Dams have negatively affected freshwater biodiversity throughout the world. These negative effects tend to be exacerbated for aquatic taxa with migratory life histories, and for taxa whose habitat is fundamentally altered by the formation of large reservoirs. Sauger (Sander candadensis; Percidae), large-bodied migratory fishes native to North America, have seen population declines over much of the species' range, and dams are often implicated for their role in blocking access to spawning habitat and otherwise negatively affecting river habitat. Furthermore, hybridization appears to be more frequent between sauger and walleye in the reservoirs formed by large dams. In this study, we examine the role of dams in altering sauger population connectivity and facilitating hybridization with introduced walleye in Wyoming's Wind River and Bighorn River systems. We collected genomic data from individuals sampled over a large spatial scale and replicated sampling throughout the spawning season, with the intent to capture potential variation in hybridization prevalence or genomic divergence between sauger with different life histories. The timing of sampling was not related to hybridization prevalence or population divergence, suggesting limited genetic differences between sauger spawning in different time and places. Overall, there was limited hybridization detected, however, hybridization was most prevalent in Boysen Reservoir (a large impounded section of the Wind River). Dams in the lower Wind River and upper Bighorn River were associated with population divergence between sauger upstream and downstream of the dams, and demographic models suggest that this divergence has occurred in concordance with the construction of the dam. Sauger upstream of the dams exhibited substantially lower estimates of genetic diversity, which implies that disrupted connectivity between Wind River and Bighorn River sauger populations may already be causing negative demographic effects. This research points towards the importance of considering the evolutionary consequences of dams on fish populations in addition to the threats they pose to population persistence.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/ece3.11706","usgsCitation":"Rosenthal, W., Mandeville, E., Pilkerton, A., Gerrity, P.C., Skorupski, J., Walters, A.W., and Wagner, C., 2024, Influence of dams on sauger population structure and hybridization with introduced walleye, v. 14, no. 7, e11706, 16 p., https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.11706.","productDescription":"e11706, 16 p.","ipdsId":"IP-145629","costCenters":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488124,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.11706","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":485447,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Bighorn River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -109.2,\n 45\n ],\n [\n -109.2,\n 42.8\n ],\n [\n -107.6,\n 42.8\n ],\n [\n -107.6,\n 45\n ],\n [\n -109.2,\n 45\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"14","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2024-07-21","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rosenthal, William C.","contributorId":244630,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rosenthal","given":"William C.","affiliations":[{"id":34113,"text":"University of Wisconsin Madison","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":935772,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mandeville, Elizabeth G.","contributorId":270691,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mandeville","given":"Elizabeth G.","affiliations":[{"id":56198,"text":"uwyo","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":935773,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pilkerton, Ashleigh","contributorId":346434,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pilkerton","given":"Ashleigh","affiliations":[{"id":63974,"text":"Wyoming Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":935774,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gerrity, Paul C.","contributorId":104198,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gerrity","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":935775,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Skorupski, Joseph A.","contributorId":354495,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Skorupski","given":"Joseph A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":935776,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Walters, Annika W. 0000-0002-8638-6682 awalters@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8638-6682","contributorId":4190,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walters","given":"Annika","email":"awalters@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":935777,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Wagner, Catherine E.","contributorId":337377,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wagner","given":"Catherine E.","affiliations":[{"id":36628,"text":"University of Wyoming","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":935778,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70259268,"text":"70259268 - 2024 - Experimental assessment of egg mat gear retention and collection efficacy","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-12-10T15:25:10.409709","indexId":"70259268","displayToPublicDate":"2024-07-21T06:46:30","publicationYear":"2024","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2287,"text":"Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Experimental assessment of egg mat gear retention and collection efficacy","docAbstract":"Assessment of egg deposition is widely used to provide an index of spawning efforts for lithophilic spawning fishes. However, little is known about the collection efficacy and bias of fish egg collection methods. We conducted a two-phased study consisting of a simulated-river flume study (two-part design), and a field study (an egg drift comparison with capture on mats) to assess egg collection methods and evaluate egg retention and capture on egg mats. Lake whitefish Coregonus clupeaformis egg retention on seeded mats decreased with increasing velocity and walleye Sander vitreus egg retention was variable as velocity increased. Fewer lake whitefish eggs were collected on egg mats when limestone reef rock was present in the flume study during the simulated spawned trials, but the inverse was true for walleye. Similarly, during field collections more lake whitefish eggs were collected in benthic D-shaped frame (D-frame) drift nets set near a known spawning reef compared to egg mats set on the reef, indicating lake whitefish eggs were drifting downstream along the river bottom. In contrast, fewer walleye eggs were observed in D-frame drift nets compared to number of eggs captured on the egg mats. Therefore, egg mats are an informative tool for evaluating walleye egg deposition in an immediate area but may underestimate egg deposition of lake whitefish, especially in lotic systems. Compared to other egg collection methods in the current literature, our study indicates that egg mats are useful for assessing egg deposition by lithophilic spawning fishes, but that the collection and retention efficacy and bias of this gear may vary between species and habitat types.
