Three Pleistocene glaciations and two Holocene Neoglacial advances occurred on volcano Ajusco in central Mexico. Lateral moraines of the oldest glaciation, the Marqués, above 3250 m are made of light-gray indurated till and are extensively modified by erosion. Below 3200 m the till is dark red, decomposed, and buried beneath volcanic colluvium and tephra. Very strongly to strongly developed soil profiles (Inceptisols) have formed in the Marqués till and in overlying colluvia and tephra. Large sharp-crested moraines of the second glaciation, the Santo Tomás, above 3300 m are composed of pale-brown firm till and are somewhat eroded by gullies. Below 3250 m the till is light reddish brown, cemented, and weathered. Less-strongly developed soil profiles (Inceptisols) have formed in the Santo Tomás till and in overlying colluvia and tephra. Narrow-crested moraines of yellowish-brown loose till of the third glaciation, the Albergue, are uneroded. Weakly developed soil profiles (Inceptisols) in the Albergue till have black ash in the upper horizon. Two small Neoglacial moraines of yellowish-brown bouldery till on the cirque floor of the largest valley support weakly developed soil profiles with only A and Cox horizons and no ash in the upper soil horizons. Radiocarbon dating of organic matter of the B horizons developed in tills, volcanic ash, and colluvial volcanic sand includes ages for both the soil-organic residue and the humic-acid fraction, with differences from 140 to 660 yr. The dating provides minimum ages of about 27,000 yr for the Marqués glaciation and about 25,000 yr for the Santo Tomás glaciation. Dates for the overlying tephra indicate a complex volcanic history for at least another 15,000 yr. Comparison of the Ajusco glacial sequence with that on Iztaccíhuatl to the east suggests that the Marqués and Santo Tomás glaciations may be equivalent to the Diamantes glaciation First and Second advances, the Albergue to the Alcalican glaciations, and the Neoglacial to the Ayolotepito advances.
","language":"English ","publisher":"Cambridge University","doi":"10.1016/0033-5894(84)90086-3","issn":"00335894","usgsCitation":"White, S., and Valastro, S., 1984, Pleistocene glaciation of volcano Ajusco, central Mexico, and comparison with the standard Mexican glacial sequence: Quaternary Research, v. 21, no. 1, p. 21-35, https://doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(84)90086-3.","productDescription":"15 p. ","startPage":"21","endPage":"35","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":368790,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Mexico ","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-97.14001,25.87],[-97.52807,24.99214],[-97.70295,24.27234],[-97.77604,22.93258],[-97.87237,22.44421],[-97.69904,21.89869],[-97.38896,21.41102],[-97.18933,20.63543],[-96.52558,19.89093],[-96.29213,19.32037],[-95.90088,18.82802],[-94.83906,18.56272],[-94.42573,18.14437],[-93.54865,18.42384],[-92.78611,18.52484],[-92.03735,18.70457],[-91.4079,18.87608],[-90.77187,19.28412],[-90.53359,19.86742],[-90.45148,20.70752],[-90.27862,20.99986],[-89.60132,21.26173],[-88.54387,21.49368],[-87.65842,21.45885],[-87.05189,21.54354],[-86.81198,21.33151],[-86.84591,20.84986],[-87.38329,20.2554],[-87.62105,19.64655],[-87.43675,19.4724],[-87.58656,19.04013],[-87.83719,18.25982],[-88.09066,18.51665],[-88.30003,18.49998],[-88.49012,18.48683],[-88.84834,17.8832],[-89.02986,18.00151],[-89.15091,17.95547],[-89.14308,17.80832],[-90.06793,17.81933],[-91.00152,17.81759],[-91.00227,17.25466],[-91.45392,17.25218],[-91.08167,16.91848],[-90.71182,16.68748],[-90.60085,16.47078],[-90.43887,16.41011],[-90.46447,16.06956],[-91.74796,16.06656],[-92.22925,15.25145],[-92.08722,15.06458],[-92.20323,14.8301],[-92.22775,14.53883],[-93.35946,15.61543],[-93.87517,15.94016],[-94.69166,16.20098],[-95.25023,16.12832],[-96.05338,15.75209],[-96.55743,15.65352],[-97.26359,15.91706],[-98.01303,16.10731],[-98.94768,16.56604],[-99.6974,16.70616],[-100.8295,17.17107],[-101.66609,17.64903],[-101.91853,17.91609],[-102.47813,17.97575],[-103.50099,18.29229],[-103.91753,18.74857],[-104.99201,19.31613],[-105.49304,19.94677],[-105.7314,20.4341],[-105.39777,20.53172],[-105.50066,20.8169],[-105.27075,21.07628],[-105.26582,21.4221],[-105.60316,21.87115],[-105.69341,22.26908],[-106.02872,22.77375],[-106.90998,23.76777],[-107.91545,24.54892],[-108.4019,25.17231],[-109.2602,25.58061],[-109.44409,25.82488],[-109.29164,26.44293],[-109.80146,26.67618],[-110.39173,27.16211],[-110.64102,27.85988],[-111.17892,27.94124],[-111.75961,28.46795],[-112.22823,28.95441],[-112.27182,29.26684],[-112.80959,30.02111],[-113.16381,30.78688],[-113.14867,31.17097],[-113.87188,31.56761],[-114.20574,31.52405],[-114.77645,31.79953],[-114.9367,31.39348],[-114.77123,30.91362],[-114.6739,30.16268],[-114.33097,29.75043],[-113.58888,29.06161],[-113.42405,28.82617],[-113.27197,28.75478],[-113.14004,28.41129],[-112.9623,28.42519],[-112.76159,27.78022],[-112.45791,27.52581],[-112.24495,27.17173],[-111.61649,26.66282],[-111.28467,25.73259],[-110.98782,25.29461],[-110.71001,24.826],[-110.65505,24.29859],[-110.17286,24.26555],[-109.77185,23.81118],[-109.4091,23.36467],[-109.43339,23.18559],[-109.85422,22.81827],[-110.03139,22.82308],[-110.29507,23.43097],[-110.9495,24.00096],[-111.67057,24.48442],[-112.18204,24.73841],[-112.14899,25.47013],[-112.30071,26.012],[-112.7773,26.32196],[-113.46467,26.76819],[-113.59673,26.63946],[-113.84894,26.90006],[-114.46575,27.14209],[-115.05514,27.72273],[-114.98225,27.7982],[-114.57037,27.74149],[-114.19933,28.115],[-114.16202,28.56611],[-114.93184,29.27948],[-115.51865,29.55636],[-115.88737,30.18079],[-116.25835,30.83646],[-116.72153,31.63574],[-117.12776,32.53534],[-115.99135,32.61239],[-114.72139,32.72083],[-114.815,32.52528],[-113.30498,32.03914],[-111.02361,31.33472],[-109.035,31.34194],[-108.24194,31.34222],[-108.24,31.75485],[-106.50759,31.75452],[-106.1429,31.39995],[-105.63159,31.08383],[-105.03737,30.64402],[-104.70575,30.12173],[-104.45697,29.57196],[-103.94,29.27],[-103.11,28.97],[-102.48,29.76],[-101.6624,29.7793],[-100.9576,29.38071],[-100.45584,28.69612],[-100.11,28.11],[-99.52,27.54],[-99.3,26.84],[-99.02,26.37],[-98.24,26.06],[-97.53,25.84],[-97.14001,25.87]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Mexico\"}}]}","volume":"21","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"White, Sidney","contributorId":220134,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"Sidney","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":774274,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Valastro, S.","contributorId":96436,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Valastro","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":774275,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70140593,"text":"70140593 - 1984 - The relationship of Landsat digital data to the properties of Arizona rangelands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-10T14:51:18","indexId":"70140593","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3420,"text":"Soil Science Society of America Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The relationship of Landsat digital data to the properties of Arizona rangelands","docAbstract":"Pedon descriptions, vegetation transect information, and Landsat digital data were obtained for 110 sites on the Tonto National Forest in central Arizona. Using the field and satellite data, 33 variables were evaluated and prediction models were generated using stepwise multiple regression techniques. The following six factors explained 84% of the variability within the sum of the values for the four Landsat spectral bands: sum of brush and forest crown densities, elevation, surface color, rock type, cobbles on the surface of the site, and grass cover. Seven factors explained 81% of the variability for the ratio of Bands 4 plus 5 to Bands 6 plus 7: percent clay in the surface horizon, percent fragments > 2 mm in the surface horizon, the sum of forest and brush crown densities, pH of the surface horizon, color of the surface horizon, litter cover, and site aspect.
