For slowly moving freezing fronts in soil, the heat-transport equation may be approximated by the Laplacian of temperature. Consequently, potential theory may be assumed to apply and the temperature state can be approximated by an analytic function. The movement of freezing fronts may be approximated by a time-stepped solution of the phase-change problem, thus solving directly for heat flow across a freezing or thawing front. Moisture transport may approximated by using an exact solution of the moisture-transport equation assuming quasi-steady-state conditions, appropriate boundary conditions, and an exponential function relating unsaturated hydraulic conductivity (defined within the thawed zones) to pore water pressure (tension). This approach is used to develop a single model of ice segregation (frost-heave) in freezing soils. Applications to published and experimental one-dimension soil column freezing data show promising results.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Mechanical Engineers","doi":"10.1115/1.3231116","issn":"01950738","usgsCitation":"Hromadka, T., and Guymon, G.L., 1984, A simple model of ice segregation using an analytic function to model heat and soil-water flow: Journal of Energy Resources Technology, Transactions of the ASME, v. 106, no. 4, p. 515-520, https://doi.org/10.1115/1.3231116.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"515","endPage":"520","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":220586,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"106","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1984-12-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aaf55e4b0c8380cd87524","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hromadka, T. V. II","contributorId":76464,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hromadka","given":"T. V.","suffix":"II","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365931,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Guymon, G. L.","contributorId":83941,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guymon","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365932,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70012686,"text":"70012686 - 1984 - Upwarp of anomalous asthenosphere beneath the Rio Grande rift","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:07","indexId":"70012686","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2840,"text":"Nature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Upwarp of anomalous asthenosphere beneath the Rio Grande rift","docAbstract":"Continental rifts are possible analogues of mid-ocean ridges, although major plate tectonic features are less clearly observed1. Current thermal models of mid-ocean ridges2-4 consist of solid lithospheric plates overlying the hotter, less viscous asthenosphere, with plate thickness increasing away from the ridge axis. The lithospheric lower boundary lies at or near the melting point isotherm, so that at greater depths higher temperatures account for lower viscosity, lower seismic velocities and possibly partial melting. Upwarp of this boundary at the ridge axis concentrates heat there, thus lowering densities by expansion and raising the sea floor to the level of thermal isostatic equilibrium. At slow spreading ridges, a major central graben forms owing to the mechanics of magma injection into the crust5. Topography, heat flow, gravity and seismic studies support these models. On the continents, a low-velocity channel has been observed, although it is poorly developed beneath ancient cratons6-9. Plate tectonic models have been applied to continental basins and margins10-12, but further similarities to the oceanic models remain elusive. Topographic uplift is often ascribed to Airy type isostatic compensation caused by crustal thickening, rather than thermal compensation in the asthenosphere. Here we discuss the Rio Grande rift, in southwestern United States. Teleseismic P-wave residuals show that regional uplift is explained by asthenosphere uplift rather than crustal thickening. ?? 1984 Nature Publishing Group.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Nature","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1038/312354a0","issn":"00280836","usgsCitation":"Parker, E., Davis, P., Evans, J., Iyer, H.M., and Olsen, K., 1984, Upwarp of anomalous asthenosphere beneath the Rio Grande rift: Nature, v. 312, no. 5992, p. 354-356, https://doi.org/10.1038/312354a0.","startPage":"354","endPage":"356","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205249,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/312354a0"},{"id":222491,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"312","issue":"5992","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbd7ce4b08c986b329059","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Parker, E.C.","contributorId":53525,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parker","given":"E.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364223,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Davis, P.M.","contributorId":15229,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"P.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364220,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Evans, J.R.","contributorId":50526,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evans","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364222,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Iyer, H. M.","contributorId":17997,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Iyer","given":"H.","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364221,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Olsen, K.H.","contributorId":95201,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olsen","given":"K.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364224,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70013879,"text":"70013879 - 1984 - APPLICATION OF SPATIAL INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY TO PETROLEUM RESOURCE ASSESSMENT ANALYSIS.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:35","indexId":"70013879","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"APPLICATION OF SPATIAL INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY TO PETROLEUM RESOURCE ASSESSMENT ANALYSIS.","docAbstract":"Petroleum resource assessment procedures require the analysis of a large volume of spatial data. The US Geological Survey (USGS) has developed and applied spatial information handling procedures and digital cartographic techniques to a recent study involving the assessment of oil and gas resource potential for 74 million acres of designated and proposed wilderness lands in the western United States. The part of the study which dealt with the application of spatial information technology to petroleum resource assessment procedures is reviewed. A method was designed to expedite the gathering, integrating, managing, manipulating and plotting of spatial data from multiple data sources that are essential in modern resource assessment procedures.","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings - PECORA 9: Spatial Information Technologies for Remote Sensing Today and Tomorrow.","conferenceLocation":"Sioux Falls, ND, USA","language":"English","publisher":"IEEE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, USA","isbn":"081860588X","usgsCitation":"Miller, B., and Domaratz, M.A., 1984, APPLICATION OF SPATIAL INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY TO PETROLEUM RESOURCE ASSESSMENT ANALYSIS., Proceedings - PECORA 9: Spatial Information Technologies for Remote Sensing Today and Tomorrow., Sioux Falls, ND, USA, p. 303-310.","startPage":"303","endPage":"310","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225609,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e630e4b0c8380cd47223","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, Betty M.","contributorId":92231,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Betty M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367070,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Domaratz, Michael A. mdomaratz@usgs.gov","contributorId":5233,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Domaratz","given":"Michael","email":"mdomaratz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":367069,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014011,"text":"70014011 - 1984 - Geology of El Chichon volcano, Chiapas, Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:36","indexId":"70014011","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geology of El Chichon volcano, Chiapas, Mexico","docAbstract":"The (pre-1982) 850-m-high andesitic stratovolcano El Chicho??n, active during Pleistocene and Holocene time, is located in rugged, densely forested terrain in northcentral Chiapas, Me??xico. The nearest neighboring Holocene volcanoes are 275 km and 200 km to the southeast and northwest, respectively. El Chicho??n is built on Tertiary siltstone and sandstone, underlain by Cretaceous dolomitic limestone; a 4-km-deep bore hole near the east base of the volcano penetrated this limestone and continued 770 m into a sequence