Wildfires and climate change are having transformative effects on vegetation composition and structure, and post-fire management may have long-lasting impacts on ecosystem reorganization. Post-fire aerial seeding treatments are commonly used to reduce runoff and soil erosion, but little is known about how seeding treatments affect native vegetation recovery over long periods of time, particularly in type-converted forests which have been dramatically transformed by the effects of repeated, high-severity fire. In this study, we analyze and report on a rare long-term (23-year) dataset that documents vegetation dynamics following a 1996 post-fire aerial seed treatment and subsequent 2011 high-severity reburn in a dry conifer forest of northern New Mexico in the southwestern United States. Repeated surveys between 1997 – 2019 of 49 permanent transects were used to test for differences in vegetation cover, richness, and diversity between seeded and unseeded areas, and to characterize the development of seeded and unseeded vegetation communities through time and across gradients of burn severity, elevation, and soil-available water capacity. Post-fire seeding led to a clear and sustained divergence in herbaceous community composition. Seeded plots had much higher cover of non-native graminoids, primarily Bromus inermis, a likely contaminant in the seed mix. High-severity reburning in all plots in 2011 reduced native graminoid cover by half at seeded plots compared to both pre-fire levels and to plots that were unseeded following the initial 1996 fire. In addition, increased fire severity was associated with increased non-native graminoid cover and reduced native graminoid cover, native species richness, and species diversity. This study documents a fire-driven ecosystem transformation from a former conifer forest into a shrub-grass system, reinforced by aerial seeding of grasses and high-severity reburning. This unique long-term dataset illustrates that post-fire seeding carries significant risk of unwanted non-native species invasions that persist through subsequent fires – indicating that alternative post-fire management actions merit consideration to better support native ecosystem resilience in the face of emergent climate change and increasing disturbance. Lastly, this study highlights the importance of long-term monitoring of post-fire vegetation dynamics, as short-term assessments will miss key elements of the full complexity of ecosystem responses to fire and post-fire management actions.
","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.1002/eap.3008","usgsCitation":"Wion, A.P., Stevens, J., Beeley, K., Oertel, R., Margolis, E.Q., and Allen, C., 2024, Multi-decadal vegetation transformations of a New Mexico ponderosa pine landscape after severe fires and aerial seeding: Ecological Applications, v. 34, no. 6, e3008, 21 p., https://doi.org/10.1002/eap.3008.","productDescription":"e3008, 21 p.","ipdsId":"IP-158911","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":498298,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eap.3008","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":431346,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","otherGeospatial":"Jemez Mountains, San Miguel Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -107.61072300933778,\n 36.66992633929999\n ],\n [\n -107.61072300933778,\n 35.363708672581055\n ],\n [\n -105.69910191558768,\n 35.363708672581055\n ],\n [\n -105.69910191558768,\n 36.66992633929999\n ],\n [\n -107.61072300933778,\n 36.66992633929999\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"34","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2024-07-21","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wion, Andreas Paul 0000-0002-0701-2843","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0701-2843","contributorId":335166,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wion","given":"Andreas","email":"","middleInitial":"Paul","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":906778,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stevens, Jens T. 0000-0002-2234-1960","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2234-1960","contributorId":289230,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stevens","given":"Jens T.","affiliations":[{"id":36400,"text":"US Forest Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":906779,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Beeley, Kay","contributorId":340264,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Beeley","given":"Kay","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":36189,"text":"National Park Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":906780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Oertel, Rebecca","contributorId":340265,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Oertel","given":"Rebecca","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":81531,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center *retired","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":906781,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Margolis, Ellis Q. 0000-0002-0595-9005 emargolis@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0595-9005","contributorId":173538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Margolis","given":"Ellis","email":"emargolis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Q.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":906782,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Allen, Craig D.","contributorId":289211,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Allen","given":"Craig D.","affiliations":[{"id":36307,"text":"University of New Mexico","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":906783,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70266352,"text":"70266352 - 2024 - Stability concepts in ecology","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-06T13:29:07.014175","indexId":"70266352","displayToPublicDate":"2024-07-20T08:26:10","publicationYear":"2024","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Stability concepts in ecology","docAbstract":"The term stability, as applied to ecological systems, whether populations, communities, or ecosystems, means the tendency either to stay either close to some initial state, or to stay within certain bounds, or to persist in the face of environmental disturbances or changes. Here, a historical overview of stability concepts in ecology is outlined and measures of stability are discussed and described mathematically, including local stability, engineering resilience, resistance, persistence, and structural stability. Examples of instabilities caused by both pulse and press disturbances are given.