":1801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dean","given":"Walter","email":"dean@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779370,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Arthur, M.A.","contributorId":24791,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arthur","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779371,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stow, D.A.V.","contributorId":35441,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stow","given":"D.A.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779372,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70207757,"text":"70207757 - 1984 - Models for the deposition of Mesozoic-Cenozoic fine-grained organic-carbon-rich sediment in the deep sea","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-10T06:34:05","indexId":"70207757","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-09T13:13:29","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5011,"text":"Geological Society of London Special Publications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Models for the deposition of Mesozoic-Cenozoic fine-grained organic-carbon-rich sediment in the deep sea","docAbstract":"<p id=\"p-2\">The widespread occurrence of organic-carbon-rich strata (‘black shales’) in certain portions of Jurassic, Cretaceous and Cenozoic sequences has been well-documented from Deep Sea Drilling Project sites in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans and from sequences, now exposed on land, originally deposited in the Tethyan ocean. These ancient black shales usually have been explained by analogy with examples of modern deep-sea sediments in which organic matter locally is preserved by (1) increasing the supply of organic matter, (2) increasing the rate of sedimentation, and/or (3) decreasing the oxygen content of the bottom water. However, detailed examination of many black shales reveals characteristics that cannot be explained by simple local models, including: their approximate coincidence in time globally; their occurrence in a variety of different environments, including open oxygenated oceans, restricted basins, deep and shallow water; their interbedding with organic-carbonpoor strata which often dominate a so-called black shale sequence; their deposition by pelagic, hemipelagic, turbiditic and other processes; and the variations in type and amount of organic matter that occur even within the same sequence.</p><p id=\"p-3\">A more complex model for the origin of black shales therefore appears most appropriate, in which the cyclic preservation of organic matter depends on the interplay of the three main variables, namely supply of organic matter, sedimentation rate, and deep-water oxygenation, each of which varies independently to some extent. The variation and relative importance of these parameters in individual basins and widespread black shale deposition in general are linked globally and temporally by changes in global sea-level, climate and related changes in oceanic circulation. An important and often overlooked factor for the supply of organic matter to deep-basin sediments is the frequency and magnitude of redepositional processes. The interplay of these variables is discussed in relation to the middle Cretaceous and Cenozoic organic-carbon-rich strata, in particular, which show marked differences in the relative importance of the different variables.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"The Geological Society","doi":"10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.015.01.34","usgsCitation":"Arthur, M., Dean, W.E., and Stow, D., 1984, Models for the deposition of Mesozoic-Cenozoic fine-grained organic-carbon-rich sediment in the deep sea: Geological Society of London Special Publications, v. 15, p. 527-560, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.015.01.34.","productDescription":"34 p.","startPage":"527","endPage":"560","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371116,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"15","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Arthur, M.A.","contributorId":24791,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arthur","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779203,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dean, Walter E. dean@usgs.gov","contributorId":1801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dean","given":"Walter","email":"dean@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779204,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stow, D.A.V.","contributorId":35441,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stow","given":"D.A.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779205,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":5221942,"text":"5221942 - 1984 - Evaluation of potential embryotoxicity and teratogenicity of 42 herbicides, insecticides, and petroleum contaminants to mallard eggs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-12T16:45:37.39864","indexId":"5221942","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T12:19:21","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":887,"text":"Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluation of potential embryotoxicity and teratogenicity of 42 herbicides, insecticides, and petroleum contaminants to mallard eggs","docAbstract":"<p>Results are reported for the embryotoxicity of 42 environmental contaminants applied externally to mallard (<i>Anas platyrhynchos</i>) eggs including crude and refined petroleum, and commercial formulations of herbicides and insecticides. Many of the petroleum pollutants were embryotoxic and moderately teratogenic and had <i>LD</i><sub>50</sub><i>s</i>&nbsp;of 0.3 to 5 μl per egg (∼6–90 μg/g egg). The most toxic was a commercial oil used for control of road dust followed by South Louisiana crude oil, Kuwait crude, no. 2 fuel oil, bunker C fuel oil, and industrial and automotive waste oil. Prudhoe Bay crude, unused crankcase oil, aviation kerosene, and aliphatic hydrocarbon mixtures were less toxic (<i>LD</i><sub>50</sub><i>s</i>&nbsp;of 18 to over 75 μl) and less teratogenic.</p><p>The <i>LC</i><sub>50</sub><i>s</i><span>&nbsp;</span>of herbicides and insecticides in aqueous emulsion were measured by egg immersion; the most toxic were paraquat and trifluralin (<i>LC</i><sub>50</sub><i>s</i><span>&nbsp;</span>of about 1.5 Ibs/A; 1.7 kg/ha). Propanil, bromoxynil with MCPA, methyl diclofop, prometon, endrin, sulprofos, and parathion were toxic (<i>LC</i><sub>50</sub><i>s</i><span>&nbsp;</span>of 7 to 40 Ibs/A; 7.8–44.8 kg/ha), whereas 2,4-D, glyphosate, atrazine, carbaryl, dalapon, dicamba, methomyl, and phosmet were only slightly toxic or not toxic (<i>LC</i><sub>50</sub><i>s</i><span>&nbsp;</span>of 178 to over 500 Ibs/A; 199–560 kg/ha).</p><p>Pesticides in nontoxic oil vehicle applied by microliter pipet were up to 18 times more toxic than when applied in water vehicle, which was probably due to better penetration of the pesticide past the eggshell and its membranes. Teratogenic effects and impaired embryonic growth are reported and results discussed in terms of potential hazard at field levels of application. A discussion is provided on the effects of pollutants on the eggs of other species of birds under laboratory and field conditions.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF01055642","usgsCitation":"Hoffman, D.J., and Albers, P.H., 1984, Evaluation of potential embryotoxicity and teratogenicity of 42 herbicides, insecticides, and petroleum contaminants to mallard eggs: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 13, no. 1, p. 15-27, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01055642.