","language":"English","publisher":"Soil Science Society of America","doi":"10.2136/sssaj1984.03615995004800060026x","usgsCitation":"Horvath, E.H., Post, D.F., and Kelsey, J.B., 1984, The relationship of Landsat digital data to the properties of Arizona rangelands: Soil Science Society of America Journal, v. 48, no. 6, p. 1331-1334, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1984.03615995004800060026x.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"1331","endPage":"1334","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":297879,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Tonto National Forest","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.8243408203125,\n 33.50475906922609\n ],\n [\n -111.016845703125,\n 33.50475906922609\n ],\n [\n -111.016845703125,\n 34.025347738147936\n ],\n [\n -111.8243408203125,\n 34.025347738147936\n ],\n [\n -111.8243408203125,\n 33.50475906922609\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"48","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54dd2c70e4b08de9379b37ef","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Horvath, Emil H.","contributorId":76306,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Horvath","given":"Emil","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":540215,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Post, D. F.","contributorId":139149,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Post","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":540216,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kelsey, J. B.","contributorId":139150,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kelsey","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":540217,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70014000,"text":"70014000 - 1984 - Glacier mass balance and runoff research in the U.S.A.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-19T00:49:29.152399","indexId":"70014000","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1767,"text":"Geografiska Annaler, Series A","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Glacier mass balance and runoff research in the U.S.A.","docAbstract":"Research on glacier mass balance began in the U.S.A. about 50 years ago. More complete studies of climate, snow and ice balance, and the hydrology of glaciers were initiated for the IGY in 1957 and the IHD in 1966. Investigations included the magnitude and geographic distribution of normal mass balance processes and unusual phenomena such as out-bursting, accumulation of ice by freezing of water in firn, and ablation of glacier ice by volcanic activity and by calving. Glacier size has been found not to be a simple function of climate as is widely imagined. Glaciers can increase with a warming of climate and can shrink due to calving instability mechanisms. Numerical modeling of glacier balance and runoff have appeared in the past decade only. Glacier research has also produced a new understanding of the nation's climate, water resources, and flood hazards because glaciers exist in very moist rather than very cold climates and produce very high runoff rates.
No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/es00128a004","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Roy, W.R., and Griffin, R.A., 1984, Illinois basin coal fly ashes. 2. Equilibria relationships and qualitative modeling of ash-water reactions: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 18, no. 10, p. 739-742, https://doi.org/10.1021/es00128a004.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"739","endPage":"742","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225292,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Missouri, Tennessee","otherGeospatial":"Illinois Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -90.94649110420269,\n 40.945533770994814\n ],\n [\n -91.01923715797412,\n 40.712913517710376\n ],\n [\n -91.22300927118468,\n 40.47071651056973\n ],\n [\n -91.41792172729808,\n 40.222918700669254\n ],\n [\n -91.28502687085656,\n 39.7681702017654\n ],\n [\n -90.79774573057107,\n 39.45420363658053\n ],\n [\n -90.62941224574531,\n 39.25553699851744\n ],\n [\n -90.55853498897685,\n 38.959923461105575\n ],\n [\n -90.328183904478,\n 38.46910799598123\n ],\n [\n -90.3016049331897,\n 38.163251672370905\n ],\n [\n -89.92949933515392,\n 37.73709284258358\n ],\n [\n -89.47765682325267,\n 37.30141954814219\n ],\n [\n -88.45879625720158,\n 36.771003683292534\n ],\n [\n -88.06128362363084,\n 36.46534298077414\n ],\n [\n -87.41452865561605,\n 36.2584404443587\n ],\n [\n -86.79435265888903,\n 36.17266480846129\n ],\n [\n -86.20961529054678,\n 36.12974173785966\n ],\n [\n -85.79321140703031,\n 36.20126713508451\n ],\n [\n -85.35908820932148,\n 36.52232268256964\n ],\n [\n -84.93382466870852,\n 36.87040741796726\n ],\n [\n -84.64145598453713,\n 36.99080289010317\n ],\n [\n -84.66803495582546,\n 37.329715216866006\n ],\n [\n -84.8452280977477,\n 37.50562959256645\n ],\n [\n -85.26163198126414,\n 37.73019645188518\n ],\n [\n -85.3945268377057,\n 37.98202253429302\n ],\n [\n -85.67803586478078,\n 38.29825431846086\n ],\n [\n -85.74891312154978,\n 39.37479374147429\n ],\n [\n -86.07672043410541,\n 40.19178310943852\n ],\n [\n -86.68803677373594,\n 40.56298939507266\n ],\n [\n -87.52666346510904,\n 40.831671960797564\n ],\n [\n -87.7215759212231,\n 40.9388414414546\n ],\n [\n -88.2442956898928,\n 41.29925627633486\n ],\n [\n -88.50122574567995,\n 41.65769036462953\n ],\n [\n -89.06824379982982,\n 41.86915981369222\n ],\n [\n -89.50236699753867,\n 41.8757570021325\n ],\n [\n -89.99850779492006,\n 41.743683882396056\n ],\n [\n -90.45035030682129,\n 41.55169435710624\n ],\n [\n -90.62754344874298,\n 41.47872111301615\n ],\n [\n -91.04394733225999,\n 41.42559799520316\n ],\n [\n -91.12368424612491,\n 41.23932460147384\n ],\n [\n -90.9553507612986,\n 41.10594618764017\n ],\n [\n -90.94649110420269,\n 40.945533770994814\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"18","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a386de4b0c8380cd61579","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Roy, William R.","contributorId":45454,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roy","given":"William","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367464,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Griffin, R. A.","contributorId":46211,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Griffin","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367465,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70013937,"text":"70013937 - 1984 - ROLE OF SPATIAL RESOLUTION AND SPECTRAL CONTENT IN CHANGE DETECTION.