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Reference module in earth systems and environmental sciences-Encyclopedia of ecology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/B978-0-443-21964-1.00008-2","usgsCitation":"DeAngelis, D.L., and Xu, L., 2024, Stability concepts in ecology, chap. of Reference module in earth systems and environmental sciences-Encyclopedia of ecology, HTML Document, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-443-21964-1.00008-2.","productDescription":"HTML Document","ipdsId":"IP-162704","costCenters":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":485438,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2024-07-20","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"DeAngelis, Donald L. 0000-0002-1570-4057 don_deangelis@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1570-4057","contributorId":148065,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeAngelis","given":"Donald","email":"don_deangelis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":935750,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Xu, Linhao","contributorId":221358,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Xu","given":"Linhao","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":40353,"text":"Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Jiangsu Province Key","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":935751,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70256109,"text":"70256109 - 2024 - Post-fire sediment yield from a central California watershed: Field measurements and validation of the WEPP model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-22T11:47:51.294971","indexId":"70256109","displayToPublicDate":"2024-07-20T06:43:33","publicationYear":"2024","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5026,"text":"Earth and Space Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Post-fire sediment yield from a central California watershed: Field measurements and validation of the WEPP model","docAbstract":"In a warming climate, an intensifying fire regime and higher likelihood of extreme rain are expected to increase watershed sediment yield in many regions. Understanding regional variability in landscape response to fire and post-fire rainfall is essential for managing water resources and infrastructure. We measured sediment yield resulting from sequential wildfire and extreme rain and flooding in the upper Carmel River watershed (116 km2), on the central California coast, USA, using changes in sediment volume mapped in a reservoir. We determined that the sediment yield after fire and post-fire flooding was 854–1,100 t/km2/yr, a factor of 3.5–4.6 greater than the long-term yield from this watershed and more than an order of magnitude greater than during severe drought conditions. In this first large-scale field validation test of the WEPPcloud/wepppy framework for the Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) model on a burned landscape, WEPP predicted 81%–106% of the measured sediment yield. These findings will facilitate assessing and predicting future fire effects in steep watersheds with a Mediterranean climate and indicate that the increasingly widespread use of WEPP is appropriate for evaluating post-fire hillslope erosion even across 100-km2 scales under conditions without debris flows.
Vesicularity of individual pyroclasts from airfall tephra deposits is an important parameter that is commonly measured at basaltic volcanoes. Conventional methods used to determine pyroclast vesicularity on a large number of clasts has the potential to be time consuming, particularly when rapid analysis is required. Here we propose dynamic image analysis on two-dimensional (2D) projection shapes of crushed pyroclasts from tephra deposits as a new method to estimate vesicularity. This method relies on the influence of vesicles and uses grain morphology as a proxy for vesicle size and abundance. Pyroclasts from a variety of basaltic tephra deposits from the volcanoes of Mauna Loa and Kīlauea were analyzed. Vesicularities between 52–98% were measured via nitrogen-gas pycnometry. The same pyroclasts were then crushed and sieved, and their grain shapes measured using dynamic image analysis on a CAMSIZER®. This yields values for the mean sphericity, elongation, compactness, and Krumbein roundness of the grains. Our data show that grains become increasingly irregular with increasing vesicularity, with the degree of correlation between shape parameters and vesicularity depending on the size of measured grains. Shape irregularities in small grains (60–250 µm) are mostly area-based, with elongation being the best vesicularity indicator, whereas shape irregularities in large grains (250–700 µm) are mostly perimeter-based, with Krumbein roundness as the best vesicularity indicator. Using mean shape parameter values with all grain sizes included, grain elongation is the most well-correlated shape parameter with vesicularity, with the best fitted model explaining 76% of variation in the observations. Microscope images of thin sections of intact pyroclasts, as well as from crushed pyroclasts, were analyzed using CSDCorrections 1.6 software in ImageJ to find local vesicularity, vesicle size, grain size, grain elongation, and vesicle spatial distribution by stereological conversion. Observed correlation between grain shape and vesicularity can be explained by the local effect of vesicles on the shape of the solid structure in between those vesicles. Grain shape depends not only on vesicularity, but also on vesicle to grain size ratio and the spatial distribution of vesicles. The influence of vesicles on grain shape is best captured by grains with the size of the solid structure in between vesicles, which generally increases with decreasing vesicularity. Dynamic image analysis is a useful tool to quickly gauge vesicularity, which could be used in near-real-time during an eruption response. However, this method is best suited for highly vesicular (> 80%) basaltic pyroclasts from tephra deposits with few microlites and phenocrysts. Further research on crushing techniques, optimum grain size for shape measurements, and Krumbein roundness measurements for the grain size range of 250–700 µm might enable application of this method to lower vesicularity pyroclasts.
Remote sensing can be an effective tool for mapping river bathymetry, but the need for direct measurements to calibrate image-derived depth estimates impedes broader application of this approach. One way to circumvent the need for field campaigns dedicated to calibration is to capitalize upon existing data. In this study, we introduce a framework for Bathymetric Mapping using Gage Records and Image Databases (BaMGRID). This workflow involves retrieving depth measurements made during gaging station site visits, downloading archived multispectral images, and then combining these two data sets to establish a relationship between depth and reflectance. We developed a processing chain that involves using application programming interfaces to obtain both depth measurements made during site visits and images centered on the gage and then linking depth to reflectance via an optimal band ratio analysis (OBRA) algorithm modified for small sample sizes. Applying this workflow to selected gages within two river basins indicated that depth retrieval from multispectral satellite images could be highly accurate, but with variable results from one image to the next at a given site. High resolution aerial photography was less conducive to bathymetric mapping in one of the basin considered. Of the four predictors of depth retrieval performance we evaluated (mean and standard deviation of depth, width, and an index of water clarity), only width was consistently significantly correlated with OBRA R2 (p < 0.026). Currently, BaMGRID is best-suited for site-by-site analysis to support practical applications at the reach scale; continuous, basin-wide mapping of river bathymetry will require additional research.
