A 43-acre watershed in Muskingum County, Ohio, was studied to determine the hydrologic consequences of strip mining for coal. A quantitative description of the effects on the ground-water flow components of the hydrologic system has been obtained using digital models.
The premining watershed was characterized by nearly flat-lying sedimentary rocks of the Pennsylvanian System. Underclay beneath the two major coal beds formed bases for perched zones, creating three separate aquifers. Recharge to the ground-water system occurred mainly by percolation of precipitation. Most of the discharge from the top and middle aquifers occurred by downward leakage to the underlying aquifers. A smaller amount of discharge occurred as springflow or streamflow near the intersections of the underclays and land surface.
Mining has destroyed the top aquifer, and has replaced the bedrock by spoil material. Water levels in the spoils are at a much lower altitude than existed in the premining top aquifer because of a combination of (1) a larger hydraulic conductivity, (2) areal variations of the hydraulic characteristics of the confining bed, and (3) a slower rate of recharge from precipitation caused by removal of vegetation and soil compaction. Covering of previously exposed portions of the middle aquifer and a lower hydraulic head in the spoils has allowed less recharge to the middle aquifer. Additional flow is induced across the western boundary of the watershed and has reduced the outflow across the eastern boundary. Discharge from the middle aquifer as downward leakage and streamflow is less than before mining.
A two-dimensional steady-state model of light-driven phytoplankton productivity and biomass in partially mixed estuaries has been developed. Effects of variations in river flow, suspended sediment concentration, phytoplankton sinking, self-shading and growth rates on distributions of phytoplankton biomass and productivity are investigated.
Numerical simulation experiments show that biomass and productivity are particularly sensitive to variations in suspended sediment concentrations typical of natural river sources and to variations in loss rates assumed to be realistic but poorly known for real systems. Changes in the loss rate term within the range of empirical error (such as from dark bottle incubation experiments) cause phytoplankton biomass to change by a factor of two. In estuaries with adequate light penetration in the water column, it could be an advantage for phytoplankton to sink. Species that sink increase their concentration and form a phytoplankton maximum in a way similar to the formation of the estuarine turbidity maximum. When attenuation is severe, however, sinking species have more difficulty in maintaining their population.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0272-7714(84)90016-7","issn":"02727714","usgsCitation":"Peterson, D.H., and Festa, J., 1984, Numerical simulation of phytoplankton productivity in partially mixed estuaries: Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, v. 19, no. 5, p. 563-589, https://doi.org/10.1016/0272-7714(84)90016-7.","productDescription":"27 p.","startPage":"563","endPage":"589","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":220019,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"19","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a68e4e4b0c8380cd73a5a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peterson, D. H.","contributorId":92229,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"D.","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367042,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Festa, J.F.","contributorId":97247,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Festa","given":"J.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367043,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70013864,"text":"70013864 - 1984 - ASSESSMENT OF HIGH-TEMPERATURE GEOTHERMAL RESOURCES IN HYDROTHERMAL CONVECTION SYSTEMS IN THE UNITED STATES.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:39","indexId":"70013864","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"ASSESSMENT OF HIGH-TEMPERATURE GEOTHERMAL RESOURCES IN HYDROTHERMAL CONVECTION SYSTEMS IN THE UNITED STATES.","docAbstract":"The amount of thermal energy in high-temperature geothermal systems (>150 degree C) in the United States has been calculated by estimating the temperature, area, and thickness of each identified system. These data, along with a general model for recoverability of geothermal energy and a calculation that takes account of the conversion of thermal energy to electricity, yield a resource estimate of 23,000 MWe for 30 years. The undiscovered component was estimated based on multipliers of the identified resource as either 72,000 or 127,000 MWe for 30 years depending on the model chosen for the distribution of undiscovered energy as a function of temperature.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference","conferenceTitle":"19th Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference: Advanced Energy Systems - Their Role in Our Future.","conferenceLocation":"San Francisco, CA, USA","publisher":"ANS","publisherLocation":"LaGrange Park, IL, USA","issn":"0146955X","isbn":"0894481150","usgsCitation":"Nathenson, M., 1984, ASSESSMENT OF HIGH-TEMPERATURE GEOTHERMAL RESOURCES IN HYDROTHERMAL CONVECTION SYSTEMS IN THE UNITED STATES., in Proceedings of the Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, San Francisco, CA, USA, p. 1295-1299.","startPage":"1295","endPage":"1299","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220017,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e637e4b0c8380cd47263","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nathenson, Manuel 0000-0002-5216-984X mnathnsn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5216-984X","contributorId":1358,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nathenson","given":"Manuel","email":"mnathnsn@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":367039,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70014030,"text":"70014030 - 1984 - Mineral resources of the Atlantic Exclusive Economic Zone","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-13T16:55:58","indexId":"70014030","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Mineral resources of the Atlantic Exclusive Economic Zone","docAbstract":"Potential mineral resources of the Atlantic Exclusive Economic Zone (including the Gulf of Mexico and US Caribbean areas) include petroleum, sand and gravel, phosphorite, placer deposits of heavy mineral sands, ferromanganese nodules, and fresh water. Although major efforts have been made to search for petroleum, the oil and gas resources of the region are well known only in the western Gulf Shelf and more exploration is under way. Heavy-mineral placer deposits, which may be sources of titanium, gold, rare earths, etc. , have been sampled, but the extent and, therefore, economic value of the deposits have not been identified. Sand and gravel, phosphorite, and ferromanganese nodules all are represented by fairly well established deposits, and only modified market conditions would be necessary to cause detailed exploration and mining.","largerWorkTitle":"Oceans Conference Record (IEEE)","conferenceTitle":"Oceans '84 Conference & Exposition, Conference Record: Industry, Government, Education, Designs for the Future.","conferenceLocation":"Washington, DC, USA","language":"English","publisher":"IEEE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, USA","issn":"01977385","usgsCitation":"Dillon, W.P., 1984, Mineral resources of the Atlantic Exclusive Economic Zone, in Oceans Conference Record (IEEE), Washington, DC, USA, p. 431-437.