Because rapid growth of communities in Washington and Iron Counties, Utah, is expected to cause an increase in the future demand for water resources, a hydrologic investigation was done to better understand ground-water resources within the central Virgin River basin. This study focused on two of the principal ground-water reservoirs within the basin: the upper Ash Creek basin ground-water system and the Navajo and Kayenta aquifer system.
The ground-water system of the upper Ash Creek drainage basin consists of three aquifers: the uppermost Quaternary basin-fill aquifer, the Tertiary alluvial-fan aquifer, and the Tertiary Pine Valley monzonite aquifer. These aquifers are naturally bounded by the Hurricane Fault and by drainage divides. On the basis of measurements, estimates, and numerical simulations of reasonable values for all inflow and outflow components, total water moving through the upper Ash Creek drainage basin ground-water system is estimated to be about 14,000 acre-feet per year. Recharge to the upper Ash Creek drainage basin ground-water system is mostly from infiltration of precipitation and seepage from ephemeral and perennial streams. The primary source of discharge is assumed to be evapotranspiration; however, subsurface discharge near Ash Creek Reservoir also may be important.
The character of two of the hydrologic boundaries of the upper Ash Creek drainage basin ground-water system is speculative. The eastern boundary provided by the Hurricane Fault is assumed to be a no-flow boundary, and a substantial part of the ground-water discharge from the system is assumed to be subsurface outflow beneath Ash Creek Reservoir along the southern boundary. However, these assumptions might be incorrect because alternative numerical simulations that used different boundary conditions also proved to be feasible. The hydrogeologic character of the aquifers is uncertain because of limited data. Differences in well yield indicate that there is considerable variability in the transmissivity of the basin-fill aquifer. Field data also indicate that the basin-fill aquifer is more transmissive than the underlying alluvial-fan aquifer. Data from the Pine Valley monzonite aquifer indicate that its transmissivity may be highly variable and that it is strongly influenced by the connection of fractures.
The Navajo and Kayenta aquifers provide most of the potable water to the municipalities of Washington County. Because of large outcrop exposures, uniform grain size, and large stratigraphic thickness, these formations are able to receive and store large amounts of water. In addition, structural forces have resulted in extensive fracture zones that enhance ground-water recharge and movement within these aquifers. Aquifer testing of the Navajo aquifer indicates that horizontal hydraulic-conductivity values range from 0.2 to 32 feet per day at different locations and may be primarily dependent on the extent of fracturing. Limited data indicate that the Kayenta aquifer generally is less transmissive than the Navajo aquifer. The aquifers are bounded to the south and west by the erosional extent of the formations and to the east by the Hurricane Fault, which completely offsets these formations and is assumed to be a lateral no-flow boundary. Like the Hurricane Fault, the Gunlock Fault is assumed to be a lateral no-flow boundary that divides the Navajo and Kayenta aquifers within the study area into two parts: the main part, between the Hurricane and Gunlock Faults; and the Gunlock part, west of the Gunlock Fault.
Generally, the water in the Navajo and Kayenta aquifers contains few dissolved minerals. However, two distinct areas contain water with dissolved-solids concentrations greater than 500 milligrams per liter: a larger area north of the city of St. George and a smaller area a few miles west of the town of Hurricane. Mass-balance calculations indicate that in the higher-dissolved-solids area north of St. George, as much as 2.7 cubic feet per second may be entering the aquifer from underlying formations. For the area west of Hurricane, as much as 1.5 cubic feet per second may be entering the aquifer from underlying formations.
On the basis of measurements, estimates, and numerical simulations, total water moving through the Navajo and Kayenta aquifers is estimated to be about 25,000 acre-feet per year for the main part and 5,000 acre-feet per year for the Gunlock part. The primary source of recharge is assumed to be infiltration of precipitation in the main part and seepage from the Santa Clara River in the Gunlock part. The primary source of discharge is assumed to be well discharge for both the main and Gunlock parts of the aquifers. Numerical simulations indicate that faults with major offset, such as the Washington Hollow Fault and an unnamed fault near Anderson Junction, may impede horizontal ground-water flow. Also, increased horizontal hydraulic conductivity along the orientation of predominant surface fracturing may be an important factor in regional ground-water flow. Simulations with increased north-south hydraulic conductivity substantially improved the match to measured water levels in the central area of the model between Snow Canyon and Mill Creek. Numerical simulation of the Gunlock part, using aquifer properties determined for the city of St. George municipal well field, resulted in a reasonable representation of regional water levels and estimated seepage from and to the Santa Clara River. To further quantify the Gunlock part of the Navajo and Kayenta aquifers, a better understanding of ground-water flow at the Gunlock Fault is needed.
","language":"English","publisher":"Utah Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water Rights","publisherLocation":"Salt Lake City, UT","collaboration":"Prepared by the United States Geological Survey in cooperation with the Utah Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water Rights; and the Washington County Water Conservancy District","usgsCitation":"Heilweil, V., Freethey, G., Wilkowske, C., Stolp, B., and Wilberg, D., 2000, Geohydrology and numerical simulation of groundwater flow in the central Virgin River Basin of Iron and Washington Counties, Utah: Technical Publication 116, xviii, 139 p.","productDescription":"xviii, 139 p.","numberOfPages":"206","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":332239,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":409264,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.waterrights.utah.gov/cgi-bin/docview.exe?Folder=TP50-1-203&Title=Technical+Publication+116"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","county":"Iron County, Washington County","otherGeospatial":"Central Virgin River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -114.06005859375,\n 37.00255267215955\n ],\n [\n -114.06005859375,\n 37.78808138412046\n ],\n [\n -112.25830078125,\n 37.78808138412046\n ],\n [\n -112.25830078125,\n 37.00255267215955\n ],\n [\n -114.06005859375,\n 37.00255267215955\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58550b8ae4b02bdf681568c3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Heilweil, V.M.","contributorId":25197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heilweil","given":"V.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656079,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Freethey, G. W.","contributorId":105714,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Freethey","given":"G. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656080,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wilkowske, C.D.","contributorId":63050,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilkowske","given":"C.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656081,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stolp, Bernard J. 0000-0003-3803-1497","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3803-1497","contributorId":71942,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stolp","given":"Bernard J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656082,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wilberg, Dale E.","contributorId":60215,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilberg","given":"Dale E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656083,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":24207,"text":"ofr00140 - 2000 - Field estimates of gravity terrain corrections and Y2K-compatible method to convert from gravity readings with multiple base stations to tide- and long-term drift-corrected observations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-06-22T13:20:53.67921","indexId":"ofr00140","displayToPublicDate":"2000-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-140","title":"Field estimates of gravity terrain corrections and Y2K-compatible method to convert from gravity readings with multiple base stations to tide- and long-term drift-corrected observations","docAbstract":"Gravity observations are directly made or are obtained from other sources by the U.S. Geological Survey in order to prepare maps of the anomalous gravity field and consequently to interpret the subsurface distribution of rock densities and associated lithologic or geologic units. Observations are made in the field with gravity meters at new locations and at reoccupations of previously established gravity \"stations.\" This report illustrates an interactively-prompted series of steps needed to convert gravity \"readings\" to values that are tied to established gravity datums and includes computer programs to implement those steps. Inasmuch as individual gravity readings have small variations, gravity-meter (instrument) drift may not be smoothly variable, and acommodations may be needed for ties to previously established stations, the reduction process is iterative. Decision-making by the program user is prompted by lists of best values and graphical displays.\n\nNotes about irregularities of topography, which affect the value of observed gravity but are not shown in sufficient detail on topographic maps, must be recorded in the field. This report illustrates ways to record field notes (distances, heights, and slope angles) and includes computer programs to convert field notes to gravity terrain corrections.