{"pageNumber":"152","pageRowStart":"3775","pageSize":"25","recordCount":16502,"records":[{"id":70047427,"text":"pp1798 - 2013 - 2011 floods of the central United States","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70044524,"text":"pp1798B - 2013 - General weather conditions and precipitation contributing to the 2011 flooding in the Mississippi River and Red River of the North Basins, December 2010 through July 2011","indexId":"pp1798B","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"chapter":"B","title":"General weather conditions and precipitation contributing to the 2011 flooding in the Mississippi River and Red River of the North Basins, December 2010 through July 2011"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70047427,"text":"pp1798 - 2013 - 2011 floods of the central United States","indexId":"pp1798","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"title":"2011 floods of the central United States"},"id":1},{"subject":{"id":70046073,"text":"pp1798C - 2013 - Peak streamflows and runoff volumes for the Central United States, February through September, 2011","indexId":"pp1798C","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"chapter":"C","title":"Peak streamflows and runoff volumes for the Central United States, February through September, 2011"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70047427,"text":"pp1798 - 2013 - 2011 floods of the central United States","indexId":"pp1798","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"title":"2011 floods of the central United States"},"id":2},{"subject":{"id":70046242,"text":"pp1798E - 2013 - Documenting the stages and streamflows associated with the 2011 activation of the New Madrid Floodway, Missouri","indexId":"pp1798E","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"chapter":"E","title":"Documenting the stages and streamflows associated with the 2011 activation of the New Madrid Floodway, Missouri"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70047427,"text":"pp1798 - 2013 - 2011 floods of the central United States","indexId":"pp1798","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"title":"2011 floods of the central United States"},"id":3},{"subject":{"id":70049013,"text":"pp1798F - 2013 - Sediment transport and deposition in the lower Missouri River during the 2011 flood","indexId":"pp1798F","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"chapter":"F","title":"Sediment transport and deposition in the lower Missouri River during the 2011 flood"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70047427,"text":"pp1798 - 2013 - 2011 floods of the central United States","indexId":"pp1798","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"title":"2011 floods of the central United States"},"id":4},{"subject":{"id":70055532,"text":"pp1798G - 2013 - Occurrence and transport of nutrients in the Missouri River Basin, April through September 2011","indexId":"pp1798G","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"chapter":"G","title":"Occurrence and transport of nutrients in the Missouri River Basin, April through September 2011"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70047427,"text":"pp1798 - 2013 - 2011 floods of the central United States","indexId":"pp1798","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"title":"2011 floods of the central United States"},"id":5},{"subject":{"id":70073852,"text":"pp1798D - 2014 - Annual exceedance probabilities and trends for peak streamflows and annual runoff volumes for the Central United States during the 2011 floods","indexId":"pp1798D","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"chapter":"D","title":"Annual exceedance probabilities and trends for peak streamflows and annual runoff volumes for the Central United States during the 2011 floods"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70047427,"text":"pp1798 - 2013 - 2011 floods of the central United States","indexId":"pp1798","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"title":"2011 floods of the central United States"},"id":6},{"subject":{"id":70095112,"text":"pp1798H - 2014 - Geomorphic changes caused by the 2011 flood at selected sites along the lower Missouri River and comparison to historical floods","indexId":"pp1798H","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"chapter":"H","title":"Geomorphic changes caused by the 2011 flood at selected sites along the lower Missouri River and comparison to historical floods"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70047427,"text":"pp1798 - 2013 - 2011 floods of the central United States","indexId":"pp1798","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"title":"2011 floods of the central United States"},"id":7},{"subject":{"id":70103403,"text":"pp1798J - 2014 - Monitoring of levees, bridges, pipelines, and other critical infrastructure during the 2011 flooding in the Mississippi River Basin","indexId":"pp1798J","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"chapter":"J","title":"Monitoring of levees, bridges, pipelines, and other critical infrastructure during the 2011 flooding in the Mississippi River Basin"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70047427,"text":"pp1798 - 2013 - 2011 floods of the central United States","indexId":"pp1798","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"title":"2011 floods of the central United States"},"id":8},{"subject":{"id":70111075,"text":"pp1798I - 2014 - Geomorphic change on the Missouri River during the flood of 2011","indexId":"pp1798I","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"chapter":"I","title":"Geomorphic change on the Missouri River during the flood of 2011"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70047427,"text":"pp1798 - 2013 - 2011 floods of the central United States","indexId":"pp1798","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"title":"2011 floods of the central United States"},"id":9},{"subject":{"id":70118238,"text":"pp1798K - 2014 - The effects of Missouri River mainstem reservoir system operations on 2011 flooding using a Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System model","indexId":"pp1798K","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"chapter":"K","title":"The effects of Missouri River mainstem reservoir system operations on 2011 flooding using a Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System model"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70047427,"text":"pp1798 - 2013 - 2011 floods of the central United States","indexId":"pp1798","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"title":"2011 floods of the central United States"},"id":10},{"subject":{"id":70127474,"text":"pp1798L - 2014 - Ecosystem effects in the Lower Mississippi River Basin","indexId":"pp1798L","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"chapter":"L","title":"Ecosystem effects in the Lower Mississippi River Basin"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70047427,"text":"pp1798 - 2013 - 2011 floods of the central United States","indexId":"pp1798","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"title":"2011 floods of the central United States"},"id":11}],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-08-05T15:51:34","indexId":"pp1798","displayToPublicDate":"2013-08-05T15:46:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1798","title":"2011 floods of the central United States","docAbstract":"The Central United States experienced record-setting flooding during 2011, with floods that extended from headwater streams in the Rocky Mountains, to transboundary rivers in the upper Midwest and Northern Plains, to the deep and wide sand-bedded lower Mississippi River. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), as part of its mission, collected extensive information during and in the aftermath of the 2011 floods to support scientific analysis of the origins and consequences of extreme floods. The information collected for the 2011 floods, combined with decades of past data, enables scientists and engineers from the USGS to provide syntheses and scientific analyses to inform emergency managers, planners, and policy makers about life-safety, economic, and environmental-health issues surrounding flood hazards for the 2011 floods and future floods like it. USGS data, information, and scientific analyses provide context and understanding of the effect of floods on complex societal issues such as ecosystem and human health, flood-plain management, climate-change adaptation, economic security, and the associated policies enacted for mitigation.\n\nAmong the largest societal questions is \"How do we balance agricultural, economic, life-safety, and environmental needs in and along our rivers?\" To address this issue, many scientific questions have to be answered including the following:\n\n* How do the 2011 weather and flood conditions compare to the past weather and flood conditions and what can we reasonably expect in the future for flood magnitudes?\n* What is the “natural” hydrology of these watersheds and how have they been changed?\n* How do rivers change during floods and what effects do they have on the natural and built environment: conversely, what effects do the natural and built environments have on rivers and floods?\n* Do floods contribute to the transport and fate of contaminants that affect human and ecosystem health?\n\nIn an effort to help address these and other questions, USGS Professional Paper 1798 consists of independent but complementary chapters dealing with various scientific aspects of the 2011 floods in the Central United States.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1798","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 2013, 2011 floods of the central United States: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1798, HTML Document, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1798.","productDescription":"HTML Document","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":276076,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp1798.PNG"},{"id":276073,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1798/"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124.8,24.5 ], [ -124.8,49.383333 ], [ -66.95,49.383333 ], [ -66.95,24.5 ], [ -124.8,24.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd4927e4b0b290850eeebc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":535572,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70004988,"text":"70004988 - 2013 - Projections and downscaling of 21st century temperatures, precipitation, radiative fluxes and winds for the southwestern US, with focus on the Lake Tahoe basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-08-05T15:13:42","indexId":"70004988","displayToPublicDate":"2013-08-05T14:53:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1252,"text":"Climatic Change","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Projections and downscaling of 21st century temperatures, precipitation, radiative fluxes and winds for the southwestern US, with focus on the Lake Tahoe basin","docAbstract":"Recent projections of global climate changes in response to increasing greenhouse-gas concentrations in the atmosphere include warming in the Southwestern US and, especially, in the vicinity of Lake Tahoe of from about +3°C to +6°C by end of century and changes in precipitation on the order of 5-10 % increases or (more commonly) decreases, depending on the climate model considered. Along with these basic changes, other climate variables like solar insolation, downwelling (longwave) radiant heat, and winds may change. Together these climate changes may result in changes in the hydrology of the Tahoe basin and potential changes in lake overturning and ecological regimes. Current climate projections, however, are generally spatially too coarse (with grid cells separated by 1 to 2° latitude and longitude) for direct use in assessments of the vulnerabilities of the much smaller Tahoe basin. Thus, daily temperatures, precipitation, winds, and downward radiation fluxes from selected global projections have been downscaled by a statistical method called the constructed-analogues method onto 10 to 12 km grids over the Southwest and especially over Lake Tahoe. Precipitation, solar insolation and winds over the Tahoe basin change only moderately (and with indeterminate signs) in the downscaled projections, whereas temperatures and downward longwave fluxes increase along with imposed increases in global greenhouse-gas concentrations.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Climatic Change","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s10584-012-0501-x","usgsCitation":"Dettinger, M., 2013, Projections and downscaling of 21st century temperatures, precipitation, radiative fluxes and winds for the southwestern US, with focus on the Lake Tahoe basin: Climatic Change, v. 116, no. 1, p. 17-33, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-012-0501-x.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"17","endPage":"33","numberOfPages":"17","ipdsId":"IP-030937","costCenters":[{"id":148,"text":"Branch of Regional Research-Western Region","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":473613,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-012-0501-x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":276062,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":276061,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10584-012-0501-x"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona;California;Idaho;Nevada;Oregon;Utah","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -125.17,34.12 ], [ -125.17,45.99 ], [ -111.43,45.99 ], [ -111.43,34.12 ], [ -125.17,34.12 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"116","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5200bb57e4b009d47a4c232d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dettinger, Michael D. 0000-0002-7509-7332","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7509-7332","contributorId":31743,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dettinger","given":"Michael D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":351780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70047379,"text":"ofr20131138 - 2013 - A conceptual framework for Lake Michigan coastal/nearshore ecosystems, with application to Lake Michigan Lakewide Management Plan (LaMP) objectives","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-08-02T13:27:06","indexId":"ofr20131138","displayToPublicDate":"2013-08-02T12:46:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-1138","title":"A conceptual framework for Lake Michigan coastal/nearshore ecosystems, with application to Lake Michigan Lakewide Management Plan (LaMP) objectives","docAbstract":"The Lakewide Management Plans (LaMPs) within the Great Lakes region are examples of broad-scale, collaborative resource-management efforts that require a sound ecosystems approach. Yet, the LaMP process is lacking a holistic framework that allows these individual actions to be planned and understood within the broader context of the Great Lakes ecosystem. In this paper we (1) introduce a conceptual framework that unifies ideas and language among Great Lakes managers and scientists, whose focus areas range from tributary watersheds to open-lake waters, and (2) illustrate how the framework can be used to outline the geomorphic, hydrologic biological, and societal processes that underlie several goals of the Lake Michigan LaMP, thus providing a holistic and fairly comprehensive roadmap for tackling these challenges. For each selected goal, we developed a matrix that identifies the key ecosystem processes within the cell for each lake zone and each discipline; we then provide one example where a process is poorly understood and a second where a process is understood, but its impact or importance is unclear. Implicit in these objectives was our intention to highlight the importance of the Great Lakes coastal/nearshore zone. Although the coastal/nearshore zone is the important linkage zone between the watershed and open-lake zones—and is the zone where most LaMP issues are focused--scientists and managers have a relatively poor understanding of how the coastal/nearshore zone functions. We envision follow-up steps including (1) collaborative development of a more detailed and more complete conceptual model of how (and where) identified processes are thought to function, and (2) a subsequent gap analysis of science and monitoring priorities.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20131138","usgsCitation":"Seelbach, P.W., Fogarty, L., Bunnell, D.B., Haack, S.K., and Rogers, M.W., 2013, A conceptual framework for Lake Michigan coastal/nearshore ecosystems, with application to Lake Michigan Lakewide Management Plan (LaMP) objectives: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2013-1138, v, 36 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20131138.","productDescription":"v, 36 p.","numberOfPages":"46","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":275954,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20131138.jpg"},{"id":275949,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1138/"},{"id":275950,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1138/pdf/ofr2013-1138.pdf"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Lake Michigan","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -87.9119,41.6089 ], [ -87.9119,46.1024 ], [ -84.7385,46.1024 ], [ -84.7385,41.6089 ], [ -87.9119,41.6089 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51fcc6cfe4b0296e5a4b5be4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Seelbach, Paul W. pseelbach@usgs.gov","contributorId":3937,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seelbach","given":"Paul","email":"pseelbach@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":481868,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fogarty, Lisa R.","contributorId":74074,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fogarty","given":"Lisa R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":481870,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bunnell, David Bo","contributorId":103959,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bunnell","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"Bo","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":481871,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Haack, Sheridan K. skhaack@usgs.gov","contributorId":1982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haack","given":"Sheridan","email":"skhaack@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":481867,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Rogers, Mark W. 0000-0001-7205-5623 mwrogers@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7205-5623","contributorId":4590,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rogers","given":"Mark","email":"mwrogers@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":481869,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70057582,"text":"70057582 - 2013 - USGS Nonindigenous Aquatic Species database with a focus on the introduced fishes of the lower Tennessee and Cumberland drainages","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-05-28T10:59:09","indexId":"70057582","displayToPublicDate":"2013-08-01T10:38:59","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"USGS Nonindigenous Aquatic Species database with a focus on the introduced fishes of the lower Tennessee and Cumberland drainages","docAbstract":"The Nonindigenous Aquatic Species (NAS) database (http://nas.er.usgs.gov) functions as a national repository and clearinghouse for occurrence data for introduced species within the United States. Included is locality information on over 1,100 species of vertebrates, invertebrates, and vascular plants introduced as early as 1850. Taxa include foreign (exotic) species and species native to North America that have been transported outside of their natural range. Locality data are obtained from published and unpublished literature, state, federal and local monitoring programs, museum accessions, on-line databases, websites, professional communications and on-line reporting forms. The NAS web site provides immediate access to new occurrence records through a real-time interface with the NAS database. Visitors to the web site are presented with a set of pre-defined queries that generate lists of species according to state or hydrologic basin of interest. Fact sheets, distribution maps, and information on new occurrences are updated as new records and information become available. The NAS database allows resource managers to learn of new introductions reported in their region or nearby regions, improving response time. Conversely, managers are encouraged to report their observations of new occurrences to the NAS database so information can be disseminated to other managers, researchers, and the public. In May 2004, the NAS database incorporated an Alert System to notify registered users of new introductions as part of a national early detection/rapid response system. Users can register to receive alerts based on geographic or taxonomic criteria. The NAS database was used to identify 23 fish species introduced into the lower Tennessee and Cumberland drainages. Most of these are sport fish stocked to support fisheries, but the list also includes accidental and illegal introductions such as Asian Carps, clupeids, various species popular in the aquarium trade, and Atlantic Needlefish (<i>Strongylura marina</i>) that was introduced via the newly-constructed Tennessee-Tombigbee Canal.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the 14th Symposium on the Natural History of Lower Tennessee and Cumberland River Valleys","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"language":"English","publisher":"Center for Excellence for Field Biology, Austin Peay State University","publisherLocation":"Clarksville, TN","usgsCitation":"Fuller, P.L., and Cannister, M., 2013, USGS Nonindigenous Aquatic Species database with a focus on the introduced fishes of the lower Tennessee and Cumberland drainages, <i>in</i> Proceedings of the 14th Symposium on the Natural History of Lower Tennessee and Cumberland River Valleys, p. 29-42.