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:35","indexId":"70013937","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"ROLE OF SPATIAL RESOLUTION AND SPECTRAL CONTENT IN CHANGE DETECTION.","docAbstract":"Summary form only given, as follows. Advancements in remote sensing technology have brought improvements and sophistication to modern remote sensor systems, especially those aboard earth resources satellites. These improvements have considerbly expanded the capabilities of the newer sensor systems, particularly the capability to achieve greatly increased spatial and spectral resolution levels. The debate still lingers, however, over whether future systems should maximize spatial resolution or spectral information, or both. As yet, the high costs and large volumes of data associated with even modest incremental improvements in spatial and spectral content have precluded the design of a single system that attempts to fully optimize both. Thus, the user is faced with having to choose between those systems providing high spatial resolutions but limited spectral information and those which offer a broad range of spectral data but hold spatial resolution to a less than optimum level. In this study, the contribution of both spatial resolution and spectral content to land cover change detection is examined. Ten-meter SPOT simulation imagery is compared with multispectral images acquired by the Thematic Mapper sensor system for use in the visual interpretation and mapping of changes. Several image processing and enhancement techniques are utilized to maximize the spatial and spectral data content offered by each system. Results indicate that when using visual image interpretation techniques to detect change, higher spatial resolutions are generally preferred over increased spectral content.","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings - PECORA 9: Spatial Information Technologies for Remote Sensing Today and Tomorrow.","conferenceLocation":"Sioux Falls, ND, USA","language":"English","publisher":"IEEE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, USA","isbn":"081860588X","usgsCitation":"Milazzo, V.A., 1984, ROLE OF SPATIAL RESOLUTION AND SPECTRAL CONTENT IN CHANGE DETECTION., Proceedings - PECORA 9: Spatial Information Technologies for Remote Sensing Today and Tomorrow., Sioux Falls, ND, USA.","startPage":"69","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225610,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a936ae4b0c8380cd80dd8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Milazzo, Valerie A.","contributorId":88717,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Milazzo","given":"Valerie","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367205,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70013512,"text":"70013512 - 1984 - Macrotidal subarctic environment of Turnagain and Knik Arms, Upper Cook Inlet, Alaska: sedimentology of the intertidal zone","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-21T23:25:21.913787","indexId":"70013512","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2450,"text":"Journal of Sedimentary Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Macrotidal subarctic environment of Turnagain and Knik Arms, Upper Cook Inlet, Alaska: sedimentology of the intertidal zone","docAbstract":"An extensive sheet of silty sand crossed by tidal channels is exposed at low tide in Turnagain and Knik Arms, Alaska. Transportation and deposition of sediment composing this sheet is the result of strong tidal currents due to the maximum spring tidal range of approximately 11.4 m. In Turnagain and Knik Arms, the initiation of the floodtide is accompanied by the occurrence of a tidal bore that travels at a speed of 4 m/sec or more up the tidal channels. In intertidal environments in many parts of the world, physical processes of sedimentation are typically influenced by surface fauna; sedimentary structures in some zones are altered or obliterated by the activities of the infauna. However, in Turnagain and Knik Arms, virtually no macrofauna exist, and so the area provides an opportunity to study depositional processes and sedimentary structures without the masking effects of bioturbation. Suspended-sediment values for Turnagain and Knik Arms are greatest in the summer months and nearest low-tide stages. Ice floes form during winter months and, in combination with the freezing of intertidal sediment to several meters of depth, have a significant effect on sediment dispersal and on the deepening and increased stability of the tidal channels. The intertidal sediment is mainly very well sorted, medium to very fine sand and coarse silt, with a notable paucity of gravel, coarse sand, and clay. Sediment accumulates in sandbars oriented parallel to the axis of the estuary. Textural and facies patterns reflect decreasing current energy, first, as a function of distance from the mouth of the estuary and, second, as a function of topographic elevation on the sandbars. The intertidal deposits in Turnagain Arm contain a transitional upward-fining sequence which is analogous to point-bar and channel-bar successions described by other workers. The base of the sequence contains parallel-laminated sand that is overlain by mixed parallel- and cross-laminated silty sand overlain by cross-laminated silty sand. At the top of the sequence is a unit of organically rich parallel-laminated silt and sandy silt. This suite of sedimentary features and textures indicates changing current velocities and directions as bars emerge or are modified during ebb tide, and the vertical sequences could potentially be used to record intertidal bar erosion and aggradation by point- and channel-bar migration, a process carried out primarily by bed-load currents.
Stable isotope data have been determined for 13 Mesozoic and Tertiary plutons in eastern Nevada and nearby Utah. In the southern Snake Range of eastern Nevada, where relations are best exposed and have been most intensively studied, δD, δ 18O, and apparent K-Ar ages depend on proximity to the Snake Range decollement. Where stresses resulting from late movement on the decollement have caused cataclasis of Oligocene (37 Ma) granitoid rock, δ 18O, δD, and K-Ar age values as low as −2.5‰, −155‰, and 18 Ma, respectively, have been determined. Where there has been no cataclasis, δ 18O values of Jurassic, Cretaceous, and Oligocene granitoid rocks are apparently unaffected, but both δD values and K-Ar ages have been modified for distances of tens of meters below the decollement.
\nResults similar to those in the southern Snake Range have been observed in other eastern Nevada granitoid rocks spatially related to regional thrust faults, as in the Kern Mountains, the Toana Range, and the northern Egan Range. In each of these areas cataclasis or deformation of granitoid rocks has resulted in lowered δ 18O, δD, and K-Ar age values. Where there has been no cataclasis or deformation, δ 18O values are unaffected, but both δD and K-Ar age values have been lowered by stresses resulting from postcrystallization movement along overlying thrust faults.