\n\nThis report includes approaches that may serve as models for other applications, for example: portrayal of system flow; style of quality control to document and validate computer applications; lack of dependence on proprietary software except source code compilation; method of file-searching with a dwindling list; interactive prompting; computer code to write directly in the PostScript (Adobe Systems Incorporated) printer language; and high-lighting the four-digit year on the first line of time-dependent data sets for assured Y2K compatibility.\n\nComputer source codes provided are written in the Fortran scientific language. In order for the programs to operate, they first must be converted (compiled) into an executable form on the user's computer. Although program testing was done in a UNIX (tradename of American Telephone and Telegraph Company) computer environment, it is anticipated that only a system-dependent date-and-time function may need to be changed for adaptation to other computer platforms that accept standard Fortran code.d del iliscipit volorer sequi ting etue feum zzriliquatum zzriustrud esenibh ex esto esequat.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr00140","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Plouff, D., 2000, Field estimates of gravity terrain corrections and Y2K-compatible method to convert from gravity readings with multiple base stations to tide- and long-term drift-corrected observations: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2000-140, Report: i, 35 p.; Programs TAR: 1 .rar file, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr00140.","productDescription":"Report: i, 35 p.; Programs TAR: 1 .rar file","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":1618,"rank":3,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0140/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":281405,"rank":2,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0140/programs.tar"},{"id":53346,"rank":4,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0140/pdf/of00-140.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":155520,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0140/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fce4b07f02db5f59c9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Plouff, Donald","contributorId":94657,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plouff","given":"Donald","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191488,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":22046,"text":"ofr00134 - 2000 - Preliminary model of the pre-Tertiary basement rocks beneath Yucca Flat, Nevada Test Site, Nevada, based on analysis of gravity and magnetic data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-06-22T13:19:06.752778","indexId":"ofr00134","displayToPublicDate":"2000-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-134","title":"Preliminary model of the pre-Tertiary basement rocks beneath Yucca Flat, Nevada Test Site, Nevada, based on analysis of gravity and magnetic data","docAbstract":"The Environmental Restoration Program of the U.S. Department of Energy, Nevada Operations Office, was developed to investigate the possible consequences to the environment of 40 years of nuclear testing on the Nevada Test Site. The majority of the tests were detonated underground, introducing contaminants into the ground-water system (Laczniak and others, 1996). An understanding of the ground-water flow paths is necessary to evaluate the extent of ground-water contamination. This report provides information specific to Yucca Flat on the Nevada Test Site.
\nCritical to understanding the ground-water flow beneath Yucca Flat is an understanding of the subsurface geology, particularly the structure and distribution of the pre-Tertiary rocks, which comprise both the major regional aquifer and aquitard sequences (Winograd and Thordarson, 1975; Laczniak and others, 1996). Because the pre-Tertiary rocks are not exposed at the surface of Yucca Flat their distribution must be determined through well logs and less direct geophysical methods such as potential field studies.
\nIn previous studies (Phelps and others, 1999; Phelps and Mckee, 1999) developed a model of the basement surface of the Paleozoic rocks beneath Yucca Flat and a series of normal faults that create topographic relief on the basement surface.
\nIn this study the basement rocks and structure of Yucca Flat are examined in more detail using the basement gravity anomaly derived from the isostatic gravity inversion model of Phelps and others (1999) and high-resolution magnetic data, as part of an effort to gain a better understanding of the Paleozoic rocks beneath Yucca Flat in support of groundwater modeling.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr00134","issn":"0094-9140","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Nevada Operations Office, U.S. Department of Energy (Interagency Agreement DE-AI08-96NV11967)","usgsCitation":"Phelps, G., McKee, E.H., Sweetkind, D., and Langenheim, V., 2000, Preliminary model of the pre-Tertiary basement rocks beneath Yucca Flat, Nevada Test Site, Nevada, based on analysis of gravity and magnetic data: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2000-134, Report: 11 p., Figures 1-5, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr00134.","productDescription":"Report: 11 p., Figures 1-5","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":153315,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr00134.jpg"},{"id":110066,"rank":7,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_25679.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"25679"},{"id":1210,"rank":6,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0134/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":281177,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0134/pdf/of00-134_fig2.pdf"},{"id":281179,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0134/pdf/of00-134_fig5.pdf"},{"id":281176,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0134/pdf/of00-134_fig1.pdf"},{"id":281178,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0134/pdf/of00-134_figs3and4.pdf"}],"scale":"100000","projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator","datum":"NAD27","country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Yucca Flat","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -116.259899,36.874883 ], [ -116.259899,37.260118 ], [ -115.87497,37.260118 ], [ -115.87497,36.874883 ], [ -116.259899,36.874883 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aafe4b07f02db66cd75","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Phelps, Geoffrey A.","contributorId":17262,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phelps","given":"Geoffrey A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186838,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McKee, Edwin H. mckee@usgs.gov","contributorId":3728,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKee","given":"Edwin","email":"mckee@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":186837,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sweetkind, D.","contributorId":83645,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sweetkind","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186840,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Langenheim, V.E. 0000-0003-2170-5213","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2170-5213","contributorId":54956,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langenheim","given":"V.E.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":186839,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":32318,"text":"ofr99474 - 2000 - Physical characteristics of stream subbasins in the Des Moines River, Upper Des Moines River, and East Fork Des Moines River basins, southern Minnesota and northern Iowa","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-18T21:51:45.963931","indexId":"ofr99474","displayToPublicDate":"2000-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-474","title":"Physical characteristics of stream subbasins in the Des Moines River, Upper Des Moines River, and East Fork Des Moines River basins, southern Minnesota and northern Iowa","docAbstract":"Data that describe the physical characteristics of stream subbasins upstream from selected sites on streams in the Des Moines River, Upper Des Moines River, and East Fork Des Moines River Basins, located in southwestern Minnesota, and northwestern Iowa, are presented in this report. The physical characteristics are the drainage area of the subbasin, the percentage area of the subbasin covered only by lakes, the percentage area of the subbasin covered by both lakes and wetlands, the main-channel length, and the main-channel slope. Stream sites include outlets of subbasins of at least 5 square miles, and locations of U.S. Geological Survey high-flow, and continuous-record gaging stations.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Mounds View, MN","doi":"10.3133/ofr99474","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Minnesota Department of Transportation","usgsCitation":"Sanocki, C.A., 2000, Physical characteristics of stream subbasins in the Des Moines River, Upper Des Moines River, and East Fork Des Moines River basins, southern Minnesota and northern Iowa: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 99-474, Report: 10 p.; 1 Plate: 45.00 x 33.01 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr99474.","productDescription":"Report: 10 p.; 1 Plate: 45.00 x 33.01 inches","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science 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Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-471","title":"Physical characteristics of stream subbasins in the Upper Wapsipinicon River, Upper Cedar River, Shell Rock River and Winnebago River basins, southern Minnesota and northern Iowa","docAbstract":"Data that describe the physical characteristics of stream subbasins upstream from selected sites on streams in the Upper Wapsipinicon River, Upper Cedar River, Shell Rock River, and Winnebago River Basins, located in southern Minnesota and northern Iowa are presented in this report. The physical characteristics are the drainage area of the subbasin, the percentage area of the subbasin covered only by lakes, the percentage area of the subbasin covered by both lakes and marsh, the main-channel length, and the main-channel slope. Stream sites include outlets of subbasins of at least 5 square miles, and locations of U.S. Geological Survey high-flow, and continuous-record gaging stations.