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"29","endPage":"42","numberOfPages":"14","ipdsId":"IP-033618","costCenters":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":287661,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":287660,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.apsu.edu/field-biology/center/publications"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Cumberland River;Tennessee River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 144.616667,13.233333 ], [ 144.616667,71.833333 ], [ -64.566667,71.833333 ], [ -64.566667,13.233333 ], [ 144.616667,13.233333 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53870574e4b0aa26cd7b5405","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Johansen, Rebecca","contributorId":113123,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johansen","given":"Rebecca","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":509652,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Estes, Dwayne 0000-0003-1088-7082","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1088-7082","contributorId":112194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Estes","given":"Dwayne","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":509651,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hamilton, Steven W.","contributorId":111955,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hamilton","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":509650,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Barrass, Andrew N.","contributorId":113842,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barrass","given":"Andrew","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":509653,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4}],"authors":[{"text":"Fuller, Pamela L. 0000-0002-9389-9144 pfuller@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9389-9144","contributorId":3217,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fuller","given":"Pamela","email":"pfuller@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":486783,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cannister, Matthew 0000-0002-9354-2989","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9354-2989","contributorId":79807,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cannister","given":"Matthew","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":486784,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70048423,"text":"70048423 - 2013 - Quantifying wetland–aquifer interactions in a humid subtropical climate region: An integrated approach","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-09-26T10:38:34","indexId":"70048423","displayToPublicDate":"2013-08-01T10:24:14","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Quantifying wetland–aquifer interactions in a humid subtropical climate region: An integrated approach","docAbstract":"Wetlands are widely recognized as sentinels of global climate change. Long-term monitoring data combined with process-based modeling has the potential to shed light on key processes and how they change over time. This paper reports the development and application of a simple water balance model based on long-term climate, soil, vegetation and hydrological dynamics to quantify groundwater–surface water (GW–SW) interactions at the Norman landfill research site in Oklahoma, USA. Our integrated approach involved model evaluation by means of the following independent measurements: (a) groundwater inflow calculation using stable isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen (<sup>16</sup>O, <sup>18</sup>O, <sup>1</sup>H, <sup>2</sup>H); (b) seepage flux measurements in the wetland hyporheic sediment; and (c) pan evaporation measurements on land and in the wetland. The integrated approach was useful for identifying the dominant hydrological processes at the site, including recharge and subsurface flows. Simulated recharge compared well with estimates obtained using isotope methods from previous studies and allowed us to identify specific annual signatures of this important process during the period of study (1997–2007). Similarly, observations of groundwater inflow and outflow rates to and from the wetland using seepage meters and isotope methods were found to be in good agreement with simulation results. Results indicate that subsurface flow components in the system are seasonal and readily respond to rainfall events. The wetland water balance is dominated by local groundwater inputs and regional groundwater flow contributes little to the overall water balance.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Hydrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2013.06.022","usgsCitation":"Mendoza-Sanchez, I., Phanikumar, M., Niu, J., Masoner, J.R., Cozzarelli, I.M., and McGuire, J., 2013, Quantifying wetland–aquifer interactions in a humid subtropical climate region: An integrated approach: Journal of Hydrology, v. 498, p. 237-253, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2013.06.022.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"237","endPage":"253","ipdsId":"IP-014582","costCenters":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":516,"text":"Oklahoma Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":278116,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":278115,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2013.06.022"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oklahoma","city":"Norman","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -97.55,35.14 ], [ -97.55,35.35 ], [ -97.18,35.35 ], [ -97.18,35.14 ], [ -97.55,35.14 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"498","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"52455769e4b0b3d37307e1b4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mendoza-Sanchez, Itza","contributorId":20246,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mendoza-Sanchez","given":"Itza","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":484612,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Phanikumar, Mantha S.","contributorId":17888,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phanikumar","given":"Mantha S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":484611,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Niu, Jie","contributorId":30535,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Niu","given":"Jie","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":484613,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Masoner, Jason R. 0000-0002-4829-6379 jmasoner@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4829-6379","contributorId":3193,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Masoner","given":"Jason","email":"jmasoner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":516,"text":"Oklahoma Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":484610,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Cozzarelli, Isabelle M. 0000-0002-5123-1007 icozzare@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5123-1007","contributorId":1693,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cozzarelli","given":"Isabelle","email":"icozzare@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":49175,"text":"Geology, Energy & Minerals Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":484609,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"McGuire, Jennifer T.","contributorId":53979,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGuire","given":"Jennifer T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":484614,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70093728,"text":"70093728 - 2013 - Phenology-based, remote sensing of post-burn disturbance windows in rangelands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-02-12T09:32:09","indexId":"70093728","displayToPublicDate":"2013-08-01T08:57:51","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1456,"text":"Ecological Indicators","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Phenology-based, remote sensing of post-burn disturbance windows in rangelands","docAbstract":"Wildland fire activity has increased in many parts of the world in recent decades. Ecological disturbance by fire can accelerate ecosystem degradation processes such as erosion due to combustion of vegetation that otherwise provides protective cover to the soil surface. This study employed a novel ecological indicator based on remote sensing of vegetation greenness dynamics (phenology) to estimate variability in the window of time between fire and the reemergence of green vegetation. The indicator was applied as a proxy for short-term, post-fire disturbance windows in rangelands; where a disturbance window is defined as the time required for an ecological or geomorphic process that is altered to return to pre-disturbance levels. We examined variability in the indicator determined for time series of MODIS and AVHRR NDVI remote sensing data for a database of ∼100 historical wildland fires, with associated post-fire reseeding treatments, that burned 1990–2003 in cold desert shrub steppe of the Great Basin and Columbia Plateau of the western USA. The indicator-based estimates of disturbance window length were examined relative to the day of the year that fires burned and seeding treatments to consider effects of contemporary variability in fire regime and management activities in this environment. A key finding was that contemporary changes of increased length of the annual fire season could have indirect effects on ecosystem degradation, as early season fires appeared to result in longer time that soils remained relatively bare of the protective cover of vegetation after fires. Also important was that reemergence of vegetation did not occur more quickly after fire in sites treated with post-fire seeding, which is a strategy commonly employed to accelerate post-fire vegetation recovery and stabilize soil. Future work with the indicator could examine other ecological factors that are dynamic in space and time following disturbance – such as nutrient cycling, carbon storage, microbial community composition, or soil hydrology – as a function of disturbance windows, possibly using simulation modeling and historical wildfire information.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecological Indicators","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.ecolind.2013.02.004","usgsCitation":"Sankeya, J.B., Wallace, C., and Ravi, S., 2013, Phenology-based, remote sensing of post-burn disturbance windows in rangelands: Ecological Indicators, v. 30, p. 35-44, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2013.02.004.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"35","endPage":"44","ipdsId":"IP-043510","costCenters":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":282293,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":282292,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2013.02.004"}],"country":"United States","state":"California;Idaho;Nevada;Oregon;Utah;Washington","otherGeospatial":"Great Basin;Columbia Plateau","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -120.11,34.92 ], [ -120.11,46.83 ], [ -114.13,46.83 ], [ -114.13,34.92 ], [ -120.11,34.92 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"30","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd6b1fe4b0b29085103b13","chorus":{"doi":"10.1016/j.ecolind.2013.02.004","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2013.02.004","publisher":"Elsevier BV","authors":"Sankey Joel B., Wallace Cynthia S.A., Ravi Sujith","journalName":"Ecological Indicators","publicationDate":"7/2013","auditedOn":"11/1/2014"},"contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sankeya, Joel B.","contributorId":86687,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sankeya","given":"Joel","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":490183,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wallace, Cynthia S.A.","contributorId":70487,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wallace","given":"Cynthia S.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":490182,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ravi, Sujith","contributorId":40844,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ravi","given":"Sujith","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":490181,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70048420,"text":"70048420 - 2013 - Geologic effects on groundwater salinity and discharge into an estuary","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-05T16:17:18","indexId":"70048420","displayToPublicDate":"2013-08-01T08:40:39","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geologic effects on groundwater salinity and discharge into an estuary","docAbstract":"<p><span>Submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) can be an important pathway for transport of nutrients and contaminants to estuaries. A better understanding of the geologic and hydrologic controls on these fluxes is critical for their estimation and management. We examined geologic features, porewater salinity, and SGD rates and patterns at an estuarine study site. Seismic data showed the existence of paleovalleys infilled with estuarine mud and peat that extend hundreds of meters offshore. A low-salinity groundwater plume beneath this low-permeability fill was mapped with continuous resistivity profiling. Extensive direct SGD measurements with seepage meters (</span><i>n</i><span>&nbsp;</span><span>=</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>551) showed fresh groundwater discharge patterns that correlated well with shallow porewater salinity and the hydrogeophysical framework. Small-scale variability in fresh and saline discharge indicates influence of meter-scale geologic heterogeneity, while site-scale discharge patterns are evidence of the influence of the paleovalley feature. Beneath the paleovalley fill, fresh groundwater flows offshore and mixes with saltwater before discharging along paleovalley flanks. On the adjacent drowned interfluve where low-permeability fill is absent, fresh groundwater discharge is focused at the shoreline. Shallow saltwater exchange was greatest across sandy sediments and where fresh SGD was low. The geologic control of groundwater flowpaths and discharge salinity demonstrated in this work are likely to affect geochemical reactions and the chemical loads delivered by SGD to coastal surface waters. Because similar processes are likely to exist in other estuaries where drowned paleovalleys commonly cross modern shorelines, the existence and implications of complex hydrogeology are important considerations for studies of groundwater fluxes and related management decisions.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2013.05.049","usgsCitation":"Russonielloa, C.J., Fernandeza, C., Bratton, J.F., Banaszakc, J.F., Krantzc, D.E., Andresd, S., Konikow, L.F., and Michaela, H.A., 2013, Geologic effects on groundwater salinity and discharge into an estuary: Journal of Hydrology, v. 498, p. 1-12, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2013.05.049.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"12","ipdsId":"IP-044951","costCenters":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":278179,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Delaware","otherGeospatial":"Indian River Bay","volume":"498","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5246e918e4b035b7f35addd0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Russonielloa, Christopher J.","contributorId":92963,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Russonielloa","given":"Christopher","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":484575,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fernandeza, Cristina","contributorId":94963,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fernandeza","given":"Cristina","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":484576,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bratton, John F. 0000-0003-0376-4981 jbratton@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0376-4981","contributorId":92757,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bratton","given":"John","email":"jbratton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":484571,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Banaszakc, Joel F.","contributorId":102369,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Banaszakc","given":"Joel","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":484578,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Krantzc, David E.","contributorId":84259,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krantzc","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":484573,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Andresd, Scott","contributorId":97413,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andresd","given":"Scott","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":484577,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Konikow, Leonard F. 0000-0002-0940-3856 lkonikow@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0940-3856","contributorId":158,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Konikow","given":"Leonard","email":"lkonikow@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":484574,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Michaela, Holly A.","contributorId":57357,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Michaela","given":"Holly","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":484572,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":70046700,"text":"cir1386 - 2013 - National assessment of geologic carbon dioxide storage resources: Results","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-04-29T17:06:50.063235","indexId":"cir1386","displayToPublicDate":"2013-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1386","title":"National assessment of geologic carbon dioxide storage resources: Results","docAbstract":"In 2012, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) completed an assessment of the technically accessible storage resources (<i>TA<sub>SR</sub></i>) for carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) in geologic formations underlying the onshore and State waters area of the United States. The formations assessed are at least 3,000 feet (914 meters) below the ground surface. The <i>TA<sub>SR</sub></i> is an estimate of the CO<sub>2</sub> storage resource that may be available for CO<sub>2</sub> injection and storage that is based on present-day geologic and hydrologic knowledge of the subsurface and current engineering practices. Individual storage assessment units (SAUs) for 36 basins were defined on the basis of geologic and hydrologic characteristics outlined in the assessment methodology of Brennan and others (2010, USGS Open-File Report 2010–1127) and the subsequent methodology modification and implementation documentation of Blondes, Brennan, and others (2013, USGS Open-File Report 2013–1055). The mean national <i>TA<sub>SR</sub></i> is approximately 3,000 metric gigatons (Gt). The estimate of the <i>TA<sub>SR</sub></i> includes buoyant trapping storage resources (<i>B<sub>SR</sub></i>), where CO<sub>2</sub> can be trapped in structural or stratigraphic closures, and residual trapping storage resources, where CO<sub>2</sub> can be held in place by capillary pore pressures in areas outside of buoyant traps. The mean total national <i>B<sub>SR</sub></i> is 44 Gt. The residual storage resource consists of three injectivity classes based on reservoir permeability: residual trapping class 1 storage resource (<i>R1<sub>SR</sub></i>) represents storage in rocks with permeability greater than 1 darcy (D); residual trapping class 2 storage resource (<i>R2<sub>SR</sub></i>) represents storage in rocks with moderate permeability, defined as permeability between 1 millidarcy (mD) and 1 D; and residual trapping class 3 storage resource (<i>R3<sub>SR</sub></i>) represents storage in rocks with low permeability, defined as permeability less than 1 mD. The mean national storage resources for rocks in residual trapping classes 1, 2, and 3 are 140 Gt, 2,700 Gt, and 130 Gt, respectively. The known recovery replacement storage resource (<i>KRR<sub>SR</sub></i>) is a conservative estimate that represents only the amount of CO<sub>2</sub> at subsurface conditions that could replace the volume of known hydrocarbon production. The mean national <i>KRR<sub>SR</sub></i>, determined from production volumes rather than the geologic model of buoyant and residual traps that make up <i>TA<sub>SR</sub></i>, is 13 Gt. The estimated storage resources are dominated by residual trapping class 2, which accounts for 89 percent of the total resources. The Coastal Plains Region of the United States contains the largest storage resource of any region. Within the Coastal Plains Region, the resources from the U.S. Gulf Coast area represent 59 percent of the national CO<sub>2</sub> storage capacity.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/cir1386","usgsCitation":"U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Carbon Dioxide Storage Resources Assessment Team, 2013, National assessment of geologic carbon dioxide storage resources: results (Version 1: Originally posted June 2013; Version 1.1: September 2013): U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1386, ix, 41 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1386.","productDescription":"ix, 41 p.","numberOfPages":"54","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":503645,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_98590.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":274229,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1386/"},{"id":278264,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1386/pdf/circular1386_508.