\nMany of the plutons discussed have not been deeply eroded, and spatially related thrust faults crop out. Where thrust faults are not in evidence and the granitoid rocks give δD values lower than about −130‰ along with spuriously low K-Ar age results, modification of the δD and K-Ar age values may have been caused by stresses related to late movement along an overlying (now eroded) thrust fault.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00380174","issn":"00107999","usgsCitation":"Lee, D.E., Friedman, I., and Gleason, J., 1984, Modification of δ D values in eastern Nevada granitoid rocks spatially related to thrust faults: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 88, no. 3, p. 288-298, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00380174.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"288","endPage":"298","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225803,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205655,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00380174"}],"volume":"88","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5cace4b0c8380cd6fe7f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lee, D. E.","contributorId":96705,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367089,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Friedman, Irving","contributorId":90664,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friedman","given":"Irving","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367088,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gleason, J.D.","contributorId":27072,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gleason","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367087,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70014019,"text":"70014019 - 1984 - The solubility of strontianite (SrCO3) in CO2-H2O solutions between 2 and 91°C, the association constants of SrHCO+3(aq) and SrCO03(aq) between 5 and 80°C, and an evaluation of the thermodynamic properties of Sr2+(aq) and SrCO3(cr) at 25°C and 1 atm total pressure","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-21T15:10:16","indexId":"70014019","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The solubility of strontianite (SrCO3) in CO2-H2O solutions between 2 and 91°C, the association constants of SrHCO+3(aq) and SrCO03(aq) between 5 and 80°C, and an evaluation of the thermodynamic properties of Sr2+(aq) and SrCO3(cr) at 25°C and 1 atm total pressure","docAbstract":"Seventy new measurements (SrT-Pco2 of the solubility of strontianite were used to evaluate the equilibrium constant for the reaction SrCO3(cr) = Sr2+(aq) + CO2−3(aq) between 2 and 91 °C. The temperature dependence of the equilibrium constant is given by the expression Log K = 155.0305 − 7239.594/T − 56.58638 log T where T is in degrees Kelvin. The log K of strontianite, the Gibbs energy, enthalpy and entropy of the reaction at 25°C are −9.271 ± 0.020, 52.919 ± 0.08 kJ · mol−1, −1.67 ± 1.30 kJ · mol−1, and −183.1 ± 4.0 J · mol−1 · K−1, respectively. The equilibrium constants are consistent with an aqueous model that includes the ion pairs SrHCO+3(aq) and SrCO03(aq) which were evaluated by potentiometric methods between 5 and 80°C. The equilibrium constant for the association reaction Sr2+(aq) + HCO−3(aq) =SrHCO+3aq) is given by the expression Log KSrHCO+3 = −3.248 + 0.014867T. The log of the association constant, the Gibbs energy, enthalpy and entropy of the reaction at 25°C are 1.18, −6.76 kJ · mol−1, 25.30 kJ · mol−1, and 107.5 J · mol−1 · K−1, respectively. The equilibrium constant for the association reaction Sr2+(aq) + CO2−3(aq) = SrCO03aq) is given by the expression Log KSrCO03 = −1.019 + 0.012826T. The log of the association constant, the Gibbs energy, enthalpy, and entropy of the reaction at 25°C are 2.81, −16.01 kJ · mol−1,21.83 kJ · mol−1, and 126.9 J · mol−1 · K−1, respectively. These results lead to reliable calculation of the aqueous speciation and solubility of strontianite in the system SrCO3-CO2-H2O from 0 to more than 90°C. Literature data on the solubility of strontianite have been evaluated and compared with these results.
\nOur new data for strontianite have been used in an evaluation of the thermodynamic properties of Sr2+(aq), SrCO3(cr) and related compounds. The following values are recommended for the standard enthalpy (kJ · mol−1), Gibbs energy (kJ · mol−1), and entropy (J · mol−1 · K−1), respectively, of Sr2+aq): −550.90 ± 0.50, −563.83 ± 0.8 and −31.50 ± 2.0, and for SrCO3(cr): −1225.77 ± 1.1, −1144.73 ± 1.0 and 97.2.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(84)90383-1","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Busenberg, E., Plummer, N., and Parker, V.B., 1984, The solubility of strontianite (SrCO3) in CO2-H2O solutions between 2 and 91°C, the association constants of SrHCO+3(aq) and SrCO03(aq) between 5 and 80°C, and an evaluation of the thermodynamic properties of Sr2+(aq) and SrCO3(cr) at 25°C and 1 atm total pressure: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 48, no. 10, p. 2021-2035, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(84)90383-1.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"2021","endPage":"2035","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225811,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"48","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb043e4b08c986b324d43","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Busenberg, Eurybiades ebusenbe@usgs.gov","contributorId":2271,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Busenberg","given":"Eurybiades","email":"ebusenbe@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":367389,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Plummer, Niel 0000-0002-4020-1013 nplummer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4020-1013","contributorId":190100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plummer","given":"Niel","email":"nplummer@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":367390,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Parker, Vivian B.","contributorId":19713,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parker","given":"Vivian","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367388,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70013288,"text":"70013288 - 1984 - The heat capacities of osumilite from 298.15 to 1000 K, the thermodynamic properties of two natural chlorites to 500 K, and the thermodynamic properties of petalite to 1800 K.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:36","indexId":"70013288","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":738,"text":"American Mineralogist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The heat capacities of osumilite from 298.15 to 1000 K, the thermodynamic properties of two natural chlorites to 500 K, and the thermodynamic properties of petalite to 1800 K.","docAbstract":"Modifications to an automated low-T, adiabatic calorimeter are described. Thermodynamic data obtained with this instrument are reported for minerals from metamorphic terrains. (U.S. Bureau of Mines Report of Investigations 8451)-J.A.Z.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"American Mineralogist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"0003004X","usgsCitation":"Hemingway, B.S., Robie, R.A., Kittrick, J., Grew, E., Nelen, J., and London, D., 1984, The heat capacities of osumilite from 298.15 to 1000 K, the thermodynamic properties of two natural chlorites to 500 K, and the thermodynamic properties of petalite to 1800 K.: American Mineralogist, v. 69, no. 7-8, p. 701-710.","startPage":"701","endPage":"710","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220085,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"69","issue":"7-8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bacb2e4b08c986b32368c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hemingway, B. S.","contributorId":7268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hemingway","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365731,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Robie, R. A.","contributorId":71237,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robie","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365735,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kittrick, J.A.","contributorId":20893,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kittrick","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365732,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Grew, E.S.","contributorId":31401,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grew","given":"E.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365733,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Nelen, J.A.","contributorId":96821,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelen","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365736,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"London, D.","contributorId":61158,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"London","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365734,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70013938,"text":"70013938 - 1984 - Status and future of satellite image mapping: Based on experience of the U.S. Geological Survey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-03T13:53:05","indexId":"70013938","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Status and future of satellite image mapping: Based on experience of the U.S. Geological Survey","docAbstract":"Space systems now provide data in basically orthographic form which greatly simplifies the production of the image map. Moreover, the multispectral capability of space systems facilitates the use of the color mode when compared to aerial photography. Digital graphical information systems are now being developed on a global basis and the response from space which represents the image in multispectral form will undoubtedly be incorporated into such information systems. Thus, the capability of printing out the image along with more conventional map data will be a viable option.
","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the International Symposium on Remote Sensing of Environment","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the Eighteenth International Symposium on Remote Sensing of Environment.","conferenceLocation":"Paris, France","language":"English","publisher":"Environmental Research Inst of Michigan","publisherLocation":"Ann Arbor, MI","issn":"02755505","usgsCitation":"Colvocoresses, A.P., 1984, Status and future of satellite image mapping: Based on experience of the U.S. Geological Survey, in Proceedings of the International Symposium on Remote Sensing of Environment, v. 2, Paris, France, p. 957-960.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"957","endPage":"960","numberOfPages":"4","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225611,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aaf8de4b0c8380cd87660","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Cook Jerald J.","contributorId":128359,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Cook Jerald J.","id":536285,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Colvocoresses, Alden P.","contributorId":72779,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colvocoresses","given":"Alden","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":367206,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70014095,"text":"70014095 - 1984 - U-Pb zircon geochronology and geological evolution of the Halaban- Al Amar region of the eastern Arabian Shield, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-14T16:09:39.701756","indexId":"70014095","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2545,"text":"Journal of the Geological Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"U-Pb zircon geochronology and geological evolution of the Halaban- Al Amar region of the eastern Arabian Shield, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.","docAbstract":"U-Pb zircon model ages for eleven major units from the Halaban-Al Amar region of the eastern Arabian Shield indicate three stages of evolution: (1) plate convergence, (2) plate collision, and (3) post-orogenic intracratonic activity.