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Mounds View, MN","doi":"10.3133/ofr99471","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Minnesota Department of Transportation","usgsCitation":"Sanocki, C.A., 2000, Physical characteristics of stream subbasins in the Upper Wapsipinicon River, Upper Cedar River, Shell Rock River and Winnebago River basins, southern Minnesota and northern Iowa: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 99-471, Report: 10 p.; 1 Plate: 30.03 x 20.11 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr99471.","productDescription":"Report: 10 p.; 1 Plate: 30.03 x 20.11 inches","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":405505,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_23473.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":12222,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://mn.water.usgs.gov/publications/pubs/99-471.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":160533,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":12223,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://mn.water.usgs.gov/publications/pubs/99-471-Plate.pdf","text":"Plate","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa, Minnesota","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -93.65,\n 43.4670\n ],\n [\n -92.583,\n 43.4670\n ],\n [\n -92.583,\n 43.917\n ],\n [\n -93.65,\n 43.917\n ],\n [\n -93.65,\n 43.4670\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adbe4b07f02db685c95","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sanocki, Christopher A.","contributorId":100432,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sanocki","given":"Christopher","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":208248,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":6555,"text":"fs06700 - 2000 - Comparison of water-quality samples collected by siphon samplers and automatic samplers in Wisconsin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-06T12:33:01","indexId":"fs06700","displayToPublicDate":"2000-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"067-00","title":"Comparison of water-quality samples collected by siphon samplers and automatic samplers in Wisconsin","docAbstract":"In small streams, flow and water-quality concentrations often change quickly in response to meteorological events. Hydrologists, field technicians, or locally hired stream ob- servers involved in water-data collection are often unable to reach streams quickly enough to observe or measure these rapid changes. Therefore, in hydrologic studies designed to describe changes in water quality, a combination of manual and automated sampling methods have commonly been used manual methods when flow is relatively stable and automated methods when flow is rapidly changing. Auto- mated sampling, which makes use of equipment programmed to collect samples in response to changes in stage and flow of a stream, has been shown to be an effective method of sampling to describe the rapid changes in water quality (Graczyk and others, 1993). Because of the high cost of automated sampling, however, especially for studies examining a large number of sites, alternative methods have been considered for collecting samples during rapidly changing stream conditions. One such method employs the siphon sampler (fig. 1). also referred to as the \"single-stage sampler.\" Siphon samplers are inexpensive to build (about $25- $50 per sampler), operate, and maintain, so they are cost effective to use at a large number of sites. Their ability to collect samples representing the average quality of water passing though the entire cross section of a stream, however, has not been fully demonstrated for many types of stream sites.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs06700","usgsCitation":"Graczyk, D., Robertson, D.M., Rose, W., and Steur, J.J., 2000, Comparison of water-quality samples collected by siphon samplers and automatic samplers in Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 067-00, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs06700.","productDescription":"4 p.","numberOfPages":"4","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":845,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://wi.water.usgs.gov/pubs/FS-067-00/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":117824,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2000/0067/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":34043,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2000/0067/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","county":"Dane","city":"Middleton","otherGeospatial":"Pheasant Branch Creek","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -89.48132514953613,\n 43.126609264645346\n ],\n [\n -89.49162483215332,\n 43.12667190770115\n ],\n [\n -89.49213981628417,\n 43.11144775893178\n ],\n [\n -89.49445724487303,\n 43.10750013906385\n ],\n [\n -89.49531555175781,\n 43.104993581605505\n ],\n [\n -89.48973655700684,\n 43.10424159435386\n ],\n [\n -89.48621749877928,\n 43.10474292021466\n ],\n [\n -89.48390007019042,\n 43.10994393376548\n ],\n [\n -89.48278427124023,\n 43.11169839286719\n ],\n [\n -89.4806385040283,\n 43.11414201994837\n ],\n [\n -89.47840690612793,\n 43.116397589114314\n ],\n [\n -89.47711944580078,\n 43.118214514926\n ],\n [\n -89.47840690612793,\n 43.11996873693199\n ],\n [\n -89.48055267333984,\n 43.12028198556927\n ],\n [\n -89.48141098022461,\n 43.122599975640405\n ],\n [\n -89.48149681091309,\n 43.12397819837346\n ],\n [\n -89.48132514953613,\n 43.126609264645346\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ae3d0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Graczyk, David J.","contributorId":107265,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graczyk","given":"David J.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":152914,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Robertson, Dale M. 0000-0001-6799-0596 dzrobert@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6799-0596","contributorId":150760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robertson","given":"Dale","email":"dzrobert@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":152911,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rose, William J. wjrose@usgs.gov","contributorId":2182,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rose","given":"William J.","email":"wjrose@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":152912,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Steur, Jeffrey J.","contributorId":44137,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steur","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":152913,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":22394,"text":"ofr0056 - 2000 - Flow-velocity data collected in the wetlands adjacent to canal C-111 in south Florida during 1997 and 1999","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-26T19:22:21.659969","indexId":"ofr0056","displayToPublicDate":"2000-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-56","title":"Flow-velocity data collected in the wetlands adjacent to canal C-111 in south Florida during 1997 and 1999","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is working closely with other Federal and State agencies in a comprehensive program to evaluate and restore the south Florida ecosystem. Within the USGS South Florida Ecosystem Program, a project entitled 'Coupling Models for Canal and Wetland Flow/Transport Interaction' is focused on analysis and numerical simulation of flow and potential transport of constituents between canal C-111 and wetlands adjacent to Everglades National Park. In support of this project, comprehensive sets of flow, vegetation, and water-quality data were collected in September 1997 and 1999. The flow-velocity data are compiled, summarized, and tabulated in this report. The flow, vegetation, and water-quality data are available for downloading from the World Wide Web.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr0056","usgsCitation":"Ball, M.H., and Schaffranek, R.W., 2000, Flow-velocity data collected in the wetlands adjacent to canal C-111 in south Florida during 1997 and 1999: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2000-56, vi, 56 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr0056.","productDescription":"vi, 56 p.","costCenters":[{"id":27821,"text":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":408767,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_25799.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":51809,"rank":299,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0056/report.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2000-56"},{"id":155875,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0056/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -80.533,\n 25.336\n ],\n [\n -80.533,\n 25.275\n ],\n [\n -80.445,\n 25.275\n ],\n [\n -80.445,\n 25.336\n ],\n [\n -80.533,\n 25.336\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3321 College Avenue
Davie, FL 33314
Streams are a natural resource that can influence economic growth and the development of communities. They supply water for many uses, provide habitat for aquatic plants and animals, and sup-port recreational activities such as boat-ing and fishing. The amount of water (flow) in a stream — either too little or too much — can seriously affect these uses and human life. By using a method called stream gaging , information about the flow in a stream and the fluctuations in that flow can be obtained.
n its simplest form, stream gaging may consist of measuring any number of the following stream characteristics: stage (or depth), cross-sectional area, velocity, and (or) flow (or discharge). When the depth and velocity are measured at several points across the stream channel so that the flow (or discharge ) is calculated, a streamflow measurement (or discharge measurement ) is made.