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":274234,"rank":3,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/cir1386.gif"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"MultiPolygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ [ -75.867044, 36.550754 ], [ -75.996252, 36.922047 ], [ -76.297663, 36.968147 ], [ -76.469914, 36.882898 ], [ -76.662558, 37.045748 ], [ -76.685614, 37.198851 ], [ -76.802511, 37.198308 ], [ -76.649869, 37.220914 ], [ -76.428869, 36.969947 ], [ -76.304272, 37.001378 ], [ -76.292344, 37.126615 ], [ -76.50364, 37.233856 ], [ -76.349489, 37.273963 ], [ -76.415167, 37.402133 ], [ -76.275552, 37.309964 ], [ -76.265056, 37.481365 ], [ -76.360474, 37.51924 ], [ -76.300144, 37.561734 ], [ -76.542666, 37.616857 ], [ -76.784618, 37.869569 ], [ -76.36232, 37.610368 ], [ -76.28037, 37.613715 ], [ -76.339892, 37.655966 ], [ -76.236725, 37.889174 ], [ -76.613939, 38.148587 ], [ -76.962311, 38.214075 ], [ -77.043526, 38.400548 ], [ -77.279633, 38.339444 ], [ -77.246704, 38.635217 ], [ -77.12634, 38.6177 ], [ -77.263599, 38.512344 ], [ -77.250172, 38.382781 ], [ -77.016371, 38.445572 ], [ -76.920778, 38.291529 ], [ -76.321499, 38.03805 ], [ -76.557535, 38.744687 ], [ -76.394358, 39.01216 ], [ -76.535885, 39.211008 ], [ -76.425281, 39.205708 ], [ -76.341443, 39.354217 ], [ -76.281374, 39.304531 ], [ -76.060988, 39.447775 ], [ -76.096072, 39.536912 ], [ -75.970337, 39.557637 ], [ -76.002408, 39.367501 ], [ -76.170588, 39.331954 ], [ -76.274741, 39.164961 ], [ -76.231765, 39.018518 ], [ -76.145174, 39.092824 ], [ -76.164004, 38.99953 ], [ -76.311766, 39.035257 ], [ -76.376031, 38.848777 ], [ -76.203638, 38.928382 ], [ -76.19343, 38.821787 ], [ -76.271575, 38.851771 ], [ -76.347998, 38.686234 ], [ -76.238685, 38.735434 ], [ -76.147158, 38.63684 ], [ -76.33636, 38.492235 ], [ -76.258189, 38.318373 ], [ -76.032044, 38.216684 ], [ -75.973876, 38.36585 ], [ -75.970514, 38.233668 ], [ -75.848473, 38.20934 ], [ -75.958786, 38.135572 ], [ -75.843862, 38.144599 ], [ -75.812913, 38.058932 ], [ -75.892686, 37.916848 ], [ -75.663095, 37.961195 ], [ -76.018645, 37.31782 ], [ -75.906734, 37.114193 ], [ -75.514921, 37.799149 ], [ -75.195382, 38.093582 ], [ -75.048939, 38.451263 ], [ -75.089473, 38.797198 ], [ -75.402035, 39.066885 ], [ -75.587147, 39.651012 ], [ -75.509342, 39.685313 ], [ -75.536431, 39.460559 ], [ -75.136548, 39.179425 ], [ -74.887167, 39.158825 ], [ -74.971995, 38.94037 ], [ -74.864458, 38.94041 ], [ -74.096906, 39.76303 ], [ -73.978282, 40.440208 ], [ -74.261889, 40.464706 ], [ -74.186027, 40.646076 ], [ -74.024543, 40.709436 ], [ -73.934512, 40.545175 ], [ -73.23914, 40.6251 ], [ -71.856214, 41.070598 ], [ -72.10216, 40.991509 ], [ -72.317238, 41.088659 ], [ -72.278789, 41.158722 ], [ -72.585327, 40.997587 ], [ -73.485365, 40.946397 ], [ -73.781369, 40.794907 ], [ -73.643478, 41.002171 ], [ -72.916827, 41.282033 ], [ -71.483295, 41.371722 ], [ -71.449318, 41.687401 ], [ -71.350057, 41.727835 ], [ -71.19564, 41.67509 ], [ -71.337695, 41.448902 ], [ -71.24071, 41.474872 ], [ -71.240709, 41.619225 ], [ -71.19302, 41.457931 ], [ -70.718739, 41.73574 ], [ -70.623652, 41.707398 ], [ -70.658659, 41.543385 ], [ -70.948431, 41.409193 ], [ -70.351634, 41.634687 ], [ -70.007011, 41.671579 ], [ -69.998071, 41.54365 ], [ -69.935952, 41.809422 ], [ -70.058531, 42.040363 ], [ -70.245385, 42.063733 ], [ -70.095595, 42.032832 ], [ -70.024734, 41.787364 ], [ -70.471552, 41.761563 ], [ -70.552941, 41.929641 ], [ -70.710034, 41.999544 ], [ -70.63848, 42.081579 ], [ -70.722269, 42.207959 ], [ -71.01568, 42.326019 ], [ -70.871382, 42.546404 ], [ -70.594014, 42.63503 ], [ -70.778671, 42.693622 ], [ -70.810069, 42.909549 ], [ -70.361214, 43.52919 ], [ -70.196911, 43.565146 ], [ -70.190014, 43.771866 ], [ -70.009869, 43.859315 ], [ -70.041351, 43.738053 ], [ -69.884066, 43.778035 ], [ -69.838689, 43.70514 ], [ -69.398455, 43.971804 ], [ -69.214205, 43.935583 ], [ -69.031878, 44.079036 ], [ -69.100863, 44.104529 ], [ -68.927452, 44.448039 ], [ -68.783679, 44.473879 ], [ -68.827197, 44.31216 ], [ -68.525302, 44.227554 ], [ -68.565161, 44.39907 ], [ -68.3791, 44.430049 ], [ -68.430946, 44.298624 ], [ -68.317588, 44.225101 ], [ -68.173608, 44.328397 ], [ -68.261708, 44.484062 ], [ -68.117746, 44.475038 ], [ -68.049334, 44.33073 ], [ -67.855108, 44.419434 ], [ -67.839896, 44.558771 ], [ -67.568159, 44.531117 ], [ -67.551133, 44.621938 ], [ -67.405492, 44.594236 ], [ -67.308538, 44.707454 ], [ -67.293403, 44.599265 ], [ -66.950569, 44.814539 ], [ -67.157919, 45.161004 ], [ -67.345585, 45.126392 ], [ -67.489464, 45.282653 ], [ -67.429716, 45.583773 ], [ -67.817892, 45.693705 ], [ -67.750422, 45.917898 ], [ -67.789461, 47.062544 ], [ -67.955669, 47.199542 ], [ -68.329879, 47.36023 ], [ -68.902425, 47.178839 ], [ -69.050334, 47.256621 ], [ -69.043947, 47.427634 ], [ -69.22442, 47.459686 ], [ -69.997086, 46.69523 ], [ -70.057061, 46.415036 ], [ -70.292736, 46.191599 ], [ -70.259117, 45.890755 ], [ -70.688214, 45.563981 ], [ -70.634661, 45.383608 ], [ -70.795009, 45.428145 ], [ -70.857042, 45.22916 ], [ -71.01081, 45.34725 ], [ -71.13943, 45.242958 ], [ -71.296509, 45.29919 ], [ -71.443882, 45.235462 ], [ -71.502487, 45.013367 ], [ -74.992756, 44.977449 ], [ -76.312647, 44.199044 ], [ -76.360306, 44.070907 ], [ -76.125023, 43.912773 ], [ -76.28272, 43.858601 ], [ -76.235834, 43.529256 ], [ -76.958402, 43.270005 ], [ -77.551022, 43.235763 ], [ -77.760231, 43.341161 ], [ -78.370221, 43.376505 ], [ -79.070469, 43.262454 ], [ -79.074467, 43.077855 ], [ -78.851355, 42.791758 ], [ -79.148723, 42.553672 ], [ -80.329976, 42.036168 ], [ -81.288892, 41.758945 ], [ -81.738755, 41.48855 ], [ -82.011966, 41.515639 ], [ -82.499099, 41.381541 ], [ -82.834101, 41.587587 ], [ -82.934369, 41.514353 ], [ -83.455626, 41.727445 ], [ -83.133511, 42.088143 ], [ -83.096521, 42.290138 ], [ -82.894013, 42.389437 ], [ -82.813518, 42.640833 ], [ -82.630851, 42.673341 ], [ -82.686417, 42.518597 ], [ -82.518782, 42.613888 ], [ -82.412965, 42.977041 ], [ -82.643166, 43.852468 ], [ -82.746255, 43.996037 ], [ -82.967439, 44.066138 ], [ -83.26153, 43.973525 ], [ -83.666052, 43.591292 ], [ -83.909479, 43.672622 ], [ -83.877047, 43.959351 ], [ -83.58409, 44.056748 ], [ -83.53771, 44.248171 ], [ -83.332533, 44.340464 ], [ -83.274747, 44.714893 ], [ -83.454168, 45.03188 ], [ -83.265896, 45.026844 ], [ -83.488826, 45.355872 ], [ -84.095905, 45.497298 ], [ -84.215268, 45.634767 ], [ -84.726192, 45.786905 ], [ -85.014509, 45.760329 ], [ -84.942636, 45.714292 ], [ -85.115479, 45.539406 ], [ -84.91585, 45.393115 ], [ -85.371593, 45.270834 ], [ -85.3958, 44.931018 ], [ -85.576566, 44.760208 ], [ -85.475204, 44.991053 ], [ -85.593833, 44.768651 ], [ -85.652355, 44.849092 ], [ -85.551072, 45.210742 ], [ -86.254996, 44.691935 ], [ -86.26871, 44.345324 ], [ -86.514704, 44.057672 ], [ -86.43114, 43.815569 ], [ -86.540916, 43.633158 ], [ -86.254646, 43.083409 ], [ -86.208654, 42.69209 ], [ -86.297168, 42.358207 ], [ -86.616978, 41.896625 ], [ -87.066033, 41.661845 ], [ -87.42344, 41.642835 ], [ -87.828569, 42.269922 ], [ -87.766675, 42.784896 ], [ -87.911787, 43.250406 ], [ -87.702685, 43.687596 ], [ -87.735436, 43.882219 ], [ -87.512903, 44.192808 ], [ -87.467089, 44.553557 ], [ -86.970355, 45.278455 ], [ -87.238426, 45.166492 ], [ -87.384821, 44.865532 ], [ -87.609784, 44.838514 ], [ -87.756048, 44.649117 ], [ -88.005518, 44.539216 ], [ -87.837647, 44.933091 ], [ -87.630298, 44.976865 ], [ -87.600796, 45.146842 ], [ -87.031435, 45.837238 ], [ -86.964275, 45.672761 ], [ -86.78208, 45.860195 ], [ -86.541464, 45.890234 ], [ -86.718191, 45.67732 ], [ -86.616893, 45.606796 ], [ -86.278007, 45.942057 ], [ -85.697203, 45.960158 ], [ -85.499422, 46.09692 ], [ -85.01399, 46.010774 ], [ -84.746985, 45.835597 ], [ -84.656567, 46.052654 ], [ -84.376429, 45.931962 ], [ -83.510623, 45.929324 ], [ -83.581315, 46.089613 ], [ -83.815826, 46.108529 ], [ -83.765277, 46.018363 ], [ -83.873147, 45.993426 ], [ -84.251424, 46.175888 ], [ -84.097766, 46.256512 ], [ -84.128925, 46.530119 ], [ -84.551496, 46.418522 ], [ -85.015211, 46.479712 ], [ -84.989497, 46.772403 ], [ -86.161681, 46.669475 ], [ -86.586168, 46.463324 ], [ -86.678182, 46.561039 ], [ -86.698139, 46.438624 ], [ -86.850111, 46.434114 ], [ -87.008724, 46.532723 ], [ -87.352448, 46.501324 ], [ -87.681561, 46.842392 ], [ -88.175197, 46.90458 ], [ -88.142807, 46.966302 ], [ -88.462349, 46.786711 ], [ -88.443901, 46.972251 ], [ -88.227552, 47.199938 ], [ -87.957058, 47.38726 ], [ -87.710471, 47.4062 ], [ -87.929672, 47.478743 ], [ -88.418841, 47.371058 ], [ -88.972802, 47.002096 ], [ -90.436512, 46.561748 ], [ -90.73726, 46.692267 ], [ -90.951476, 46.597033 ], [ -90.750952, 46.890293 ], [ -90.855874, 46.962232 ], [ -91.961889, 46.682539 ], [ -92.094089, 46.787839 ], [ -90.86827, 47.5569 ], [ -89.489226, 48.014528 ], [ -90.751608, 48.090968 ], [ -90.88548, 48.245784 ], [ -91.567254, 48.043719 ], [ -92.055228, 48.359213 ], [ -92.26228, 48.354933 ], [ -92.369174, 48.220268 ], [ -92.456325, 48.414204 ], [ -92.712562, 48.463013 ], [ -92.634931, 48.542873 ], [ -92.954876, 48.631493 ], [ -93.794454, 48.516021 ], [ -93.840754, 48.628548 ], [ -94.645083, 48.744143 ], [ -94.816222, 49.320987 ], [ -94.957465, 49.370186 ], [ -95.15335, 49.383079 ], [ -95.153711, 48.998903 ], [ -122.75802, 49.002357 ], [ -122.821631, 48.941369 ], [ -122.673472, 48.733082 ], [ -122.535803, 48.776128 ], [ -122.425271, 48.599522 ], [ -122.534719, 48.574246 ], [ -122.471832, 48.470724 ], [ -122.712322, 48.464143 ], [ -122.371693, 48.287839 ], [ -122.530996, 48.249821 ], [ -122.512031, 48.133931 ], [ -122.358375, 48.056133 ], [ -122.479008, 48.175703 ], [ -122.395499, 48.228551 ], [ -122.224979, 48.016626 ], [ -122.429841, 47.658919 ], [ -122.339513, 47.599113 ], [ -122.421139, 47.57602 ], [ -122.324833, 47.348521 ], [ -122.4442, 47.266723 ], [ -122.547747, 47.316403 ], [ -122.67813, 47.103866 ], [ -122.858735, 47.167955 ], [ -122.863732, 47.270221 ], [ -122.803688, 47.355071 ], [ -122.832799, 47.243412 ], [ -122.711997, 47.127681 ], [ -122.641802, 47.205013 ], [ -122.725738, 47.33047 ], [ -122.632463, 47.376394 ], [ -122.697378, 47.283969 ], [ -122.611464, 47.2181 ], [ -122.547521, 47.285344 ], [ -122.479089, 47.583654 ], [ -122.554454, 47.745704 ], [ -122.470333, 47.757109 ], [ -122.549072, 47.919072 ], [ -123.15598, 47.355745 ], [ -122.820178, 47.835904 ], [ -122.811929, 47.679861 ], [ -122.610341, 47.887343 ], [ -122.718082, 47.987739 ], [ -122.68724, 48.101662 ], [ -122.766648, 48.04429 ], [ -122.760448, 48.14324 ], [ -122.833173, 48.134406 ], [ -122.877641, 48.047025 ], [ -123.133445, 48.177276 ], [ -123.332699, 48.11297 ], [ -123.981032, 48.164761 ], [ -124.731828, 48.381157 ], [ -124.65894, 48.331057 ], [ -124.733174, 48.163393 ], [ -124.672427, 47.964414 ], [ -124.425195, 47.738434 ], [ -124.180111, 46.926357 ], [ -124.122057, 47.04165 ], [ -123.86018, 46.948556 ], [ -124.138225, 46.905534 ], [ -124.092176, 46.741624 ], [ -123.84621, 46.716795 ], [ -123.960642, 46.636364 ], [ -123.943667, 46.477197 ], [ -124.026032, 46.462978 ], [ -124.068655, 46.634879 ], [ -124.080671, 46.267239 ], [ -123.547636, 46.265595 ], [ -123.854801, 46.157342 ], [ -124.024305, 46.229256 ], [ -123.927891, 46.009564 ], [ -124.067569, 44.428582 ], [ -124.233534, 43.55713 ], [ -124.552441, 42.840568 ], [ -124.401177, 42.627192 ], [ -124.410982, 42.250547 ], [ -124.214213, 42.005939 ], [ -124.255994, 41.783014 ], [ -124.147412, 41.717955 ], [ -124.063076, 41.439579 ], [ -124.137066, 40.925732 ], [ -124.408601, 40.443201 ], [ -124.363414, 40.260974 ], [ -123.851714, 39.832041 ], [ -123.725367, 38.917438 ], [ -122.977082, 38.267902 ], [ -123.024066, 37.994878 ], [ -122.882114, 38.025273 ], [ -122.505383, 37.822128 ], [ -122.438268, 37.880974 ], [ -122.489974, 38.112014 ], [ -122.273006, 38.07438 ], [ -122.430087, 37.963115 ], [ -122.111344, 37.50758 ], [ -122.378545, 37.605592 ], [ -122.398139, 37.80563 ], [ -122.514483, 37.780829 ], [ -122.405073, 37.195791 ], [ -122.105976, 36.955951 ], [ -121.862266, 36.931552 ], [ -121.814462, 36.682858 ], [ -121.978592, 36.580488 ], [ -121.888491, 36.30281 ], [ -121.503112, 36.000299 ], [ -121.284973, 35.674109 ], [ -120.884757, 35.430196 ], [ -120.856047, 35.206487 ], [ -120.644311, 35.139616 ], [ -120.637805, 34.56622 ], [ -120.471376, 34.447846 ], [ -119.559459, 34.413395 ], [ -119.130169, 34.100102 ], [ -118.519514, 34.027509 ], [ -118.411211, 33.741985 ], [ -118.132698, 33.753217 ], [ -117.469794, 33.296417 ], [ -117.124862, 32.534156 ], [ -114.719633, 32.718763 ], [ -114.813613, 32.494277 ], [ -111.074825, 31.332239 ], [ -108.208573, 31.333395 ], [ -108.208394, 31.783599 ], [ -106.451541, 31.764808 ], [ -106.207837, 31.468188 ], [ -104.924796, 30.604832 ], [ -104.507568, 29.639624 ], [ -103.28119, 28.982138 ], [ -103.115328, 28.98527 ], [ -102.866846, 29.225015 ], [ -102.670971, 29.741954 ], [ -102.386678, 29.76688 ], [ -102.315389, 29.87992 ], [ -101.415402, 29.756561 ], [ -101.254895, 29.520342 ], [ -100.797671, 29.246943 ], [ -100.333814, 28.499252 ], [ -100.293468, 28.278475 ], [ -99.931812, 27.980967 ], [ -99.841708, 27.766464 ], [ -99.512219, 27.568094 ], [ -99.446524, 27.023008 ], [ -99.268613, 26.843213 ], [ -99.085126, 26.398782 ], [ -98.807348, 26.369421 ], [ -98.197046, 26.056153 ], [ -97.649176, 26.021499 ], [ -97.422636, 25.840378 ], [ -97.145567, 25.971132 ], [ -97.152009, 26.062108 ], [ -97.216954, 25.993838 ], [ -97.295072, 26.108342 ], [ -97.563266, 26.842188 ], [ -97.42408, 27.264073 ], [ -97.639094, 27.253131 ], [ -97.501688, 27.366618 ], [ -97.532223, 27.278577 ], [ -97.401942, 27.335574 ], [ -97.253955, 27.696696 ], [ -97.379042, 27.837867 ], [ -97.186709, 27.825453 ], [ -97.022806, 28.107588 ], [ -97.214039, 28.087494 ], [ -97.037008, 28.185528 ], [ -96.934765, 28.123873 ], [ -96.800413, 28.224128 ], [ -96.775985, 28.405809 ], [ -96.672677, 28.335579 ], [ -96.403973, 28.44245 ], [ -96.648758, 28.709627 ], [ -96.487943, 28.569677 ], [ -96.222802, 28.698431 ], [ -96.228909, 28.580873 ], [ -95.978526, 28.650594 ], [ -96.378616, 28.383909 ], [ -95.38239, 28.866348 ], [ -94.72253, 29.331446 ], [ -95.16525, 29.113566 ], [ -94.893994, 29.30817 ], [ -94.909898, 29.49691 ], [ -95.018253, 29.554885 ], [ -94.965963, 29.70033 ], [ -94.893107, 29.661336 ], [ -94.735271, 29.785433 ], [ -94.779674, 29.530533 ], [ -94.495025, 29.525031 ], [ -94.778691, 29.361483 ], [ -94.056506, 29.671163 ], [ -93.267456, 29.778113 ], [ -92.61627, 29.578729 ], [ -92.046316, 29.584362 ], [ -91.782387, 29.482882 ], [ -91.712002, 29.56474 ], [ -92.149349, 29.697052 ], [ -91.889118, 29.836023 ], [ -91.88075, 29.710839 ], [ -91.632829, 29.742576 ], [ -91.648941, 29.633635 ], [ -91.553537, 29.632766 ], [ -91.531021, 29.531543 ], [ -91.221166, 29.436421 ], [ -91.33275, 29.305816 ], [ -91.278792, 29.247776 ], [ -90.961278, 29.180817 ], [ -90.839345, 29.039167 ], [ -90.637495, 29.066608 ], [ -90.803699, 29.063709 ], [ -90.510555, 29.290925 ], [ -90.472489, 29.192688 ], [ -90.332796, 29.276956 ], [ -90.271251, 29.204639 ], [ -90.234235, 29.110268 ], [ -90.348768, 29.057817 ], [ -90.174273, 29.105301 ], [ -89.949925, 29.263154 ], [ -90.096038, 29.240673 ], [ -90.009678, 29.294785 ], [ -90.01251, 29.462775 ], [ -89.849642, 29.477996 ], [ -89.850305, 29.311768 ], [ -89.482844, 29.215053 ], [ -89.354798, 29.072543 ], [ -89.41148, 28.925011 ], [ -89.000674, 29.180091 ], [ -89.189354, 29.345061 ], [ -89.508551, 29.386168 ], [ -89.700501, 29.515967 ], [ -89.688141, 29.615055 ], [ -89.485367, 29.624357 ], [ -89.651237, 29.749479 ], [ -89.271034, 29.756355 ], [ -89.383789, 29.838928 ], [ -89.236298, 29.877081 ], [ -89.322289, 29.887333 ], [ -89.218071, 29.97275 ], [ -89.368019, 29.911491 ], [ -89.433411, 29.991205 ], [ -89.372375, 30.054729 ], [ -89.481926, 30.079128 ], [ -89.660568, 29.862909 ], [ -89.857558, 30.004439 ], [ -89.461275, 30.174745 ], [ -89.335942, 30.374016 ], [ -89.291444, 30.303296 ], [ -88.841328, 30.409598 ], [ -88.136173, 30.320729 ], [ -88.008396, 30.684956 ], [ -87.755263, 30.277292 ], [ -88.028401, 30.221132 ], [ -86.750906, 30.391881 ], [ -86.2987, 30.363049 ], [ -85.405052, 29.938487 ], [ -85.302591, 29.808094 ], [ -85.353885, 29.684765 ], [ -85.413575, 29.85294 ], [ -85.344768, 29.654793 ], [ -84.349066, 29.896812 ], [ -84.358923, 30.058224 ], [ -84.256439, 30.103791 ], [ -84.000716, 30.096209 ], [ -83.686423, 29.923735 ], [ -83.053207, 29.130839 ], [ -82.804736, 29.146624 ], [ -82.654138, 28.590837 ], [ -82.846526, 27.854301 ], [ -82.733076, 27.612972 ], [ -82.566819, 27.858002 ], [ -82.720395, 27.937199 ], [ -82.678606, 27.993715 ], [ -82.553918, 27.966998 ], [ -82.553946, 27.848462 ], [ -82.47244, 27.822559 ], [ -82.478063, 27.92768 ], [ -82.393383, 27.837519 ], [ -82.65072, 27.523115 ], [ -82.745748, 27.538834 ], [ -82.259867, 26.717398 ], [ -82.147068, 26.789803 ], [ -82.175241, 26.916867 ], [ -82.063126, 26.950214 ], [ -82.093023, 26.665614 ], [ -82.181565, 26.681712 ], [ -82.105672, 26.48393 ], [ -81.868983, 26.378648 ], [ -81.68954, 25.85271 ], [ -81.527665, 25.901531 ], [ -81.352731, 25.822015 ], [ -81.079859, 25.118797 ], [ -80.418872, 25.235532 ], [ -80.31036, 25.3731 ], [ -80.296719, 25.622195 ], [ -80.197674, 25.74437 ], [ -80.154972, 25.66549 ], [ -80.127987, 25.772245 ], [ -80.031362, 26.796339 ], [ -80.566432, 28.09563 ], [ -80.606874, 28.336484 ], [ -80.525094, 28.459454 ], [ -81.163581, 29.55529 ], [ -81.447087, 30.503679 ], [ -81.403409, 30.957914 ], [ -81.493651, 30.977528 ], [ -81.288403, 31.211065 ], [ -81.177254, 31.517074 ], [ -81.260076, 31.54828 ], [ -81.133493, 31.623348 ], [ -81.203572, 31.719448 ], [ -80.862814, 31.969346 ], [ -80.858735, 32.099581 ], [ -80.455192, 32.326458 ], [ -80.472068, 32.496964 ], [ -79.999374, 32.611851 ], [ -79.576006, 32.906235 ], [ -79.55756, 33.021269 ], [ -79.359961, 33.006672 ], [ -79.18787, 33.173712 ], [ -79.084588, 33.483669 ], [ -78.772737, 33.768511 ], [ -78.276147, 33.912364 ], [ -77.970606, 33.844517 ], [ -77.740136, 34.272546 ], [ -77.169701, 34.622023 ], [ -76.726969, 34.69669 ], [ -76.535946, 34.588577 ], [ -76.038648, 35.065045 ], [ -76.523303, 34.652271 ], [ -76.673619, 34.71491 ], [ -76.604796, 34.787482 ], [ -76.524712, 34.681964 ], [ -76.288354, 35.005726 ], [ -76.395625, 34.975179 ], [ -76.463468, 35.076411 ], [ -76.762931, 34.920374 ], [ -76.982904, 35.060607 ], [ -76.801426, 34.964369 ], [ -76.60042, 35.067867 ], [ -76.467776, 35.276951 ], [ -77.023912, 35.514802 ], [ -76.580187, 35.387113 ], [ -76.634468, 35.510332 ], [ -76.471207, 35.55742 ], [ -76.586349, 35.508957 ], [ -76.485762, 35.371375 ], [ -76.149655, 35.326411 ], [ -75.895045, 35.573152 ], [ -75.775328, 35.579335 ], [ -75.71294, 35.69849 ], [ -75.80935, 35.959308 ], [ -75.947293, 35.959835 ], [ -76.04015, 35.65131 ], [ -76.024162, 35.970891 ], [ -76.667547, 35.933509 ], [ -76.7521, 36.147328 ], [ -76.693253, 36.278357 ], [ -76.676484, 36.043612 ], [ -76.514335, 36.00564 ], [ -76.298733, 36.1012 ], [ -76.447812, 36.192514 ], [ -76.064224, 36.143775 ], [ -76.184702, 36.298166 ], [ -75.904999, 36.164188 ], [ -75.922344, 36.244122 ], [ -75.793974, 36.07171 ], [ -76.019261, 36.503506 ], [ -75.85147, 36.415785 ], [ -75.723662, 36.003139 ], [ -75.536428, 35.780118 ], [ -75.867044, 36.550754 ] ], [ [ -77.038598, 38.791513 ], [ -77.1199, 38.934311 ], [ -77.040999, 38.99511 ], [ -76.910795, 38.891712 ], [ -77.038598, 38.791513 ] ] ], [ [ [ -88.124658, 30.28364 ], [ -88.313323, 30.230024 ], [ -88.075856, 30.246139 ], [ -88.124658, 30.28364 ] ] ], [ [ [ -120.248484, 33.999329 ], [ -120.121817, 33.895712 ], [ -119.97026, 33.944359 ], [ -120.043259, 34.035806 ], [ -120.248484, 33.999329 ] ] ], [ [ [ -119.789798, 34.05726 ], [ -119.923337, 34.069361 ], [ -119.758141, 33.959212 ], [ -119.52064, 34.034262 ], [ -119.789798, 34.05726 ] ] ], [ [ [ -118.524531, 32.895488 ], [ -118.353504, 32.821962 ], [ -118.605534, 33.030999 ], [ -118.524531, 32.895488 ] ] ], [ [ [ -118.500212, 33.449592 ], [ -118.60403, 33.47654 ], [ -118.465368, 33.326056 ], [ -118.305084, 33.310323 ], [ -118.500212, 33.449592 ] ] ], [ [ [ -81.582923, 24.658732 ], [ -81.81289, 24.546468 ], [ -81.298028, 24.656774 ], [ -81.425483, 24.752989 ], [ -81.582923, 24.658732 ] ] ], [ [ [ -84.777208, 29.707398 ], [ -84.696726, 29.76993 ], [ -85.097082, 29.625215 ], [ -84.777208, 29.707398 ] ] ], [ [ [ -85.156415, 29.679628 ], [ -85.222546, 29.678039 ], [ -85.077237, 29.670862 ], [ -85.156415, 29.679628 ] ] ], [ [ [ -82.255777, 26.703437 ], [ -82.177017, 26.471558 ], [ -82.013913, 26.452058 ], [ -82.166042, 26.489679 ], [ -82.255777, 26.703437 ] ] ], [ [ [ -80.250581, 25.34193 ], [ -80.174544, 25.518406 ], [ -80.659395, 24.897433 ], [ -80.250581, 25.34193 ] ] ], [ [ [ -88.865067, 29.752714 ], [ -88.944435, 29.658806 ], [ -88.8312, 29.878839 ], [ -88.881454, 30.053202 ], [ -88.865067, 29.752714 ] ] ], [ [ [ -70.59628, 41.471905 ], [ -70.838777, 41.347209 ], [ -70.451084, 41.348161 ], [ -70.59628, 41.471905 ] ] ], [ [ [ -70.092142, 41.297741 ], [ -70.275526, 41.310464 ], [ -69.960181, 41.264546 ], [ -70.049053, 41.391702 ], [ -70.092142, 41.297741 ] ] ], [ [ [ -68.453236, 44.189998 ], [ -68.502096, 44.152388 ], [ -68.384903, 44.154955 ], [ -68.453236, 44.189998 ] ] ], [ [ [ -68.680773, 44.279242 ], [ -68.675056, 44.137131 ], [ -68.605906, 44.230772 ], [ -68.680773, 44.279242 ] ] ], [ [ [ -68.785601, 44.053503 ], [ -68.825067, 44.186338 ], [ -68.944597, 44.11284 ], [ -68.785601, 44.053503 ] ] ], [ [ [ -68.942826, 44.281073 ], [ -68.95189, 44.218719 ], [ -68.868444, 44.38144 ], [ -68.942826, 44.281073 ] ] ], [ [ [ -88.684434, 48.115785 ], [ -89.255202, 47.876102 ], [ -88.899698, 47.902445 ], [ -88.968903, 47.901675 ], [ -88.418244, 48.18037 ], [ -88.684434, 48.115785 ] ] ], [ [ [ -84.612845, 45.834528 ], [ -84.484128, 45.73071 ], [ -84.35602, 45.771895 ], [ -84.612845, 45.834528 ] ] ], [ [ [ -85.566441, 45.760222 ], [ -85.630016, 45.598166 ], [ -85.561634, 45.572213 ], [ -85.487026, 45.621211 ], [ -85.566441, 45.760222 ] ] ], [ [ [ -88.710719, 30.250799 ], [ -88.771991, 30.245523 ], [ -88.562067, 30.227476 ], [ -88.710719, 30.250799 ] ] ], [ [ [ -75.753765, 35.199612 ], [ -76.013145, 35.061855 ], [ -75.52592, 35.233839 ], [ -75.458659, 35.596597 ], [ -75.533512, 35.773577 ], [ -75.529393, 35.288272 ], [ -75.753765, 35.199612 ] ] ], [ [ [ -74.144428, 40.53516 ], [ -74.075884, 40.648101 ], [ -74.1894, 40.642121 ], [ -74.254588, 40.502303 ], [ -74.144428, 40.53516 ] ] ], [ [ [ -97.240849, 26.411504 ], [ -97.154271, 26.066841 ], [ -97.370731, 26.909706 ], [ -97.30447, 27.407734 ], [ -96.966996, 27.950531 ], [ -96.403206, 28.371475 ], [ -96.879424, 28.131402 ], [ -97.361796, 27.359988 ], [ -97.387459, 26.820789 ], [ -97.240849, 26.411504 ] ] ], [ [ [ -122.519535, 48.288314 ], [ -122.664659, 48.401508 ], [ -122.770045, 48.224395 ], [ -122.380497, 47.904023 ], [ -122.376259, 48.034457 ], [ -122.54512, 48.05255 ], [ -122.668385, 48.223967 ], [ -122.519535, 48.288314 ] ] ], [ [ [ -122.474684, 47.511068 ], [ -122.51885, 47.33332 ], [ -122.373628, 47.388718 ], [ -122.474684, 47.511068 ] ] ], [ [ [ -122.800217, 48.60169 ], [ -122.743049, 48.661991 ], [ -122.894599, 48.71503 ], [ -123.048652, 48.621002 ], [ -122.987296, 48.561895 ], [ -123.203026, 48.596178 ], [ -122.874135, 48.418196 ], [ -122.803521, 48.428748 ], [ -122.800217, 48.60169 ] ] ], [ [ [ -90.572383, 46.958835 ], [ -90.654796, 46.919249 ], [ -90.508157, 46.956836 ], [ -90.572383, 46.958835 ] ] ], [ [ [ -90.757147, 47.03372 ], [ -90.671581, 46.948973 ], [ -90.544875, 47.017383 ], [ -90.757147, 47.03372 ] ] ], [ [ [ -86.880572, 45.331467 ], [ -86.810055, 45.422619 ], [ -86.943041, 45.41525 ], [ -86.880572, 45.331467 ] ] ] ] }, \"properties\": { \"name\": \"Alabama\", \"nation\": \"USA \" } }, { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -141.064453125, 69.77895177646761 ], [ -142.998046875, 70.37785394109224 ], [ -144.404296875, 70.46620742226558 ], [ -146.6015625, 70.61261423801925 ], [ -149.150390625, 70.8446726342528 ], [ -151.259765625, 71.04552881933586 ], [ -155.390625, 71.55274065141299 ], [ -158.02734375, 71.52490903732816 ], [ -159.697265625, 71.13098770917023 ], [ -162.24609375, 70.67088107015755 ], [ -163.4765625, 70.11048478105927 ], [ -164.53125, 69.47296854140573 ], [ -166.376953125, 69.2249968541159 ], [ -167.080078125, 68.52823492039876 ], [ -166.46484375, 67.7760253890732 ], [ -165.234375, 67.2720426739952 ], [ -167.080078125, 66.68778386116203 ], [ -168.3984375, 66.05371622067922 ], [ -168.046875, 65.14611484756372 ], [ -167.16796875, 64.39693778132846 ], [ -165.849609375, 63.58767529470318 ], [ -167.080078125, 62.3903694381427 ], [ -167.783203125, 61.10078883158897 ], [ -167.958984375, 59.80063426102869 ], [ -161.806640625, 58.07787626787517 ], [ -161.806640625, 56.607885465009254 ], [ -165.322265625, 55.229023057406344 ], [ -182.98828124999997, 52.05249047600099 ], [ -181.31835937499997, 50.958426723359935 ], [ -178.2421875, 51.12421275782688 ], [ -174.28710937499997, 51.67255514839674 ], [ -169.1015625, 52.53627304145948 ], [ -165.76171875, 53.64463782485651 ], [ -157.85156249999997, 55.429013452407396 ], [ -156.181640625, 55.3791104480105 ], [ -152.578125, 56.607885465009254 ], [ -151.34765625, 58.07787626787517 ], [ -149.501953125, 59.40036514079251 ], [ -143.173828125, 59.84481485969105 ], [ -139.658203125, 59.17592824927136 ], [ -137.109375, 58.17070248348609 ], [ -134.033203125, 53.9560855309879 ], [ -131.044921875, 51.781435604431195 ], [ -130.869140625, 52.64306343665892 ], [ -130.693359375, 54.059387886623576 ], [ -129.990234375, 54.87660665410869 ], [ -130.078125, 55.92458580482951 ], [ -131.1328125, 56.46249048388979 ], [ -132.099609375, 57.088515327886505 ], [ -133.681640625, 58.53959476664049 ], [ -134.736328125, 59.17592824927136 ], [ -135.087890625, 59.66774058164963 ], [ -135.87890625, 59.66774058164963 ], [ -137.197265625, 59.22093407615045 ], [ -138.076171875, 59.62332522313024 ], [ -138.955078125, 60.108670463036 ], [ -139.482421875, 60.50052541051131 ], [ -140.9765625, 60.50052541051131 ], [ -141.064453125, 69.77895177646761 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1: Originally posted June 2013; Version 1.1: September 2013","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51cbff57e4b052f2a4539883","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Carbon Dioxide Storage Resources Assessment Team","contributorId":128059,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Carbon Dioxide Storage Resources Assessment Team","id":535561,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70046701,"text":"fs20133020 - 2013 - National assessment of geologic carbon dioxide storage resources: Summary","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-06-08T13:20:39.966743","indexId":"fs20133020","displayToPublicDate":"2013-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-3020","title":"National assessment of geologic carbon dioxide storage resources: Summary","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) recently completed an evaluation of the technically accessible storage resource (<i>TA<sub>SR</sub></i>) for carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) for 36 sedimentary basins in the onshore areas and State waters of the United States. The <i>TA<sub>SR</sub></i> is an estimate of the geologic storage resource that may be available for CO<sub>2</sub> injection and storage and is based on current geologic and hydrologic knowledge of the subsurface and current engineering practices. By using a geology-based probabilistic assessment methodology, the USGS assessment team members obtained a mean estimate of approximately 3,000 metric gigatons (Gt) of subsurface CO<sub>2</sub> storage capacity that is technically accessible below onshore areas and State waters; this amount is more than 500 times the 2011 annual U.S. energy-related CO<sub>2</sub> emissions of 5.5 Gt (U.S. Energy Information Administration, 2012, http://www.eia.gov/environment/emissions/carbon/).