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"15","endPage":"27","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":193591,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"13","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5fac39","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hoffman, David J.","contributorId":86075,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoffman","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":335090,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Albers, Peter H.","contributorId":112805,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Albers","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335091,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70221676,"text":"70221676 - 1984 - Significant unconformities and the hiatuses represented by them in the Paleogene of the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Province","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-06-28T16:12:58.25941","indexId":"70221676","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T11:06:30","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Significant unconformities and the hiatuses represented by them in the Paleogene of the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Province","docAbstract":"<p><span>A biostratigraphic, chronostratigraphic, and magnetostratigraphic model has been calibrated to produce a new time scale for the Paleogene. The model gives the biostratigraphic position and duration represented by significant unconformities in three areas of the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Province: 1) western and central Alabama; 2) South Carolina; and 3) central Virginia to southwestern Maryland. In these areas, the most significant unconformity, in terms of duration represented and lateral extent, is found in the lower Eocene. In Alabama, this unconformity centers around 51.4 m.y. and represents a hiatus of about 1.4 m.y. In South Carolina, this unconformity centers around 50.3 m.y. and represents a hiatus of about 10.0 m.y. In Virginia-Maryland, the lower Eocene unconformity centers around 49.0 m.y. and represents a hiatus of about 7.3 m.y. A significant unconformity exists between the Cretaceous and Tertiary in all three areas. On the Atlantic coast the Cretaceous-Tertiary unconformity represents some missing Danian and significant missing Maestrichtian. In Alabama, however, there is virtually a complete Danian section and it is only most of the upper Maestrichtian that is missing. There are significant regional unconformities in all three areas.</span></p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Interregional unconformities and hydrocarbon accumulation","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists","doi":"10.1306/M36440C4","usgsCitation":"Hazel, J.E., Edwards, L.E., and Bybell, L.M., 1984, Significant unconformities and the hiatuses represented by them in the Paleogene of the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Province, chap. <i>of</i> Interregional unconformities and hydrocarbon accumulation, v. 36, p. 59-66, https://doi.org/10.1306/M36440C4.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"59","endPage":"66","costCenters":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":386802,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"36","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hazel, Joseph E. Jr.","contributorId":15609,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hazel","given":"Joseph","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":818406,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Edwards, Lucy E. 0000-0003-4075-3317 leedward@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4075-3317","contributorId":2647,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edwards","given":"Lucy","email":"leedward@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":818407,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bybell, Laurel M. 0000-0002-4760-7542 lbybell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4760-7542","contributorId":1760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bybell","given":"Laurel","email":"lbybell@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":818408,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70120628,"text":"70120628 - 1984 - A hierarchical model to organize integrated research on the Okefenokee Swamp","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-12T15:48:39.077517","indexId":"70120628","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T10:47:18","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"A hierarchical model to organize integrated research on the Okefenokee Swamp","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"The Okefenokee Swamp: Its natural history, geology, and geochemistry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Wetland Surveys","publisherLocation":"Los Alamos, NM","usgsCitation":"Auble, G.T., Patten, B.C., Bosserman, R.W., and Hamilton, D.B., 1984, A hierarchical model to organize integrated research on the Okefenokee Swamp, chap. <i>of</i> The Okefenokee Swamp: Its natural history, geology, and geochemistry, p. 264-279.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"264","endPage":"279","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":292272,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia","otherGeospatial":"Okefenokee Swamp","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -82.461238,30.590082 ], [ -82.461238,30.743642 ], [ -82.20512,30.743642 ], [ -82.20512,30.590082 ], [ -82.461238,30.590082 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53ef1ec0e4b0bfa1f993eec4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Auble, Gregor T. 0000-0002-0843-2751 aubleg@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0843-2751","contributorId":2187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Auble","given":"Gregor","email":"aubleg@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":498334,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Patten, Bernard C.","contributorId":329674,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Patten","given":"Bernard","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498336,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bosserman, R. W.","contributorId":15941,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bosserman","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498335,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hamilton, David B. hamiltond@usgs.gov","contributorId":193,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hamilton","given":"David","email":"hamiltond@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":498333,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70198541,"text":"70198541 - 1984 - Modeling the interrelationship of groundwater and surface water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-13T10:05:16","indexId":"70198541","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T09:23:54","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Modeling the interrelationship of groundwater and surface water","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.&nbsp;</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Modeling of total acid precipitation impacts","language":"English","publisher":"Butterworth","publisherLocation":"Boston","usgsCitation":"Winter, T.C., 1984, Modeling the interrelationship of groundwater and surface water, chap. <i>of</i> Modeling of total acid precipitation impacts, p. 89-119.","productDescription":"31 p.","startPage":"89","endPage":"119","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":356266,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Schnoor, J. L.","contributorId":92095,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schnoor","given":"J. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":742256,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Winter, T. C.","contributorId":23485,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winter","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":741840,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
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