By making streamflow measurements at the same site on a stream over a wide range of stages, a relation between stage and discharge can be developed. This relation can be used to provide information on the magnitude and fluctuations of flow on a stream. If long-term or continuous information is needed on a specific site, a stream-gaging station can be established. A stream-gaging station is a site where stage is monitored and recorded and streamflow measurements are made to provide a stage-discharge relation.
Ever since the first documented streamflow measurement was made in Ohio — on the Sandusky River — stream-gaging information has been used to minimize the effects of floods and droughts, determine locations for water intakes and wastewater-treatment plants, and provide data for many other uses. Today, stream gaging is a routine activity in managing the State’s water resources.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs05000","usgsCitation":"Shaffer, K., 2000, The history of stream gaging in Ohio: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 050-00, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs05000.","productDescription":"4 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":117919,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2000/0050/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":859,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2000/0050/fs2000050.pdf","text":"Report","size":"4.39 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"FS 2000-050"}],"country":"United 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\"}}]}","contact":"Director, Ohio Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
6460 Busch Blvd.
Columbus, OH 43229
Lunar Transient Phenomena (LTP) have been reported for at least 450 years. The events range from bright flashes, to reddish or bluish glows, to obscurations. Gaseous spectra and photometric measurements of the events have been obtained. Several theories have been offered as explanations for LTP, including residual volcanic activity or outgassing, bombardment by energetic particles, and piezoelectric effects. As the first set of digital multispectral images of the entire Moon, the Clementine data offer a unique opportunity to couple inferences of compositional relationships with lunar geomorphology in the regions of LTP. We have selected 11 regions from which numerous reliable historical reports of LTP exist. Our analysis of the Clementine multispectral images shows that many events occur in regions of bright, spectrally reddish deposits, which may be characteristic of volcanic ejecta. The events may be associated with outgassing of volatiles collected in or beneath mare basalt flows. We find that LTP tend to occur near the edges of maria, in agreement with a suggestion originally made by Cameron (1972. Icarus16, 339–387), and in other regions of crustal weakness. We also find that some of the reported events tend to be in craters with rims of distinctly different (bluer) composition. This compositional difference may result from recent slumping of the rim, accompanied by the appearance of fresher underlying material. In some cases, slumping may be triggered by the release of pockets of volatiles; in turn the slumping events may cause additional pockets of trapped material to be released.
There are four instances in which Clementine multispectral images were acquired both before and after an event that was reported by a terrestrial team of amateur astronomers mobilized to observe the Moon during the mapping phase of Clementine. None of these four sets of images shows clear changes that could be attributed to the reported LTP.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1006/icar.2000.6373","usgsCitation":"Buratti, B.J., McConnochie, T.H., Calkins, S.B., Hillier, J.K., and Herkenhoff, K.E., 2000, Lunar Transient Phenomena: What do the Clementine Images Reveal?: Icarus, v. 146, no. 1, p. 98-117, https://doi.org/10.1006/icar.2000.6373.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"98","endPage":"117","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":359813,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Mars","volume":"146","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c0108dae4b0815414cc2e15","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Buratti, Bonnie J.","contributorId":152192,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Buratti","given":"Bonnie","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":18876,"text":"California Institute of Technology, Jet Propulsion Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":752836,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McConnochie, Timothy H.","contributorId":210958,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McConnochie","given":"Timothy","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":7023,"text":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":752837,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Calkins, Sascha B.","contributorId":210959,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Calkins","given":"Sascha","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":7023,"text":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":752838,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hillier, John K.","contributorId":210960,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hillier","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":7023,"text":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":752839,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Herkenhoff, Kenneth E. 0000-0002-3153-6663 kherkenhoff@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3153-6663","contributorId":2275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herkenhoff","given":"Kenneth","email":"kherkenhoff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":752840,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":32274,"text":"ofr99504 - 2000 - Landslides in Alameda County, California: A digital database extracted from preliminary photointerpretation maps of surficial deposits by T.H. Nilsen in USGS Open-File Report 75-277","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-10T22:03:12.463733","indexId":"ofr99504","displayToPublicDate":"2000-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-504","title":"Landslides in Alameda County, California: A digital database extracted from preliminary photointerpretation maps of surficial deposits by T.H. Nilsen in USGS Open-File Report 75-277","docAbstract":"All or part of 25 7.5-minute quadrangles identifying 8465 landslides - largely slow-moving slides and earth flows - in Alameda County, California, have been converted to a digital-map database, compiled at 1:24,000 scale and plotted at 1:62,500 scale, that can be acquired from the U.S. Geological Survey over the Internet or on magnetic tape.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr99504","usgsCitation":"Roberts, S., Roberts, M., and Brennan, E.M., 2000, Landslides in Alameda County, California: A digital database extracted from preliminary photointerpretation maps of surficial deposits by T.H. Nilsen in USGS Open-File Report 75-277 (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 99-504, Report: 20 p.; Database & GIS Files, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr99504.","productDescription":"Report: 20 p.; Database & GIS Files","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":647,"text":"Western Earth Surface Processes","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":163535,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":109904,"rank":700,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_23299.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"23299"},{"id":12103,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/of99-504/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"62500","projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator","country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Alameda County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.75848388671875,\n 37.391981943533544\n ],\n [\n -122.47833251953125,\n 37.391981943533544\n ],\n [\n -122.47833251953125,\n 37.792422407988575\n ],\n [\n -122.75848388671875,\n 37.792422407988575\n ],\n [\n -122.75848388671875,\n 37.391981943533544\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1de4b07f02db6a9b06","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Roberts, Sebastian","contributorId":52209,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roberts","given":"Sebastian","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":208139,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Roberts, Michelle A.","contributorId":20798,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roberts","given":"Michelle A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":208138,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brennan, Eileen M.","contributorId":96316,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brennan","given":"Eileen","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":208140,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":61343,"text":"mf2329 - 2000 - Map showing inventory and regional susceptibility for Holocene debris flows, and related fast-moving landslides in the conterminous United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-06-12T10:51:58","indexId":"mf2329","displayToPublicDate":"2000-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2329","title":"Map showing inventory and regional susceptibility for Holocene debris flows, and related fast-moving landslides in the conterminous United States","docAbstract":"Introduction\r\n\r\nDebris flows, debris avalanches, mud flows and lahars are fast-moving landslides that occur in a wide variety of environments throughout the world. They are particularly dangerous to life and property because they move quickly, destroy objects in their paths, and often strike without warning. This map represents a significant effort to compile the locations of known debris flows in United Stated and predict where future flows might occur.