\n<br/>\nIn 2007, the Energy Independence and Security Act (Public Law 110–140) directed the U.S. Geological Survey to conduct a national assessment of geologic storage resources for CO<sub>2</sub> in consultation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, the U.S. Department of Energy, and State geological surveys. The USGS developed a methodology to estimate storage resource potential in geologic formations in the United States (Burruss and others, 2009, USGS Open-File Report (OFR) 2009–1035; Brennan and others, 2010, USGS OFR 2010–1127; Blondes, Brennan, and others, 2013, USGS OFR 2013–1055). In 2012, the USGS completed the assessment, and the results are summarized in this Fact Sheet and are provided in more detail in companion reports (U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Carbon Dioxide Storage Resources Assessment Team, 2013a,b; see related reports at right).\n<br/>\nThe goal of this project was to conduct an initial assessment of storage capacity on a regional basis, and results are not intended for use in the evaluation of specific sites for potential CO<sub>2</sub> storage. The national assessment was a geology-based examination of all sedimentary basins in the onshore and State waters area of the United States that contain storage assessment units (SAUs) that could be defined according to geologic and hydrologic characteristics. Although geologic storage of CO<sub>2</sub> may be possible in some areas not assessed by the USGS, the SAUs identified in this assessment represent those areas within sedimentary basins that met the assessment criteria. A geologic description of each SAU was prepared; descriptions for SAUs in several basins are in Warwick and Corum (2012, USGS OFR 2012–1024).","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20133020","usgsCitation":"U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Carbon Dioxide Storage Resources Assessment Team, 2013, National assessment of geologic carbon dioxide storage resources: summary (Version 1: Originally posted June 2013; Version 1.1: September 2013): U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2013-3020, 6 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20133020.","productDescription":"6 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":274231,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2013/3020/"},{"id":278344,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2013/3020/pdf/fs2013-3020_508.pdf"},{"id":505105,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_98591.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":274232,"rank":3,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs20133020.gif"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -130.67138671875,\n              54.686534234529695\n            ],\n            [\n              -129.9462890625,\n              55.36662484928637\n            ],\n            [\n              -130.1220703125,\n              56.145549500679074\n            ],\n            [\n              -131.9677734375,\n              56.9449741808516\n            ],\n            [\n              -135.3076171875,\n              59.833775202184206\n            ],\n            [\n              -136.38427734375,\n              59.65664225341022\n            ],\n            [\n              -136.6259765625,\n              59.23217626921806\n            ],\n            [\n              -137.52685546875,\n              58.938673187948304\n            ],\n            [\n              -137.65869140625,\n              59.33318942659219\n            ],\n            [\n              -138.8232421875,\n              60.009970961180386\n            ],\n            [\n              -139.21874999999997,\n              60.108670463036\n            ],\n            [\n              -139.04296875,\n              60.403001945865476\n            ],\n            [\n              -139.85595703125,\n              60.337823495982015\n            ],\n            [\n              -140.99853515625,\n              60.337823495982015\n            ],\n            [\n              -141.15234374999997,\n              69.71810669906763\n            ],\n            [\n              -143.4375,\n              70.17020068549206\n            ],\n            [\n              -145.1953125,\n              70.08056215839737\n            ],\n            [\n              -149.765625,\n              70.58341752317065\n            ],\n            [\n              -152.40234375,\n              70.61261423801925\n            ],\n            [\n              -152.314453125,\n              70.95969716686398\n            ],\n            [\n              -157.1484375,\n              71.35706654962706\n            ],\n            [\n              -159.9609375,\n              70.8734913192635\n            ],\n            [\n              -162.0703125,\n              70.31873847853124\n            ],\n            [\n              -163.916015625,\n              69.06856318696033\n            ],\n            [\n              -166.376953125,\n              68.942606818121\n            ],\n            [\n              -166.376953125,\n              68.26938680456564\n            ],\n            [\n              -163.30078125,\n              66.86108230224609\n            ],\n            [\n              -161.982421875,\n              66.47820814385636\n            ],\n            [\n              -163.564453125,\n              66.08936427047088\n            ],\n            [\n              -163.564453125,\n              66.6181218846659\n            ],\n            [\n              -165.76171875,\n              66.40795547978848\n            ],\n            [\n              -168.0908203125,\n              65.69447579373418\n            ],\n            [\n              -166.55273437499997,\n              65.14611484756372\n            ],\n            [\n              -166.904296875,\n              65.05360170595502\n            ],\n            [\n              -166.3330078125,\n              64.41592147626879\n            ],\n            [\n              -162.861328125,\n              64.39693778132846\n            ],\n            [\n              -160.927734375,\n              64.90491004905083\n            ],\n            [\n              -161.0595703125,\n              64.47279382008166\n            ],\n            [\n              -161.4990234375,\n              64.49172504435471\n            ],\n            [\n              -160.8837890625,\n              63.87939001720202\n            ],\n            [\n              -161.1474609375,\n              63.470144746565424\n            ],\n            [\n              -162.6416015625,\n              63.64625919492172\n            ],\n            [\n              -163.212890625,\n              63.05495931065107\n            ],\n            [\n              -164.2236328125,\n              63.37183226679281\n            ],\n            [\n              -166.1572265625,\n              61.75233128411639\n            ],\n            [\n              -165.3662109375,\n              60.54377524118842\n            ],\n            [\n              -167.431640625,\n              60.326947742998414\n            ],\n            [\n              -167.255859375,\n              59.866883195210214\n            ],\n            [\n              -165.8935546875,\n              59.7563950493563\n            ],\n            [\n              -162.68554687499997,\n              59.734253447591364\n            ],\n            [\n              -162.3779296875,\n              60.174306261926034\n            ],\n            [\n              -161.806640625,\n              59.46740794183739\n            ],\n            [\n              -162.0263671875,\n              59.108308258604964\n            ],\n            [\n              -161.806640625,\n              58.768200159239576\n            ],\n            [\n              -162.20214843749997,\n              58.65408464530598\n            ],\n            [\n              -160.83984375,\n              58.44773280389084\n            ],\n            [\n              -159.9609375,\n              58.6769376725869\n            ],\n            [\n              -159.08203125,\n              58.309488840677645\n            ],\n            [\n              -156.88476562499997,\n              58.92733441827545\n            ],\n            [\n              -157.5,\n              58.516651799363785\n            ],\n            [\n              -157.8076171875,\n              57.61010702068388\n            ],\n            [\n              -161.54296875,\n              56.022948079627454\n            ],\n            [\n              -168.6181640625,\n              53.4357192066942\n            ],\n            [\n              -174.9462890625,\n              52.26815737376817\n            ],\n            [\n              -178.2421875,\n              51.83577752045248\n            ],\n            [\n              -173.1884765625,\n              51.590722643120145\n            ],\n            [\n              -162.5537109375,\n              54.23955053156177\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.302734375,\n              55.52863052257191\n            ],\n            [\n              -151.4794921875,\n              57.51582286553883\n            ],\n            [\n              -146.9970703125,\n              60.08676274626006\n            ],\n            [\n              -145.546875,\n              60.21799073323445\n            ],\n            [\n              -144.228515625,\n              59.689926220143356\n            ],\n            [\n              -142.3828125,\n              59.93300042374631\n            ],\n            [\n              -138.3837890625,\n              58.83649009392136\n            ],\n            [\n              -135.6591796875,\n              56.31653672211301\n            ],\n            [\n              -133.2421875,\n              54.521081495443596\n            ],\n            [\n              -130.67138671875,\n              54.686534234529695\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -66.796875,\n              44.902577996288876\n            ],\n            [\n              -67.67578124999999,\n              45.583289756006316\n            ],\n            [\n              -67.939453125,\n              47.57652571374621\n            ],\n            [\n              -69.2578125,\n              47.338822694822\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.19140625,\n              45.27488643704891\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.146484375,\n              44.96479793033101\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.046875,\n              43.644025847699496\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.1015625,\n              43.51668853502906\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.1015625,\n              42.87596410238256\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.68310546875,\n              41.65649719441145\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.14453125,\n              42.049292638686836\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.07861328125,\n              42.374778361114195\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.529296875,\n              42.601619944327965\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.24365234375,\n              43.6599240747891\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.41943359375,\n              45.058001435398275\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.60595703125,\n              45.85941212790755\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.49609375,\n              46.027481852486645\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.7158203125,\n              46.164614496897094\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.95751953125,\n              46.07323062540835\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.24316406249999,\n              46.558860303117164\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.72656249999999,\n              46.558860303117164\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.90234375,\n              46.92025531537451\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.41796875,\n              48.3416461723746\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.3408203125,\n              47.96050238891509\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.76904296874999,\n              48.122101028190805\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.87890625,\n              48.22467264956519\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.51611328125,\n              48.10743118848039\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.2412109375,\n              48.37084770238366\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.39501953125,\n              48.23930899024907\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.94433593749999,\n              48.61838518688487\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.44970703125,\n              48.63290858589535\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.7021484375,\n              48.748945343432936\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.833984375,\n              49.23912083246698\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.1416015625,\n              49.396675075193976\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.20751953125,\n              49.009050809382046\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.22265625000001,\n              48.99463598353405\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.0908203125,\n              48.80686346108517\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.24462890625,\n              48.66194284607006\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.1787109375,\n              48.32703913063476\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.78271484375,\n              48.472921272487824\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.93652343749999,\n              48.16608541901253\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.365234375,\n              46.58906908309182\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.541015625,\n              44.15068115978094\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.93652343749999,\n              42.69858589169842\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.541015625,\n              41.22824901518529\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.73876953125,\n              40.43022363450862\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.03564453125,\n              39.35129035526705\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.01367187499999,\n              38.8225909761771\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.05810546875,\n              36.12012758978146\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.95947265624999,\n              34.88593094075317\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.80566406250001,\n              34.08906131584994\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.21289062499999,\n              32.2313896627376\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.22412109375,\n              32.54681317351514\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.78515624999999,\n              32.713355353177555\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.78515624999999,\n              32.491230287947594\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.98388671874999,\n              31.3348710339506\n            ],\n            [\n              -108.21533203125,\n              31.297327991404266\n            ],\n            [\n              -108.2373046875,\n              31.765537409484374\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.435546875,\n              31.765537409484374\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.9853515625,\n              30.600093873550072\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.47998046875,\n              29.592565403314087\n            ],\n            [\n              -103.20556640625,\n              28.94086176940557\n            ],\n            [\n              -102.65625,\n              29.76437737516313\n            ],\n            [\n              -102.3486328125,\n              29.84064389983441\n            ],\n            [\n              -101.49169921875,\n              29.7453016622136\n            ],\n            [\n              -100.83251953125,\n              29.267232865200878\n            ],\n            [\n              -100.30517578125,\n              28.246327971048842\n            ],\n            [\n              -99.60205078124999,\n              27.586197857692664\n            ],\n            [\n              -99.47021484375,\n              27.31321389856826\n            ],\n            [\n              -99.228515625,\n              26.52956523826758\n            ],\n            [\n              -98.2177734375,\n              26.05678288577881\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.75634765625,\n              26.03704188651584\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.44873046875,\n              25.839449402063185\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.20703125,\n              25.93828707492375\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.8994140625,\n              26.194876675795218\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.78955078125,\n              27.858503954841247\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.75732421875,\n              29.420460341013133\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.2197265625,\n              28.998531814051795\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.22021484375,\n              29.05616970274342\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.91259765625,\n              30.14512718337613\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.5283203125,\n              30.183121842195515\n            ],\n            [\n              -85.2978515625,\n              29.49698759653577\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.13330078125,\n              29.80251790576445\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.81494140625,\n              28.555576049185973\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.21044921875,\n              27.800209937418252\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.77099609375,\n              26.941659545381516\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.08984375,\n              25.878994400196202\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.5625,\n              25.264568475331583\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.28759765625,\n              24.467150664739002\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.0458984375,\n              24.046463999666567\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.6396484375,\n              24.56710835257599\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.78271484375,\n              25.34402602913433\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.60693359375,\n              27.27416111737468\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.68359375,\n              30.713503990354965\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.66162109375,\n              31.50362930577303\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.81640625,\n              34.07086232376631\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.16845703124999,\n              35.263561862152095\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.498046875,\n              37.055177106660814\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.58642578125,\n              39.90973623453719\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.3671875,\n              40.84706035607122\n            ],\n            [\n              -69.63134765625,\n              40.9964840143779\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.0048828125,\n              42.342305278572816\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.3564453125,\n              42.89206418807337\n            ],\n            [\n              -67.2802734375,\n              44.37098696297173\n            ],\n            [\n              -67.0166015625,\n              44.69989765840318\n            ],\n            [\n              -66.796875,\n              44.902577996288876\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","edition":"Version 1: Originally posted June 2013; Version 1.1: September 2013","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51cbff57e4b052f2a4539887","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Carbon Dioxide Storage Resources Assessment Team","contributorId":128059,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Carbon Dioxide Storage Resources Assessment Team","id":535562,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70199861,"text":"70199861 - 2013 - Fine-scale hydrologic modeling for regional landscape applications: the California Basin Characterization Model development and performance","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-01T15:22:10","indexId":"70199861","displayToPublicDate":"2013-07-31T15:22:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1460,"text":"Ecological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fine-scale hydrologic modeling for regional landscape applications: the California Basin Characterization Model development and performance","docAbstract":"<div id=\"ASec1\" class=\"AbstractSection\"><p class=\"Heading\"><strong>Introduction</strong></p><p class=\"Para\">Resource managers need spatially explicit models of hydrologic response to changes in key climatic drivers across variable landscape conditions. We demonstrate the utility of a Basin Characterization Model for California (CA-BCM) to integrate high-resolution data on physical watershed characteristics with historical or projected climate data to predict watershed-specific hydrologic responses.