of Jurassic or Cretaceous evaporitic anhydrite and halite. The basement rocks are folded into generally northwest-trending anticlines and synclines. El Chicho??n is built over a small dome-like structure superposed on a syncline, and this structure may reflect cumulative deformation related to growth of a crustal magma reservoir beneath the volcano. The cone of El Chicho??n consists almost entirely of pyroclastic rocks. The pre-1982 cone is marked by a 1200-m-diameter (explosion?) crater on the southwest flank and a 1600-m-diameter crater apparently of similar origin at the summit, a lava dome partly fills each crater. The timing of cone and dome growth is poorly known. Field evidence indicates that the flank dome is older than the summit dome, and K-Ar ages from samples high on the cone suggest that the flank dome is older than about 276,000 years. At least three pyroclastic eruptions have occurred during the past 1250 radiocarbon years. Nearly all of the pyroclastic and dome rocks are moderately to highly porphyritic andesite, with plagioclase, hornblende and clinopyroxene the most common phenocrysts. Geologists who mapped El Chicho??n in 1980 and 1981 warned that the volcano posed a substantial hazard to the surrounding region. This warning was proven to be prophetic by violent eruptions that occurred in March and April of 1982. These eruptions blasted away nearly all of the summit dome, blanketed the surrounding region with tephra, and sent pyroclastic flows down radial drainages on the flanks of the cone; about 0.3 km3 of material (density of all products normalized to 2.6 g cm-3) was erupted. More debris entered the stratosphere than from any other volcanic eruption within at least the past two decades. Halite and a calcium sulfate mineral (anhydrite?) recovered from the stratospheric cloud, and anhydrite as a common accessory mineral in 1982 juvenile erupted products may reflect contamination of El Chicho??n magma by the evaporite sequence revealed by drilling. ?? 1984.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Duffield, W.A., Tilling, R., and Canul, R., 1984, Geology of El Chichon volcano, Chiapas, Mexico: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 20, no. 1-2, p. 117-132.","startPage":"117","endPage":"132","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225678,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2488e4b0c8380cd5818c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Duffield, W. A.","contributorId":71935,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duffield","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367366,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tilling, R.I. 0000-0003-4263-7221","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4263-7221","contributorId":98311,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tilling","given":"R.I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367367,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Canul, R.","contributorId":31532,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Canul","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367365,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70013341,"text":"70013341 - 1984 - Deformation, geochemistry, and origin of massive sulfide deposits, Gossan lead district, Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-08T23:55:15.12474","indexId":"70013341","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Deformation, geochemistry, and origin of massive sulfide deposits, Gossan lead district, Virginia","docAbstract":"The Gossan Lead district is a 28-km-long, northeast-trending belt of discontinuous massive sulfide deposits in the Blue Ridge province of southwestern Virginia. The deposits, hosted by the Ashe Formation of late Proterozoic age, consist of strata-bound lenses and layers of massive pyrrhotite, minor chalcopyrite, sphalerite, and pyrite, and rare arsenopyrite and galena. Deposits were mined principally in the Iron Ridge and Betty Baker segments, respectively, at the southwestern and northeastern ends of the belt. Detailed mapping of the Gossan Howard, Huey, and Bumbarger pits in the Iron Ridge segment indicates that the deposits occur at one horizon and have been variously folded and brecciated after sulfide deposition. The Gossan Howard consists of a single, gently dipping lens of sulfide. The Huey deposit is complexly folded and locally contains tectonically thickened ore. The Bumbarger deposit is a lens as much as 40 m thick--the thickest known in the district. This deposit contains abundant coarse breccia fragments of wall rock around which the massive sulfide has flowed (during deformation and metamorphism), probably thickening the original deposit significantly. In the northeastern part of the district, drill holes intersect several sulfide layers that possibly are structurally repeated.The Ashe Formation in the district is a sequence of metasedimentary rocks and local conformable lenses of amphibolite and actinolite-chlorite schist. The metasedimentary rocks include metapelite, quartz-feldspar granofels (metagraywacke), and minor quartzite and carbonaceous schist, and are interpreted as marine turbidites. The amphibolites and other mafic rocks have chemical compositions similar to low Ti tholeiitic basalt, with a high Y/Nb (>10) and high average contents of Co (40 ppm), Cr (403 ppm), Ni (211 ppm), and V (247 ppm). Immobile trace element signatures (Ti-Y-Zr; Th-Hf-Ta; Ti-Cr) suggest a magmatic affinity with midocean ridge basalt (MORB); rare earth elements (REE) have low abundance levels (10X-15X chondrite), broadly flat patterns [(La/Yb) N = 0.7-1.1], and a slight depletion in the light elements similar to midocean ridge basalts. An amphibolite from a much higher stratigraphic level, south of the district, differs significantly from the mafic rocks closer to the sulfide zone in having the chemical signature of a transitional, slightly alkalic tholeiite with high TiO 2 (3.87 wt %), Fe 2 O 3 (16.4 wt %), and P 2 O 5 (0.56 wt %), low Y/Nb (3.3), and a highly fractionated rare earth element distribution [(La/Yb) N = 3.9] similar to continental basalt.Some silicate wall rocks of the deposits are mineralogically and chemically unusual, and differ substantially from the clastic metasediments of the Ashe Formation. Such rocks are composed mainly or wholly of plagioclase feldspar, biotite, chlorite, muscovite, or spessartine-rich garnet. The unusual lithologies form local strata-bound lenses in the footwall and/or hanging wall of the deposits, typically within 10 m of massive sulfide. The plagioclase rocks (3.4-7.6 wt % Na 2 O) consist largely of granoblastic albite-oligoclase (Ab (sub 78-90) ) with minor quartz and biotite; rare earth elements are highly fractionated [(La/Yb) N = 6.8-7.1] and their patterns resemble those of the quartz-feldspar granofels (metagraywacke) from the district.The biotite schists, locally monomineralic, have FeO/(FeO + MgO) = 0.5 and contain high phosphorus (1 wt % P 2 O 5 ) and fluorine (0.5 wt % F), present in fluorapatite. The chlorite schist is essentially all ripidolite; rare earth elements are highly fractionated, and have a large negative Eu anomaly. The spessartine-rich rocks (6.3-8.9 wt % MnO) are in places interlayered with the other unusual wall rocks and consist of abundant Mn-rich garnet (Sp 50 Al 23 Gr 19 Py 8 ) and minor quartz, plagioclase, pyrrhotite, and biotite. The distinctive mineralogy and chemistry of these rocks suggest that they represent metamorphosed alteration zones and/or intermixed chemical and clastic sediments.The sulfide deposits are interpreted as syngenetic in origin but modified in form by deformation which accompanied metamorphism. The great length of the mineralized district parallel to the regional strike and the flyschoid (turbidite) nature of the host rocks suggest that sedimentation and initial sulfide deposition took place in a deep, elongate marine basin or graben overlying a crustal rift zone. A rift underlying the sedimentary pile is consistent with the occurrence of mafic metavolcanic rocks of midocean ridge basalt affinity and could also have served as the feeder system for a line of hydrothermal vents on the sea floor that generated the sulfide deposits.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.79.7.1483","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Gair, J., and Slack, J.F., 1984, Deformation, geochemistry, and origin of massive sulfide deposits, Gossan lead district, Virginia: Economic Geology, v. 79, no. 7, p. 1483-1520, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.79.7.1483.","productDescription":"38 p.","startPage":"1483","endPage":"1520","numberOfPages":"38","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219973,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"79","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1984-11-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fe4de4b0c8380cd4ec63","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gair, J. E.","contributorId":50891,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gair","given":"J. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365846,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Slack, J. F.","contributorId":75917,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Slack","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365847,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70013825,"text":"70013825 - 1984 - PROJECTED EFFECTS OF GROUND-WATER DEVELOPMENT IN THE SOUTHERN HIGH PLAINS OF TEXAS AND NEW MEXICO.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:36","indexId":"70013825","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"PROJECTED EFFECTS OF GROUND-WATER DEVELOPMENT IN THE SOUTHERN HIGH PLAINS OF TEXAS AND NEW MEXICO.","docAbstract":"A digital ground-water flow model of the southern High Plains of Texas and New Mexico has been constructed. The calibrated model with the 1980 water level as the initial condition was used to project water levels to 2020. Estimated future pumpage based on the U. S. Economic Development Administration's economic study of the High Plains region was used in the model. Pumpage estimates were made for three assumed management strategies: (1) continuation of existing governmental influence on irrigation; (2) voluntary reduction in water use; and (3) mandatory reduction in water use.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings - AWWA Annual Conference","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings - AWWA 1984 Annual Conference.","conferenceLocation":"Dallas, TX, USA","language":"English","publisher":"AWWA","publisherLocation":"Denver, CO, USA","issn":"0360814X","isbn":"0898673135","usgsCitation":"Luckey, R.R., 1984, PROJECTED EFFECTS OF GROUND-WATER DEVELOPMENT IN THE SOUTHERN HIGH PLAINS OF TEXAS AND NEW MEXICO., in Proceedings - AWWA Annual Conference, Dallas, TX, USA, p. 1345-1362.","startPage":"1345","endPage":"1362","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219945,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7380e4b0c8380cd77092","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Luckey, Richard R.","contributorId":17980,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luckey","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366950,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70014069,"text":"70014069 - 1984 - The impact of uncertainties in hydrologic measurement on phosphorus budgets and empirical models for two Colorado reservoirs.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-20T19:27:19","indexId":"70014069","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2620,"text":"Limnology and Oceanography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The impact of uncertainties in hydrologic measurement on phosphorus budgets and empirical models for two Colorado reservoirs.","docAbstract":"Water budgets and related chemical budgets of aquatic ecosystems commonly are interpreted without reference to uncertainties resulting from errors of measurement. The importance of such uncertainties in the use and interpretation of the phosphorus budgets of two Colorado reservoirs was determined.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Limnology and Oceanography","doi":"10.4319/lo.1984.29.2.0322","usgsCitation":"LaBaugh, J.W., and Winter, T.C., 1984, The impact of uncertainties in hydrologic measurement on phosphorus budgets and empirical models for two Colorado reservoirs.: Limnology and Oceanography, v. 29, no. 2, p. 322-339, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1984.29.2.0322.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"322","endPage":"339","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":487234,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1984.29.2.0322","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":225490,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":267948,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.aslo.org/lo/toc/vol_31/issue_3/0503.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -108.9404296875,\n 36.98500309285596\n ],\n [\n -102.1728515625,\n 36.98500309285596\n ],\n [\n -102.1728515625,\n 40.94671366508002\n ],\n [\n -108.9404296875,\n 40.94671366508002\n ],\n [\n -108.9404296875,\n 36.98500309285596\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"29","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-12-22","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505baceee4b08c986b323858","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"LaBaugh, James W. 0000-0002-4112-2536 jlabaugh@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4112-2536","contributorId":1311,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LaBaugh","given":"James","email":"jlabaugh@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779853,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Winter, T. C.","contributorId":23485,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winter","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367490,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014082,"text":"70014082 - 1984 - TECHNIQUE FOR ENHANCING DIGITAL COLOR IMAGES BY CONTRAST STRETCHING IN MUNSELL COLOR SPACE.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:36","indexId":"70014082","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"TECHNIQUE FOR ENHANCING DIGITAL COLOR IMAGES BY CONTRAST STRETCHING IN MUNSELL COLOR SPACE.","docAbstract":"The Munsell color system can be used to further enhance the appearance of high-quality digital color-composite images. A color-balanced 'standard' color-composite image is first produced using any desired contrast stretching algorithm. The stretched digital data are then transformed into the cylindrical Munsell color space. An enhanced version of a color-composite image is produced by stretching the saturation parameter over the full digital range and inverting the modified Munsell coordinates to red-blue-green (tristimulus) data space. The resulting image has greater color-saturation contrast than the original image, without hue change. Contrast stretching in Munsell color space reduces the correlation between individual bands or ratios and is similar to decorrelation processing based on principal-components transforms. However, principal components are based on data variance, with less variance being explained by each higher order component.","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the International Symposium on Remote Sensing of Environment, Third Thematic Conference: Remote Sensing for Exploration Geology.","conferenceLocation":"Colorado Springs, CO, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Environmental Research Inst of Michigan","publisherLocation":"Ann Arbor, MI, USA","usgsCitation":"Kruse, F.A., and Raines, G.L., 1984, TECHNIQUE FOR ENHANCING DIGITAL COLOR IMAGES BY CONTRAST STRETCHING IN MUNSELL COLOR SPACE., Proceedings of the International Symposium on Remote Sensing of Environment, Third Thematic Conference: Remote Sensing for Exploration Geology., Colorado Springs, CO, USA, p. 755-760.","startPage":"755","endPage":"760","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225751,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba37be4b08c986b31fd05","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kruse, Fred A.","contributorId":26811,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kruse","given":"Fred","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367525,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Raines, Gary L.","contributorId":48162,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Raines","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367526,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70013502,"text":"70013502 - 1984 - Sedimentary structures formed in sand by surface tension on melting hailstones","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-21T23:26:02.732981","indexId":"70013502","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2450,"text":"Journal of Sedimentary Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sedimentary structures formed in sand by surface tension on melting hailstones","docAbstract":"Craters form when hailstones impact sand. When a hailstone melts, wet but unsaturated sand within the crater is attracted to the hailstone surface by surface tension. Shrinkage of the melting hailstone then produces one or more rings of sand within the impact crater.--Modified journal abstract.