Convergence occurred between the western Afif and eastern Ar Rayn plates that were separated by oceanic crust. Remnants of oceanic crust now comprise the ophiolitic complexes of the Urd group. The oldest plutonic unit in the study is from one of these complexes and gave an age of 694 ± 8 Ma. Detrital zircons from the sedimentary Abt formation of the Urd group, which is intercalated with the ophiolitic rocks, were derived from source rocks with a mean age of 710 Ma. The Abt formation may be an accretionary wedge on the western margin of the Ar Rayn plate. Plate convergence was terminated by collision of the Afif and Ar Rayn plates during the Al Amar orogeny which began about 670 Ma. During collision, the Urd group rocks were deformed and in part obducted on to one or both plates. Synorogenic leucogranitoid rocks were intruded from 670 to 640 Ma. From about 640 to 630 Ma, widespread unfoliated dioritic plutons were emplaced in the Ar Rayn block, and represent the end of orogenesis related to collision. There is no definitive evidence for a significantly older basement beneath the study region.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of London","doi":"10.1144/gsjgs.141.6.1043","issn":"00167649","usgsCitation":"Stacey, J.S., Stoeser, D.B., Greenwood, W., and Fischer, L.B., 1984, U-Pb zircon geochronology and geological evolution of the Halaban- Al Amar region of the eastern Arabian Shield, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.: Journal of the Geological Society, v. 141, no. 6, p. 1043-1055, https://doi.org/10.1144/gsjgs.141.6.1043.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"1043","endPage":"1055","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225938,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"141","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2022-06-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb9d4e4b08c986b327e36","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stacey, J. S.","contributorId":72785,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stacey","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367558,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stoeser, D. B.","contributorId":18735,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stoeser","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367556,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Greenwood, W.R.","contributorId":34502,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greenwood","given":"W.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367557,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fischer, L. B.","contributorId":107293,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fischer","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367559,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70013999,"text":"70013999 - 1984 - PREDICTING GROUND-WATER DRAINAGE TO SURFACE MINES.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:28","indexId":"70013999","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"PREDICTING GROUND-WATER DRAINAGE TO SURFACE MINES.","docAbstract":"A two-dimensional, finite-difference numerical model is used to simulate the drainage of ground water into a surface coal mine. Graphs of dimensionless head as a function of dimensionless distance, and dimensionless seepage flux as a function of dimensionless time are developed from results of the numerical modeling. Changes in seepage flux and ground-water levels can be estimated from the dimensionless hydrographs, from knowledge of aquifer characteristics prior to mining, and by means of several 'simple-to-use' equations. The technique is an improvement on previous experimental, analytical, and other numerical solutions because drainage from the unsaturated zone also is considered. The procedure is applicable to a wide range of hydrogeologic settings, but is especially applicable to hydrogeologic conditions typically encountered in the coal strip-mining regions of Illinois.","conferenceTitle":"Water for Resource Development, Proceedings of the Conference.","conferenceLocation":"Coeur D'Alene, ID, USA","language":"English","publisher":"ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, USA","isbn":"0872624099","usgsCitation":"Weiss, L.S., and Galloway, D.L., 1984, PREDICTING GROUND-WATER DRAINAGE TO SURFACE MINES., Water for Resource Development, Proceedings of the Conference., Coeur D'Alene, ID, USA, p. 184-188.","startPage":"184","endPage":"188","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225484,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7370e4b0c8380cd77029","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Schreiber David L.","contributorId":128421,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Schreiber David L.","id":536286,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Weiss, Linda S. lsweiss@usgs.gov","contributorId":2955,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weiss","given":"Linda","email":"lsweiss@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":367341,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Galloway, Devin L. 0000-0003-0904-5355 dlgallow@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0904-5355","contributorId":679,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Galloway","given":"Devin","email":"dlgallow@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":5058,"text":"Office of the Chief Scientist for Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5078,"text":"Southwest Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":509,"text":"Office of the Associate Director for Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":35860,"text":"Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":367340,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70013868,"text":"70013868 - 1984 - Isotopic evidence for glacial meltwater recharge to the Cambrian-Ordovician aquifer, north-central United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-26T15:42:32","indexId":"70013868","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3218,"text":"Quaternary Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Isotopic evidence for glacial meltwater recharge to the Cambrian-Ordovician aquifer, north-central United States","docAbstract":"The chemistry of water in the Cambrian-Ordovician aquifer in six midwestern states has been studied as part of the Northern Midwest Regional Aquifer-System Analysis of the U.S. Geological Survey. Dissolved-solids concentrations generally increase perpendicular to the direction of regional groundwater flow, from less than 400 mg/liter in southeast Minnesota, southwest Wisconsin, and northeast Iowa to more than 10,000 mg/liter in northwest Missouri. Isotopic ratios of hydrogen and oxygen are significantly depleted from north to south, with an areal distribution approximately parallel to the distribution of dissolved solids. For example, ??18O in southern Iowa and northern Missouri is about 6 parts per thousand lighter than ??18O of modern recharge water in Minnesota and Wisconsin. Covariance between ??18O and ??D of the groundwater, similar to that of modern precipitation, suggests that the differences in isotopic ratios between groundwater and modern recharge water reflect meteoric signatures of water during past recharge events rather than geochemical processes such as isotopic exchange with aquifer materials. The pronounced parallelism between the distribution of isotopes and dissolved solids over large areas probably reflects largescale recharge of Pleistocene glacial meltwater into the aquifer system, which probably had a paleoflow system with a gradient from northeast to southwest rather than from northwest to southeast. ?? 1984.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Quaternary Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/0033-5894(84)90026-7","issn":"00335894","usgsCitation":"Siegel, D.I., and Mandle, R., 1984, Isotopic evidence for glacial meltwater recharge to the Cambrian-Ordovician aquifer, north-central United States: Quaternary Research, v. 22, no. 3, p. 328-335, https://doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(84)90026-7.","startPage":"328","endPage":"335","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":266551,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(84)90026-7"},{"id":220060,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3fabe4b0c8380cd64703","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Siegel, D. I.","contributorId":77562,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Siegel","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367048,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mandle, R.J.","contributorId":27090,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mandle","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367047,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70013810,"text":"70013810 - 1984 - Geochemistry of ferromanganese nodules from DOMES site a, Northern Equatorial Pacific: Multiple diagenetic metal sources in the deep sea","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-19T16:19:14.893624","indexId":"70013810","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemistry of ferromanganese nodules from DOMES site a, Northern Equatorial Pacific: Multiple diagenetic metal sources in the deep sea","docAbstract":"The major and minor element composition of ferromanganese nodules from DOMES Site A has been determined by X-ray fluorescence methods. Three phases appear to control the bulk compositions: Mn and Fe oxyhydroxides and aluminosilicates. Relatively wide compositional variations are evident throughout the area. Nodules with high Mn/Fe ratios, high Cu, Mg, Mo, Ni and Zn concentrations and high todorokite/δ-MnO2 ratios have granular surface textures and are confined to an east-west trending depression with thin Quaternary sediment cover. Nodules with low Mn/Fe ratios, high concentrations of As, Ca, Ce, Co, La, P, Sr, Ti, V, Y and Zr and low todorokite/δ-MnO2 ratios have smooth surfaces and are confined to shallower areas with relatively thick Quaternary sediment to the north and south of the depression.