To explain the drivers of historical water use in the public water systems (PWSs) that serve populations in Providence, Rhode Island, and surrounding areas, and to forecast future water use, a machine-learning model (cubist regression) was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with Providence Water to model daily per capita rates of domestic, commercial, and industrial water use. The PWSs in this area form a connected network that sources water from the Scituate Reservoir in Rhode Island. The cubist regression model was trained and tested on daily per capita rates for three categories of water use (domestic, commercial, and industrial) that were developed from quarterly water sales data and U.S. Census Bureau population estimates within each PWS service area from January 2005 through December 2021. The model was then used to make forecasts of future water use under varying scenarios of climate change, population growth, and economic growth for the years 2030 and 2040.
The resulting daily per capita rates, which were modeled from the historical data, had an r2 value of 0.94 and root mean square error of 6.7 gallons per capita daily. Results of the model were used to estimate total water use (the product of daily per capita rates and population) for all public water systems over the historical study period. Daily per capita rates in the study area decreased from 2005 to 2021, while population increased during that same period. “Category of water use” was the variable with the greatest explanatory power for modeling daily per capita rates. Overall, both daily per capita rates and total water use were projected to decrease in 2030 and 2040, in comparison to historical values from 2005 to 2021. Daily per capita rates and total water use were forecasted to decrease as economic growth rates increase. Daily per capita rates were expected to decrease as population growth rates increase; however, total water use was less sensitive to population growth rates than daily per capita rates. Effects of climate change were minimal over the 2030 and 2040 forecasting horizon for the scenarios tested.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20245052","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Providence Water","usgsCitation":"Chamberlin, C.A., 2024, A predictive analysis of water use for Providence, Rhode Island: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2024–5052, 36 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20245052.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 36 p.; Data Release","numberOfPages":"36","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-152679","costCenters":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":499474,"rank":7,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_117188.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":431062,"rank":6,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P94XIQ7W","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Model archive, input data, modeled estimates of water use 2005-2021, and forecasts of water use in 2030 and 2040 in Providence, Rhode Island"},{"id":431061,"rank":5,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2024/5052/sir20245052.XML","linkFileType":{"id":8,"text":"xml"},"description":"SIR 2024-5052 XML"},{"id":431060,"rank":4,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2024/5052/images/"},{"id":431059,"rank":3,"type":{"id":39,"text":"HTML Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/sir20245052/full","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"SIR 2024-5052 HTML"},{"id":431058,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2024/5052/sir20245052.pdf","text":"Report","size":"4.81 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2024-5052 PDF"},{"id":431057,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2024/5052/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Rhode Island","city":"Providence","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -71.6320030327788,\n 41.56235835697041\n ],\n [\n -71.17676197086665,\n 41.56235835697041\n ],\n [\n -71.17676197086665,\n 42.025783641742635\n ],\n [\n -71.6320030327788,\n 42.025783641742635\n ],\n [\n -71.6320030327788,\n 41.56235835697041\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, New England Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
10 Bearfoot Road
Northborough, MA 01532
1. This report summaries field surveys conducted during July 2023 through April 2024 to control introduced American bullfrogs (Lithobates [Rana] catesbeianus; hereafter bullfrog) and support Chiricahua leopard frog (Lithobates [Rana] chiricahuensis) conservation in southeast Arizona. We conducted 394 field surveys across 141 sites in Chiricahua leopard frog Recovery Units 1 and 2 during this survey period.
2. During these surveys, we detected bullfrogs at 36 sites and removed a total of 452 bullfrogs. Bullfrog reproduction was only observed during this survey period at sites on private property where we did not have landowner permission to remove bullfrogs. We found bullfrogs and Chiricahua leopard frogs co-occurring at only a single site (Chulo Tank). Only a single bullfrog was present at this site, and it was removed.
3. Within the Cobre Ridge/Recovery Unit 1 region, we detected Chiricahua leopard frogs at 15 sites, with reproductive activity confirmed at two sites. We performed or assisted with Chiricahua leopard frog translocations at five sites. We detected Chiricahua leopard frog overwinter survival at two sites in this region although moribund and dead frogs were observed at one of these two sites.
4. We did not detect Chiricahua leopard frog within our Canelo Hills Buffer Zone or stock tanks along the foothills of the San Rafael Valley. We detected Chiricahua leopard frogs at four sites on the Appleton-Whittell Research Ranch with reproduction documented at two sites. We also removed two adult bullfrogs from a single site.