\r\n\r\nThe files 'dfipoint.e00' and 'dfipoly.e00' contain the locations of over 6600 debris flows from published and unpublished sources. The locations are referenced by numbers that correspond to entries in a bibliography, which is part of the pamphlet 'mf2329pamphlet.pdf'. The areas of possible future debris flows are shown in the file 'susceptibility.tif', which is a georeferenced TIFF file that can be opened in an image editing program or imported into a GIS system like ARC/INFO. All other databases are in ARC/INFO export (.e00) format.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/mf2329","usgsCitation":"Brabb, E.E., Colgan, J.P., and Best, T.C., 2000, Map showing inventory and regional susceptibility for Holocene debris flows, and related fast-moving landslides in the conterminous United States (Online Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 2329, 2 Sheets; Text; Data Files, https://doi.org/10.3133/mf2329.","productDescription":"2 Sheets; Text; Data Files","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":179941,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":109900,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_23243.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"23243"},{"id":10445,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/1999/2329/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"2500000","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124.75,25 ], [ -124.75,49 ], [ -67,49 ], [ -67,25 ], [ -124.75,25 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Online Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a82e4b07f02db64afd6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brabb, Earl E.","contributorId":48939,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brabb","given":"Earl","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":265469,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Colgan, Joseph P. 0000-0001-6671-1436 jcolgan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6671-1436","contributorId":1649,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colgan","given":"Joseph","email":"jcolgan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":265468,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Best, Timothy C.","contributorId":57940,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Best","given":"Timothy","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":265470,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":21809,"text":"ofr99347 - 2000 - Geochronology and geology of late Oligocene through Miocene volcanism and mineralization in the western San Juan Mountains, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-09T15:04:36","indexId":"ofr99347","displayToPublicDate":"2000-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-347","title":"Geochronology and geology of late Oligocene through Miocene volcanism and mineralization in the western San Juan Mountains, Colorado","docAbstract":"Twenty-five new 40Ar/39Ar ages from volcanic rocks and veins in the western San Juan\r\nMountains clarify relationships between volcanism and mineralization in this classic area. Five\r\ncalc-alkaline ash-flow sheets erupted from caldera sources (Ute Ridge, Blue Mesa, Dillon Mesa,\r\nSapinero Mesa, and Crystal Lake Tuffs) from 28.6 to 27.6 Ma. This is a much more restricted\r\ntime interval than previously thought and indicates that the underlying batholith rose and evolved\r\nvery rapidly beneath the western San Juan Mountains. The new ages and geologic relations\r\nconstrain the timing of joint resurgence of the Uncompahgre and San Juan calderas to between\r\n28.2 and 27.6 Ma. The collapse of the Silverton caldera produced a set of strong ring fractures\r\nthat intersected with graben faults on the earlier resurgent dome to produce the complex set of\r\nstructures that localized the mid-Miocene epithermal gold veins.\r\nLater calc-alkaline monzonitic to quartz monzontic plutons solidified at 26.5-26.0 Ma as\r\nthe underlying batholith rose through its volcanic cover. A new age from lavas near\r\nUncompahgre Peak supports earlier interpretations that these lavas were fed by nearby 26 Ma\r\nmonzonite intrusions. Nearly all of these intrusions are associated with subeconomic Mo and\r\nCu mineralization and associated alteration, and new ages of 26.40 and 25.29 Ma from the\r\nUte-Ulay and Lilly veins in the Lake City region show that some of the most important silver and base-metal veins were temporally and possibly genetically connected to these plutons. In\r\naddition, the Golden Fleece telluride vein cuts all of the post-Uncompahgre caldera volcanics in\r\nthe area and is probably temporally related to this cycle, though its age of 27.5 ? 0.3 Ma was\r\ndetermined by less precise U/Pb methods.\r\nThe 22.9 Ma Lake City caldera collapsed within the older Uncompahgre caldera structure\r\nbut is petrologically unrelated to the older calc-alkaline activity. The distinctive suite of\r\nhigh-silica rhyolite tuff and alkaline resurgent intrusions indicates that it is closely related to the\r\nearly stages of bimodal high-silica rhyolite-alkali basalt volcanism that accompanied the onset of\r\nextensional tectonism in the region. Both 40Ar/39Ar ages and paleomagnetic data confirm that the\r\nentire caldera sequence formed in less than 330,000 years. Only weak quartz vein mineralization\r\nis present in the center of the caldera, and it appears to be related to leaching of metals from the\r\nintracaldera tuffs above the resurgent intrusion. Massive alunitization and weak Mo and Cu\r\nmineralization along the eastern ring fracture are associated with calc-alkaline lavas and stocks\r\nrelated to late stages of the caldera cycle. These calc-alkaline stocks also appear to be genetically\r\nand temporally linked to a radial pattern of barite-precious metal veins on the northeastern\r\nmargin of the Lake City caldera.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr99347","issn":"0566-8174","usgsCitation":"Bove, D.J., Hon, K., Budding, K., Slack, J.F., Snee, L., and Yeoman, R.A., 2000, Geochronology and geology of late Oligocene through Miocene volcanism and mineralization in the western San Juan Mountains, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 99-347, 33 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr99347.","productDescription":"33 p. ","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":153993,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":1229,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/ofr-99-0347/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48b1e4b07f02db530720","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bove, D. J.","contributorId":70767,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bove","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185779,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hon, Ken","contributorId":19163,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hon","given":"Ken","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185778,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Budding, K. E.","contributorId":104932,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Budding","given":"K. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185782,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Slack, J. F.","contributorId":75917,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Slack","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Snee, L.W.","contributorId":99981,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snee","given":"L.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185781,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Yeoman, R. A.","contributorId":107726,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yeoman","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185783,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":5061,"text":"fs16899 - 2000 - Trends in surface-water quality during implementation of best-management practices in Mill Creek and Muddy Run Basins, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-09T12:48:56","indexId":"fs16899","displayToPublicDate":"2000-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"168-99","title":"Trends in surface-water quality during implementation of best-management practices in Mill Creek and Muddy Run Basins, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"Analyses of water samples collected over a 5-year period (1993-98) in the Mill Creek and Muddy Run Basins during implementation of agricultural best-management practices (BMP’s) indicate statistically significant trends in the concentrations of several nutrient species and in nonfilterable residue (suspended solids). The strongest trends identified were those indicated by a more than 50- percent decrease in the flow-adjusted concentrations of total and dissolved phosphorus and total residue in base flow in the two streams. Analyses of stormflow samples showed a 31-percent decrease in the flow-adjusted concentration of total phosphorus in Mill Creek and a 54-percent decrease in total nonfilterable residue in Muddy Run. A 58-percent increase in the flow-adjusted concentration of total ammonia nitrogen in stormflow was found at Muddy Run.