The study of the fluid dynamics of violent volcanic eruptions by laboratory experiment is described, and the important fluid-dynamic processes that can be examined in laboratory models are discussed in detail. In preliminary experiments, pure gases are erupted from small reservoirs. The gases used are Freon 12 and Freon 22, two gases of high molecular weight and high density that are good analogs of heavy and particulate-laden volcanic gases; nitrogen, a moderate molecular weight, moderate density gas for which the thermodynamic properties are well known; and helium, a low molecular weight, lowdensity gas that is used as a basis for comparison with the behavior of the heavier gases and as an analog of steam, the gas that dominates many volcanic eruptions. Transient jets erupt from the reservoir into the laboratory upon rupture of a thin diaphragm at the exit of a convergent nozzle. The gas accelerates from rest in the reservoir to high velocity in the jet. Reservoir pressures and geometries are such that the fluid velocity in the jets is initially supersonic and later decays to subsonic. The measured reservoir pressure decreases as the fluid expands through repetitively reflecting rarefaction waves, but for the conditions of these experiments, a simple steady-discharge model is sufficient to explain the pressure decay and to predict the duration of the flow. Density variations in the flow field have been visualized with schlieren and shadowgraph photography. The observed structure of the jet is correlated with the measured pressure history. The starting vortex generated when the diaphragm ruptures becomes the head of the jet. Though the exit velocity is sonic, the flow head in the helium jet decelerates to about one-third of sonic velocity in the first few nozzle diameters, the nitrogen head decelerates to about three-fourths of sonic velocity, while Freon maintains nearly sonic velocity. The impulsive acceleration of reservoir fluid into the surrounding atmosphere produces a compression wave. The strength of this wave depends primarily on the sound speed of the fluid in the reservoir but also, secondarily with opposite effect, on the density: helium produces a relatively strong atmospheric shock while the Freons do not produce any optically observable wave front. Well-formed N waves are detected with a microphone far from the reservoir. Barrel shocks, Mach disks, and other familiar features of steady underexpanded supersonic jets form inside the jet almost immediately after passage of the flow head. These features are maintained until the pressure in the reservoir decays to sonic conditions. At low pressures the jets are relatively structureless. Gas-particle jets from volcanic eruptions may behave as pseudogases if particle concentrations and mass and momentum exchange between the components are sufficiently small. The sound speed of volcanic pseudogases can be as large as 1000 m s−1 or as small as a few tens of meters per second depending on the mass loading and initial temperature. Fluids of high sound speed produce stronger atmospheric shock waves than do those of low sound speed. Therefore eruption of a hot gas lightly laden with particulates should produce a stronger shock than eruption of a cooler or heavily laden fluid. An empirical expression suggests that the initial velocity of the head of supersonic volcanic jets is controlled by the sound speed and the ratio of the density of the erupting fluid to that of the atmosphere. The duration of gas or pseudogas eruptions is controlled by the sound speed of the fluid and the ratio of reservoir volume to vent area.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB089iB10p08253","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Kieffer, S.W., and Sturtevant, B., 1984, Laboratory studies of volcanic jets: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 89, no. B10, p. 8253-8268, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB089iB10p08253.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"8253","endPage":"8268","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":480209,"rank":2,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20141029-163731844","text":"External Repository"},{"id":225286,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"89","issue":"B10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4118e4b0c8380cd652b9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kieffer, S. W.","contributorId":19186,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kieffer","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367168,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sturtevant, B.","contributorId":48318,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sturtevant","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367169,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70013544,"text":"70013544 - 1984 - Geophysical investigation of a Suture Zone: The Border Ranges Fault of southern Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-27T16:27:39.279453","indexId":"70013544","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":6453,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geophysical investigation of a Suture Zone: The Border Ranges Fault of southern Alaska","docAbstract":"The Border Ranges fault separates structurally complex accreted Cretaceous rocks from less deformed middle or late Paleozoic and younger rocks in the Cook-Shelikof basin. Of the five types of geophysical data used to investigate this fault, gravity data give the clearest indication of its presence and crustal structure. For at least 400 km along the fault, gravity anomalies include a +20 to +30 mGal peak along the fault's upper plate and a −40 mGal trough along the lower plate. The paired anomaly can be modeled satisfactorily by a simple step, in a deep dense layer, that lies within 3 km of the projected offshore location of the fault. Relatively low-density rocks lie along the fault's lower plate to a depth of about 10 km, and the upper part of the fault dips within 20° of vertical. Satellite altimetry data show that two circular geoid lows lie along the Border Ranges fault and coincide with lows in free air gravity data. Seismic refraction and seismic reflection data suggest that the large-scale density anomalies that cause both types of lows must lie at depths greater than about 1 km within the margin. Three regional magnetic anomalies (Knik Arm, Seldovia, and Shelikof) terminate at the Border Ranges fault, suggesting that the fault truncates obliquely rocks that lie along its northwest side. Six seismic reflection lines cross the Border Ranges fault, but none of them shows reflections from it. The absence of such reflections probably results from the fault's steep dip and from the presence of strong water bottom multiples in the data. From the Late Jurassic until the early Late Cretaceous, the magmatic arc near the Cook-Shelikof basin was inactive, and we infer that the predominant motion along the Border Ranges fault was strike slip. Resurgent Late Cretaceous magmatism was contemporaneous with uplift of rocks along the northwest side of the Border Ranges fault and with deformation of turbidite sequences in the fault's lower plate. We propose that during the Late Cretaceous, motion along the Border Ranges changed from strike slip to reverse. Cenozoic rocks near the fault show no evidence for post-Cretaceous fault movement.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB089iB13p11333","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Fisher, M.A., and von Huene, R.E., 1984, Geophysical investigation of a Suture Zone: The Border Ranges Fault of southern Alaska: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 89, no. B13, p. 11333-11351, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB089iB13p11333.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"11333","endPage":"11351","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220044,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"89","issue":"B13","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2828e4b0c8380cd59ea8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fisher, M. A.","contributorId":69972,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fisher","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366309,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"von Huene, Roland E. 0000-0003-1301-3866 rvonhuene@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1301-3866","contributorId":191070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"von Huene","given":"Roland","email":"rvonhuene@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":7065,"text":"USGS emeritus","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":366310,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70013353,"text":"70013353 - 1984 - Deglaciation and postglacial timberline in the San Juan Mountains, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-26T15:47:38","indexId":"70013353","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3218,"text":"Quaternary Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Deglaciation and postglacial timberline in the San Juan Mountains, Colorado","docAbstract":"Lake Emma, which no longer exists because of a mining accident, was a tarn in a south-facing cirque near the headwaters of the Animas River in the San Juan Mountains of southwestern Colorado. During the Pinedale glaciation, this area was covered by a large transection glacier centered over the Lake Emma region. Three radiocarbon dates on basal organic sediment from Lake Emma indicate that by ca. 15,000 yr B.P. this glacier, one of the largest in the southern Rocky Mountains, no longer existed. Twenty-two radiocarbon dates on Picea and Abies krummholz fragments in the Lake Emma deposits indicate that from ca. 9600 to 7800 yr B.P., from 6700 to 5600 yr B.P., and at 3100 yr B.P. the krummholz limit was at least 70 m higher than present. These data, in conjunction with Picea:Pinus pollen ratios from both the Lake Emma site and the Hurricane Basin site of J. T. Andrews, P. E. Carrara, F. B. King, and R. Struckenrath (1975, Quaternary Research 5, 173-197) suggest than from ca. 9600 to 3000 yr B.P. timberline in the San Juan Mountains was higher than present. Cooling apparently began ca. 3000 yr B.P. as indicated by decreases in both the percentage of Picea pollen and Picea:Pinus pollen ratios at the Hurricane Basin site (Andrews et al., 1975). Cooling is also suggested by the lack of Picea or Abies fragments younger than 3000 yr B.P. at either the Lake Emma or the Hurricane Basin site. ?? 