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"431","endPage":"437","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225995,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4acbe4b0c8380cd6905b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dillon, William P. bdillon@usgs.gov","contributorId":79820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dillon","given":"William","email":"bdillon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":367416,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70013248,"text":"70013248 - 1984 - Proton and metal ion binding to natural organic polyelectrolytes—I. Studies with synthetic model compounds","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-19T15:12:24.909799","indexId":"70013248","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2958,"text":"Organic Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Proton and metal ion binding to natural organic polyelectrolytes—I. Studies with synthetic model compounds","docAbstract":"A unified physico-chemical model, based on a modified Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, for the analysis of ion complexation reactions involving charged polymeric systems is presented and verified. In this model pH = pKa+p(ΔKa) + log(α/1 − α) where Ka is the intrinsic acid dissociation constant of the ionizable functional groups on the polymer, ΔKa is the deviation of the intrinsic constant due to electrostatic interaction between the hydrogen ion and the polyanion, and alpha (α) is the polyacid degree of ionization. Using this approach pKa values for repeating acidic units of polyacrylic (PAA) and polymethacrylic (PMA) acids were found to be 4.25 ± 0.03 and 4.8 ± 0.1, respectively. The polyion electrostatic deviation term derived from the potentiometric titration data (i.e. p(ΔKa)) is used to calculate metal ion concentration at the complexation site on the surface of the polyanion. Intrinsic cobalt-polycarboxylate binding constants (7.5 for PAA and 5.6 for PMA), obtained using this procedure, are consistent with the range of published binding constants for cobalt-monomer carboxylate complexes. In two phase systems incorporation of a Donnan membrane potential term allows determination of the intrinsic pKa of a cross-linked PMA gel, pKa = 4.83, in excellent agreement with the value obtained for the linear polyelectrolyte and the monomer. Similarly, the intrinsic stability constant for cobalt ion binding to a PMA-gel (βCoPMA+ = 11) was found to be in agreement with the linear polyelectrolyte analogue and the published data for cobalt-carboxylate monodentate complexes.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0146-6380(84)90116-5","usgsCitation":"Marinsky, J., and Reddy, M., 1984, Proton and metal ion binding to natural organic polyelectrolytes—I. Studies with synthetic model compounds: Organic Geochemistry, v. 7, no. 3-4, p. 207-214, https://doi.org/10.1016/0146-6380(84)90116-5.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"207","endPage":"214","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220418,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"7","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a8f94e4b0c8380cd7f844","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Marinsky, J.A.","contributorId":42706,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marinsky","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365636,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reddy, M.M.","contributorId":24363,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reddy","given":"M.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365635,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70013430,"text":"70013430 - 1984 - MUNSELL COLOR ANALYSIS OF LANDSAT COLOR-RATIO-COMPOSITE IMAGES OF LIMONITIC AREAS IN SOUTHWEST NEW MEXICO.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:35","indexId":"70013430","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"MUNSELL COLOR ANALYSIS OF LANDSAT COLOR-RATIO-COMPOSITE IMAGES OF LIMONITIC AREAS IN SOUTHWEST NEW MEXICO.","docAbstract":"Green areas on Landsat 4/5 - 4/6 - 6/7 (red - blue - green) color-ratio-composite (CRC) images represent limonite on the ground. Color variation on such images was analyzed to determine the causes of the color differences within and between the green areas. Digital transformation of the CRC data into the modified cylindrical Munsell color coordinates - hue, value, and saturation - was used to correlate image color characteristics with properties of surficial materials. The amount of limonite visible to the sensor is the primary cause of color differences in green areas on the CRCs. Vegetation density is a secondary cause of color variation of green areas on Landsat CRC images. Digital color analysis of Landsat CRC images can be used to map unknown areas. Color variations of green pixels allows discrimination among limonitic bedrock, nonlimonitic bedrock, nonlimonitic alluvium, and limonitic alluvium.","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the International Symposium on Remote Sensing of Environment, Third Thematic Conference: Remote Sensing for Exploration Geology.","conferenceLocation":"Colorado Springs, CO, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Environmental Research Inst of Michigan","publisherLocation":"Ann Arbor, MI, USA","usgsCitation":"Kruse, F.A., 1984, MUNSELL COLOR ANALYSIS OF LANDSAT COLOR-RATIO-COMPOSITE IMAGES OF LIMONITIC AREAS IN SOUTHWEST NEW MEXICO., Proceedings of the International Symposium on Remote Sensing of Environment, Third Thematic Conference: Remote Sensing for Exploration Geology., Colorado Springs, CO, USA, p. 761-773.","startPage":"761","endPage":"773","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220480,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4b03e4b0c8380cd6921d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kruse, Fred A.","contributorId":26811,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kruse","given":"Fred","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366046,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70013411,"text":"70013411 - 1984 - Radioactive disequilibria in mineralised fracture samples from two uranium occurrences in northern Sweden","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-22T20:32:32","indexId":"70013411","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2588,"text":"LITHOS","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Radioactive disequilibria in mineralised fracture samples from two uranium occurrences in northern Sweden","docAbstract":"Mineralised fractures from two uranium occurrences in northern Sweden were examined mineralogically and isotopically to establish the presence or absence of radioactive equilibrium that may indicate recent rock-water interaction processes based on the natural mobility of uranium (i.e.; during the last 0.5 Ma). The results show evidence of radioactive disequilibrium in six of the nine samples investigated. Disequilibria are attributable to solution to solid 234U recoil gain (weakly mineralised zones adjacent to the main mineralisation) and solid to solution 234U recoil loss (moderate to highly mineralised zones). The absence of significant 238U loss in the samples emphasises the reducing conditions at the sampled depths. ?? 1984.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"LITHOS","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0024-4937(84)90021-5","issn":"00244937","usgsCitation":"Smellie, J.A., and Rosholt, J., 1984, Radioactive disequilibria in mineralised fracture samples from two uranium occurrences in northern Sweden: LITHOS, v. 17, no. C, p. 215-225, https://doi.org/10.1016/0024-4937(84)90021-5.","startPage":"215","endPage":"225","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220254,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":267966,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0024-4937(84)90021-5"}],"volume":"17","issue":"C","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a93ace4b0c8380cd80f79","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smellie, John A.T.","contributorId":26437,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smellie","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"A.T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366014,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rosholt, J.N.","contributorId":37749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosholt","given":"J.