Although the effects of a specific BMP on the indicated trends is uncertain, results of statistical trend tests of the data suggest that stream fencing, possibly in concert with other practices, such as stream crossings for livestock, barnyard runoff control, manure-storage facilities, and rotational grazing, was effective in improving water quality during base flow and probably low to moderate stormflow conditions. Additional improvements in water quality in the Mill Creek and Muddy Run Basins seems likely as the implementation of BMP’s is expected to continue. Thus, the full effect of BMP implementation in the two basins may not be observed for some time.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs16899","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection","usgsCitation":"Koerkle, E.H., 2000, Trends in surface-water quality during implementation of best-management practices in Mill Creek and Muddy Run Basins, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 168-99, 6 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs16899.","productDescription":"6 p.","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":117130,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1999/0168/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":396,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1999/0168/fs19990168.pdf","text":"Report","size":"411 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"FS 1999-0168"}],"contact":"Director, Pennsylvania Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
215 Limekiln Road
New Cumberland, PA 17070
Aquifers in Quaternary glacial deposits and the underlying Silurian and Devonian carbonate bedrock in parts of Indiana, Ohio, Illinois, and Michigan compose the regional aquifer system under investigation as part of the Midwestern Basins and Arches Regional Aquifer System Analysis (Midwestern Basins and Arches—RASA) project of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). The Midwestern Basins and Arches—RASA is part of a USGS program to assess the regional hydrology, geology, and water quality of the Nation's most important aquifers (Sun, 1986). An objective specific to the Midwestern Basins and Arches—RASA project is to conceptualize and describe regional ground-water flow in the glacial-deposit and carbonate-bedrock aquifer system, including regional recharge and discharge areas and regional relations between surface and ground water (Bugliosi, 1990).
Water-level and ground-water discharge data were collected and (or) analyzed to help meet the above objective. Specifically, data from the USGS Ground-Water Site Inventory (GWSI) data base were used to determine relations between land-surface altitude and water levels in glacial-deposit aquifers. Water levels in the carbonate-bedrock aquifer were synoptically measured during July 1990, and the data were used to construct a potentiometric surface map of the aquifer. Regional hydraulic gradients and general directions of regional flow in the carbonate-bedrock aquifer can be inferred from this map. Steady-state groundwater discharge to streams that drain the area underlain by the glacial-deposit and carbonate bedrock aquifer system was estimated from base-flow daily values computed from streamflow records.
Water-level and ground-water-discharge data collectively form the sample information necessary to develop calibration targets for calibration of a ground-water-flow model (Anderson and Woessner, 1992). Such a ground-water-flow model of the glacial-deposit and carbonate-bedrock aquifer system was constructed to help conceptualize and describe regional ground-water flow in the aquifer system. The model was calibrated to the water-level and ground-water-discharge data presented in this atlas.
Severe and prolonged droughts between 1961 and 1988, combined with increased demands for freshwater supplies in the United States, have resulted in a critical need to assess the potential for development of ground- and surface-water supplies. Rapid industrial growth and urban expansion have caused existing freshwater supplies to be used at or near maximum capacity. Begun in 1978, the Regional Aquifer-System Analysis (RASA) Program of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is a systematic effort to study a number of the Nation's most important aquifer systems, which, in aggregate, underlie much of the country and represent an important component of the Nation's total water supply. The broad objective for each of the 28 studies in the program is to assemble geologic, hydrologic, and geochemical information, to analyze and develop an understanding of the system, and to develop predictive capabilities that will contribute to the effective management of the system.
In 1988, as part of the RASA Program, the USGS began a 6-year study of the ground-water resources of parts of 11 States in the Eastern United States (Swain and others, 1991). The study was designated the Appalachian Valley and Piedmont Regional Aquifer-System Analysis (APRASA). The APRASA team investigated ground-water resources primarily in the unglaciated part of the Valley and Ridge, the Blue Ridge, the New England, and the Piedmont Physiographic Provinces (fig. 1). For the purposes of this report, the small area in the New England Physiographic Province that is within the study area in New Jersey and Pennsylvania was considered part of the Piedmont Physiographic Province. The results of the APRASA are contained in about 50 reports and abstracts, including reports on simulation of ground-water flow in three type areas, this atlas, and chapters in Professional Paper 1422. These chapters include the summary (Chapter A), descriptions of recharge rates and surface- and ground-water relations (Chapter B), hydrogeologic terranes in the Valley and Ridge Physiographic Province (Chapter C), and ground-water geochemistry (Chapter D).
The purposes of this atlas are to summarize the hydrogeology, to describe an analysis of maps and well records, and to present a classification and map of the hydrogeologic terranes of the Blue Ridge and Piedmont Physiographic Provinces within the APRASA study area. Hydrogeologic terranes are defined for this atlas as regionally mappable areas characterized by similar water-yielding properties of a grouping of selected rock types. The hydrogeologic terranes represent areas of distinct hydrologic character. The terranes are intended to help water users locate and develop adequate water supplies and to help hydrologists interpret the regional hydrogeology.
Previous investigations provide maps and descriptions of the geologic units, describe the local quantity and quality of ground water within these units, and establish the statistical methods for comparing the water-yielding properties of these units. State geologic maps show the distribution of geologic units at a scale of 1:500,000 for Alabama (Osborne and others, 1989), Georgia (Lawton and others, 1976), North Carolina (Brown and Parker, 1985), and Virginia (Calver and Hobbs, 1963). State maps show geologic units at a scale of 1:250,000 for Maryland (Cleaves and others, 1968), New Jersey (Lewis and Kummel, 1912), Pennsylvania (Berg and others, 1980), South Carolina (Overstreet and Bell, 1965), Tennessee (Hardeman, 1966), and West Virginia (Cardwell and others, 1968). Quadrangle geologic maps show geologic units at a scale of 1:24,000 for parts of Delaware within the APRASA area (Woodruff and Thompson, 1972, 1975). Many reports have been published describing the groundwater resources of a county, parts of a county, multi-county areas, or river basins.