All nodules in the area have compositions which are influenced by diagenesis, but those with the most marked diagenetic signature (high Mn/Fe and Cu/Ni ratios, low Ce/La ratios and more todorokite) are found in areas of very slow or non-existent sedimentation; many of these nodules are actually in contact with outcropping Tertiary sediment. This paradox may be resolved by postulating, by analogy with some shallow-water occurrences, that the nodules accrete from bottom waters which have enhanced particulate and dissolved metal contents derived from diagenetic reaction in areas remote from the site of nodule formation. The metals are supplied in a bottom flow (probably Antarctic Bottom Water) which also erodes, or prevents modern sedimentation in, the depression. Nodules on the flanks of the depression are not evidently affected by this flow and derive at least pan of their constituent metals from diagenetic reaction in the underlying Quaternary sediment.
Apparently, abyssal diagenetic nodules can have an immediate and a remote diagenetic metal source. Metal fluxes derived from pore water dissolved metal gradients may not be relevant to particular accreting nodules if a significant fraction of their metals is derived from outside the area in which they form.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(84)90374-0","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Calvert, S., and Piper, D., 1984, Geochemistry of ferromanganese nodules from DOMES site a, Northern Equatorial Pacific: Multiple diagenetic metal sources in the deep sea: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 48, no. 10, p. 1913-1928, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(84)90374-0.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"1913","endPage":"1928","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220614,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"48","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a16f4e4b0c8380cd5531d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Calvert, S.E.","contributorId":12196,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Calvert","given":"S.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366911,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Piper, D.Z.","contributorId":34154,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Piper","given":"D.Z.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366912,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70013631,"text":"70013631 - 1984 - Double-porosity models for a fissured groundwater reservoir with fracture skin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-12T17:39:02","indexId":"70013631","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Double-porosity models for a fissured groundwater reservoir with fracture skin","docAbstract":"Theories of flow to a well in a double-porosity groundwater reservoir are modified to incorporate effects of a thin layer of low-permeability material or fracture skin that may be present at fracture-block interfaces as a result of mineral deposition or alteration. The commonly used theory for flow in double- porosity formations that is based upon the assumption of pseudo–steady state block-to-fissure flow is shown to be a special case of the theory presented in this paper. The latter is based on the assumption of transient block-to-fissure flow with fracture skin. Under conditions where fracture skin has a hydraulic conductivity that is less than that of the matrix rock, it may be assumed to impede the interchange of fluid between the fissures and blocks. Resistance to flow at fracture-block interfaces tends to reduce spatial variation of hydraulic head gradients within the blocks. This provides theoretical justification for neglecting the divergence of flow in the blocks as required by the pseudo–steady state flow model. Coupled boundary value problems for flow to a well discharging at a constant rate were solved in the Laplace domain. Both slab-shaped and sphere-shaped blocks were considered, as were effects of well bore storage and well bore skin. Results obtained by numerical inversion were used to construct dimensionless-type curves that were applied to well test data, for a pumped well and for an observation well, from the fractured volcanic rock terrane of the Nevada Test Site.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR020i007p00831","usgsCitation":"Moench, A.F., 1984, Double-porosity models for a fissured groundwater reservoir with fracture skin: Water Resources Research, v. 20, no. 7, p. 831-846, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR020i007p00831.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"831","endPage":"846","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220381,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a03aee4b0c8380cd505de","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moench, Allen F. afmoench@usgs.gov","contributorId":3903,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moench","given":"Allen","email":"afmoench@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":366518,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70013396,"text":"70013396 - 1984 - Reflectance spectroscopy: Quantitative analysis techniques for remote sensing applications","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-06T15:57:06.613394","indexId":"70013396","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2312,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reflectance spectroscopy: Quantitative analysis techniques for remote sensing applications","docAbstract":"Several methods for the analysis of remotely sensed reflectance data are compared, including empirical methods and scattering theories, both of which are important for solving remote sensing problems. The concept of the photon mean optical path length and the implications for use in modeling reflectance spectra are presented. It is shown that the mean optical path length in a particulate surface is in rough inverse proportion to the square root of the absorption coefficient. Thus, the stronger absorber a material is, the less photons will penetrate into the surface. The concept of apparent absorbance (‐In reflectance) is presented, and it is shown that absorption bands, which are Gaussian in shape when plotted as absorption coefficient (true absorbance) versus photon energy, are also Gaussians in apparent absorbance. However, the Gaussians in apparent absorbance have a smaller intensity and a width which is a factor of √2 larger. An apparent continuum in a reflectance spectrum is modeled as a mathematical function used to isolate a particular absorption feature for analysis. It is shown that a continuum should be removed by dividing it into the reflectance spectrum or subtracting it from the apparent absorbance and that the fitting of Gaussians to absorption features should be done using apparent absorbance versus photon energy. Kubelka‐Munk theory is only valid for materials with small total absorption and for bihemispherical reflectance, which are rarely encountered in geologic remote sensing. It is shown that the recently advocated bidirectional reflectance theories have the potential for use in deriving mineral abundance from a reflectance spectrum.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB089iB07p06329","usgsCitation":"Clark, R.N., and Roush, T.L., 1984, Reflectance spectroscopy: Quantitative analysis techniques for remote sensing applications: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 89, no. B7, p. 6329-6340, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB089iB07p06329.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"6329","endPage":"6340","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220033,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"89","issue":"B7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a43ae4b0e8fec6cdbad3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clark, Roger N. 0000-0002-7021-1220 rclark@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7021-1220","contributorId":515,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"Roger","email":"rclark@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":365977,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Roush, T. L.","contributorId":77661,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Roush","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365978,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70013650,"text":"70013650 - 1984 - Oxygen isotope evidence for submarine hydrothermal alteration of the Del Puerto ophiolite, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-10T21:56:16.83226","indexId":"70013650","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Oxygen isotope evidence for submarine hydrothermal alteration of the Del Puerto ophiolite, California","docAbstract":"The oxygen isotope compositions and metamorphic mineral assemblages of hydrothermally altered rocks from the Del Puerto ophiolite and overlying volcaniclastic sedimentary rocks at the base of the Great Valley sequence indicate that their alteration occurred in a submarine hydrothermal system. Whole rock δ18O compositions decrease progressively down section (with increasing metamorphic grade): +22.4‰ (SMOW) to +13.8 for zeolite-bearing volcaniclastic sedimentary rocks overlying the ophiolite; +19.6 to +11.6 for pumpellyite-bearing metavolcanic rocks in the upper part of the ophiolite's volcanic member; +12.3 to +8.1 for epidote-bearing metavolcanic rocks in the lower part of the volcanic member; +8.5 to +5.7 for greenschist facies rocks from the ophiolite's plutonic member; +7.6 to +5.8 for amphibolite facies or unmetamorphosed rocks from the plutonic member.