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366015,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70013310,"text":"70013310 - 1984 - Interactions of solutes and streambed sediment: 1. An experimental analysis of cation and anion transport in a mountain stream","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-20T19:29:01","indexId":"70013310","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Interactions of solutes and streambed sediment: 1. An experimental analysis of cation and anion transport in a mountain stream","docAbstract":"An experimental injection was performed to study the transport of stream water solutes under conditions of significant interaction with streambed sediments in a mountain pool-and-riffle stream. Experiments were conducted in Little Lost Man Creek, Humboldt County, California, in a period of low flow duringwhich only a part of the bank-full channel held active surface flow. The injection of chloride and several trace cations lasted 20 days. In this report we discuss the results of the first 24 hours of the injection and survey the results of the first 10 days. Solute-streambed interactions of two types were observed. First, the physical transport of the conservative tracer, chloride, was affected by intergravel flow and stagnant watt, zones created by the bed relief. Second, the transport of the cations (strontium, potassium, and lithium) was appreciably modified by sorption onto streambed sediment. In the stream the readily observable consequence of the solute-streambed interactions was an attenuation of the dissolved concentration of each of the tracers. The attenuation in the stream channel occurred concurrently with the storage of tracers in the streambed via both physical and chemical processes. All tracers were subsequently present in shallow wells dug several meters from the wetted part of the channel. Sediment samples collected approximately 3 weeks after the start of the injection contained increased concentrations of the injected cations.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR020i012p01797","usgsCitation":"Bencala, K.E., Kennedy, V.C., Zellweger, G.W., Jackman, A.P., and Avanzino, R.J., 1984, Interactions of solutes and streambed sediment: 1. An experimental analysis of cation and anion transport in a mountain stream: Water Resources Research, v. 20, no. 12, p. 1797-1803, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR020i012p01797.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"1797","endPage":"1803","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":220420,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Humboldt County","otherGeospatial":"Little Lost Man Creek","volume":"20","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3cd0e4b0c8380cd6307f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bencala, Kenneth E. kbencala@usgs.gov","contributorId":1541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bencala","given":"Kenneth","email":"kbencala@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":365789,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kennedy, Vance C.","contributorId":102063,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kennedy","given":"Vance","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365786,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zellweger, Gary W.","contributorId":71171,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zellweger","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365788,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Jackman, Alan P.","contributorId":28239,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jackman","given":"Alan","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365787,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Avanzino, Ronald J.","contributorId":24355,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Avanzino","given":"Ronald","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365785,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70013308,"text":"70013308 - 1984 - Copper and cobalt in aquatic mosses and stream sediments from the Idaho Cobalt Belt","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-07T16:51:07.788742","indexId":"70013308","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2302,"text":"Journal of Geochemical Exploration","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Copper and cobalt in aquatic mosses and stream sediments from the Idaho Cobalt Belt","docAbstract":"Samples of stream sediments and aquatic mosses were collected from nine sites across several mineralized zones at the southeasternmost extension of the Idaho Cobalt Belt. Because the steepness of the terrain and the attendant high flow rate of the streams made it difficult to obtain adequate sediment samples, mosses were considered as an alternative sampling medium. The results not only showed that the Cu and Co content of the mosses correlated almost perfectly with that of the sediments, but that the contrast between samples taken from mineralized and background areas was greater in mosses, especially for Co. Maximum concentrations of 35,000 μg/g Cu and 2000 μg/g Co were observed in the ash of mosses, compared to maximum concentrations of 1700 μg/g and 320 μg/g, respectively, in the associated sediments. Species identification was considered unimportant, which should dispel some reluctance to use mosses in mineral exploration.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0375-6742(84)90091-8","issn":"03756742","usgsCitation":"Erdman, J.A., and Modreski, P., 1984, Copper and cobalt in aquatic mosses and stream sediments from the Idaho Cobalt Belt: Journal of Geochemical Exploration, v. 20, no. 1, p. 75-84, https://doi.org/10.1016/0375-6742(84)90091-8.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"75","endPage":"84","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220366,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fbf6e4b0c8380cd4e05c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Erdman, J. A.","contributorId":59786,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Erdman","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365777,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Modreski, P.J.","contributorId":98335,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Modreski","given":"P.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365778,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70013357,"text":"70013357 - 1984 - Development and evaluation of a gas chromatographic method for the determination of triazine herbicides in natural water samples","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-20T19:50:52","indexId":"70013357","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2040,"text":"International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Development and evaluation of a gas chromatographic method for the determination of triazine herbicides in natural water samples","docAbstract":"A multi-residue method is described for the determination o triazine herbicides in natural water samples. The technique uses solvent extraction followed by gas chromatographic separation and detection employing nitrogen-selective devices. Seven compounds can be determined simultaneously at a nominal detection limit of 0.1 μg/L in a 1-litre sample. Three different natural water samples were used for error analysis via evaluation of recovery efficiencies and estimation of overall method precision. As an alternative to liquid-liquid partition (solvent extraction) for removal of compounds of interest from water, solid-phase extraction (SPE) techniques employing chromatographic grade silicas with chemically modified surfaces have been examined. SPE is found to provide rapid and efficient concentration with quantitative recovery of some triazine herbicides from natural water samples. Concentration factors of 500 to 1000 times are obtained readily by the SPE technique.