The statistical methods used in this atlas are based largely on those used by Helsel and Hirsch (1992) and by Knopman (1990, p. 7-9). In her analysis of well records in the USGS Ground-Water Site Inventory (GWSI) data base, Knopman (1990) ranked factors that must be taken into account when assessing the water-yielding potential of the rocks in the Valley and Ridge, the Blue Ridge, and the Piedmont Physiographic Provinces in Pennsylvania. Readers are referred to Helsel and Hirsch (1992) and Knopman (1990) for details regarding statistical methods.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ha732B","isbn":"0607920750","usgsCitation":"Mesko, T.O., Swain, L.A., and Hollyday, E., 2000, Hydrogeology and hydrogeologic terranes of the Blue Ridge and Piedmont Physiographic Provinces in the eastern United States: U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Atlas 732, 41.00 x 34.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ha732B.","productDescription":"41.00 x 34.00 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":190115,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ha732B.PNG"},{"id":89477,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/732b/plate-1.pdf","text":"Plate","size":"6.83 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Plate"}],"scale":"1","country":"United States","state":"Alabama, Delaware, Georgia, Maryland, New Jersey, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, West Virginia","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -74.92675781249999,\n 41.590796851056005\n ],\n [\n -76.48681640625,\n 41.0130657870063\n ],\n [\n -78.79394531249999,\n 39.9602803542957\n ],\n [\n -80.17822265625,\n 38.71980474264237\n ],\n [\n -81.89208984375,\n 37.17782559332976\n ],\n [\n -85.7373046875,\n 35.42486791930558\n ],\n [\n -86.0888671875,\n 34.831841149828655\n ],\n [\n -86.0888671875,\n 33.96158628979907\n ],\n [\n -86.11083984375,\n 32.91648534731439\n ],\n [\n -84.55078125,\n 33.37641235124676\n ],\n [\n -82.08984375,\n 34.34343606848294\n ],\n [\n -80.31005859375,\n 35.42486791930558\n ],\n [\n -79.453125,\n 36.491973470593685\n ],\n [\n -77.76123046875,\n 38.08268954483802\n ],\n [\n -76.79443359375,\n 39.40224434029275\n ],\n [\n -74.77294921875,\n 40.16208338164617\n ],\n [\n -73.828125,\n 40.9964840143779\n ],\n [\n -74.92675781249999,\n 41.590796851056005\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db62557f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mesko, Thomas O.","contributorId":81498,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mesko","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":277767,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Swain, Lindsay A.","contributorId":7323,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swain","given":"Lindsay","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":277766,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hollyday, E. F.","contributorId":95062,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hollyday","given":"E. F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":277768,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70073940,"text":"70073940 - 2000 - Central San Juan caldera cluster: Regional volcanic framework","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-14T10:37:48","indexId":"70073940","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T13:33:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1727,"text":"GSA Special Papers","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Central San Juan caldera cluster: Regional volcanic framework","docAbstract":"Eruption of at least 8800 km3 of dacitic-rhyolitic magma as 9 major ash-slow sheets (individually 150-5000 km3) was accompanied by recurrent caldera subsidence between 28.3 and about 26.5 Ma in the central San Juan Mountains, Colorado. Voluminous andesitic-decitic lavas and breccias were erupted from central volcanoes prior to the ash-flow eruptions, and similar lava eruptions continued within and adjacent to the calderas during the period of explosive volcanism, making the central San Juan caldera cluster an exceptional site for study of caldera-related volcanic processes. Exposed calderas vary in size from 10 to 75 km in maximum diameter, the largest calderas being associated with the most voluminous eruptions. After collapse of the giant La Garita caldera during eruption if the Fish Canyon Tuff at 17.6 Ma, seven additional explosive eruptions and calderas formed inside the La Garita depression within about 1 m.y. Because of the nested geometry, maximum loci of recurrently overlapping collapse events are inferred to have subsided as much as 10-17 km, far deeper than the roof of the composite subvolcanic batholith defined by gravity data, which represents solidified caldera-related magma bodies. Erosional dissection to depths of as much as 1.5 km, although insufficient to reach the subvolcanic batholith, has exposed diverse features of intracaldera ash-flow tuff and interleaved caldera-collapse landslide deposits that accumulated to multikilometer thickness within concurrently subsiding caldera structures. The calderas display a variety of postcollapse resurgent uplift structures, and caldera-forming events produced complex fault geometries that localized late mineralization, including the epithermal base- and precious-metal veins of the well-known Creede mining district. Most of the central San Juan calderas have been deeply eroded, and their identification is dependent on detailed geologic mapping. In contrast, the primary volcanic morphology of the symmetrically resurgent Creede caldera, the volcanic framework for Lake Creede, has been exceptionally preserved because of rapid infilling by moat sediments of the Creede Formation, which were preferentially eroded during the past few million years. The ash-flow tuffs and caldera of the central San Juan region have been widely recognized as exceptional sites for study of explosive volcanic processes, and the results reported here provide new insights into processes of pyroclastic eruption and emplacement, geometric interrelations between caldera subsidence and resurgence, the petrologic diversity of sequential ash-flow eruptions, recurrent eruption of intermediate-composition lavas after each caldera-forming event, associated regional fault development, volume relations between ash-flow eruptions and associated calderas, the emplacement of subvolcanic batholiths, and involvement of mantle-derived mafic phases in magma-generation processes.","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0-8137-2346-9.9","usgsCitation":"Lipman, P.W., 2000, Central San Juan caldera cluster: Regional volcanic framework: GSA Special Papers, v. 346, p. 9-69, https://doi.org/10.1130/0-8137-2346-9.9.","productDescription":"61 p.","startPage":"9","endPage":"69","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":281508,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"San Juan Caldera Cluster","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -108.0,35.0 ], [ -108.0,40.0 ], [ -104.0,40.0 ], [ -104.0,35.0 ], [ -108.0,35.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"346","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd5061e4b0b290850f34de","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lipman, Peter W. 0000-0001-9175-6118 plipman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9175-6118","contributorId":3486,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lipman","given":"Peter","email":"plipman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":489255,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70022280,"text":"70022280 - 2000 - Measuring stream discharge by non-contact methods: A proof-of-concept experiment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-15T11:15:24","indexId":"70022280","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Measuring stream discharge by non-contact methods: A proof-of-concept experiment","docAbstract":"This report describes an experiment to make a completely non-contact open-channel discharge measurement. A van-mounted, pulsed doppler (10GHz) radar collected surface-velocity data across the 183-m wide Skagit River, Washington at a USGS streamgaging station using Bragg scattering from short waves produced by turbulent boils on the surface of the river. Surface velocities were converted to mean velocities for 25 sub-sections by assuming a normal open-channel velocity profile (surface velocity times 0.85). Channel cross-sectional area was measured using a 100 MHz ground-penetrating radar antenna suspended from a cableway car over the river. Seven acoustic doppler current profiler discharge measurements and a conventional current-meter discharge measurement were also made. Three non-contact discharge measurements completed in about a 1-hour period were within 1 % of the gaging station rating curve discharge values. With further refinements, it is thought that open-channel flow can be measured reliably by non-contact methods.","language":"English","publisher":"AGU","doi":"10.1029/1999GL006087","issn":"00948276","usgsCitation":"Costa, J.E., Spicer, K., Cheng, R.T., Haeni, F., Melcher, N., Thurman, E., Plant, W., and Keller, W., 2000, Measuring stream discharge by non-contact methods: A proof-of-concept experiment: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 27, no. 4, p. 553-556, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999GL006087.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"553","endPage":"556","costCenters":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479231,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/1999gl006087","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":230413,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2000-02-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5350e4b0c8380cd6c9c1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Costa, J. E.","contributorId":28977,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Costa","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392963,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Spicer, K.R.","contributorId":67230,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spicer","given":"K.