Modelling of fluid-rock interaction in the Del Puerto ophiolite indicates that the observed pattern of upward enrichment in whole rock δ18O can be best explained by isotopic exchange with discharging18O-shifted seawater at fluid/rock mass ratios near 2 and temperatures below 500°C.18O-depleted plutonic rocks necessarily produced during hydrothermal circulation were later removed as a result of tectonism. Submarine weathering and later burial metamorphism at the base of the Great Valley sequence cannot by itself have produced the zonation of hydrothermal minerals and the corresponding variations in oxygen isotope compositions. The pervasive zeolite and prehnite-pumpellyite facies mineral assemblages found in the Del Puerto ophiolite may reflect its origin near an island arc rather than deep ocean spreading center.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0012-821X(84)90006-2","issn":"0012821X","usgsCitation":"Schiffmant, P., Williams, A., and Evarts, R., 1984, Oxygen isotope evidence for submarine hydrothermal alteration of the Del Puerto ophiolite, California: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 70, no. 2, p. 207-220, https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(84)90006-2.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"207","endPage":"220","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220602,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"70","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7293e4b0c8380cd76ba4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schiffmant, Peter","contributorId":51016,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schiffmant","given":"Peter","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366558,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Williams, A.E.","contributorId":8225,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"A.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366557,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Evarts, R.C.","contributorId":74766,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evarts","given":"R.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366559,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70013196,"text":"70013196 - 1984 - Semi-quantitative ion microprobe mass analyses of mineral-rich particles from the upper freeport coal","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-24T01:28:13.779461","indexId":"70013196","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2033,"text":"International Journal of Coal Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Semi-quantitative ion microprobe mass analyses of mineral-rich particles from the upper freeport coal","docAbstract":"An ion microprobe mass analyzer (IMMA) has been used to analyze semi-quantitatively mineral-rich coal particles from two separate facies of the Upper Freeport coal bed. Accuracy is estimated to be ∓ 20% for those elements making up more than 0.1 wt.% of the particles and ∓ 50% for elements making up less than 0.1 wt.%. Using IMMA data, we found statistically significant differences between the two samples for five (Fe, Ca, Mn, Li, Ce) of the 25 elements detected. For Li and Mn the differences between the mineral-rich particles within samples were similar to differences found between samples on a whole-coal basis. For Ca and Fe, the differences are attributed to different modes of occurrence, and for Ce, the differences are probably due to an irregular distribution of an inorganic phase. We conclude that the IMMA can be used to obtain semi-quantitative data that may provide insight into the distribution and mode of occurrence of some of the elements in coal.
The oil and gas industry frequently appraises undiscovered oil and gas resources on a regional basis to decide whether to start or continue exploration programs. The appraisals are of little value unless conditioned by estimates of the costs of finding and producing the resources. This paper presents an economic appraisal of undiscovered oil and presents an economic appraisal of undiscovered oil and gas resources in the western Gulf of Mexico. Also presented are a description of the model used to make the presented are a description of the model used to make the assessment, results of a sensitivity analysis, and a discussion of the implications of the results to the industry. The appraisal is shown to be relatively robust to changes in physical and engineering assumptions. At $30/bbl [$4.76/m ] oil equivalent (OE) and a 15 % required rate of return (ROR), commercial oil and gas discoveries are expected to amount to about 15 % of the 25.19 × 10 bbl [4 × 10 m ] OE contained in fields discovered before 1977 in the studied area. Hydrocarbons in future discoveries are expected to be 71 % nonassociated gas, 17 % crude oil, and 12 % other forms. Moreover, it will continue to be economically optimal to drill about three wildcat wells in the Miocene-Pliocene trend for every wildcat well drilled in the Pleistocene trend. Because the number of commercial discoveries was found to be quite sensitive to economic conditions, the analysis has important implications in terms of forecasting future industry drilling and other associated activities in the western Gulf of Mexico.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Petroleum Engineers","doi":"10.2118/11297-PA","usgsCitation":"Attanasi, E., and Haynes, J.L., 1984, Economics and appraisal of conventional oil and gas resources in the western Gulf of Mexico: Journal of Petroleum Technology, v. 36, no. 12, p. 2171-2180, https://doi.org/10.2118/11297-PA.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"2171","endPage":"2180","costCenters":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":220499,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"36","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1984-12-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0454e4b0c8380cd508f1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Attanasi, Emil 0000-0001-6845-7160 attanasi@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6845-7160","contributorId":1809,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Attanasi","given":"Emil","email":"attanasi@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":366672,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Haynes, John L.","contributorId":26812,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haynes","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366673,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70013245,"text":"70013245 - 1984 - Complexation of trace metals by adsorbed natural organic matter","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-19T11:49:28","indexId":"70013245","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Complexation of trace metals by adsorbed natural organic matter","docAbstract":"The adsorption behavior and solution speciation of Cu(II) and Cd(II) were studied in model systems containing colloidal alumina particles and dissolved natural organic matter. At equilibrium a significant fraction of the alumina surface was covered by adsorbed organic matter. Cu(II) was partitioned primarily between the surface-bound organic matter and dissolved Cu-organic complexes in the aqueous phase. Complexation of Cu2+ with the functional groups of adsorbed organic matter was stronger than complexation with uncovered alumina surface hydroxyls. It is shown that the complexation of Cu(II) by adsorbed organic matter can be described by an apparent stability constant approximately equal to the value found for solution phase equilibria. In contrast, Cd(II) adsorption was not significantly affected by the presence of organic matter at the surface, due to weak complex formation with the organic ligands. The results demonstrate that general models of trace element partitioning in natural waters must consider the presence of adsorbed organic matter.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(84)90095-4","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Davis, J., 1984, Complexation of trace metals by adsorbed natural organic matter: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 48, no. 4, p. 679-691, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(84)90095-4.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"679","endPage":"691","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":220415,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"48","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f911e4b0c8380cd4d3fb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Davis, J.A.","contributorId":71694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365630,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70012650,"text":"70012650 - 1984 - Stratiform tourmalinites in metamorphic terranes and their geologic significance","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-31T01:24:51.573054","indexId":"70012650","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stratiform tourmalinites in metamorphic terranes and their geologic significance","docAbstract":"Stratiform tourmalinites are significant minor rock types in many regional metamorphic terranes of the world. Tourmalinites are more widespread than previously recognized and are especially common in Proterozoic and early Paleozoic sequences dominated by clastic metasedimentary rocks. They consist of conformable layers made up primarily of quartz and abundant tourmaline, the latter typically exceeding 15% to 20% of rock volumes. A few tourmalinites display striking sedimentary structures such as graded bedding, cross-laminations, slump and flame structures, and rip-up clasts. These and other geologic features provide important constraints for assessing the origin of these rocks, and they suggest that tourmalinites form by the early diagenetic modification of a primary boron-rich chemical precipitate. Tourmalinites are significant in preserving a valuable record of unusual chemical and paleogeographic conditions in clastic sedimentary basins, and in their close association with a variety of stratabound mineral deposits.