5. We detected Chiricahua leopard frogs at 17 sites on the Las Cienegas National Conservation Area (LCNCA). While Chiricahua leopard frog reproduction was not confirmed during July–November of 2023, as of 24 April 2025 we detected Chiricahua leopard frog reproduction at three sites. We did detect a moribund Chiricahua leopard frog at Lower Empire Gulch in March 2024. No bullfrogs were detected on the LCNCA and a single adult bullfrog was removed from one site in the Elgin Buffer Zone.
6. We began bullfrog removal efforts at a new eradication site along the Babocomari River on the Babacomari Ranch. This planned four-year eradication project will remove a significant non-urban bullfrog source population that threatens existing Chiricahua leopard frog metapopulations.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","doi":"10.3996/css82950145","usgsCitation":"Bauder, J.M., and Chris L. Prewitt, 2024, Control of introduced American bullfrogs and support of Chiricahua leopard frog conservation in southeast Arizona: Cooperator Science Series CSS-156-2024, ii, 23 p., https://doi.org/10.3996/css82950145.","productDescription":"ii, 23 p.","ipdsId":"IP-166478","costCenters":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":494896,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.50920319467511,\n 32.17286359287779\n ],\n [\n -111.50920319467511,\n 31.343181994125658\n ],\n [\n -110.12808318858993,\n 31.343181994125658\n ],\n [\n -110.12808318858993,\n 32.17286359287779\n ],\n [\n -111.50920319467511,\n 32.17286359287779\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2024-07-18","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bauder, Javan Mathias 0000-0002-2055-5324","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2055-5324","contributorId":337814,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bauder","given":"Javan","email":"","middleInitial":"Mathias","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":947208,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chris L. 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Acoustic surveys conducted along mobile transects were designed to avoid counting individuals more than once, where raw counts are commonly treated as an index of abundance. More recently, false-positive abundance models have been developed to estimate abundance while accounting for imperfect detection and misclassification. We adapted these methods to model summertime abundance and trends of three species of bats at multiple spatial scales using acoustic recordings collected along mobile transects by partners of the North American Bat Monitoring Program (NABat) from 2012 to 2020. This multiscale modeling spanned individual transect routes, larger NABat grid cells (10 km × 10 km), and across the entire extent of modeled species ranges. We estimated relationships between species abundances and a suite of abiotic and biotic predictors (landcover types, climatological variables, physiographic diversity, building density, and the impacts of white-nose syndrome [WNS]) and found varying levels of support between species. We present clear evidence of substantial declines in populations of tricolored bats (Perimyotis subflavus) and little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus), declines that corresponded in space and time with the progression of WNS, a devastating disease of hibernating bats. In contrast, our analysis revealed that similar population-wide declines probably have not occurred in big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus), a species known to be less affected by WNS. This study provides the first abundance-based species distribution predictions and population trends for bats in their summer ranges in North America. These models will probably be applicable to assessing wildlife populations in other monitoring programs where acoustic data are used or where false-negative and false-positive detections are present. Finally, our abundance framework (as a spatial point pattern process) can serve as a foundation from which more sophisticated integrated species distribution models that incorporate additional streams of monitoring data (e.g., stationary acoustics, captures) can be developed for North American bats.
","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.1002/ecm.1617","usgsCitation":"Udell, B.J., Straw, B., Loeb, S.C., Irvine, K., Thogmartin, W.E., Lausen, C., Reichard, J.D., Coleman, J.T., Cryan, P.M., Frick, W.F., and Reichert, B., 2024, Using mobile acoustic monitoring and false-positive N-mixture models to estimate bat abundance and population trends: Ecological Monographs, v. 94, no. 4, e1617, 25 p.; Data Release, https://doi.org/10.1002/ecm.1617.","productDescription":"e1617, 25 p.; Data Release","ipdsId":"IP-153066","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":434925,"rank":1,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9R3W0EZ","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Ecosystems-nabat-FPabund: software for fitting false-positive N-mixture models using NABat mobile acoustic data (version 1.0.0)"},{"id":439265,"rank":3,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher 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0000-0002-9640-0695","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9640-0695","contributorId":204260,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reichert","given":"Brian","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":912395,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11}]}} ,{"id":70257688,"text":"70257688 - 2024 - The effects of flow extremes on native and non-native stream fishes in Puerto Rico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-08-23T14:23:44.291409","indexId":"70257688","displayToPublicDate":"2024-07-19T09:20:44","publicationYear":"2024","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1696,"text":"Freshwater Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The effects of flow extremes on native and non-native stream fishes in Puerto Rico","docAbstract":"The Chesapeake Bay Partnership is implementing conservation practices (CPs) throughout the Chesapeake Bay watershed to reduce nutrient and sediment delivery to the Bay. This study intends to provide an integrated and detailed understanding of how local streams respond to these CP-driven management efforts.
Key issue: To what extent do CPs positively affect the health of local streams in the nontidal watershed (cobenefits)?
Critical unknown: How do CPs change water quality and the stressors that affect stream aquatic life? Which CPs improve stream health more effectively?