The major and minor element composition of ferromanganese nodules from DOMES Site A has been determined by X-ray fluorescence methods. Three phases appear to control the bulk compositions: Mn and Fe oxyhydroxides and aluminosilicates. Relatively wide compositional variations are evident throughout the area. Nodules with high Mn/Fe ratios, high Cu, Mg, Mo, Ni and Zn concentrations and high todorokite/δ-MnO2 ratios have granular surface textures and are confined to an east-west trending depression with thin Quaternary sediment cover. Nodules with low Mn/Fe ratios, high concentrations of As, Ca, Ce, Co, La, P, Sr, Ti, V, Y and Zr and low todorokite/δ-MnO2 ratios have smooth surfaces and are confined to shallower areas with relatively thick Quaternary sediment to the north and south of the depression.
All nodules in the area have compositions which are influenced by diagenesis, but those with the most marked diagenetic signature (high Mn/Fe and Cu/Ni ratios, low Ce/La ratios and more todorokite) are found in areas of very slow or non-existent sedimentation; many of these nodules are actually in contact with outcropping Tertiary sediment. This paradox may be resolved by postulating, by analogy with some shallow-water occurrences, that the nodules accrete from bottom waters which have enhanced particulate and dissolved metal contents derived from diagenetic reaction in areas remote from the site of nodule formation. The metals are supplied in a bottom flow (probably Antarctic Bottom Water) which also erodes, or prevents modern sedimentation in, the depression. Nodules on the flanks of the depression are not evidently affected by this flow and derive at least pan of their constituent metals from diagenetic reaction in the underlying Quaternary sediment.
Apparently, abyssal diagenetic nodules can have an immediate and a remote diagenetic metal source. Metal fluxes derived from pore water dissolved metal gradients may not be relevant to particular accreting nodules if a significant fraction of their metals is derived from outside the area in which they form.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(84)90374-0","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Calvert, S., and Piper, D., 1984, Geochemistry of ferromanganese nodules from DOMES site a, Northern Equatorial Pacific: Multiple diagenetic metal sources in the deep sea: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 48, no. 10, p. 1913-1928, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(84)90374-0.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"1913","endPage":"1928","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220614,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"48","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a16f4e4b0c8380cd5531d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Calvert, S.E.","contributorId":12196,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Calvert","given":"S.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366911,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Piper, D.Z.","contributorId":34154,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Piper","given":"D.Z.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366912,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70013353,"text":"70013353 - 1984 - Deglaciation and postglacial timberline in the San Juan Mountains, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-26T15:47:38","indexId":"70013353","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3218,"text":"Quaternary Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Deglaciation and postglacial timberline in the San Juan Mountains, Colorado","docAbstract":"Lake Emma, which no longer exists because of a mining accident, was a tarn in a south-facing cirque near the headwaters of the Animas River in the San Juan Mountains of southwestern Colorado. During the Pinedale glaciation, this area was covered by a large transection glacier centered over the Lake Emma region. Three radiocarbon dates on basal organic sediment from Lake Emma indicate that by ca. 15,000 yr B.P. this glacier, one of the largest in the southern Rocky Mountains, no longer existed. Twenty-two radiocarbon dates on Picea and Abies krummholz fragments in the Lake Emma deposits indicate that from ca. 9600 to 7800 yr B.P., from 6700 to 5600 yr B.P., and at 3100 yr B.P. the krummholz limit was at least 70 m higher than present. These data, in conjunction with Picea:Pinus pollen ratios from both the Lake Emma site and the Hurricane Basin site of J. T. Andrews, P. E. Carrara, F. B. King, and R. Struckenrath (1975, Quaternary Research 5, 173-197) suggest than from ca. 9600 to 3000 yr B.P. timberline in the San Juan Mountains was higher than present. Cooling apparently began ca. 3000 yr B.P. as indicated by decreases in both the percentage of Picea pollen and Picea:Pinus pollen ratios at the Hurricane Basin site (Andrews et al., 1975). Cooling is also suggested by the lack of Picea or Abies fragments younger than 3000 yr B.P. at either the Lake Emma or the Hurricane Basin site. ?? 1984.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Quaternary Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/0033-5894(84)90088-7","issn":"00335894","usgsCitation":"Carrara, P., Mode, W., Rubin, M., and Robinson, S., 1984, Deglaciation and postglacial timberline in the San Juan Mountains, Colorado: Quaternary Research, v. 21, no. 1, p. 42-55, https://doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(84)90088-7.","startPage":"42","endPage":"55","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":266556,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(84)90088-7"},{"id":220139,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"21","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fe51e4b0c8380cd4ec7f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carrara, P. E.","contributorId":33727,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carrara","given":"P. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365879,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mode, W.N.","contributorId":12195,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mode","given":"W.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365877,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rubin, M.","contributorId":88079,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rubin","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365880,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Robinson, S.W.","contributorId":30985,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"S.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365878,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70014019,"text":"70014019 - 1984 - The solubility of strontianite (SrCO3) in CO2-H2O solutions between 2 and 91°C, the association constants of SrHCO+3(aq) and SrCO03(aq) between 5 and 80°C, and an evaluation of the thermodynamic properties of Sr2+(aq) and SrCO3(cr) at 25°C and 1 atm total pressure","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-21T15:10:16","indexId":"70014019","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The solubility of strontianite (SrCO3) in CO2-H2O solutions between 2 and 91°C, the association constants of SrHCO+3(aq) and SrCO03(aq) between 5 and 80°C, and an evaluation of the thermodynamic properties of Sr2+(aq) and SrCO3(cr) at 25°C and 1 atm total pressure","docAbstract":"Seventy new measurements (SrT-Pco2 of the solubility of strontianite were used to evaluate the equilibrium constant for the reaction SrCO3(cr) = Sr2+(aq) + CO2−3(aq) between 2 and 91 °C. The temperature dependence of the equilibrium constant is given by the expression Log K = 155.0305 − 7239.594/T − 56.58638 log T where T is in degrees Kelvin. The log K of strontianite, the Gibbs energy, enthalpy and entropy of the reaction at 25°C are −9.271 ± 0.020, 52.919 ± 0.08 kJ · mol−1, −1.67 ± 1.30 kJ · mol−1, and −183.1 ± 4.0 J · mol−1 · K−1, respectively. The equilibrium constants are consistent with an aqueous model that includes the ion pairs SrHCO+3(aq) and SrCO03(aq) which were evaluated by potentiometric methods between 5 and 80°C. The equilibrium constant for the association reaction Sr2+(aq) + HCO−3(aq) =SrHCO+3aq) is given by the expression Log KSrHCO+3 = −3.248 + 0.014867T. The log of the association constant, the Gibbs energy, enthalpy and entropy of the reaction at 25°C are 1.18, −6.76 kJ · mol−1, 25.30 kJ · mol−1, and 107.5 J · mol−1 · K−1, respectively. The equilibrium constant for the association reaction Sr2+(aq) + CO2−3(aq) = SrCO03aq) is given by the expression Log KSrCO03 = −1.019 + 0.012826T. The log of the association constant, the Gibbs energy, enthalpy, and entropy of the reaction at 25°C are 2.81, −16.01 kJ · mol−1,21.83 kJ · mol−1, and 126.9 J · mol−1 · K−1, respectively. These results lead to reliable calculation of the aqueous speciation and solubility of strontianite in the system SrCO3-CO2-H2O from 0 to more than 90°C. Literature data on the solubility of strontianite have been evaluated and compared with these results.