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392965,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cheng, R. T.","contributorId":23138,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cheng","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392962,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Haeni, F.P.","contributorId":87105,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haeni","given":"F.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392967,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Melcher, N.B.","contributorId":71554,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Melcher","given":"N.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392966,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Thurman, E.M.","contributorId":102864,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thurman","given":"E.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392969,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Plant, W.J.","contributorId":101409,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plant","given":"W.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392968,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Keller, W.C.","contributorId":49140,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keller","given":"W.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392964,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70022643,"text":"70022643 - 2000 - Origin of the 17 July 1998 Papua New Guinea tsunami: Earthquake or landslide","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-08-01T07:46:12","indexId":"70022643","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3372,"text":"Seismological Research Letters","onlineIssn":"1938-2057","printIssn":"0895-0695","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Origin of the 17 July 1998 Papua New Guinea tsunami: Earthquake or landslide","docAbstract":"The tsunami that struck Papua New Guinea on 17 July 1998 shortly after a Mw 7.0 earthquake (Figure 1) was one of the deadliest tsunamis in this century. At least 2,200 people died from this event, essentially destroying an entire generation in some communities. In the months following the tsunami, several international survey teams collected data in an attempt to better understand the cause of this event. Elevations of waterline marks and displaced debris measured by the first International Tsunami Survey Team (ITST; Kawata et al., 1999) indicated an average runup of 10 m occurring over a 25 km length of coastline in the vicinity of Sissano Lagoon (Figure 2). The maximum runup from this event was approximately 15 m. Tsunami runup heights of this size are commonly associated either with earthquakes of much larger magnitude or with “tsunami earthquakes” as defined by Kanamori (1972) and later discussed by Kanamori and Kikuchi (1993). Even for tsunami earthquakes, however, runup heights of 10-15 m seem only to occur for earthquakes Mw > 7.5. Because these runup heights appear anomalously high for a M 7 earthquake, other sources have been postulated for the tsunami, including a submarine landslide or mass flow. Earlier this year, the bathymetry north of Papua New Guinea was surveyed by the Japan Marine Science and Technology Center (JAMSTEC) and the South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission (SOPAC). In a report describing the preliminary results from these cruises (Tappin et al., 1999), bathymetric images are presented that show evidence both of a 40-km-long fault scarp and of collapse features within an approximately 10-km-wide bathymetric amphitheater (Figure 2). The report suggests that a landslide was the sole cause for the tsunami. In this paper, I revisit the common assumption that local tsunami runup scales directly with moment magnitude and demonstrate that the tsunami generated by the earthquake cannot be disregarded to explain the runup observations.
A two-dimensional finite-element surface-water model was used to simulate the effects of the proposed State Highways 15 and 67 relocation on water-surface elevations and flow distributions for the 100-year flood on the Tchoutacabouffa River at D'Iberville, Mississippi. The Mississippi Department of Transportation plans to relocate State Highways 15 and 67 by removing a portion of the existing four-lane highway and constructing a four-lane facility upstream of the existing alignment. The proposed alignment is located on the northern floodplain and will tie into the existing highway about 1,000 feet north of the dual State Highways 15 and 67 bridges. The proposed alignment will intercept flows that cross the existing highway during large floods. Seven scenarios were simulated for the 100-year flood, including four proposed alternative configurations for drainage structures. The model grid was developed by using surveyed floodplain cross sections and channel bathymetry data obtained by using an Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler, in combination with a global positioning system. The model was calibrated and verified by using surveyed flood profiles through the study reach and flood discharge measurements obtained at the State Highways 15 and 67 crossing. Model parameters were adjusted so that the computed water-surface profiles agreed closely with the surveyed flood profiles. Computed water-surface differentials across the proposed alignment near the northern edge of the floodplain for the four alternatives proposed by the Mississippi Department of Transportation ranged from 1.4 to 2.6 feet. Much lower differentials were computed in the vicinity of the main-channel bridge. The computed water-surface elevation at McCully Drive, upstream of the proposed alignment, was 17.3 feet for existing conditions. Computed water-surface elevations at McCully Drive for the proposed alternatives ranged from 17.3 to 17.8 feet.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri014007","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Mississippi Department of Transportation","usgsCitation":"Winters, K.E., 2000, Simulations of flooding on Tchoutacabouffa River at State Highways 15 and 67 at D'Iberville, Mississippi: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2001-4007, iv, 29 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri014007.","productDescription":"iv, 29 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":160622,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4007/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":400107,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_34904.htm"},{"id":401772,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4007/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Mississippi","city":"D'Iberville","otherGeospatial":"Tchoutacabouffa River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -88.92419815063477,\n 30.454149023624225\n ],\n [\n -88.89003753662108,\n 30.454149023624225\n ],\n [\n -88.89003753662108,\n 30.476491157902103\n ],\n [\n -88.92419815063477,\n 30.476491157902103\n ],\n [\n -88.92419815063477,\n 30.454149023624225\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e0e4b07f02db5e3fe7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Winters, Karl E. kwinters@usgs.gov","contributorId":3554,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winters","given":"Karl","email":"kwinters@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":203448,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":6341,"text":"pp1609 - 2000 - Diagenesis and reservoir quality of the Upper Mississippian Aux Vases Sandstone, Illinois Basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-14T22:52:38.948613","indexId":"pp1609","displayToPublicDate":"1999-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1609","title":"Diagenesis and reservoir quality of the Upper Mississippian Aux Vases Sandstone, Illinois Basin","docAbstract":"Conventional reservoir quality data for more than 300 wells provided by the Illinois and Indiana state geological surveys were analyzed to determine the factors governing porosity and permeability in the Upper Mississippian Aux Vases Sandstone, an important hydrocarbon-producing unit in the Illinois Basin. In addition, approximately 150 samples of the Aux Vases Sandstone were collected for mineralogical and geochemical analysis to reconstruct the burial and diagenetic history and to establish the timing of diagenesis relative to the entrapment of hydrocarbons. One aspect of the study involved linking inorganic and organic diagenesis to late Paleozoic tectonism and hydrothermal fluid-flow events in the region.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp1609","usgsCitation":"Pitman, J.K., Henry, M.E., and Leetaru, H.E., 2000, Diagenesis and reservoir quality of the Upper Mississippian Aux Vases Sandstone, Illinois Basin: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1609, iv, 19 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1609.","productDescription":"iv, 19 p.","costCenters":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":395962,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_22656.htm"},{"id":33681,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1609/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":122495,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1609/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois","otherGeospatial":"Illinois River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -90.758056640625,\n 38.57393751557591\n ],\n [\n -87.769775390625,\n 38.57393751557591\n ],\n [\n -87.769775390625,\n 41.69752591075902\n ],\n [\n -90.758056640625,\n 41.69752591075902\n ],\n [\n -90.758056640625,\n 38.57393751557591\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9be4b07f02db65dc38","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pitman, Janet K. 0000-0002-0441-779X jpitman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0441-779X","contributorId":767,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pitman","given":"Janet","email":"jpitman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":152545,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Henry, Mitchell E.","contributorId":57447,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henry","given":"Mitchell","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":152546,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Leetaru, Hannes E.","contributorId":75909,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leetaru","given":"Hannes","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":152547,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}