The ground-water flow system in the Lower Susquehanna River Basin in Pennsylvania and Maryland can be considered as one complex unconfined aquifer in which secondary porosity and permeability are the dominant influences on the occurrence and flow of ground water. The degree of development of secondary porosity and permeability in the various lithologies of the lower basin determines the aquifer characteristics of each lithology. Based on qualitative evidence, the use of a porous-media model was assumed to be appropriate on a regional scale and a finite-difference ground-water flow model was constructed for the lower basin.
The conceptual model of ground-water flow in the lower basin incorporates the major features of the flow system. Through the use of two layers, 21 hydrogeologic units, and five topographic settings, the conceptual model was systematically reduced to arrive at a simplified conceptual model. Further reduction produced a numerical model representation of the conceptual model, in which the essential features of the lower-basin flow system were quantified for input into the numerical model.
The model was calibrated under both steady-state and transient conditions, and was used to evaluate the water-supply potential of the 21 hydrogeologic units. The carbonate units have the greatest potential for ground-water development and the Triassic sedimentary and crystalline units have the least potential. A total ground-water yield potential of about 900 million gallons per day could be obtained from the lower basin with a consequent 50-percent reduction of base flow in streams.
Several two- to six-parameter regional water balance models are examined by using 50-year records of monthly streamflow at 10 sites in New Jersey. These models include variants of the Thornthwaite-Mather model, the Palmer model, and the more recent Thomas abcd model. Prediction errors are relatively similar among the models. However, simulated values of state variables such as soil moisture storage differ substantially among the models, and fitted parameter values for different models sometimes indicated an entirely different type of basin response to precipitation. Some problems in parameter identification are noted, including difficulties in identifying an appropriate time lag factor for the Thornthwaite-Mather-type model for basins with little groundwater storage, very high correlations between upper and lower storages in the Palmer-type model, and large sensitivity of parameter a of the abcd model to bias in estimates of precipitation and potential evapotranspiration. Modifications to the threshold concept of the Thornthwaite-Mather model were statistically valid for the six stations in northern New Jersey. The abcd model resulted in a simulated seasonal cycle of groundwater levels similar to fluctuations observed in nearby wells but with greater persistence. These results suggest that extreme caution should be used in attaching physical significance to model parameters and in using the state variables of the models in indices of drought and basin productivity.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR020i008p01137","usgsCitation":"Alley, W.M., 1984, On the treatment of evapotranspiration, soil moisture accounting, and aquifer recharge in monthly water balance models: Water Resources Research, v. 20, no. 8, p. 1137-1149, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR020i008p01137.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"1137","endPage":"1149","numberOfPages":"1","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222371,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6e03e4b0c8380cd7544b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Alley, William M. walley@usgs.gov","contributorId":1661,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alley","given":"William","email":"walley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":364205,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70013929,"text":"70013929 - 1984 - Hydrothermal minerology of research drill hole Y-3, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-09-02T14:53:05.613161","indexId":"70013929","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Hydrothermal minerology of research drill hole Y-3, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming","docAbstract":"The approximate paragenetic sequence of hydrothermal minerals in the Y-3 U. S. Geological Survey research diamond-drill hole in Lower Geyser Basin, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, is: hydrothermal chalcedony, hematite, pyrite, quartz, clay minerals (smectite and mixed-layer illite-smectite), calcite, chlorite, fluorite, pyrite, quartz, zeolite minerals (analcime, dachiardite, laumontite, stilbite, and yugawaralite), and clay minerals (smectite and mixed-layer illite-smectite). A few hydrothermal minerals that were identified in drill core Y-3 (lepidolite, aegirine, pectolite, and truscottite) are rarely found in modern geothermal areas. The alteration minerals occur primarily as vug and fracture fillings that were deposited from cooling thermal water. Refs.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Transactions - Geothermal Resources Council","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Geothermal Energy: Bet on It! Geothermal Resources Council 1984 Annual Meeting","conferenceLocation":"Reno, NV, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Geothermal Resources Council","publisherLocation":"Davis, CA, USA","usgsCitation":"Bargar, K.E., and Beeson, M.H., 1984, Hydrothermal minerology of research drill hole Y-3, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, in Transactions - Geothermal Resources Council, v. 8, Reno, NV, USA, p. 111-117.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"111","endPage":"117","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225414,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Yellowstone National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.016845703125,\n 43.84245116699039\n ],\n [\n -109.302978515625,\n 43.84245116699039\n ],\n [\n -109.302978515625,\n 44.972570682240644\n ],\n [\n -111.016845703125,\n 44.972570682240644\n ],\n [\n -111.016845703125,\n 43.84245116699039\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2e8ee4b0c8380cd5c662","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bargar, Keith E.","contributorId":9643,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bargar","given":"Keith","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367185,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Beeson, Melvin H. mbeeson@usgs.gov","contributorId":5017,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beeson","given":"Melvin","email":"mbeeson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":367184,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70013872,"text":"70013872 - 1984 - Simulation of ground-water flow in a mined watershed in eastern Ohio","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-21T11:17:32.695458","indexId":"70013872","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Simulation of ground-water flow in a mined watershed in eastern Ohio","docAbstract":"A 43-acre watershed in Muskingum County, Ohio, was studied to determine the hydrologic consequences of strip mining for coal. A quantitative description of the effects on the ground-water flow components of the hydrologic system has been obtained using digital models.
The premining watershed was characterized by nearly flat-lying sedimentary rocks of the Pennsylvanian System. Underclay beneath the two major coal beds formed bases for perched zones, creating three separate aquifers. Recharge to the ground-water system occurred mainly by percolation of precipitation. Most of the discharge from the top and middle aquifers occurred by downward leakage to the underlying aquifers. A smaller amount of discharge occurred as springflow or streamflow near the intersections of the underclays and land surface.
Mining has destroyed the top aquifer, and has replaced the bedrock by spoil material. Water levels in the spoils are at a much lower altitude than existed in the premining top aquifer because of a combination of (1) a larger hydraulic conductivity, (2) areal variations of the hydraulic characteristics of the confining bed, and (3) a slower rate of recharge from precipitation caused by removal of vegetation and soil compaction. Covering of previously exposed portions of the middle aquifer and a lower hydraulic head in the spoils has allowed less recharge to the middle aquifer. Additional flow is induced across the western boundary of the watershed and has reduced the outflow across the eastern boundary. Discharge from the middle aquifer as downward leakage and streamflow is less than before mining.