1984.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Quaternary Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/0033-5894(84)90088-7","issn":"00335894","usgsCitation":"Carrara, P., Mode, W., Rubin, M., and Robinson, S., 1984, Deglaciation and postglacial timberline in the San Juan Mountains, Colorado: Quaternary Research, v. 21, no. 1, p. 42-55, https://doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(84)90088-7.","startPage":"42","endPage":"55","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":266556,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(84)90088-7"},{"id":220139,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"21","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fe51e4b0c8380cd4ec7f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carrara, P. E.","contributorId":33727,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carrara","given":"P. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365879,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mode, W.N.","contributorId":12195,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mode","given":"W.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365877,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rubin, M.","contributorId":88079,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rubin","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365880,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Robinson, S.W.","contributorId":30985,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"S.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365878,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":5221932,"text":"5221932 - 1984 - Response of avian communities to herbicide-induced vegetation changes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-11-06T15:47:14.134138","indexId":"5221932","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Response of avian communities to herbicide-induced vegetation changes","docAbstract":"The relationships between avian communities and herbicide modification of vegetation were analyzed on early-growth clear-cuts in western Oregon that had received phenoxy herbicide treatment 1 or 4 years previously. For both 1 and 4 years post-spray, vegetation development was greater in the third height interval (> 3.0 m) on untreated sites. All measures of vegetative diversity on untreated sites exceeded those on treated sites. Overall density and diversity of birds were similar between treated and untreated sites. Several bird species altered their foraging behavior on treated sites, i.e., birds using deciduous trees increased use of shrubs on treated sites. The primary effect of herbicide application was a reduction in the complexity of vegetation, a condition due primarity to the removal of deciduous trees. Small patches of deciduous trees scattered in clear-cuts treated with phenoxy herbicides can maintain an avian community similar to that on untreated sites.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3808449","usgsCitation":"Morrison, M.L., and Meslow, E.C., 1984, Response of avian communities to herbicide-induced vegetation changes: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 48, no. 1, p. 14-22, https://doi.org/10.2307/3808449.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"14","endPage":"22","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":193413,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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\"}}]}","volume":"48","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4fe4b07f02db6283e6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morrison, Michael L.","contributorId":169013,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Morrison","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335061,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Meslow, E. Charles","contributorId":75100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meslow","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"Charles","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335060,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70013601,"text":"70013601 - 1984 - Review of developments in space remote sensing for monitoring resources","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-05-09T18:44:52.591106","indexId":"70013601","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Review of developments in space remote sensing for monitoring resources","docAbstract":"Space remote sensing systems are compared for suitability in assessing and monitoring the Earth's renewable resources. Systems reviewed include the Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM), the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR), the French Systeme Probatoire d'Observation de la Terre (SPOT), the German Shuttle Pallet Satellite (SPAS) Modular Optoelectronic Multispectral Scanner (MOMS), the European Space Agency (ESA) Spacelab Metric Camera, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Large Format Camera (LFC) and Shuttle Imaging Radar (SIR-A and -B), the Russian Meteor satellite BIK-E and fragment experiments and MKF-6M and KATE-140 camera systems, the ESA Earth Resources Satellite (ERS-1), the Japanese Marine Observation Satellite (MOS-1) and Earth Resources Satellite (JERS-1), the Canadian Radarsat, the Indian Resources Satellite (IRS), and systems proposed or planned by China, Brazil, Indonesia, and others. Also reviewed are the concepts for a 6-channel Shuttle Imaging Spectroradiometer, a 128-channel Shuttle Imaging Spectrometer Experiment (SISEX), and the U. S. Mapsat.","conferenceTitle":"35th Congress of the International Astronautical Federation","conferenceLocation":"Lausanne, Switzerland","language":"English","publisher":"AIAA","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, USA","usgsCitation":"Watkins, A., Lauer, D.T., Bailey, G., Moore, D.G., and Rohde, W.G., 1984, Review of developments in space remote sensing for monitoring resources, 35th Congress of the International Astronautical Federation, Lausanne, Switzerland.","numberOfPages":"31","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":219814,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a9361e4b0c8380cd80d9b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Watkins, Allen H.","contributorId":90466,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watkins","given":"Allen H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366450,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lauer, D. T.","contributorId":47907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lauer","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366449,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bailey, G. B.","contributorId":105041,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bailey","given":"G. B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366451,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Moore, D. G.","contributorId":7285,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366447,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Rohde, W. G.","contributorId":17759,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rohde","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366448,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70013310,"text":"70013310 - 1984 - Interactions of solutes and streambed sediment: 1. An experimental analysis of cation and anion transport in a mountain stream","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-20T19:29:01","indexId":"70013310","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Interactions of solutes and streambed sediment: 1. An experimental analysis of cation and anion transport in a mountain stream","docAbstract":"An experimental injection was performed to study the transport of stream water solutes under conditions of significant interaction with streambed sediments in a mountain pool-and-riffle stream. Experiments were conducted in Little Lost Man Creek, Humboldt County, California, in a period of low flow duringwhich only a part of the bank-full channel held active surface flow. The injection of chloride and several trace cations lasted 20 days. In this report we discuss the results of the first 24 hours of the injection and survey the results of the first 10 days. Solute-streambed interactions of two types were observed. First, the physical transport of the conservative tracer, chloride, was affected by intergravel flow and stagnant watt, zones created by the bed relief. Second, the transport of the cations (strontium, potassium, and lithium) was appreciably modified by sorption onto streambed sediment. In the stream the readily observable consequence of the solute-streambed interactions was an attenuation of the dissolved concentration of each of the tracers. The attenuation in the stream channel occurred concurrently with the storage of tracers in the streambed via both physical and chemical processes. All tracers were subsequently present in shallow wells dug several meters from the wetted part of the channel. Sediment samples collected approximately 3 weeks after the start of the injection contained increased concentrations of the injected cations.