Critical knowledge to be delivered to stakeholders includes—
Chesapeake Bay Activities
U.S. Geological Survey
5522 Research Park Drive
Baltimore, MD 21228
This is the 24th supplement since publication of the 7th edition of the Check-list of North American Birds (American Ornithologists’ Union [AOU] 1998). It summarizes decisions made between April 25, 2023 and April 30, 2024 by the American Ornithological Society’s (formerly American Ornithologists’ Union) Committee on Classification and Nomenclature—North and Middle America. The Committee has continued to operate in the manner outlined in the 42nd Supplement (Banks et al. 2000). During the past year Oscar Johnson joined the committee, and J. V. Remsen, Jr. and Kevin Winker left the committee.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1093/ornithology/ukae019","usgsCitation":"Chesser, R., Billerman, S., Burns, K., Cicero, C., Dunn, J.L., Hernandez-Banos, B., Jimenez, R.A., Johnson, O.W., Kratter, A.W., Mason, N., Ramussen, P., and Remsen, J., 2024, Sixty-fifth supplement to the American Ornithological Society’s check-list of North American birds: Ornithology, v. 141, no. 3, ukae019, 21 p., https://doi.org/10.1093/ornithology/ukae019.","productDescription":"ukae019, 21 p.","ipdsId":"IP-166997","costCenters":[{"id":50464,"text":"Eastern Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":433691,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"141","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2024-07-19","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chesser, R. 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One such chemical is 6PPD-quinone (6PPD-Q), a transformation product of the tire antioxidant 6PPD. In urban stormwater runoff 6PPD-Q can exceed acute toxicity thresholds for several salmonid species and is being implicated in significant coho salmon losses in the Pacific Northwest. There is a critical need to understand the prevalence of 6PPD-Q across watersheds to identify habitats heavily affected by TRWPs. We conducted a reconnaissance of 6PPD and 6PPD-Q in surface waters across the United States from sites (N = 94) with varying land use (urban, agricultural, and forested) and streamflow to better understand stream exposures. A rapid, low-volume direct-inject, liquid chromatography mass spectrometry method was developed for the quantitation of 6PPD-Q and screening for 6PPD. Laboratory holding times, bottle material, headspace, and filter materials were investigated to inform best practices for 6PPD-Q sampling and analysis. Glass bottles with PTFE-lined caps minimized sorption and borosilicate glass fiber filters provided the highest recovery. 6PPD-Q was stable for at least 5 months in pure laboratory solutions and for 75 days at 5 °C with minimal headspace in the investigated surface water and stormwaters. Results also indicated samples can be frozen to extend holding times. 6PPD was not detected in any of the 526 analyzed samples and there were no detections of 6PPD-Q at agricultural or forested sites. 6PPD-Q was frequently detected in stormwater (57%, N = 90) and from urban impacted sites (45%, N = 276) with concentrations ranging from 0.002 to 0.29 μg/L. The highest concentrations, above the lethal level for coho salmon, occurred during stormwater runoff events. This highlights the importance of capturing episodic runoff events in urban areas near ecologically relevant habitat or nursery grounds for sensitive species.
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associated with permafrost thaw is expected to enhance microbial methane oxidation in arctic soils. Here we show that ice-rich, Yedoma permafrost deposits, comprising a disproportionately large fraction of pan-arctic soil carbon, present an alternate trajectory. Field and laboratory observations indicate that talik (perennially thawed soils in permafrost) development in unsaturated Yedoma uplands leads to unexpectedly large methane emissions (35–78 mg m−2 d−1 summer, 150–180 mg m−2 d−1 winter). Upland Yedoma talik emissions were nearly three times higher annually than northern-wetland emissions on an areal basis. Approximately 70% emissions occurred in winter, when surface-soil freezing abated methanotrophy, enhancing methane escape from the talik. Remote sensing and numerical modeling indicate the potential for widespread upland talik formation across the pan-arctic Yedoma domain during the 21st and 22nd centuries. Contrary to current climate model predictions, these findings imply a positive and much larger permafrost-methane-climate feedback for upland Yedoma.
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of planning, implementing, and evaluating management strategies, is often recommended for monitoring ecological systems. However, few examples of successful implementation and retrospective case studies exist. We provide a case study of adaptively managing hatchery-assisted protection and recovery for Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and winter steelhead trout (O. mykiss) during and after the removal of two large mainstem dams in the Elwha River, WA. We summarize key aspects of the monitoring and adaptive management plan over the last decade and highlight successes, challenges, and complications during the plan’s implementation. The Elwha Monitoring and Adaptive Management Guidelines included a trigger-based system for moving through four phases of recovery that included preservation, recolonization, local adaptation, and viable natural population, each with differing levels of hatchery production as the management actions. The monitoring component of the plan has been very successful, providing critical data to guide management actions that otherwise may not have occurred and, opportunistically, provided data for other native species in the Elwha River. Implementing adaptive management provided mixed results and was at times hindered by divergent management goals among project partners, the inflexibility of the Endangered Species Act regulatory requirements as implemented for this project, and conflicting information among guidance documents. We learned that some metrics and triggers in the plan were ill-defined or too difficult to measure in the field. In some cases, the performance indicators and/or triggers were successfully modified to incorporate what was learned; however, in other cases, we were unable to revise the values due to differing opinions among partners. The ability to reach consensus on revised triggers appeared to be influenced by the recovery trajectory of the species involved. The implemented adaptive management strategy resulted in substantial collaboration and learning, which resulted in revised management strategies, but was imperfect. Sufficient long-term funding is necessary to implement a well-designed monitoring program and could benefit from including a defined leadership position to shepherd and facilitate a multi-stakeholder adaptive management program. Additionally, incorporating adaptive management into legally binding conditions under the Endangered Species Act is feasible, but requires substantial pre-planning in close coordination with regulatory agencies.