</p></div><div id=\"ASec2\" class=\"AbstractSection\"><p class=\"Heading\"><strong>Methods</strong></p><p class=\"Para\">The CA-BCM applies a monthly regional water-balance model to simulate hydrologic responses to climate at the spatial resolution of a 270-m grid. The model has been calibrated using a total of 159 relatively unimpaired watersheds for the California region.</p></div><div id=\"ASec3\" class=\"AbstractSection\"><p class=\"Heading\"><strong>Results</strong></p><p class=\"Para\">As a result of calibration, predicted basin discharge closely matches measured data for validation watersheds. The CA-BCM recharge and runoff estimates, combined with estimates of snowpack and timing of snowmelt, provide a basis for assessing variations in water availability. Another important output variable,<span>&nbsp;</span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic\">climatic water deficit</i>, integrates the combined effects of temperature and rainfall on site-specific soil moisture, a factor that plants may respond to more directly than air temperature and precipitation alone. Model outputs are calculated for each grid cell, allowing results to be summarized for a variety of planning units including hillslopes, watersheds, ecoregions, or political boundaries.</p></div><div id=\"ASec4\" class=\"AbstractSection\"><p class=\"Heading\"><strong>Conclusions</strong></p><p class=\"Para\">The ability to confidently calculate hydrologic outputs at fine spatial scales provides a new suite of hydrologic predictor variables that can be used for a variety of purposes, such as projections of changes in water availability, environmental demand, or distribution of plants and habitats. Here we present the framework of the CA-BCM model for the California hydrologic region, a test of model performance on 159 watersheds, summary results for the region for the 1981–2010 time period, and changes since the 1951–1980 time period.</p></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1186/2192-1709-2-25","usgsCitation":"Flint, L.E., Flint, A.L., Thorne, J.H., and Boynton, R., 2013, Fine-scale hydrologic modeling for regional landscape applications: the California Basin Characterization Model development and performance: Ecological Processes, v. 2, p. 1-21, https://doi.org/10.1186/2192-1709-2-25.","productDescription":"Article 25; 21 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"21","ipdsId":"IP-033531","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":473632,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/2192-1709-2-25","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":357985,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[-122.421439,37.869969],[-122.41847,37.852721],[-122.434403,37.852434],[-122.446316,37.861046],[-122.430958,37.872242],[-122.421439,37.869969]]],[[[-122.3785,37.826505],[-122.377879,37.830648],[-122.369941,37.832137],[-122.358779,37.814278],[-122.362661,37.807577],[-122.372422,37.811301],[-122.3785,37.826505]]],[[[-120.248484,33.999329],[-120.230001,34.010136],[-120.19578,34.004284],[-120.167306,34.008219],[-120.147647,34.024831],[-120.140362,34.025974],[-120.115058,34.019866],[-120.090182,34.019806],[-120.073609,34.024477],[-120.057637,34.03734],[-120.043259,34.035806],[-120.050382,34.013331],[-120.046575,34.000002],[-120.011123,33.979894],[-119.978876,33.983081],[-119.979913,33.969623],[-119.97026,33.944359],[-120.017715,33.936366],[-120.048611,33.915775],[-120.098601,33.907853],[-120.121817,33.895712],[-120.168974,33.91909],[-120.224461,33.989059],[-120.248484,33.999329]]],[[[-119.789798,34.05726],[-119.755521,34.056716],[-119.712576,34.043265],[-119.686507,34.019805],[-119.637742,34.013178],[-119.612226,34.021256],[-119.604287,34.031561],[-119.608798,34.035245],[-119.59324,34.049625],[-119.5667,34.053452],[-119.52064,34.034262],[-119.542449,34.021082],[-119.547072,34.005469],[-119.560464,33.99553],[-119.575636,33.996009],[-119.596877,33.988611],[-119.662825,33.985889],[-119.721206,33.959583],[-119.742966,33.963877],[-119.758141,33.959212],[-119.842748,33.97034],[-119.873358,33.980375],[-119.884896,34.008814],[-119.876329,34.032087],[-119.916216,34.058351],[-119.923337,34.069361],[-119.919155,34.07728],[-119.912857,34.077508],[-119.857304,34.071298],[-119.825865,34.059794],[-119.818742,34.052997],[-119.789798,34.05726]]],[[[-120.46258,34.042627],[-120.440248,34.036918],[-120.415287,34.05496],[-120.403613,34.050442],[-120.390906,34.051994],[-120.368813,34.06778],[-120.370176,34.074907],[-120.362251,34.073056],[-120.354982,34.059256],[-120.36029,34.05582],[-120.358608,34.050235],[-120.346946,34.046576],[-120.331161,34.049097],[-120.302122,34.023574],[-120.317052,34.018837],[-120.347706,34.020114],[-120.35793,34.015029],[-120.409368,34.032198],[-120.427408,34.025425],[-120.454134,34.028081],[-120.465329,34.038448],[-120.46258,34.042627]]],[[[-118.524531,32.895488],[-118.535823,32.90628],[-118.551134,32.945155],[-118.573522,32.969183],[-118.586928,33.008281],[-118.596037,33.015357],[-118.606559,33.01469],[-118.605534,33.030999],[-118.594033,33.035951],[-118.57516,33.033961],[-118.569013,33.029151],[-118.559171,33.006291],[-118.540069,32.980933],[-118.496811,32.933847],[-118.369984,32.839273],[-118.353504,32.821962],[-118.356541,32.817311],[-118.379968,32.824545],[-118.394565,32.823978],[-118.425634,32.800595],[-118.44492,32.820593],[-118.496298,32.851572],[-118.507193,32.876264],[-118.524531,32.895488]]],[[[-118.500212,33.449592],[-118.477646,33.448392],[-118.445812,33.428907],[-118.423576,33.427258],[-118.382037,33.409883],[-118.370323,33.409285],[-118.365094,33.388374],[-118.310213,33.335795],[-118.303174,33.320264],[-118.305084,33.310323],[-118.325244,33.299075],[-118.374768,33.320065],[-118.440047,33.318638],[-118.465368,33.326056],[-118.48877,33.356649],[-118.478465,33.38632],[-118.48875,33.419826],[-118.515914,33.422417],[-118.52323,33.430733],[-118.53738,33.434608],[-118.563442,33.434381],[-118.60403,33.47654],[-118.54453,33.474119],[-118.500212,33.449592]]],[[[-119.543842,33.280329],[-119.528141,33.284929],[-119.465717,33.259239],[-119.429559,33.228167],[-119.444269,33.21919],[-119.476029,33.21552],[-119.545872,33.233406],[-119.564971,33.24744],[-119.578942,33.278628],[-119.562042,33.271129],[-119.543842,33.280329]]],[[[-122.289533,42.007764],[-121.035195,41.993323],[-120.001058,41.995139],[-119.995926,40.499901],[-120.005743,39.228664],[-120.001014,38.999574],[-119.333423,38.538328],[-118.714312,38.102185],[-117.875927,37.497267],[-117.244917,37.030244],[-116.488233,36.459097],[-115.852908,35.96966],[-115.102881,35.379371],[-114.633013,35.002085],[-114.629015,34.986148],[-114.634953,34.958918],[-114.629753,34.938684],[-114.635176,34.875003],[-114.623939,34.859738],[-114.586842,34.835672],[-114.57101,34.794294],[-114.552682,34.766871],[-114.516619,34.736745],[-114.470477,34.711368],[-114.452628,34.668546],[-114.451753,34.654321],[-114.441465,34.64253],[-114.438739,34.621455],[-114.424202,34.610453],[-114.429747,34.591734],[-114.422382,34.580711],[-114.405228,34.569637],[-114.380838,34.529724],[-114.378124,34.507288],[-114.386699,34.457911],[-114.375789,34.447798],[-114.335372,34.450038],[-114.32613,34.437251],[-114.294836,34.421389],[-114.286802,34.40534],[-114.264317,34.401329],[-114.226107,34.365916],[-114.199482,34.361373],[-114.176909,34.349306],[-114.157206,34.317862],[-114.138282,34.30323],[-114.134768,34.268965],[-114.139055,34.259538],[-114.159697,34.258242],[-114.223384,34.205136],[-114.229715,34.186928],[-114.254141,34.173831],[-114.287294,34.170529],[-114.320777,34.138635],[-114.353031,34.133121],[-114.366521,34.118575],[-114.390565,34.110084],[-114.411681,34.110031],[-114.43338,34.088413],[-114.43934,34.057893],[-114.434949,34.037784],[-114.438266,34.022609],[-114.46283,34.008421],[-114.46117,33.994687],[-114.499883,33.961789],[-114.522002,33.955623],[-114.535478,33.934651],[-114.533679,33.926072],[-114.508558,33.906098],[-114.518555,33.889847],[-114.50434,33.876882],[-114.503017,33.867998],[-114.514673,33.858638],[-114.52453,33.858477],[-114.529597,33.848063],[-114.520465,33.827778],[-114.527161,33.816191],[-114.504863,33.760465],[-114.504483,33.750998],[-114.512348,33.734214],[-114.496565,33.719155],[-114.494197,33.707922],[-114.495719,33.698454],[-114.523959,33.685879],[-114.531523,33.675108],[-114.525201,33.661583],[-114.530244,33.65014],[-114.526947,33.637534],[-114.529662,33.622794],[-114.524813,33.611351],[-114.540617,33.591412],[-114.5403,33.580615],[-114.524391,33.553683],[-114.558898,33.531819],[-114.560552,33.518272],[-114.569533,33.509219],[-114.591554,33.499443],[-114.622918,33.456561],[-114.627125,33.433554],[-114.635183,33.422726],[-114.652828,33.412922],[-114.687953,33.417944],[-114.701732,33.408388],[-114.725535,33.404056],[-114.708408,33.384147],[-114.698035,33.352442],[-114.707962,33.323421],[-114.731223,33.302434],[-114.723259,33.288079],[-114.684363,33.276025],[-114.672401,33.26047],[-114.689421,33.24525],[-114.674479,33.225504],[-114.678749,33.203448],[-114.675831,33.18152],[-114.679359,33.159519],[-114.703682,33.113769],[-114.706488,33.08816],[-114.68902,33.084036],[-114.686991,33.070969],[-114.674296,33.057171],[-114.673659,33.041897],[-114.662317,33.032671],[-114.64598,33.048903],[-114.618788,33.027202],[-114.589778,33.026228],[-114.575161,33.036542],[-114.52013,33.029984],[-114.502871,33.011153],[-114.492938,32.971781],[-114.476156,32.975168],[-114.467664,32.966861],[-114.469113,32.952673],[-114.48074,32.937027],[-114.47664,32.923628],[-114.462929,32.907944],[-114.468971,32.845155],[-114.494116,32.823288],[-114.510217,32.816417],[-114.530755,32.793485],[-114.532432,32.776923],[-114.526856,32.757094],[-114.539093,32.756949],[-114.539224,32.749812],[-114.564447,32.749554],[-114.564508,32.742298],[-114.581736,32.742321],[-114.581784,32.734946],[-114.612697,32.734516],[-114.618373,32.728245],[-114.688779,32.737675],[-114.701918,32.745548],[-114.719633,32.718763],[-116.04662,32.623353],[-117.124862,32.534156],[-117.136664,32.618754],[-117.168866,32.671952],[-117.196767,32.688851],[-117.213068,32.687751],[-117.236239,32.671353],[-117.246069,32.669352],[-117.25757,32.72605],[-117.25257,32.752949],[-117.25497,32.786948],[-117.26107,32.803148],[-117.280971,32.822247],[-117.28217,32.839547],[-117.27387,32.851447],[-117.26497,32.848947],[-117.25617,32.859447],[-117.25167,32.874346],[-117.25447,32.900146],[-117.28077,33.012343],[-117.315278,33.093504],[-117.328359,33.121842],[-117.362572,33.168437],[-117.469794,33.296417],[-117.50565,33.334063],[-117.547693,33.365491],[-117.59588,33.386629],[-117.607905,33.406317],[-117.645582,33.440728],[-117.684584,33.461927],[-117.691984,33.456627],[-117.715349,33.460556],[-117.726486,33.483427],[-117.784888,33.541525],[-117.814188,33.552224],[-117.840289,33.573523],[-117.87679,33.592322],[-117.927091,33.605521],[-117.940591,33.620021],[-118.000593,33.654319],[-118.029694,33.676418],[-118.088896,33.729817],[-118.132698,33.753217],[-118.180831,33.763072],[-118.187701,33.749218],[-118.181367,33.717367],[-118.207476,33.716905],[-118.258687,33.703741],[-118.317205,33.712818],[-118.360505,33.736817],[-118.385006,33.741417],[-118.396606,33.735917],[-118.411211,33.741985],[-118.428407,33.774715],[-118.405007,33.800215],[-118.394376,33.804289],[-118.392107,33.840915],[-118.460611,33.969111],[-118.482729,33.995912],[-118.519514,34.027509],[-118.543115,34.038508],[-118.569235,34.04164],[-118.609652,34.036424],[-118.668358,34.038887],[-118.706215,34.029383],[-118.744952,34.032103],[-118.783433,34.021543],[-118.805114,34.001239],[-118.854653,34.034215],[-118.928048,34.045847],[-118.938081,34.043383],[-119.004644,34.066231],[-119.037494,34.083111],[-119.088536,34.09831],[-119.109784,34.094566],[-119.130169,34.100102],[-119.18864,34.139005],[-119.216441,34.146105],[-119.257043,34.213304],[-119.278644,34.266902],[-119.290945,34.274902],[-119.313034,34.275689],[-119.337475,34.290576],[-119.370356,34.319486],[-119.388249,34.317398],[-119.42777,34.353016],[-119.461036,34.374064],[-119.536957,34.395495],[-119.559459,34.413395],[-119.616862,34.420995],[-119.638864,34.415696],[-119.671866,34.416096],[-119.688167,34.412497],[-119.684666,34.408297],[-119.709067,34.395397],[-119.729369,34.395897],[-119.794771,34.417597],[-119.835771,34.415796],[-119.853771,34.407996],[-119.873971,34.408795],[-119.925227,34.433931],[-119.956433,34.435288],[-120.008077,34.460447],[-120.038828,34.463434],[-120.088591,34.460208],[-120.141165,34.473405],[-120.25777,34.467451],[-120.295051,34.470623],[-120.341369,34.458789],[-120.471376,34.447846],[-120.47661,34.475131],[-120.511421,34.522953],[-120.581293,34.556959],[-120.622575,34.554017],[-120.637805,34.56622],[-120.645739,34.581035],[-120.640244,34.604406],[-120.60197,34.692095],[-120.60045,34.70464],[-120.614852,34.730709],[-120.62632,34.738072],[-120.637415,34.755895],[-120.616296,34.816308],[-120.610266,34.85818],[-120.616325,34.866739],[-120.639283,34.880413],[-120.647328,34.901133],[-120.670835,34.904115],[-120.63999,35.002963],[-120.629931,35.061515],[-120.630957,35.101941],[-120.644311,35.139616],[-120.651134,35.147768],[-120.662475,35.153357],[-120.675074,35.153061],[-120.698906,35.171192],[-120.714185,35.175998],[-120.74887,35.177795],[-120.754823,35.174701],[-120.756086,35.160459],[-120.760492,35.15971],[-120.778998,35.168897],[-120.786076,35.177666],[-120.856047,35.206487],[-120.89679,35.247877],[-120.862684,35.346776],[-120.866099,35.393045],[-120.884757,35.430196],[-120.907937,35.449069],[-120.946546,35.446715],[-120.969436,35.460197],[-121.003359,35.46071],[-121.101595,35.548814],[-121.126027,35.593058],[-121.143561,35.606046],[-121.166712,35.635399],[-121.251034,35.656641],[-121.284973,35.674109],[-121.289794,35.689428],[-121.314632,35.71331],[-121.315786,35.75252],[-121.332449,35.783106],[-121.388053,35.823483],[-121.413146,35.855316],[-121.439584,35.86695],[-121.462264,35.885618],[-121.461227,35.896906],[-121.472435,35.91989],[-121.4862,35.970348],[-121.503112,36.000299],[-121.531876,36.014368],[-121.574602,36.025156],[-121.590395,36.050363],[-121.592853,36.065062],[-121.606845,36.072065],[-121.618672,36.087767],[-121.629634,36.114452],[-121.680145,36.165818],[-121.717176,36.195146],[-121.779851,36.227407],[-121.797059,36.234211],[-121.813734,36.234235],[-121.826425,36.24186],[-121.851967,36.277831],[-121.874797,36.289064],[-121.888491,36.30281],[-121.894714,36.317806],[-121.892917,36.340428],[-121.905446,36.358269],[-121.903195,36.393603],[-121.914378,36.404344],[-121.91474,36.42589],[-121.9416,36.485602],[-121.938763,36.506423],[-121.944666,36.521861],[-121.925937,36.525173],[-121.932508,36.559935],[-121.942533,36.566435],[-121.957335,36.564482],[-121.978592,36.580488],[-121.970427,36.582754],[-121.941666,36.618059],[-121.93643,36.636746],[-121.923866,36.634559],[-121.890164,36.609259],[-121.889064,36.601759],[-121.860604,36.611136],[-121.831995,36.644856],[-121.814462,36.682858],[-121.807062,36.714157],[-121.805643,36.750239],[-121.788278,36.803994],[-121.809363,36.848654],[-121.862266,36.931552],[-121.894667,36.961851],[-121.930069,36.97815],[-121.95167,36.97145],[-121.972771,36.954151],[-122.012373,36.96455],[-122.023373,36.96215],[-122.027174,36.95115],[-122.050122,36.948523],[-122.105976,36.955951],[-122.155078,36.98085],[-122.20618,37.013949],[-122.252181,37.059448],[-122.284882,37.101747],[-122.306139,37.116383],[-122.337071,37.117382],[-122.337833,37.135936],[-122.359791,37.155574],[-122.367085,37.172817],[-122.390599,37.182988],[-122.405073,37.195791],[-122.407181,37.219465],[-122.419113,37.24147],[-122.411686,37.265844],[-122.40085,37.359225],[-122.423286,37.392542],[-122.443687,37.435941],[-122.452087,37.48054],[-122.472388,37.50054],[-122.493789,37.492341],[-122.499289,37.495341],[-122.516689,37.52134],[-122.519533,37.537302],[-122.513688,37.552239],[-122.517187,37.590637],[-122.501386,37.599637],[-122.494085,37.644035],[-122.496784,37.686433],[-122.514483,37.780829],[-122.50531,37.788312],[-122.485783,37.790629],[-122.478083,37.810828],[-122.463793,37.804653],[-122.407452,37.811441],[-122.398139,37.80563],[-122.385323,37.790724],[-122.375854,37.734979],[-122.356784,37.729505],[-122.361749,37.71501],[-122.370411,37.717572],[-122.391374,37.708331],[-122.387626,37.67906],[-122.374291,37.662206],[-122.3756,37.652389],[-122.387381,37.648462],[-122.386072,37.637662],[-122.35531,37.615736],[-122.358583,37.611155],[-122.373309,37.613773],[-122.378545,37.605592],[-122.360219,37.592501],[-122.317676,37.590865],[-122.305895,37.575484],[-122.262698,37.572866],[-122.214264,37.538505],[-122.196593,37.537196],[-122.194957,37.522469],[-122.168449,37.504143],[-122.155686,37.501198],[-122.140142,37.507907],[-122.127706,37.500053],[-122.111344,37.50758],[-122.111998,37.528851],[-122.147014,37.588411],[-122.145378,37.600846],[-122.152905,37.640771],[-122.163049,37.667933],[-122.246826,37.72193],[-122.257953,37.739601],[-122.257134,37.745001],[-122.242638,37.753744],[-122.253753,37.761218],[-122.293996,37.770416],[-122.330963,37.786035],[-122.33555,37.799538],[-122.333711,37.809797],[-122.323567,37.823214],[-122.303931,37.830087],[-122.301313,37.847758],[-122.310477,37.873938],[-122.309986,37.892755],[-122.32373,37.905845],[-122.33453,37.908791],[-122.35711,37.908791],[-122.367582,37.903882],[-122.385908,37.908136],[-122.39049,37.922535],[-122.413725,37.937262],[-122.430087,37.963115],[-122.415361,37.963115],[-122.399832,37.956009],[-122.367582,37.978168],[-122.361905,37.989991],[-122.367909,38.01253],[-122.340093,38.003694],[-122.321112,38.012857],[-122.300823,38.010893],[-122.283478,38.022674],[-122.262861,38.0446],[-122.273006,38.07438],[-122.314567,38.115287],[-122.366273,38.141467],[-122.39638,38.149976],[-122.403514,38.150624],[-122.409798,38.136231],[-122.439577,38.116923],[-122.454958,38.118887],[-122.489974,38.112014],[-122.483757,38.071762],[-122.499465,38.032165],[-122.497828,38.019402],[-122.481466,38.007621],[-122.462812,38.003367],[-122.452995,37.996167],[-122.448413,37.984713],[-122.456595,37.978823],[-122.471975,37.981768],[-122.488665,37.966714],[-122.487684,37.948716],[-122.479175,37.941516],[-122.48572,37.937589],[-122.499465,37.939225],[-122.503064,37.928753],[-122.478193,37.918608],[-122.471975,37.910427],[-122.472303,37.902573],[-122.458558,37.894064],[-122.448413,37.89341],[-122.438268,37.880974],[-122.45005,37.871157],[-122.462158,37.868866],[-122.480811,37.873448],[-122.479151,37.825428],[-122.505383,37.822128],[-122.548986,37.836227],[-122.561487,37.851827],[-122.584289,37.859227],[-122.60129,37.875126],[-122.656519,37.904519],[-122.682171,37.90645],[-122.70264,37.89382],[-122.727297,37.904626],[-122.736898,37.925825],[-122.766138,37.938004],[-122.783244,37.951334],[-122.797405,37.976657],[-122.821383,37.996735],[-122.856573,38.016717],[-122.882114,38.025273],[-122.939711,38.031908],[-122.956811,38.02872],[-122.981776,38.009119],[-122.97439,37.992429],[-123.024066,37.994878],[-123.011533,38.003438],[-122.99242,38.041758],[-122.960889,38.112962],[-122.949074,38.15406],[-122.953629,38.17567],[-122.965408,38.187113],[-122.968112,38.202428],[-122.993959,38.237602],[-122.968569,38.242879],[-122.967203,38.250691],[-122.977082,38.267902],[-122.986319,38.273164],[-123.002911,38.295708],[-123.024333,38.310573],[-123.038742,38.313576],[-123.051061,38.310693],[-123.053504,38.299385],[-123.063671,38.302178],[-123.074684,38.322574],[-123.068437,38.33521],[-123.068265,38.359865],[-123.128825,38.450418],[-123.202277,38.494314],[-123.249797,38.511045],[-123.287156,38.540223],[-123.331899,38.565542],[-123.343338,38.590008],[-123.371876,38.607235],[-123.398166,38.647044],[-123.441774,38.699744],[-123.461291,38.717001],[-123.514784,38.741966],[-123.541837,38.776764],[-123.579856,38.802835],[-123.58638,38.802857],[-123.605317,38.822765],[-123.647387,38.845472],[-123.659846,38.872529],[-123.71054,38.91323],[-123.725367,38.917438],[-123.726315,38.936367],[-123.738886,38.95412],[-123.729053,38.956667],[-123.711149,38.977316],[-123.6969,39.004401],[-123.690095,39.031157],[-123.693969,39.057363],[-123.713392,39.108422],[-123.721505,39.125327],[-123.737913,39.143442],[-123.742221,39.164885],[-123.765891,39.193657],[-123.774998,39.212083],[-123.777368,39.237214],[-123.787893,39.264327],[-123.803848,39.278771],[-123.803081,39.291747],[-123.811387,39.312825],[-123.808772,39.324368],[-123.822085,39.343857],[-123.826306,39.36871],[-123.81469,39.446538],[-123.766475,39.552803],[-123.787417,39.604552],[-123.782322,39.621486],[-123.792659,39.684122],[-123.808208,39.710715],[-123.829545,39.723071],[-123.838089,39.752409],[-123.839797,39.795637],[-123.851714,39.832041],[-123.907664,39.863028],[-123.930047,39.909697],[-123.954952,39.922373],[-123.980031,39.962458],[-124.035904,40.013319],[-124.056408,40.024305],[-124.068908,40.021307],[-124.079983,40.029773],[-124.080709,40.06611],[-124.110549,40.103765],[-124.187874,40.130542],[-124.214895,40.160902],[-124.296497,40.208816],[-124.320912,40.226617],[-124.327691,40.23737],[-124.34307,40.243979],[-124.363414,40.260974],[-124.363634,40.276212],[-124.347853,40.314634],[-124.362796,40.350046],[-124.365357,40.374855],[-124.373599,40.392923],[-124.391496,40.407047],[-124.409591,40.438076],[-124.38494,40.48982],[-124.383224,40.499852],[-124.387023,40.504954],[-124.382816,40.519],[-124.329404,40.61643],[-124.158322,40.876069],[-124.137066,40.925732],[-124.118147,40.989263],[-124.112165,41.028173],[-124.125448,41.048504],[-124.138217,41.054342],[-124.153622,41.05355],[-124.154513,41.087159],[-124.160556,41.099011],[-124.159065,41.121957],[-124.165414,41.129822],[-124.158539,41.143021],[-124.149674,41.140845],[-124.1438,41.144686],[-124.106986,41.229678],[-124.072294,41.374844],[-124.063076,41.439579],[-124.066057,41.470258],[-124.081427,41.511228],[-124.081987,41.547761],[-124.092404,41.553615],[-124.101123,41.569192],[-124.097385,41.585251],[-124.100961,41.602499],[-124.114413,41.616768],[-124.120225,41.640354],[-124.135552,41.657307],[-124.147412,41.717955],[-124.164716,41.740126],[-124.17739,41.745756],[-124.194953,41.736778],[-124.23972,41.7708],[-124.248704,41.771459],[-124.255994,41.783014],[-124.245027,41.7923],[-124.230678,41.818681],[-124.208439,41.888192],[-124.203402,41.940964],[-124.204948,41.983441],[-124.211605,41.99846],[-123.656998,41.995137],[-123.624554,41.999837],[-123.347562,41.999108],[-123.145959,42.009247],[-123.045254,42.003049],[-122.893961,42.002605],[-122.289533,42.007764]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"California\",\"nation\":\"USA  \"}}]}","volume":"2","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":1,"text":"Sacramento PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-07-31","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5bc03a2ee4b0fc368eb53b29","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Flint, Lorraine E. 0000-0002-7868-441X lflint@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7868-441X","contributorId":1184,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flint","given":"Lorraine","email":"lflint@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":746950,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Flint, Alan L. 0000-0002-5118-751X aflint@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5118-751X","contributorId":1492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flint","given":"Alan","email":"aflint@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":746949,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thorne, James H.","contributorId":139144,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Thorne","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":12659,"text":"U C Davis","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":746951,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Boynton, Ryan","contributorId":36403,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boynton","given":"Ryan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":746952,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70047312,"text":"70047312 - 2013 - Emerging methods for the study of coastal ecosystem landscape structure and change","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-06T15:31:11","indexId":"70047312","displayToPublicDate":"2013-07-31T10:15:04","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2068,"text":"International Journal of Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Emerging methods for the study of coastal ecosystem landscape structure and change","docAbstract":"Coastal landscapes are heterogeneous, dynamic, and evolve over a range of time scales due to intertwined climatic, geologic, hydrologic, biologic, and meteorological processes, and are also heavily impacted by human development, commercial activities, and resource extraction. A diversity of complex coastal systems around the globe, spanning glaciated shorelines to tropical atolls, wetlands, and barrier islands are responding to multiple human and natural drivers. Interdisciplinary research based on remote-sensing observations linked to process studies and models is required to understand coastal ecosystem landscape structure and change. Moreover, new techniques for coastal mapping and monitoring are increasingly serving the needs of policy-makers and resource managers across local, regional, and national scales. Emerging remote-sensing methods associated with a diversity of instruments and platforms are a key enabling element of integrated coastal ecosystem studies. These investigations require both targeted and synoptic mapping, and involve the monitoring of formative processes such as hydrodynamics, sediment transport, erosion, accretion, flooding, habitat modification, land-cover change, and biogeochemical fluxes.","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/01431161.2013.810445","usgsCitation":"Brock, J., Danielson, J.J., and Purkis, S., 2013, Emerging methods for the study of coastal ecosystem landscape structure and change: International Journal of Remote Sensing, v. 34, no. 18, p. 6283-6285, https://doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2013.810445.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"6283","endPage":"6285","ipdsId":"IP-045935","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":275618,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":275617,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2013.810445"}],"volume":"34","issue":"18","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-06-28","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51fa2c7fe4b076c3a8d82617","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brock, John 0000-0002-5289-9332 jbrock@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5289-9332","contributorId":2261,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brock","given":"John","email":"jbrock@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":5061,"text":"National Cooperative Geologic Mapping and Landslide Hazards","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":481695,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Danielson, Jeffrey J. 0000-0003-0907-034X daniels@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0907-034X","contributorId":3996,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Danielson","given":"Jeffrey","email":"daniels@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":481696,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Purkis, Sam","contributorId":95363,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Purkis","given":"Sam","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":481697,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70047304,"text":"70047304 - 2013 - Variations of iron flux and organic carbon remineralization in a subterranean estuary caused by interannual variations in recharge","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-13T18:13:21.234825","indexId":"70047304","displayToPublicDate":"2013-07-30T16:05:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Variations of iron flux and organic carbon remineralization in a subterranean estuary caused by interannual variations in recharge","docAbstract":"We determine the inter-annual variations in diagenetic reaction rates of sedimentary iron (Fe ) in an east Florida subterranean estuary and evaluate the connection between metal fluxes and recharge to the coastal aquifer.  Over the three-year study period (from 2004 to 2007), the amount of Fe-oxides reduced at the study site decreased from 192 g/yr to 153 g/yr and associated organic carbon (OC) remineralization decreased from 48 g/yr to 38 g/yr.  These reductions occurred although the Fe-oxide reduction rates remained constant around 1 mg/cm<sup>2</sup>/yr.  These results suggest that changes in flow rates of submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) related to changes in precipitation may be important to fluxes of the diagenetic reaction products.  Rainfall at a weather station approximately 5 km from the field area decreased from 12.6 cm/month to 8.4 cm/month from 2004 to 2007.  Monthly potential evapotranspiration (PET) calculated from Thornthwaite’s method indicated potential evapotranspiration cycled from about 3 cm/month in the winter to about 15 cm/month in the summer so that net annual recharge to the aquifer decreased from 40 cm in 2004 to -10 cm in 2007.  Simultaneously, with the decrease in recharge of groundwater, freshwater SGD decreased by around 20% and caused the originally 25 m wide freshwater seepage face to decrease in width by about 5 m.  The smaller seepage face reduced the area under which Fe-oxides were undergoing reductive dissolution.  Consequently, the observed decrease in Fe flux is controlled by hydrology of the subterranean estuary.  These results point out the need to better understand linkages between temporal variations in diagenetic reactions and changes in flow within subterranean estuaries in order to accurately constrain their contribution to oceanic fluxes of solutes from subterranean estuaries.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.gca.2012.10.055","usgsCitation":"Roy, M., Martin, J., Cable, J.E., and Smith, C.G., 2013, Variations of iron flux and organic carbon remineralization in a subterranean estuary caused by interannual variations in recharge: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 103, p. 301-315, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2012.10.055.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"301","endPage":"315","numberOfPages":"15","ipdsId":"IP-032648","costCenters":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":275600,"rank":1,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2012.10.055"},{"id":275601,"rank":2,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Indian River Lagoon","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -80.643947,28.05794 ], [ -80.643947,28.164889 ], [ -80.559226,28.164889 ], [ -80.559226,28.05794 ], [ -80.643947,28.05794 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"103","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51f8d25be4b0cecbe8fa983c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Roy, Moutusi","contributorId":27998,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roy","given":"Moutusi","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":481672,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Martin, Jonathan B.","contributorId":68450,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martin","given":"Jonathan B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":481673,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cable, Jaye E.","contributorId":83658,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cable","given":"Jaye","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":481674,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Smith, Christopher G. 0000-0002-8075-4763 cgsmith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8075-4763","contributorId":3410,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Christopher","email":"cgsmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":24708,"text":"Lower Mississippi-Gulf Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":481671,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70007167,"text":"70007167 - 2013 - Pre- and post-impoundment nitrogen in the lower Missouri River","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-01-13T10:23:22","indexId":"70007167","displayToPublicDate":"2013-07-30T11:42:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1924,"text":"Hydrological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pre- and post-impoundment nitrogen in the lower Missouri River","docAbstract":"Large water-sample sets collected from 1899 through 1902, 1907, and in the early 1950s allow comparisons of pre-impoundment and post-impoundment (1969 through 2008) nitrogen concentrations in the lower Missouri River. Although urban wastes were not large enough to detectably increase annual loads of total nitrogen at the beginning of the 20th century, carcass waste, stock-yard manure, and untreated human wastes measurably increased ammonia and organic-nitrogen concentrations during low flows. Average total-nitrogen concentrations in both periods were about 2.5 mg/l, but much of the particulate-organic nitrogen, which was the dominant form of nitrogen around 1900, has been replaced by nitrate. This change in speciation was caused by the nearly 80% decrease in suspended-sediment concentrations that occurred after impoundment, modern agriculture, drainage of riparian wetlands, and sewage treatment. Nevertheless, bioavailable nitrogen has not been low enough to limit primary production in the Missouri River since the beginning of the 20th century. Nitrate concentrations have increased more rapidly from 2000 through 2008 (5 to 12% per year), thus increasing bioavailable nitrogen delivered to the Mississippi River and affecting Gulf Coast hypoxia. The increase in nitrate concentrations with distance downstream is much greater during the post-impoundment period. If strategies to decrease total-nitrogen loads focus on particulate N, substantial decreases will be difficult because particulate nitrogen is now only 23% of total nitrogen in the Missouri River. A strategy aimed at decreasing particulates also could further exacerbate land loss along the Gulf of Mexico, which has been sediment starved since Missouri River impoundment. In contrast, strategies or benchmarks aimed at decreasing nitrate loads could substantially decrease nitrogen loadings because nitrates now constitute over half of the Missouri's nitrogen input to the Mississippi. Ongoing restoration and creation of wetlands along the Missouri River could be part of such a nitrate-reduction strategy. Published 2013. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrological Processes","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/hyp.9797","usgsCitation":"Blevins, D.W., Wilkison, D.H., and Niesen, S.L., 2013, Pre- and post-impoundment nitrogen in the lower Missouri River: Hydrological Processes, v. 28, no. 4, p. 2535-2549, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.9797.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"2535","endPage":"2549","numberOfPages":"15","ipdsId":"IP-026501","costCenters":[{"id":396,"text":"Missouri Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":275576,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":275573,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.9797"}],"scale":"100000","projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator projection, zone 15","country":"United States","state":"Illinois;Iowa;Kansas;Missouri;Nebraska","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -98.5693,38.1518 ], [ -98.5693,43.0609 ], [ -89.9561,43.0609 ], [ -89.9561,38.1518 ], [ -98.5693,38.1518 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"28","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-04-18","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51f8d25ae4b0cecbe8fa9830","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Blevins, Dale W. dblevins@usgs.gov","contributorId":2729,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blevins","given":"Dale","email":"dblevins@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":356006,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wilkison, Donald H. wilkison@usgs.gov","contributorId":3824,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilkison","given":"Donald","email":"wilkison@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":396,"text":"Missouri Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":356007,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Niesen, Shelley L. ssevern@usgs.gov","contributorId":4583,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Niesen","given":"Shelley","email":"ssevern@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":396,"text":"Missouri Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":356008,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70040793,"text":"70040793 - 2013 - On the conversion of tritium units to mass fractions for hydrologic applications","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-24T14:19:42","indexId":"70040793","displayToPublicDate":"2013-07-30T10:37:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2114,"text":"Isotopes in Environmental and Health Studies","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"On the conversion of tritium units to mass fractions for hydrologic applications","docAbstract":"We develop a general equation for converting laboratory-reported tritium levels, expressed either as concentrations (tritium isotope number fractions) or mass-based specific activities, to mass fractions in aqueous systems. Assuming that all tritium is in the form of monotritiated water simplifies the derivation and is shown to be reasonable for most environmental settings encountered in practice. The general equation is nonlinear. For tritium concentrations c less than 4.5×10<sup>12</sup> tritium units (TU) - i.e. specific tritium activities<5.3×10<sup>11</sup> Bq kg<sup>-1</sup> - the mass fraction w of tritiated water is approximated to within 1 part per million by w ≈ c×2.22293×10<sup>-18</sup>, i.e. the conversion is linear for all practical purposes. Terrestrial abundances serve as a proxy for non-tritium isotopes in the absence of sample-specific data. Variation in the relative abundances of non-tritium isotopes in the terrestrial hydrosphere produces a minimum range for the mantissa of the conversion factor of [2.22287; 2.22300].","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/10256016.2013.766610","usgsCitation":"Stonestrom, D.A., Andraski, B.J., Cooper, C.A., Mayers, C.J., and Michel, R.L., 2013, On the conversion of tritium units to mass fractions for hydrologic applications: Isotopes in Environmental and Health Studies, v. 49, no. 2, p. 250-256, https://doi.org/10.1080/10256016.2013.766610.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"250","endPage":"256","ipdsId":"IP-042205","costCenters":[{"id":148,"text":"Branch of Regional Research-Western Region","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":473638,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/3664909","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":275565,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"49","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51f8d259e4b0cecbe8fa9824","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stonestrom, David A. 0000-0001-7883-3385 dastones@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7883-3385","contributorId":2280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stonestrom","given":"David","email":"dastones@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":469030,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Andraski, Brian J. 0000-0002-2086-0417 andraski@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2086-0417","contributorId":168800,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andraski","given":"Brian","email":"andraski@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":38175,"text":"Toxics Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":469031,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cooper, Clay A.","contributorId":107170,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cooper","given":"Clay","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469032,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mayers, Charles J.","contributorId":108185,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mayers","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469033,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Michel, Robert L. rlmichel@usgs.gov","contributorId":823,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Michel","given":"Robert","email":"rlmichel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":148,"text":"Branch of Regional Research-Western Region","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":469029,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70046215,"text":"70046215 - 2013 - Mercury cycling in agricultural and managed wetlands of California: seasonal influences of vegetation on mercury methylation, storage, and transport","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-01T17:25:03","indexId":"70046215","displayToPublicDate":"2013-07-29T14:27:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3352,"text":"Science of the Total Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mercury cycling in agricultural and managed wetlands of California: seasonal influences of vegetation on mercury methylation, storage, and transport","docAbstract":"Plants are a dominant biologic and physical component of many wetland capable of influencing the internal pools and fluxes of methylmercury (MeHg). To investigate their role with respect to the latter, we examined the changing seasonal roles of vegetation biomass and Hg, C and N composition from May 2007-February 2008 in 3 types of agricultural wetlands (domesticated or white rice, wild rice, and fallow fields), and in adjacent managed natural wetlands dominated by cattail and bulrush (tule). We also determined the impact of vegetation on seasonal microbial Hg methylation rates, and Hg and MeHg export via seasonal storage in vegetation, and biotic consumption of rice seed. Despite a compressed growing season of ~ 3 months, annual net primary productivity (NPP) was greatest in white rice fields and carbon more labile (leaf median C:N ratio = 27). Decay of senescent litter (residue) was correlated with microbial MeHg production in winter among all wetlands. As agricultural biomass accumulated from July to August, THg concentrations declined in leaves but MeHg concentrations remained consistent, such that MeHg pools generally increased with growth. Vegetation provided a small, temporary, but significant storage term for MeHg in agricultural fields when compared with hydrologic export. White rice and wild rice seeds reached mean MeHg concentrations of 4.1 and 6.2 ng g<sub>dw</sub><sup>- 1</sup>, respectively. In white rice and wild rice fields, seed MeHg concentrations were correlated with root MeHg concentrations (r = 0.90, p < 0.001), suggesting transport of MeHg to seeds from belowground tissues. Given the proportionally elevated concentrations of MeHg in rice seeds, white and wild rice crops may act as a conduit of MeHg into biota, especially waterfowl which forage heavily on rice seeds within the Central Valley of California, USA. Thus, while plant tissues and rhizosphere soils provide temporary storage for MeHg during the growing season, export of MeHg is enhanced post-harvest through increased hydrologic and biotic export.