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR020i012p01797","usgsCitation":"Bencala, K.E., Kennedy, V.C., Zellweger, G.W., Jackman, A.P., and Avanzino, R.J., 1984, Interactions of solutes and streambed sediment: 1. An experimental analysis of cation and anion transport in a mountain stream: Water Resources Research, v. 20, no. 12, p. 1797-1803, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR020i012p01797.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"1797","endPage":"1803","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":220420,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Humboldt County","otherGeospatial":"Little Lost Man Creek","volume":"20","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3cd0e4b0c8380cd6307f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bencala, Kenneth E. kbencala@usgs.gov","contributorId":1541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bencala","given":"Kenneth","email":"kbencala@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":365789,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kennedy, Vance C.","contributorId":102063,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kennedy","given":"Vance","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365786,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zellweger, Gary W.","contributorId":71171,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zellweger","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365788,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Jackman, Alan P.","contributorId":28239,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jackman","given":"Alan","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365787,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Avanzino, Ronald J.","contributorId":24355,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Avanzino","given":"Ronald","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365785,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70013164,"text":"70013164 - 1984 - Distribution of trace elements in coal from the Powhatan No. 6 mine, Ohio","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-02T16:44:08.44206","indexId":"70013164","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1709,"text":"Fuel","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Distribution of trace elements in coal from the Powhatan No. 6 mine, Ohio","docAbstract":"Size and density separates of low-temperature-ashed coal from the Powhatan No. 6 mine, Ohio, have been used to determine the mode of occurrence of 28 minor and trace elements in coal. The size distribution of the major minerals has been determined, and correlations of trace elements with major minerals have been made. The role of minor minerals in the mode of occurrence of trace elements is also discussed. Instrumental-neutron-activation analysis was used to determine elemental concentrations, and X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy were used for mineral identification.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-2361(84)90007-3","issn":"00162361","usgsCitation":"Palmer, C., and Filby, R., 1984, Distribution of trace elements in coal from the Powhatan No. 6 mine, Ohio: Fuel, v. 63, no. 3, p. 318-328, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-2361(84)90007-3.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"318","endPage":"328","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220183,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Ohio","otherGeospatial":"Powhatan No. 6 Mine","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -80.97002633381553,\n 39.899285314443205\n ],\n [\n -80.97002633381553,\n 39.898444085762804\n ],\n [\n -80.96803387008336,\n 39.898444085762804\n ],\n [\n -80.96803387008336,\n 39.899285314443205\n ],\n [\n -80.97002633381553,\n 39.899285314443205\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"63","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a030ce4b0c8380cd50301","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Palmer, C.A.","contributorId":81894,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Palmer","given":"C.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365445,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Filby, R.H.","contributorId":26071,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Filby","given":"R.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365444,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70013523,"text":"70013523 - 1984 - LINEAR MODELS FOR MANAGING SOURCES OF GROUNDWATER POLLUTION.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:19","indexId":"70013523","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"LINEAR MODELS FOR MANAGING SOURCES OF GROUNDWATER POLLUTION.","docAbstract":"Mathematical models for the problem of maintaining a specified groundwater quality while permitting solute waste disposal at various facilities distributed over space are discussed. The pollutants are assumed to be chemically inert and their concentrations in the groundwater are governed by linear equations for advection and diffusion. The aim is to determine a disposal policy which maximises the total amount of pollutants released during a fixed time T while meeting the condition that the concentration everywhere is below prescribed levels.","conferenceTitle":"Computational Techniques and Applications: CTAC-83.","conferenceLocation":"Sydney, Aust","language":"English","publisher":"North-Holland","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Neth","isbn":"0444875271","usgsCitation":"Gorelick, S.M., and Gustafson, S., 1984, LINEAR MODELS FOR MANAGING SOURCES OF GROUNDWATER POLLUTION., Computational Techniques and Applications: CTAC-83., Sydney, Aust, p. 591-596.","startPage":"591","endPage":"596","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219806,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a40e7e4b0c8380cd65121","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Noye JohnFletcher Clive","contributorId":128370,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Noye JohnFletcher Clive","id":536274,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Gorelick, Steven M.","contributorId":69295,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gorelick","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366260,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gustafson, Sven-Ake","contributorId":59557,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gustafson","given":"Sven-Ake","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366259,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70013308,"text":"70013308 - 1984 - Copper and cobalt in aquatic mosses and stream sediments from the Idaho Cobalt Belt","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-07T16:51:07.788742","indexId":"70013308","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2302,"text":"Journal of Geochemical Exploration","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Copper and cobalt in aquatic mosses and stream sediments from the Idaho Cobalt Belt","docAbstract":"Samples of stream sediments and aquatic mosses were collected from nine sites across several mineralized zones at the southeasternmost extension of the Idaho Cobalt Belt. Because the steepness of the terrain and the attendant high flow rate of the streams made it difficult to obtain adequate sediment samples, mosses were considered as an alternative sampling medium. The results not only showed that the Cu and Co content of the mosses correlated almost perfectly with that of the sediments, but that the contrast between samples taken from mineralized and background areas was greater in mosses, especially for Co. Maximum concentrations of 35,000 μg/g Cu and 2000 μg/g Co were observed in the ash of mosses, compared to maximum concentrations of 1700 μg/g and 320 μg/g, respectively, in the associated sediments. Species identification was considered unimportant, which should dispel some reluctance to use mosses in mineral exploration.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0375-6742(84)90091-8","issn":"03756742","usgsCitation":"Erdman, J.A., and Modreski, P., 1984, Copper and cobalt in aquatic mosses and stream sediments from the Idaho Cobalt Belt: Journal of Geochemical Exploration, v. 20, no. 1, p. 75-84, https://doi.org/10.1016/0375-6742(84)90091-8.