\nOur new data for strontianite have been used in an evaluation of the thermodynamic properties of Sr2+(aq), SrCO3(cr) and related compounds. The following values are recommended for the standard enthalpy (kJ · mol−1), Gibbs energy (kJ · mol−1), and entropy (J · mol−1 · K−1), respectively, of Sr2+aq): −550.90 ± 0.50, −563.83 ± 0.8 and −31.50 ± 2.0, and for SrCO3(cr): −1225.77 ± 1.1, −1144.73 ± 1.0 and 97.2.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(84)90383-1","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Busenberg, E., Plummer, N., and Parker, V.B., 1984, The solubility of strontianite (SrCO3) in CO2-H2O solutions between 2 and 91°C, the association constants of SrHCO+3(aq) and SrCO03(aq) between 5 and 80°C, and an evaluation of the thermodynamic properties of Sr2+(aq) and SrCO3(cr) at 25°C and 1 atm total pressure: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 48, no. 10, p. 2021-2035, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(84)90383-1.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"2021","endPage":"2035","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225811,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"48","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb043e4b08c986b324d43","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Busenberg, Eurybiades ebusenbe@usgs.gov","contributorId":2271,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Busenberg","given":"Eurybiades","email":"ebusenbe@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":367389,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Plummer, Niel 0000-0002-4020-1013 nplummer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4020-1013","contributorId":190100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plummer","given":"Niel","email":"nplummer@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":367390,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Parker, Vivian B.","contributorId":19713,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parker","given":"Vivian","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367388,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70013406,"text":"70013406 - 1984 - MICROCHARACTERIZATION OF ARSENIC- AND SELENIUM-BEARING PYRITE IN UPPER FREEPORT COAL, INDIANA COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:36","indexId":"70013406","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3335,"text":"Scanning Electron Microscopy","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"MICROCHARACTERIZATION OF ARSENIC- AND SELENIUM-BEARING PYRITE IN UPPER FREEPORT COAL, INDIANA COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA.","docAbstract":"Optical and scanning electron microscope as well as electron and proton microprobe techniques have been used in a detailed investigation of the modes of occurrence of arsenic and selenium in pyrite in Upper Freeport coal from the Homer City area, Indiana County, Pennsylvania. Polished blocks were prepared from columnar samples of the coal bed to represent particular zones continuously from top to bottom. Initial selection of zones to be studied was based on chemical analysis of bench-channel samples. Microprobe data indicate that the highest concentrations of arsenic (as great as 1. 5 wt. %) are apparently in solid solution in pyrite within a limited stratigraphic interval of the coal bed. Smaller amounts of arsenic and selenium (concentrations up to approximately 0. 1 and 0. 2 wt. % respectively) were detected at isolated points within pyrite grains in various strata of the coal bed.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Scanning Electron Microscopy","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"05865581","usgsCitation":"Minkin, J., Finkelman, R.B., Thompson, C., Chao, E.C., Ruppert, L., Blank, H., and Cecil, C.B., 1984, MICROCHARACTERIZATION OF ARSENIC- AND SELENIUM-BEARING PYRITE IN UPPER FREEPORT COAL, INDIANA COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA.: Scanning Electron Microscopy, no. pt 4, p. 1515-1529.","startPage":"1515","endPage":"1529","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220143,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"pt 4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4ac5e4b0c8380cd6901c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Minkin, J.A.","contributorId":38588,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Minkin","given":"J.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366001,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Finkelman, R. B.","contributorId":20341,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finkelman","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366000,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thompson, C.L.","contributorId":12189,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"C.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365999,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Chao, E. C. T.","contributorId":96713,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chao","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"C. T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366005,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ruppert, L.F. 0000-0003-4990-0539","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4990-0539","contributorId":59043,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruppert","given":"L.F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366002,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Blank, H.","contributorId":63275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blank","given":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366004,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Cecil, C. B. 0000-0002-9032-1689","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9032-1689","contributorId":62204,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cecil","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366003,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70013292,"text":"70013292 - 1984 - THERMAL-INERTIA MAPPING IN VEGETATED TERRAIN FROM HEAT CAPACITY MAPPING MISSION SATELLITE DATA.