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Science of the Total Environment","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.05.027","usgsCitation":"Windham-Myers, L., Marvin-DiPasquale, M.C., Kakouros, E., Agee, J.L., Kieu, L.H., Stricker, C.A., Fleck, J., and Ackerman, J., 2013, Mercury cycling in agricultural and managed wetlands of California: seasonal influences of vegetation on mercury methylation, storage, and transport: Science of the Total Environment, 11 p., https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.05.027.","productDescription":"11 p.","ipdsId":"IP-045775","costCenters":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":275520,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":275521,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.05.027"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Yolo County","otherGeospatial":"Yolo Bypass Wildlife Area","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -121.663971,38.417283 ], [ -121.663971,38.556489 ], [ -121.586037,38.556489 ], [ -121.586037,38.417283 ], [ -121.663971,38.417283 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Online only","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51f780d7e4b02e26443a9335","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Windham-Myers, Lisamarie 0000-0003-0281-9581 lwindham-myers@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0281-9581","contributorId":2449,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Windham-Myers","given":"Lisamarie","email":"lwindham-myers@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":479189,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Marvin-DiPasquale, Mark C. 0000-0002-8186-9167 mmarvin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8186-9167","contributorId":1485,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marvin-DiPasquale","given":"Mark","email":"mmarvin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":479187,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kakouros, Evangelos 0000-0002-4778-4039 kakouros@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4778-4039","contributorId":2587,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kakouros","given":"Evangelos","email":"kakouros@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37464,"text":"WMA - Laboratory & Analytical Services Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":479191,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Agee, Jennifer L. 0000-0002-5964-5079 jlagee@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5964-5079","contributorId":2586,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Agee","given":"Jennifer","email":"jlagee@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37464,"text":"WMA - Laboratory & Analytical Services Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":479190,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kieu, Le H. lkieu@usgs.gov","contributorId":25115,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kieu","given":"Le","email":"lkieu@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":479192,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Stricker, Craig A. 0000-0002-5031-9437 cstricker@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5031-9437","contributorId":1097,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stricker","given":"Craig","email":"cstricker@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":479186,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Fleck, Jacob A. 0000-0002-3217-3972 jafleck@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3217-3972","contributorId":1498,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fleck","given":"Jacob A.","email":"jafleck@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":479188,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Ackerman, Joshua T. 0000-0002-3074-8322 jackerman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3074-8322","contributorId":147078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ackerman","given":"Joshua T.","email":"jackerman@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":479185,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":70047264,"text":"sir20135041 - 2013 - Hydrogeology, groundwater seepage, nitrate distribution, and flux at the Raleigh hydrologic research station, Wake County, North Carolina, 2005-2007","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-07T10:21:11","indexId":"sir20135041","displayToPublicDate":"2013-07-29T09:41:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-5041","title":"Hydrogeology, groundwater seepage, nitrate distribution, and flux at the Raleigh hydrologic research station, Wake County, North Carolina, 2005-2007","docAbstract":"rom 2005 to 2007, the U.S. Geological Survey and the North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Division of Water Quality, conducted a study to describe the geologic framework, measure groundwater quality, characterize the groundwater-flow system, and describe the groundwater/surface-water interaction at the 60-acre Raleigh hydrogeologic research station (RHRS) located at the Neuse River Waste Water Treatment Plant in eastern Wake County, North Carolina. Previous studies have shown that the local groundwater quality of the surficial and bedrock aquifers at the RHRS had been affected by high levels of nutrients. Geologic, hydrologic, and water-quality data were collected from 3 coreholes, 12 wells, and 4 piezometers at 3 well clusters, as well as from 2 surface-water sites, 2 multiport piezometers, and 80 discrete locations in the streambed of the Neuse River. Data collected were used to evaluate the three primary zones of the Piedmont aquifer (regolith, transition zone, and fractured bedrock) and characterize the interaction of groundwater and surface water as a mechanism of nutrient transport to the Neuse River. A conceptual hydrogeologic cross section across the RHRS was constructed using new and existing data. Two previously unmapped north striking, nearly vertical diabase dikes intrude the granite beneath the site. Groundwater within the diabase dike appeared to be hydraulically isolated from the surrounding granite bedrock and regolith. A correlation exists between foliation and fracture orientation, with most fractures striking parallel to foliation. Flowmeter logging in two of the bedrock wells indicated that not all of the water-bearing fractures labeled as water bearing were hydraulically active, even when stressed by pumping. Groundwater levels measured in wells at the RHRS displayed climatic and seasonal trends, with elevated groundwater levels occurring during the late spring and declining to a low in the late fall. Vertical gradients in the groundwater discharge area near the Neuse River were complex and were affected by fluctuations in river stage, with the exception of a well completed in a diabase dike. Water-quality data from the wells and surface-water sites at the RHRS were collected continuously as well as during periodic sampling events. Surface-water samples collected from a tributary were most similar in chemical composition to groundwater found in the regolith and transition zone. Nitrate (measured as nitrite plus nitrate, as nitrogen) concentrations in the sampled wells and tributary ranged from about 5 to more than 120 milligrams per liter as nitrogen. Waterborne continuous resistivity profiling conducted on the Neuse River in the area of the RHRS measured areas of low apparent resistivity that likely represent groundwater contaminated by high concentrations of nitrate. These areas were located on either side of a diabase dike and at the outfall of two unnamed tributaries. The diabase dike preferentially directed the discharge of groundwater to the Neuse River and may isolate groundwater movement laterally. Discrete temperature measurements made within the pore water beneath the Neuse River revealed seeps of colder groundwater discharging into warmer surface water near a diabase dike. Water-quality samples collected from the pore water beneath the Neuse River indicated that nitrate was present at concentrations as high as 80 milligrams per liter as nitrogen on the RHRS side of the river. The highest concentrations of nitrate were located within pore water collected from an area near a diabase dike that was identified as a suspected seepage area. Hydraulic head was measured and pore water samples were collected from two 140-centimeter-deep (55.1-inch-deep) multiport piezometers that were installed in bed sediments on opposite sides of a diabase dike. The concentration of nitrate in pore water at a suspected seepage area ranged from 42 to 82 milligrams per liter as nitrogen with a median concentration of 79 milligrams per liter as nitrogen. On the opposite side of the dike, concentrations of nitrate in pore water samples ranged from 3 to 91 milligrams per liter as nitrogen with a median concentration of 52 milligrams per liter. At one of the multiport piezometers the vertical gradient of hydraulic head between the Neuse River and the groundwater was too small to measure. At the multiport piezometer located in the suspected seepage area, an upward gradient of about 0.1 was present and explains the occurrence of higher concentrations of nitrate near the sediment/water interface. Horizontal seepage flux from the surficial aquifer to the edge of the Neuse River was estimated for 2006. Along a 130-foot flow path, the estimated seepage flux ranged from –0.52 to 0.2 foot per day with a median of 0.09 foot per day. The estimated advective horizontal mass flux of nitrate along a 300-foot reach of the Neuse River ranged from –10.9 to 5 pounds per day with a median of 2.2 pounds per day. The total horizontal mass flux of nitrate from the surficial aquifer to the Neuse River along the 130-foot flow path was estimated to be about 750 pounds for all of 2006. Seepage meters were deployed on the bed of the Neuse River in the areas of the multiport piezometers on either side of the diabase dike to estimate rates of vertical groundwater discharge and flux of nitrate. The average estimated daily seepage flux differed by two orders of magnitude between seepage areas. The potential vertical flux of nitrate from groundwater to the Neuse River was estimated at an average of 2.5 grams per day near one of the multiport piezometers and an average of 784 grams per day at the other. These approximations suggest that under some hydrologic conditions there is the potential for substantial quantities of nitrate to discharge from the groundwater to the Neuse River.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20135041","collaboration":"Prepared In Cooperation With The North Carolina Department Of Environment And Natural Resources Division Of Water Quality","usgsCitation":"McSwain, K., Bolich, R.E., and Chapman, M.J., 2013, Hydrogeology, groundwater seepage, nitrate distribution, and flux at the Raleigh hydrologic research station, Wake County, North Carolina, 2005-2007: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2013-5041, viii, 54 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20135041.","productDescription":"viii, 54 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2005-01-01","temporalEnd":"2007-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":275495,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5041/"},{"id":275496,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20135041.gif"},{"id":275494,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5041/pdf/sir2013-5041.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","otherGeospatial":"Neuse River Waste Water Treatment Plant","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -84.32,33.84 ], [ -84.32,36.59 ], [ -78.04,36.59 ], [ -78.04,33.84 ], [ -84.32,33.84 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51f780d6e4b02e26443a9325","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McSwain, Kristen Bukowski","contributorId":104458,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McSwain","given":"Kristen Bukowski","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":481565,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bolich, Richard E.","contributorId":89615,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bolich","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":481564,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Chapman, Melinda J. 0000-0003-4021-0320 mjchap@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4021-0320","contributorId":1597,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapman","given":"Melinda","email":"mjchap@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":476,"text":"North Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":481563,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70148415,"text":"70148415 - 2013 - Occurrence and mobility of mercury in groundwater: Chapter 5","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-12T19:06:45","indexId":"70148415","displayToPublicDate":"2013-07-27T11:45:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"title":"Occurrence and mobility of mercury in groundwater: Chapter 5","docAbstract":"<p>1. Introduction</p>\n<div id=\"Title2\" class=\"section\">\n<p class=\"section-title\">1.1. FORMS, TOXICITY, AND HEALTH EFFECTS</p>\n<p id=\"P1\">Mercury (Hg) has long been identified as an element that is injurious, even lethal, to living organisms. Exposure to its inorganic form, mainly from elemental Hg (Hg(0)) vapor (<a class=\"xref-link\" href=\"http://www.intechopen.com/books/current-perspectives-in-contaminant-hydrology-and-water-resources-sustainability/occurrence-and-mobility-of-mercury-in-groundwater#B53\">Fitzgerald &amp; Lamborg, 2007</a>) can cause damage to respiratory, neural, and renal systems (<a class=\"xref-link\" href=\"http://www.intechopen.com/books/current-perspectives-in-contaminant-hydrology-and-water-resources-sustainability/occurrence-and-mobility-of-mercury-in-groundwater#B76\">Hutton, 1987</a>;&nbsp;<a class=\"xref-link\" href=\"http://www.intechopen.com/books/current-perspectives-in-contaminant-hydrology-and-water-resources-sustainability/occurrence-and-mobility-of-mercury-in-groundwater#B151\">USEPA, 2012</a>;&nbsp;<a class=\"xref-link\" href=\"http://www.intechopen.com/books/current-perspectives-in-contaminant-hydrology-and-water-resources-sustainability/occurrence-and-mobility-of-mercury-in-groundwater#B159\">WHO, 2012</a>). The organic form, methylmercury (CH<sub>3</sub>Hg<sup>+</sup>; MeHg), is substantially more toxic than the inorganic form (<a class=\"xref-link\" href=\"http://www.intechopen.com/books/current-perspectives-in-contaminant-hydrology-and-water-resources-sustainability/occurrence-and-mobility-of-mercury-in-groundwater#B53\">Fitzgerald &amp; Lamborg, 2007</a>). Methylmercury attacks the nervous system and exposure can prove lethal, as demonstrated by well-known incidents such as those in 1956 in Minimata, Japan (<a class=\"xref-link\" href=\"http://www.intechopen.com/books/current-perspectives-in-contaminant-hydrology-and-water-resources-sustainability/occurrence-and-mobility-of-mercury-in-groundwater#B70\">Harada, 1995</a>), and 1971 in rural Iraq (<a class=\"xref-link\" href=\"http://www.intechopen.com/books/current-perspectives-in-contaminant-hydrology-and-water-resources-sustainability/occurrence-and-mobility-of-mercury-in-groundwater#B8\">Bakir et al., 1973</a>), where, in the former, industrial release of MeHg into coastal waters severely tainted the fish caught and eaten by the local population, and in the latter, grain seed treated with an organic mercurial fungicide was not planted, but eaten in bread instead. Resultant deaths are not known with certainty but have been estimated at about 100 and 500, respectively (<a class=\"xref-link\" href=\"http://www.intechopen.com/books/current-perspectives-in-contaminant-hydrology-and-water-resources-sustainability/occurrence-and-mobility-of-mercury-in-groundwater#B76\">Hutton, 1987</a>). Absent such lethal accidents, human exposure to MeHg comes mainly from ingestion of piscivorous fish in which MeHg has accumulated, with potential fetal damage ascribed to high fish diets during their mothers&rsquo; pregnancies (<a class=\"xref-link\" href=\"http://www.intechopen.com/books/current-perspectives-in-contaminant-hydrology-and-water-resources-sustainability/occurrence-and-mobility-of-mercury-in-groundwater#B147\">USEPA, 2001</a>). Lesser human exposure occurs through ingestion of drinking water (USEPA, 2001), where concentrations of total Hg (THg; inorganic plus organic forms) typically are in the low nanograms-per-liter range<a href=\"http://www.intechopen.com/books/current-perspectives-in-contaminant-hydrology-and-water-resources-sustainability/occurrence-and-mobility-of-mercury-in-groundwater#idp6214592\"><span class=\"generated\">[1] -&nbsp;</span></a>, particularly from many groundwater sources, and concentrations at the microgram-per-liter level are rare.</p>\n</div>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Current perspectives in contaminant hydrology and water resources sustainability","language":"English","publisher":"InTech","doi":"10.5772/55487","usgsCitation":"Barringer, J., Szabo, Z., and Reilly, P.A., 2013, Occurrence and mobility of mercury in groundwater: Chapter 5, chap. <i>of</i> Current perspectives in contaminant hydrology and water resources sustainability, p. 117-149, https://doi.org/10.5772/55487.","productDescription":"33 p.","startPage":"117","endPage":"149","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-041831","costCenters":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":320015,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"publishingServiceCenter":{"id":10,"text":"Baltimore PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"570e1c35e4b0ef3b7ca24c3c","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Bradley, Paul M. 0000-0001-7522-8606 pbradley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7522-8606","contributorId":361,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradley","given":"Paul","email":"pbradley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":626591,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Barringer, Julia L.","contributorId":59419,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barringer","given":"Julia L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626590,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Szabo, Zoltan 0000-0002-0760-9607 zszabo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0760-9607","contributorId":138827,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Szabo","given":"Zoltan","email":"zszabo@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":548078,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Reilly, Pamela A. 0000-0002-2937-4490 jankowsk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2937-4490","contributorId":653,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reilly","given":"Pamela","email":"jankowsk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":548076,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70046908,"text":"70046908 - 2013 - Spatial dynamics of ecosystem service flows: a comprehensive approach to quantifying actual services","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-07-26T13:01:41","indexId":"70046908","displayToPublicDate":"2013-07-26T12:39:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1477,"text":"Ecosystem Services","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spatial dynamics of ecosystem service flows: a comprehensive approach to quantifying actual services","docAbstract":"Recent ecosystem services research has highlighted the importance of spatial connectivity between ecosystems and their beneficiaries. Despite this need, a systematic approach to ecosystem service flow quantification has not yet emerged. In this article, we present such an approach, which we formalize as a class of agent-based models termed “Service Path Attribution Networks” (SPANs). These models, developed as part of the Artificial Intelligence for Ecosystem Services (ARIES) project, expand on ecosystem services classification terminology introduced by other authors. Conceptual elements needed to support flow modeling include a service's rivalness, its flow routing type (e.g., through hydrologic or transportation networks, lines of sight, or other approaches), and whether the benefit is supplied by an ecosystem's provision of a beneficial flow to people or by absorption of a detrimental flow before it reaches them. We describe our implementation of the SPAN framework for five ecosystem services and discuss how to generalize the approach to additional services. SPAN model outputs include maps of ecosystem service provision, use, depletion, and flows under theoretical, possible, actual, inaccessible, and blocked conditions. We highlight how these different ecosystem service flow maps could be used to support various types of decision making for conservation and resource management planning.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecosystem Services","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.ecoser.2012.07.012","usgsCitation":"Bagstad, K.J., Johnson, G.W., Voigt, B., and Villa, F., 2013, Spatial dynamics of ecosystem service flows: a comprehensive approach to quantifying actual services: Ecosystem Services, v. 4, p. 117-125, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2012.07.012.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"117","endPage":"125","numberOfPages":"9","ipdsId":"IP-037480","costCenters":[{"id":547,"text":"Rocky Mountain Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":473647,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2012.07.012","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":275448,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2012.07.012"},{"id":275450,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":274717,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212041612000174"}],"volume":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51f38c5de4b0a32220222f2f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bagstad, Kenneth J. 0000-0001-8857-5615 kjbagstad@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8857-5615","contributorId":3680,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bagstad","given":"Kenneth","email":"kjbagstad@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":480601,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, Gary W.","contributorId":90618,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":480603,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Voigt, Brian","contributorId":102962,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Voigt","given":"Brian","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":480604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Villa, Ferdinando","contributorId":84249,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Villa","given":"Ferdinando","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":480602,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70047216,"text":"70047216 - 2013 - A comparison of models for estimating potential evapotranspiration for Florida land cover types","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-07-26T08:09:28","indexId":"70047216","displayToPublicDate":"2013-07-25T16:01:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A comparison of models for estimating potential evapotranspiration for Florida land cover types","docAbstract":"We analyzed observed daily evapotranspiration (DET) at 18 sites having measured DET and ancillary climate data and then used these data to compare the performance of three common methods for estimating potential evapotranspiration (PET): the Turc method (Tc), the Priestley-Taylor method (PT) and the Penman-Monteith method (PM). The sites were distributed throughout the State of Florida and represent a variety of land cover types: open water (3), marshland (4), grassland/pasture (4), citrus (2) and forest (5). Not surprisingly, the highest DET values occurred at the open water sites, ranging from an average of 3.3 mm d<sup>-1</sup> in the winter to 5.3 mm d<sup>-1</sup> in the spring. DET at the marsh sites was also high, ranging from 2.7 mm d<sup>-1</sup> in winter to 4.4 mm d<sup>-1</sup> in summer. The lowest DET occurred in the winter and fall seasons at the grass sites (1.3 mm d<sup>-1</sup> and 2.0 mm d<sup>-1</sup>, respectively) and at the forested sites (1.8 mm d<sup>-1 and 2.3 mm d<sup>-1</sup>, respectively). The performance of the three methods when applied to conditions close to PET (Bowen ratio &le; 1) was used to judge relative merit. Under such PET conditions, annually aggregated Tc and PT methods perform comparably and outperform the PM method, possibly due to the sensitivity of the PM method to the limited transferability of previously determined model parameters. At a daily scale, the PT performance appears to be superior to the other two methods for estimating PET for a variety of land covers in Florida.