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"75","endPage":"84","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220366,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fbf6e4b0c8380cd4e05c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Erdman, J. A.","contributorId":59786,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Erdman","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365777,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Modreski, P.J.","contributorId":98335,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Modreski","given":"P.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365778,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70013415,"text":"70013415 - 1984 - Accumulation of organic matter in Cretaceous oxygen-deficient depositional environments in the central Pacific Ocean","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-17T16:51:10.220955","indexId":"70013415","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2958,"text":"Organic Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Accumulation of organic matter in Cretaceous oxygen-deficient depositional environments in the central Pacific Ocean","docAbstract":"Complete records of organic-carbon-rich Cretaceous strata were continuouslycored on the flanks of the Mid-Pacific Mountains and southern Hess Rise in the central North Pacific Ocean during DSDP Leg 62. Organic-carbon-rich laminated silicified limestones were deposited in the western Mid-Pacific Mountains during the early Aptian, a time when that region was south of the equator and considerably shallower than at present. Organic-carbon-rich, laminated limestone on southern Hess Rise overlies volcanic basement and includes 136 m of stratigraphic section of late Albian to early Cenomanian age. This limestone unit was deposited rapidly as Hess Rise was passing under the equatorial high-productivity zone and was subsiding from shallow to intermediate depths. The association of volcanogenic components with organic-carbon-rich strata on Hess Rise in the Mid-Pacific Mountains is striking and suggests that there was a coincidence of mid-plate volcanic activity and the production and accumulation of organic matter at intermediate water depths in the tropical Pacific Ocean during the middle Cretaceous.
Pyrolysis assays and analyses of extractable hydrocarbons indicate that the organic matter in the limestone on Hess Rise is composed mainly of lipid-rich kerogen derived from aquatic marine organisms and bacteria. Limestones from the Mid-Pacific Mountains generally contain low ratios of pyrolytic hydrocarbons to organic carbon and low hydrogen indices, suggesting that the organic matter may contain a significant proportion of land-derived material, possibly derived from numerous volcanic islands that must have existed before the area subsided. The organic carbon in all samples analyzed is isotopically light (δ13C − 24 to − 29 per mil) relative to most modern rine organic carbon, and the lightest carbon is also the most lipid-rich.
There is a positive linear correlation between sulfur and organic carbon in samples from Hess Rise and from the Mid-Pacific Mountains. The slopes and intercepts of C-S regression lines however, are different for each site and all are different from regression lines for samples from modern anoxic marine sediments and from Black Sea cores.
The organic-carbon-rich limestones on Hess Rise, the Mid-Pacific Mountains, and other plateaus and seamounts in the Pacific Ocean are not synchronous but do occur within the same general middle Cretaceous time period as organic-carbon-rich lithofacies elsewhere in the world ocean, particularly in the Atlantic Ocean. Strata of equivalent age in the deep basins of the Pacific Ocean are not rich in organic carbon, and were deposited in oxygenated environments. This observation, together with the evidence that the plateau sites were considerably shallower and closse to the equator during the middle Creataceous suggests that local tectonic and hydrographic conditions may have resulted in high surface-water productivity and the preservation of organic matter in an oxygen-deficient environment where an expanded mid-water oxygen minimum developed and impinged on elevated platforms and seamounts.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0146-6380(84)90135-9","usgsCitation":"Dean, W., Claypool, G., and Thide, J., 1984, Accumulation of organic matter in Cretaceous oxygen-deficient depositional environments in the central Pacific Ocean: Organic Geochemistry, v. 7, no. 1, p. 39-51, https://doi.org/10.1016/0146-6380(84)90135-9.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"39","endPage":"51","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220308,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"7","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e683e4b0c8380cd4746e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dean, W.E.","contributorId":97099,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dean","given":"W.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366022,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Claypool, George E.","contributorId":8475,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Claypool","given":"George E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366020,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thide, J.","contributorId":64798,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thide","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366021,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70013938,"text":"70013938 - 1984 - Status and future of satellite image mapping: Based on experience of the U.S. Geological Survey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-03T13:53:05","indexId":"70013938","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Status and future of satellite image mapping: Based on experience of the U.S. Geological Survey","docAbstract":"Space systems now provide data in basically orthographic form which greatly simplifies the production of the image map. Moreover, the multispectral capability of space systems facilitates the use of the color mode when compared to aerial photography. Digital graphical information systems are now being developed on a global basis and the response from space which represents the image in multispectral form will undoubtedly be incorporated into such information systems. Thus, the capability of printing out the image along with more conventional map data will be a viable option.
","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the International Symposium on Remote Sensing of Environment","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the Eighteenth International Symposium on Remote Sensing of Environment.","conferenceLocation":"Paris, France","language":"English","publisher":"Environmental Research Inst of Michigan","publisherLocation":"Ann Arbor, MI","issn":"02755505","usgsCitation":"Colvocoresses, A.P., 1984, Status and future of satellite image mapping: Based on experience of the U.S. Geological Survey, in Proceedings of the International Symposium on Remote Sensing of Environment, v. 2, Paris, France, p. 957-960.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"957","endPage":"960","numberOfPages":"4","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225611,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aaf8de4b0c8380cd87660","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Cook Jerald J.","contributorId":128359,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Cook Jerald J.","id":536285,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Colvocoresses, Alden P.","contributorId":72779,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colvocoresses","given":"Alden","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":367206,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70013288,"text":"70013288 - 1984 - The heat capacities of osumilite from 298.15 to 1000 K, the thermodynamic properties of two natural chlorites to 500 K, and the thermodynamic properties of petalite to 1800 K.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:36","indexId":"70013288","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":738,"text":"American Mineralogist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The heat capacities of osumilite from 298.15 to 1000 K, the thermodynamic properties of two natural chlorites to 500 K, and the thermodynamic properties of petalite to 1800 K.","docAbstract":"Modifications to an automated low-T, adiabatic calorimeter are described. Thermodynamic data obtained with this instrument are reported for minerals from metamorphic terrains. (U.S. Bureau of Mines Report of Investigations 8451)-J.A.Z.