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:36","indexId":"70013292","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"THERMAL-INERTIA MAPPING IN VEGETATED TERRAIN FROM HEAT CAPACITY MAPPING MISSION SATELLITE DATA.","docAbstract":"Thermal-inertia data, derived from the Heat Capacity Mapping Mission (HCMM) satellite, were analyzed in areas of varying amounts of vegetation cover. Thermal differences which appear to correlate with lithologic differences have been observed previously in areas of substantial vegetation cover. However, the energy exchange occurring within the canopy is much more complex than that used to develop the methods employed to produce thermal-inertia images. Because adequate models are lacking at present, the interpretation is largely dependent on comparison, correlation, and inference. Two study areas were selected in the western United States: the Richfield, Utah and the Silver City, Arizona-New Mexico, 1 degree multiplied by 2 degree quadrangles. Many thermal-inertia highs were found to be associated with geologic-unit boundaries, faults, and ridges. Lows occur in valleys with residual soil cover.","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the International Symposium on Remote Sensing of Environment, Third Thematic Conference: Remote Sensing for Exploration Geology.","conferenceLocation":"Colorado Springs, CO, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Environmental Research Inst of Michigan","publisherLocation":"Ann Arbor, MI, USA","usgsCitation":"Watson, K., and Hummer-Miller, S., 1984, THERMAL-INERTIA MAPPING IN VEGETATED TERRAIN FROM HEAT CAPACITY MAPPING MISSION SATELLITE DATA., Proceedings of the International Symposium on Remote Sensing of Environment, Third Thematic Conference: Remote Sensing for Exploration Geology., Colorado Springs, CO, USA, p. 197-216.","startPage":"197","endPage":"216","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220138,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba389e4b08c986b31fd44","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Watson, Ken","contributorId":90317,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watson","given":"Ken","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365745,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hummer-Miller, Susanne","contributorId":38572,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hummer-Miller","given":"Susanne","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365744,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70013387,"text":"70013387 - 1984 - Inverse problems for torsional modes.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-12T11:25:23","indexId":"70013387","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1804,"text":"Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Inverse problems for torsional modes.","docAbstract":"Considers a spherically symmetric, non-rotating Earth consisting of an isotropic, perfect elastic material where the density and the S-wave velocity may have one or two discontinuities in the upper mantle. Shows that given the velocity throughout the mantle and the crust and given the density in the lower mantle, then the freqencies of the torsional oscillations of one angular order (one torsional spectrum), determine the density in the upper mantle and in the crust uniquely. If the velocity is known only in the lower mantle, then the frequencies of the torsional oscillations of two angular orders uniquely determine both the density and the velocity in the upper mantle and in the crust. In particular, the position and size of the discontinuities in the density and velocity are uniquely determined by two torsional spectra.-Author","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-246X.1984.tb05074.x","usgsCitation":"Willis, C., 1984, Inverse problems for torsional modes.: Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society, v. 78, no. 3, p. 847-853, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1984.tb05074.x.","startPage":"847","endPage":"853","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":480200,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246x.1984.tb05074.x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":219914,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":269141,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1984.tb05074.x"}],"volume":"78","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3e50e4b0c8380cd63c8b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Willis, C.","contributorId":12748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Willis","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365952,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70014011,"text":"70014011 - 1984 - Geology of El Chichon volcano, Chiapas, Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:36","indexId":"70014011","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geology of El Chichon volcano, Chiapas, Mexico","docAbstract":"The (pre-1982) 850-m-high andesitic stratovolcano El Chicho??n, active during Pleistocene and Holocene time, is located in rugged, densely forested terrain in northcentral Chiapas, Me??xico. The nearest neighboring Holocene volcanoes are 275 km and 200 km to the southeast and northwest, respectively. El Chicho??n is built on Tertiary siltstone and sandstone, underlain by Cretaceous dolomitic limestone; a 4-km-deep bore hole near the east base of the volcano penetrated this limestone and continued 770 m into a sequence of Jurassic or Cretaceous evaporitic anhydrite and halite. The basement rocks are folded into generally northwest-trending anticlines and synclines. El Chicho??n is built over a small dome-like structure superposed on a syncline, and this structure may reflect cumulative deformation related to growth of a crustal magma reservoir beneath the volcano. The cone of El Chicho??n consists almost entirely of pyroclastic rocks. The pre-1982 cone is marked by a 1200-m-diameter (explosion?) crater on the southwest flank and a 1600-m-diameter crater apparently of similar origin at the summit, a lava dome partly fills each crater. The timing of cone and dome growth is poorly known. Field evidence indicates that the flank dome is older than the summit dome, and K-Ar ages from samples high on the cone suggest that the flank dome is older than about 276,000 years. At least three pyroclastic eruptions have occurred during the past 1250 radiocarbon years. Nearly all of the pyroclastic and dome rocks are moderately to highly porphyritic andesite, with plagioclase, hornblende and clinopyroxene the most common phenocrysts. Geologists who mapped El Chicho??n in 1980 and 1981 warned that the volcano posed a substantial hazard to the surrounding region. This warning was proven to be prophetic by violent eruptions that occurred in March and April of 1982. These eruptions blasted away nearly all of the summit dome, blanketed the surrounding region with tephra, and sent pyroclastic flows down radial drainages on the flanks of the cone; about 0.3 km3 of material (density of all products normalized to 2.6 g cm-3) was erupted. More debris entered the stratosphere than from any other volcanic eruption within at least the past two decades. Halite and a calcium sulfate mineral (anhydrite?) recovered from the stratospheric cloud, and anhydrite as a common accessory mineral in 1982 juvenile erupted products may reflect contamination of El Chicho??n magma by the evaporite sequence revealed by drilling. ?? 1984.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Duffield, W.A., Tilling, R., and Canul, R., 1984, Geology of El Chichon volcano, Chiapas, Mexico: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 20, no. 1-2, p. 117-132.","startPage":"117","endPage":"132","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225678,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2488e4b0c8380cd5818c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Duffield, W. A.","contributorId":71935,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duffield","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367366,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tilling, R.I. 0000-0003-4263-7221","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4263-7221","contributorId":98311,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tilling","given":"R.I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367367,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Canul, R.","contributorId":31532,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Canul","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367365,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70014005,"text":"70014005 - 1984 - Carbon isotope fractionation of sapropelic organic matter during early diagenesis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-17T16:09:54.078708","indexId":"70014005","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2958,"text":"Organic Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Carbon isotope fractionation of sapropelic organic matter during early diagenesis","docAbstract":"Study of an algal, sapropelic sediment from Mangrove Lake, Bermuda shows that the mass balance of carbon and stable carbon isotopes in the major organic constituents is accounted for by a relatively straightforward model of selective preservation during diagenesis. The loss of 13C-enriched carbohydrates is the principal factor controlling the intermolecular mass balance of 13C in the sapropel. Results indicate that labile components are decomposed leaving as a residual concentrate in the sediment an insoluble humic substance that may be an original biochemical component of algae and associated bacteria. An overall decrease of up to about 4‰ in the δ 13C values of the organic matter is observed as a result of early diagenesis.