","language":"English","publisher":"Frontiers Media","doi":"10.3389/fenvs.2024.1291265","usgsCitation":"Peters, R.J., Anderson, J.H., Duda, J.J., McHenry, M.L., Pess, G., Brenkman, S.J., Johnson, J.R., Liermann, M.C., Denton, K., Beirne, M.M., Crain, P., and Connor, H.A., 2024, Challenges of implementing a multi-agency monitoring and adaptive management strategy for federally threatened Chinook salmon and steelhead trout during and after dam removal in the Elwha River: Frontiers in Environmental Science, v. 12, 1291265, 17 p., https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2024.1291265.","productDescription":"1291265, 17 p.","ipdsId":"IP-158110","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":466980,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2024.1291265","text":"Publisher Index 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Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Discovery of giant and conventional magnetofossils bookending Cretaceous Oceanic Anoxic Event 2","docAbstract":"Conventional magnetofossils are the remains of magnetotactic bacteria and giant magnetofossils are the remains of iron biomineralizing organisms that have not yet been identified. We report the oldest robust conventional and giant magnetofossil records, ~97 Ma, from marine sediments drilled in Holland Park, Virginia, USA. The Holland Park core records the Cenomanian-Turonian boundary and Oceanic-Anoxic Event 2 (OAE2). Magnetic datasets indicate single domain magnetite within the clay-rich sediments bookending OAE2. Electron microscopy images from these intervals highlight conventional and giant magnetofossil morphologies, including three potentially new giant magnetofossil morphologies: seeds, squash, and spades. There is an overall high abundance and morphological disparity of magnetofossils at Holland Park. However, we observe abundance, disparity, and preservation changes between the magnetofossil assemblages bookending OAE2. Our observations provide clues toward understanding the ecological thresholds of the enigmatic organisms that produce giant magnetofossils and evidence that magnetofossils may be widely distributed in the geologic record.
Recent outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza have devastated poultry production across the United States, with more than 77 million birds culled in 2022–2024 alone. Wild waterfowl, including various invasive species, host numerous pathogens, including highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV), and have been implicated as catalysts of disease outbreaks among native fauna and domestic birds. In major poultry-producing states like Arkansas, USA, where the poultry sector is responsible for significant economic activity (>$4 billion USD in 2022), understanding the risk of invasive waterfowl interactions with domestic poultry is critical. Here, we assessed the risk of invasive waterfowl-poultry interaction in Arkansas by comparing the density of poultry production sites (chicken houses) to areas of high habitat suitability for two invasive waterfowl species, (Egyptian Goose [Alopochen aegyptiaca] and Mute Swan [Cygnus olor]), known to host significant pathogens, including avian influenza viruses. The percentage of urban land cover was the most important habitat characteristic for both invasive waterfowl species. At the 95% confidence interval, chicken house densities in areas highly suitable for both species (Egyptian Goose = 0.91 ± 0.11 chicken houses/km2; Mute Swan = 0.61 ± 0.03 chicken houses/km2) were three to five times higher than chicken house densities across the state (0.17 ± 0.01 chicken houses/km2). We show that northwestern and western Arkansas, both areas of high importance for poultry production, are also at high risk of invasive waterfowl presence. Our results suggest that targeted monitoring efforts for waterfowl-poultry contact in these areas could help mitigate the risk of avian pathogen exposure in Arkansas and similar regions with high poultry production.
The proportion of people living in urban areas is growing globally. Understanding how to manage urban biodiversity, ecosystem functions, and ecosystem services is becoming more important. Biodiversity can increase ecosystem functioning in non-urban systems. However, few studies have reviewed the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning in urban areas, which differ in species compositions, abiotic environments, food webs, and turnover rates. We reviewed evidence of biodiversity–ecosystem functioning relationships in urban environments and assessed factors that influence the relationship direction. Based on 70 studies, relationships between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning were more positive than negative in urban areas, especially for pollination and nutrient cycling and retention. Surprisingly, positive and negative relationships between biodiversity and biomass production and storage were equally not statistically different, perhaps due to extensive plant management in urban areas. The number of studies and geographic coverage of our review was still insufficient to provide a general predictive framework for when biodiversity positively impacts ecosystem functioning. We identify gaps and opportunities to improve urban biodiversity–ecosystem functioning research and discuss how our findings can improve urban green space management.