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"American Mineralogist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"0003004X","usgsCitation":"Hemingway, B.S., Robie, R.A., Kittrick, J., Grew, E., Nelen, J., and London, D., 1984, The heat capacities of osumilite from 298.15 to 1000 K, the thermodynamic properties of two natural chlorites to 500 K, and the thermodynamic properties of petalite to 1800 K.: American Mineralogist, v. 69, no. 7-8, p. 701-710.","startPage":"701","endPage":"710","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220085,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"69","issue":"7-8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bacb2e4b08c986b32368c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hemingway, B. S.","contributorId":7268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hemingway","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365731,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Robie, R. A.","contributorId":71237,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robie","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365735,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kittrick, J.A.","contributorId":20893,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kittrick","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365732,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Grew, E.S.","contributorId":31401,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grew","given":"E.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365733,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Nelen, J.A.","contributorId":96821,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelen","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365736,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"London, D.","contributorId":61158,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"London","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365734,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":29127,"text":"wri844046 - 1984 - Hydrologic analysis of the High Plains aquifer system in Box Butte County, Nebraska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-13T20:11:00.43511","indexId":"wri844046","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"84-4046","title":"Hydrologic analysis of the High Plains aquifer system in Box Butte County, Nebraska","docAbstract":"During the past 40 years, pumpage of ground water for irrigation from the High Plains aquifer system underlying Box Butte County, Nebraska, has resulted in a steady decline of water levels. Consequently, a digital model of the aquifer system was constructed to evaluate various water-management alternatives. The hydraulic conductivity of the aquifer system ranges from 6 to 60 feet per day; the specific yield ranges from 12 to 21 percent; and natural recharge ranges from 0.06 to 4.33 inches annually. Predevelopment saturated thickness (1938) ranged from 190 to 510 feet. Water pumped in 1980 was estimated at 104,000 acre-feet from an estimated recoverable volume of 34.4 million acre-feet in the aquifer system. Results from model simulation predict that the area of water-level declines of 10 feet or more will increase from 336 square miles (1981) to 630 square miles by 1991 if pumpage is increased at the maximum annual rate experienced for the period 1972-81. Maximum water-level declines would increase from 50 feet (1981) to 79 feet (1991). However, pumpage rates held at the 1981 level (no further development) would limit the decline area of 10 feet or more to 530 square miles by 1991 and the maximum decline to 63 feet.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri844046","usgsCitation":"Pettijohn, R.A., and Chen, H., 1984, Hydrologic analysis of the High Plains aquifer system in Box Butte County, Nebraska: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 84-4046, v, 54 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri844046.","productDescription":"v, 54 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":415731,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_36677.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":57997,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4046/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":122905,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4046/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nebraska","county":"Box Butte County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -103.417,\n 42.433\n ],\n [\n -103.417,\n 42\n ],\n [\n -102.733,\n 42\n ],\n [\n -102.733,\n 42.433\n ],\n [\n -103.417,\n 42.433\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a29e4b07f02db6118f5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pettijohn, R. A.","contributorId":66743,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pettijohn","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200990,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chen, Hsiu-Hsiung","contributorId":6099,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chen","given":"Hsiu-Hsiung","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200989,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014019,"text":"70014019 - 1984 - The solubility of strontianite (SrCO3) in CO2-H2O solutions between 2 and 91°C, the association constants of SrHCO+3(aq) and SrCO03(aq) between 5 and 80°C, and an evaluation of the thermodynamic properties of Sr2+(aq) and SrCO3(cr) at 25°C and 1 atm total pressure","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-21T15:10:16","indexId":"70014019","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The solubility of strontianite (SrCO3) in CO2-H2O solutions between 2 and 91°C, the association constants of SrHCO+3(aq) and SrCO03(aq) between 5 and 80°C, and an evaluation of the thermodynamic properties of Sr2+(aq) and SrCO3(cr) at 25°C and 1 atm total pressure","docAbstract":"Seventy new measurements (SrT-Pco2 of the solubility of strontianite were used to evaluate the equilibrium constant for the reaction SrCO3(cr) = Sr2+(aq) + CO2−3(aq) between 2 and 91 °C. The temperature dependence of the equilibrium constant is given by the expression Log K = 155.0305 − 7239.594/T − 56.58638 log T where T is in degrees Kelvin. The log K of strontianite, the Gibbs energy, enthalpy and entropy of the reaction at 25°C are −9.271 ± 0.020, 52.919 ± 0.08 kJ · mol−1, −1.67 ± 1.30 kJ · mol−1, and −183.1 ± 4.0 J · mol−1 · K−1, respectively. The equilibrium constants are consistent with an aqueous model that includes the ion pairs SrHCO+3(aq) and SrCO03(aq) which were evaluated by potentiometric methods between 5 and 80°C. The equilibrium constant for the association reaction Sr2+(aq) + HCO−3(aq) =SrHCO+3aq) is given by the expression Log KSrHCO+3 = −3.248 + 0.014867T. The log of the association constant, the Gibbs energy, enthalpy and entropy of the reaction at 25°C are 1.18, −6.76 kJ · mol−1, 25.30 kJ · mol−1, and 107.5 J · mol−1 · K−1, respectively. The equilibrium constant for the association reaction Sr2+(aq) + CO2−3(aq) = SrCO03aq) is given by the expression Log KSrCO03 = −1.019 + 0.012826T. The log of the association constant, the Gibbs energy, enthalpy, and entropy of the reaction at 25°C are 2.81, −16.01 kJ · mol−1,21.83 kJ · mol−1, and 126.9 J · mol−1 · K−1, respectively. These results lead to reliable calculation of the aqueous speciation and solubility of strontianite in the system SrCO3-CO2-H2O from 0 to more than 90°C. Literature data on the solubility of strontianite have been evaluated and compared with these results.
\nOur new data for strontianite have been used in an evaluation of the thermodynamic properties of Sr2+(aq), SrCO3(cr) and related compounds. The following values are recommended for the standard enthalpy (kJ · mol−1), Gibbs energy (kJ · mol−1), and entropy (J · mol−1 · K−1), respectively, of Sr2+aq): −550.90 ± 0.50, −563.83 ± 0.8 and −31.50 ± 2.0, and for SrCO3(cr): −1225.77 ± 1.1, −1144.73 ± 1.0 and 97.2.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(84)90383-1","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Busenberg, E., Plummer, N., and Parker, V.B., 1984, The solubility of strontianite (SrCO3) in CO2-H2O solutions between 2 and 91°C, the association constants of SrHCO+3(aq) and SrCO03(aq) between 5 and 80°C, and an evaluation of the thermodynamic properties of Sr2+(aq) and SrCO3(cr) at 25°C and 1 atm total pressure: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 48, no. 10, p. 2021-2035, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(84)90383-1.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"2021","endPage":"2035","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225811,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"48","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb043e4b08c986b324d43","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Busenberg, Eurybiades ebusenbe@usgs.gov","contributorId":2271,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Busenberg","given":"Eurybiades","email":"ebusenbe@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":367389,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Plummer, Niel 0000-0002-4020-1013 nplummer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4020-1013","contributorId":190100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plummer","given":"Niel","email":"nplummer@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":367390,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Parker, Vivian B.","contributorId":19713,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parker","given":"Vivian","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367388,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}