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0146-6380(84)90016-0","usgsCitation":"Spiker, E.C., and Hatcher, P.G., 1984, Carbon isotope fractionation of sapropelic organic matter during early diagenesis: Organic Geochemistry, v. 5, no. 4, p. 283-290, https://doi.org/10.1016/0146-6380(84)90016-0.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"283","endPage":"290","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225550,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Bermuda","otherGeospatial":"Mangrove Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -64.74165211543514,\n 32.345696412628826\n ],\n [\n -64.74165211543514,\n 32.32102617325248\n ],\n [\n -64.70426092644328,\n 32.32102617325248\n ],\n [\n -64.70426092644328,\n 32.345696412628826\n ],\n [\n -64.74165211543514,\n 32.345696412628826\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"5","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f366e4b0c8380cd4b7a0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Spiker, Elliott C.","contributorId":50174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spiker","given":"Elliott","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367355,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hatcher, Patrick G.","contributorId":93625,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hatcher","given":"Patrick","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367354,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70012837,"text":"70012837 - 1984 - Proton and metal ion binding to natural organic polyelectrolytes—II. Preliminary investigation with a peat and a humic acid","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-19T15:25:39.008455","indexId":"70012837","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2958,"text":"Organic Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Proton and metal ion binding to natural organic polyelectrolytes—II. Preliminary investigation with a peat and a humic acid","docAbstract":"We summarize here experimental studies of proton and metal ion binding to a peat and a humic acid. Data analysis is based on a unified physico-chemical model for reaction of simple ions with polyelectrolytes employing a modified Henderson-Hasselbalch equation. Peat exhibited an apparent intrinsic acid dissociation constant of 10−4.05, and an apparent intrinsic metal ion binding constant of: 400 for cadmium ion; 600 for zinc ion; 4000 for copper ion; 20000 for lead ion. A humic acid was found to have an apparent intrinsic proton binding constant of 10−2.6. Copper ion binding to this humic acid sample occurred at two types of sites. The first site exhibited reaction characteristics which were independent of solution pH and required the interaction of two ligands on the humic acid matrix to simultaneously complex with each copper ion. The second complex species is assumed to be a simple monodentate copper ion-carboxylate species with a stability constant of 18.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0146-6380(84)90117-7","usgsCitation":"Marinsky, J., and Reddy, M., 1984, Proton and metal ion binding to natural organic polyelectrolytes—II. Preliminary investigation with a peat and a humic acid: Organic Geochemistry, v. 7, no. 3-4, p. 215-221, https://doi.org/10.1016/0146-6380(84)90117-7.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"215","endPage":"221","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222104,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"7","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a8f95e4b0c8380cd7f84a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Marinsky, J.A.","contributorId":42706,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marinsky","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364643,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reddy, M.M.","contributorId":24363,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reddy","given":"M.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364642,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70013288,"text":"70013288 - 1984 - The heat capacities of osumilite from 298.15 to 1000 K, the thermodynamic properties of two natural chlorites to 500 K, and the thermodynamic properties of petalite to 1800 K.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:36","indexId":"70013288","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":738,"text":"American Mineralogist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The heat capacities of osumilite from 298.15 to 1000 K, the thermodynamic properties of two natural chlorites to 500 K, and the thermodynamic properties of petalite to 1800 K.","docAbstract":"Modifications to an automated low-T, adiabatic calorimeter are described. Thermodynamic data obtained with this instrument are reported for minerals from metamorphic terrains. (U.S. Bureau of Mines Report of Investigations 8451)-J.A.Z.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"American Mineralogist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"0003004X","usgsCitation":"Hemingway, B.S., Robie, R.A., Kittrick, J., Grew, E., Nelen, J., and London, D., 1984, The heat capacities of osumilite from 298.15 to 1000 K, the thermodynamic properties of two natural chlorites to 500 K, and the thermodynamic properties of petalite to 1800 K.: American Mineralogist, v. 69, no. 7-8, p. 701-710.","startPage":"701","endPage":"710","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220085,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"69","issue":"7-8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bacb2e4b08c986b32368c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hemingway, B. S.","contributorId":7268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hemingway","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365731,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Robie, R. A.","contributorId":71237,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robie","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365735,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kittrick, J.A.","contributorId":20893,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kittrick","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365732,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Grew, E.S.","contributorId":31401,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grew","given":"E.