The importance of fluvial systems in the transport of sediment, dissolved and suspended contaminants, nutrients, and bacteria through the environment is well established. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) identifies sediment as the single most widespread water contaminant affecting the beneficial uses of the Nation’s rivers and streams. The evaluation of water-quality as it relates to agriculture, urbanization, highway and residential construction, mining, industrial and human wastes, and other activities requires an extensive data and sample-collection effort. This is especially the case when studying urbanized river basins, where during hydrologic events, concentration of suspended sediment and contaminants can vary rapidly and over large ranges. Where synoptic studies of watersheds are called for, sampling may be needed at many sites throughout the basin; a complicated and difficult task in some settings. Automatic pumping samplers (autosamplers) are one method for conducting intensive time-varying sampling throughout watersheds.
This report presents guidelines for the use of autosamplers for collecting surface-water samples by the U.S. Geological Survey. An autosampler is an automatic, pump-based sampler that collects a prescribed volume of water from streams, lakes, reservoirs, storm drains, or other bodies of water after receiving a command from an internal or external control unit. It deposits this sample into a specified container for later analysis of physical, chemical, or biological constituents. This report provides a general background on types of autosamplers and how they work; guidance for designing, selecting, installing, servicing, and calibrating autosamplers; guidance on standardized operating procedures, and guidance on quality-assurance and quality-control efforts when using an autosampler.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/tm1D12","usgsCitation":"Wilson, T.P., Miller, C.V., and Lechner, E.A., 2024, Guidelines for the use of automatic samplers in collecting surface-water quality and sediment data: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods 1–D12, 89 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/tm1D12","productDescription":"ix, 89 p.","numberOfPages":"89","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-131202","costCenters":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":430984,"rank":5,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/01/d12/images/"},{"id":430983,"rank":4,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/01/d12/tm1d12.XML","linkFileType":{"id":8,"text":"xml"},"description":"TM 1-D12 XML"},{"id":430982,"rank":3,"type":{"id":39,"text":"HTML Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/tm1D12/full","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"TM 1-D12 HTML"},{"id":430980,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/01/d12/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":430981,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/01/d12/tm1d12.pdf","text":"Report","size":"19.8 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"TM 1-D12 PDF"}],"contact":"Director, New Jersey Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3450 Princeton Pike Suite 110
Lawrenceville, New Jersey 08648
Compounding changes in climate and human activities stand to increase sediment input to rivers in many landscapes, including via discrete perturbations such as post-fire debris flows. Because sediment supply is a dominant control on river morphology, understanding mountain river responses to sediment regime perturbations is critical to predicting and addressing downstream effects to infrastructure, water security and aquatic habitat. A growing body of literature explores the causes, likelihood, size and composition of post-fire debris flows, but the channel response to these disturbances remains poorly studied. This study used repeat field surveys, time-lapse photographs and pre- and post-disturbance remote sensing datasets to document and analyse space- and time-varying channel response to post-fire debris flows along a steep mountain stream in the Upper Colorado River Basin, USA. Specifically, we evaluated channel morphology and bed composition changes, correlations between channel changes and valley and channel attributes, and the relative importance of spring snowmelt versus summer monsoon events. Several cross-sectional channel change types were observed from lidar a month after post-fire debris-flow events, including channelized and braided incision into deposits, incision into the pre-fire channel bed, bank erosion and no change. Channel changes were most correlated with pre-fire channel width, valley width and unit stream power, and these relationships could be tested in other burned locations to evaluate their transferability. Repeat channel surveys before and after snowmelt indicate rapid recovery and channel narrowing following major sediment disturbances, although sediment deposits remained in the channel margins. Together, these results highlight the importance of field and remote sensing-based channel surveys to improve understanding of, and potential to predict, mountain channel response to compounding climate disturbances.
Smallmouth buffalo (Ictiobus bubalus Rafinesque) are a large-bodied fish highly valued and commercially exploited across most of their range. Despite this, relatively little is known of their population demographics compared to other exploited species. To fill these knowledge gaps, we analyzed two independent long-term datasets (30 and 57 years, respectively) and population demographic data (age structure, growth, mortality, age at maturity, and recruitment) from multiple pools of the Upper Mississippi River System (UMRS) and Illinois River (Illinois, USA). Long-term data (30-year dataset) generally show downward trends or significant declines in catch per unit effort in the UMRS, while the 57-year dataset shows a stable trend or a significant increase in the Illinois River. The oldest smallmouth buffalo were estimated to be 39 years old, with nearly every pool sampled having individuals estimated to exceed 30 years of age. Except for Pool 13 of the UMRS, 90% of smallmouth buffalo were estimated to mature between 411 and 470 mm in length or between 8.7 and 11.2 years old. Recruitment was variable: strong year classes were generally preceded by multiple years of weak year classes. Our results indicate that the smallmouth buffalo population may be stable in portions of the UMRS and Illinois River systems, but significant declines in the northern extent of the UMRS may warrant conservation concern. Recent research into ages of buffalofishes shows that consideration should be given to the idea that the UMRS population could be age truncated. Results also emphasize the importance of long-term data and the ability to show changes in exploited populations over time.