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365733,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Nelen, J.A.","contributorId":96821,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelen","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365736,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"London, D.","contributorId":61158,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"London","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365734,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70012678,"text":"70012678 - 1984 - On the treatment of evapotranspiration, soil moisture accounting, and aquifer recharge in monthly water balance models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-12T17:45:00","indexId":"70012678","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"On the treatment of evapotranspiration, soil moisture accounting, and aquifer recharge in monthly water balance models","docAbstract":"Several two- to six-parameter regional water balance models are examined by using 50-year records of monthly streamflow at 10 sites in New Jersey. These models include variants of the Thornthwaite-Mather model, the Palmer model, and the more recent Thomas abcd model. Prediction errors are relatively similar among the models. However, simulated values of state variables such as soil moisture storage differ substantially among the models, and fitted parameter values for different models sometimes indicated an entirely different type of basin response to precipitation. Some problems in parameter identification are noted, including difficulties in identifying an appropriate time lag factor for the Thornthwaite-Mather-type model for basins with little groundwater storage, very high correlations between upper and lower storages in the Palmer-type model, and large sensitivity of parameter a of the abcd model to bias in estimates of precipitation and potential evapotranspiration. Modifications to the threshold concept of the Thornthwaite-Mather model were statistically valid for the six stations in northern New Jersey. The abcd model resulted in a simulated seasonal cycle of groundwater levels similar to fluctuations observed in nearby wells but with greater persistence. These results suggest that extreme caution should be used in attaching physical significance to model parameters and in using the state variables of the models in indices of drought and basin productivity.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR020i008p01137","usgsCitation":"Alley, W.M., 1984, On the treatment of evapotranspiration, soil moisture accounting, and aquifer recharge in monthly water balance models: Water Resources Research, v. 20, no. 8, p. 1137-1149, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR020i008p01137.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"1137","endPage":"1149","numberOfPages":"1","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222371,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6e03e4b0c8380cd7544b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Alley, William M. walley@usgs.gov","contributorId":1661,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alley","given":"William","email":"walley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":364205,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70013449,"text":"70013449 - 1984 - Evolution of the MOSS geographic information system for 32-bit computer systems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-04-18T14:33:04.669755","indexId":"70013449","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Evolution of the MOSS geographic information system for 32-bit computer systems","docAbstract":"The authors discuss the current status and plans regarding the 32-bit implementation of the Map Overly and Statistical System (MOSS) geographic information system. Increasing interest in this system is promoting significant expansion of its capabilities, but any such enhancements will require careful analysis and planning to ensure that the resulting system is functionally complete and efficient yet flexible enough to adapt to a variety of user requirements and systems. All enhancements must be coordinated among centers of development in order to ensure the continued viability of a single MOSS. A baseline software configuration must be defined, and procedures must be developed to ensure coordination of any modifications to the baseline. Finally, there is significant interest in maintaining the public-domain aspects of MOSS to promote its shared use in the Department of the Interior. For these reasons, coordination efforts such as those initiated by the IDCCC and the MOSS Users Workshop should be strongly supported by the MOSS user community.","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings - PECORA 9: Spatial Information Technologies for Remote Sensing Today and Tomorrow","conferenceLocation":"Sioux Falls, North Dakota, USA","language":"English","publisher":"IEEE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, USA","isbn":"081860588X","usgsCitation":"Thompson, R., and Oleson, L.R., 1984, Evolution of the MOSS geographic information system for 32-bit computer systems, Proceedings - PECORA 9: Spatial Information Technologies for Remote Sensing Today and Tomorrow, Sioux Falls, North Dakota, USA, p. 75-78.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"75","endPage":"78","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":219854,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a046be4b0c8380cd5098c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thompson, R.J.","contributorId":93624,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366090,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Oleson, Lyndon R.","contributorId":31904,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oleson","given":"Lyndon","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366089,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70013225,"text":"70013225 - 1984 - Application of mineral-solution equilibria to geochemical exploration for sandstone-hosted uranium deposits in two basins in west central Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-11T16:24:07.535841","indexId":"70013225","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Application of mineral-solution equilibria to geochemical exploration for sandstone-hosted uranium deposits in two basins in west central Utah","docAbstract":"A geochemical survey utilizing mainly ground waters was conducted in the Milford and Beaver basins. Waters were collected mainly from wells and springs at 100 sites and analyzed for major and minor elements. A computer model (WATEQ3) was used to calculate the redox potential and the state of saturation of the waters with respect to uraninite, coffinite, and other mineral phases. Several areas in the basins were shown to have ground-water environments of reducing redox potentials which are favorable for precipitation of reduced uranium minerals. In addition, the ground waters in some of these areas were shown to be saturated or near saturation with respect to uraninite and coffinite. These areas do not necessarily coincide with areas containing the highest concentrations of uranium in ground water. The methods described in this study for hydrogeochemical exploration for sandstone-hosted uranium deposits may have wide application, particularly throughout those filled basins in the western United States where nearby sources for uranium exist.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.79.2.266","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Miller, W.R., Wanty, R., and McHugh, J.B., 1984, Application of mineral-solution equilibria to geochemical exploration for sandstone-hosted uranium deposits in two basins in west central Utah: Economic Geology, v. 79, no. 2, p. 266-283, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.79.2.266.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"266","endPage":"283","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220133,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"79","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1984-04-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eca7e4b0c8380cd493ec","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, W. R.","contributorId":92239,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365580,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wanty, R. B. 0000-0002-2063-6423","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2063-6423","contributorId":66704,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wanty","given":"R. B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365578,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McHugh, J. B.","contributorId":79462,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McHugh","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365579,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}