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Hydrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2009.04.029","usgsCitation":"Douglas, E.M., Jacobs, J.M., Sumner, D.M., and Ray, R.L., 2013, A comparison of models for estimating potential evapotranspiration for Florida land cover types: Journal of Hydrology, v. 373, no. 3-4, p. 366-376, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2009.04.029.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"366","endPage":"376","numberOfPages":"11","ipdsId":"IP-004364","costCenters":[{"id":285,"text":"Florida Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":275415,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":275413,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2009.04.029"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -87.6349,24.5211 ], [ -87.6349,31.001 ], [ -80.0311,31.001 ], [ -80.0311,24.5211 ], [ -87.6349,24.5211 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"373","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51f253e2e4b0279fe2e1bfbd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Douglas, Ellen M.","contributorId":57344,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Douglas","given":"Ellen","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":481421,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jacobs, Jennifer M.","contributorId":86245,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jacobs","given":"Jennifer","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":481422,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sumner, David M. 0000-0002-2144-9304 dmsumner@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2144-9304","contributorId":1362,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sumner","given":"David","email":"dmsumner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":270,"text":"FLWSC-Tampa","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":156,"text":"Caribbean Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":481419,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ray, Ram L.","contributorId":21850,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ray","given":"Ram","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":481420,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70047205,"text":"70047205 - 2013 - Appraising options to reduce shallow groundwater tables and enhance flow conditions over regional scales in an irrigated alluvial aquifer system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-29T10:02:14","indexId":"70047205","displayToPublicDate":"2013-07-25T13:08:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Appraising options to reduce shallow groundwater tables and enhance flow conditions over regional scales in an irrigated alluvial aquifer system","docAbstract":"Some of the world’s key agricultural production systems face big challenges to both water quantity and quality due to shallow groundwater that results from long-term intensive irrigation, namely waterlogging and salinity, water losses, and environmental problems. This paper focuses on water quantity issues, presenting finite-difference groundwater models developed to describe shallow water table levels, non-beneficial groundwater consumptive use, and return flows to streams across two regions within an irrigated alluvial river valley in southeastern Colorado, USA. The models are calibrated and applied to simulate current baseline conditions in the alluvial aquifer system and to examine actions for potentially improving these conditions. The models provide a detailed description of regional-scale subsurface unsaturated and saturated flow processes, thereby enabling detailed spatiotemporal description of groundwater levels, recharge to infiltration ratios, partitioning of ET originating from the unsaturated and saturated zones, and groundwater flows, among other variables. Hybrid automated and manual calibration of the models is achieved using extensive observations of groundwater hydraulic head, groundwater return flow to streams, aquifer stratigraphy, canal seepage, total evapotranspiration, the portion of evapotranspiration supplied by upflux from the shallow water table, and irrigation flows. Baseline results from the two regional-scale models are compared to model predictions under variations of four alternative management schemes: (1) reduced seepage from earthen canals, (2) reduced irrigation applications, (3) rotational lease fallowing (irrigation water leased to municipalities, resulting in temporary dry-up of fields), and (4) combinations of these. The potential for increasing the average water table depth by up to 1.1 and 0.7 m in the two respective modeled regions, thereby reducing the threat of waterlogging and lowering non-beneficial consumptive use from adjacent fallow and naturally-vegetated lands, is demonstrated for the alternative management intervention scenarios considered. Net annual average savings of up to about 9.9 million m<sup>3</sup> (8000 ac ft) and 2.3 million m<sup>3</sup> (1900 ac ft) of non-beneficial groundwater consumptive use is demonstrated for the study periods in each of the two respective study regions. Alternative water management interventions achieve varying degrees of benefits in each of the two regions, suggesting a need to adopt region-specific interventions and avoid a ‘one-size-fits-all’ approach. Impacts of the considered interventions on return flows to the river were predicted to be significant, highlighting the need for flow augmentation to comply with an interstate river compact and portending beneficial impacts on solute loading.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Hydrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2013.04.047","usgsCitation":"Morway, E., Gates, T., and Niswonger, R., 2013, Appraising options to reduce shallow groundwater tables and enhance flow conditions over regional scales in an irrigated alluvial aquifer system: Journal of Hydrology, v. 495, p. 216-237, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2013.04.047.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"216","endPage":"237","numberOfPages":"22","ipdsId":"IP-041995","costCenters":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":275400,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":275386,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2013.04.047"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Pueblo Reservoir;John Martin Reservoir","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -105.2239,37.9317 ], [ -105.2239,38.4631 ], [ -102.7435,38.4631 ], [ -102.7435,37.9317 ], [ -105.2239,37.9317 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"495","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51f253e8e4b0279fe2e1bfc5","chorus":{"doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2013.04.047","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2013.04.047","publisher":"Elsevier BV","authors":"Morway Eric D., Gates Timothy K., Niswonger Richard G.","journalName":"Journal of Hydrology","publicationDate":"7/2013","auditedOn":"10/29/2014"},"contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morway, Eric D.","contributorId":72276,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morway","given":"Eric D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":481356,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gates, Timothy K.","contributorId":88246,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gates","given":"Timothy K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":481357,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Niswonger, Richard G.","contributorId":45402,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Niswonger","given":"Richard G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":481355,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70047187,"text":"ofr20131161 - 2013 - Thermokarst and thaw-related landscape dynamics -- an annotated bibliography with an emphasis on potential effects on habitat and wildlife","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-06-19T19:51:46","indexId":"ofr20131161","displayToPublicDate":"2013-07-24T09:52:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-1161","title":"Thermokarst and thaw-related landscape dynamics -- an annotated bibliography with an emphasis on potential effects on habitat and wildlife","docAbstract":"Permafrost has warmed throughout much of the Northern Hemisphere since the 1980s, with colder permafrost sites warming more rapidly (Romanovsky and others, 2010; Smith and others, 2010). Warming of the near-surface permafrost may lead to widespread terrain instability in ice-rich permafrost in the Arctic and the Subarctic, and may result in thermokarst development and other thaw-related landscape features (Jorgenson and others, 2006; Gooseff and others, 2009). Thermokarst and other thaw-related landscape features result from varying modes and scales of permafrost thaw, subsidence, and removal of material. An increase in active-layer depth, water accumulation on the soil surface, permafrost degradation and associated retreat of the permafrost table, and changes to lake shores and coastal bluffs act and interact to create thermokarst and other thaw-related landscape features (Shur and Osterkamp, 2007). There is increasing interest in the spatial and temporal dynamics of thermokarst and other thaw-related features from diverse disciplines including landscape ecology, hydrology, engineering, and biogeochemistry. Therefore, there is a need to synthesize and disseminate knowledge on the current state of near-surface permafrost terrain.\n\nThe term \"thermokarst\" originated in the Russian literature, and its scientific use has varied substantially over time (Shur and Osterkamp, 2007). The modern definition of thermokarst refers to the process by which characteristic landforms result from the thawing of ice-rich permafrost or the melting of massive ice (van Everdingen, 1998), or, more specifically, the thawing of ice-rich permafrost and (or) melting of massive ice that result in consolidation and deformation of the soil surface and formation of specific forms of relief (Shur, 1988). Jorgenson (2013) identifies 23 distinct thermokarst and other thaw-related features in the Arctic, Subarctic, and Antarctic based primarily on differences in terrain condition, ground-ice volume, and heat and mass transfer processes. Typical Arctic thermokarst landforms include thermokarst lakes, collapsed pingos, sinkholes, and pits. Thermokarst is differentiated from thermal erosion, which refers to the erosion of the land surface by thermal and mechanical processes (Mackay, 1970; van Everdingen, 1998). Typical thermal erosional features include thermo-erosional gullies. Thermal abrasion is further differentiated from thermokarst and thermal erosion by association with the reworking of ocean, river, and lake bluffs (Are, 1988). Typical thermo-abrasion features include erosional niches at the base of bluffs. Thermal denudation is another distinct term that refers to the effect of incoming solar energy on the thaw of frozen slopes and permafrost bodies that subsequently become transported downhill by gravity (Shur and Osterkamp, 2007). Active layer detachment slides and thaw slumps are typical thermal denudation features. Shur and Osterkamp (2007) noted that these various transport processes may occur together with thermokarst or in instances that would not be considered thermokarst.\n\nThis compilation of references regarding thermokarst and other thaw-related features is focused on the Arctic and the Subarctic. References were drawn from North America as well as Siberia. English-language literature mostly was targeted, with 167 references annotated in version 1.0; however, an additional 28 Russian-language references were taken from Shur and Osterkamp (2007) and are provided at the end of this document. This compilation may be missing key references and inevitably will become outdated soon after publication. We hope that this document, version 1.0, will serve as the foundation for a comprehensive compilation of thermokarst and permafrost-terrain stability references, and that it will be updated continually over the coming years.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20131161","collaboration":"Compiled for the Arctic Landscape Conservation Cooperative","usgsCitation":"Jones, B.M., Amundson, C.L., Koch, J.C., and Grosse, G., 2013, Thermokarst and thaw-related landscape dynamics -- an annotated bibliography with an emphasis on potential effects on habitat and wildlife: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2013-1161, iv, 60 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20131161.","productDescription":"iv, 60 p.","numberOfPages":"68","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":275341,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20131161.bmp"},{"id":275340,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1161/"},{"id":275339,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1161/pdf/ofr20131161.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51f0e95de4b04309f4e38cfb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jones, Benjamin M. 0000-0002-1517-4711 bjones@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1517-4711","contributorId":2286,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"Benjamin","email":"bjones@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":118,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geography","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":481307,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Amundson, Courtney L. 0000-0002-0166-7224 camundson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0166-7224","contributorId":4833,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Amundson","given":"Courtney","email":"camundson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":481308,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Koch, Joshua C. 0000-0001-7180-6982 jkoch@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7180-6982","contributorId":202532,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koch","given":"Joshua","email":"jkoch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":120,"text":"Alaska Science Center Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":481306,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Grosse, Guido","contributorId":101475,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grosse","given":"Guido","affiliations":[{"id":34291,"text":"University of Potsdam, Germany","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":481309,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70046061,"text":"70046061 - 2013 - Predicting the likelihood of altered streamflows at ungauged rivers across the conterminous United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-07-23T09:48:25","indexId":"70046061","displayToPublicDate":"2013-07-23T09:35:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3301,"text":"River Research and Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Predicting the likelihood of altered streamflows at ungauged rivers across the conterminous United States","docAbstract":"An approach is presented in this study to aid water-resource managers in characterizing streamflow alteration at ungauged rivers. Such approaches can be used to take advantage of the substantial amounts of biological data collected at ungauged rivers to evaluate the potential ecological consequences of altered streamflows. National-scale random forest statistical models are developed to predict the likelihood that ungauged rivers have altered streamflows (relative to expected natural condition) for five hydrologic metrics (HMs) representing different aspects of the streamflow regime. The models use human disturbance variables, such as number of dams and road density, to predict the likelihood of streamflow alteration. For each HM, separate models are derived to predict the likelihood that the observed metric is greater than (‘inflated’) or less than (‘diminished’) natural conditions. The utility of these models is demonstrated by applying them to all river segments in the South Platte River in Colorado, USA, and for all 10-digit hydrologic units in the conterminous United States. In general, the models successfully predicted the likelihood of alteration to the five HMs at the national scale as well as in the South Platte River basin. However, the models predicting the likelihood of diminished HMs consistently outperformed models predicting inflated HMs, possibly because of fewer sites across the conterminous United States where HMs are inflated. The results of these analyses suggest that the primary predictors of altered streamflow regimes across the Nation are (i) the residence time of annual runoff held in storage in reservoirs, (ii) the degree of urbanization measured by road density and (iii) the extent of agricultural land cover in the river basin.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"River Research and Applications","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/rra.2565","usgsCitation":"Eng, K., Carlisle, D.M., Wolock, D.M., and Falcone, J.A., 2013, Predicting the likelihood of altered streamflows at ungauged rivers across the conterminous United States: River Research and Applications, v. 29, no. 6, p. 781-791, https://doi.org/10.1002/rra.2565.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"781","endPage":"791","numberOfPages":"10","ipdsId":"IP-034661","costCenters":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":275268,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":275267,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/rra.2565"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -125.14,25.89 ], [ -125.14,49.11 ], [ -66.95,49.11 ], [ -66.95,25.89 ], [ -125.14,25.89 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"29","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-03-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51ef97d8e4b0b09fbe58f161","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eng, Ken 0000-0001-6838-5849 keng@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6838-5849","contributorId":3580,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eng","given":"Ken","email":"keng@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":478791,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Carlisle, Daren M. 0000-0002-7367-348X dcarlisle@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7367-348X","contributorId":513,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carlisle","given":"Daren","email":"dcarlisle@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":478788,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wolock, David M. 0000-0002-6209-938X dwolock@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6209-938X","contributorId":540,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolock","given":"David","email":"dwolock@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":478789,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Falcone, James A. 0000-0001-7202-3592 jfalcone@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7202-3592","contributorId":614,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Falcone","given":"James","email":"jfalcone@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":478790,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70046965,"text":"70046965 - 2013 - Relating Yellow Rail (Coturnicops noveboracensis) occupancy to habitat and landscape features in the context of fire","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-08T09:12:23","indexId":"70046965","displayToPublicDate":"2013-07-22T13:44:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3731,"text":"Waterbirds","onlineIssn":"19385390","printIssn":"15244695","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Relating Yellow Rail (Coturnicops noveboracensis) occupancy to habitat and landscape features in the context of fire","docAbstract":"The Yellow Rail (Coturnicops noveboracensis) is a focal species of concern associated with shallowly flooded emergent wetlands, most commonly sedge (Carex spp.) meadows. Their populations are believed to be limited by loss or degradation of wetland habitat due to drainage, altered hydrology, and fire suppression, factors that have often resulted in encroachment of shrubs into sedge meadows and change in vegetative cover. Nocturnal call-playback surveys for Yellow Rails were conducted over 3 years at Seney National Wildlife Refuge in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. Effects of habitat structure and landscape variables on the probability of use by Yellow Rails were assessed at two scales, representing a range of home range sizes, using generalized linear mixed models. At the 163-m (8-ha) scale, year with quadratic models of maximum and mean water depths best explained the data. At the 300-m (28-ha) scale, the best model contained year and time since last fire (≤ 1, 2–5, and > 10 years). The probability of use by Yellow Rails was 0.285 &plusmn; 0.132 (SE) for points burned 2-5 years ago, 0.253 &plusmn; 0.097 for points burned ≤ 1 year ago, and 0.028 &plusmn; 0.019 for points burned > 10 years ago. Habitat differences relative to fire history and comparisons between sites with and without Yellow Rails indicated that Yellow Rails used areas with the deepest litter and highest ground cover, and relatively low shrub cover and heights, as well as landscapes having greater sedge-grass cover and less lowland woody or upland cover types. Burning every 2-5 years appears to provide the litter, ground-level cover, and woody conditions attractive to Yellow Rails. Managers seeking to restore and sustain these wetland systems would benefit from further investigations into how flooding and fire create habitat conditions attractive to breeding Yellow Rails","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Waterbirds","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"The Waterbird Society","doi":"10.1675/063.036.0209","usgsCitation":"Austin, J., and Buhl, D., 2013, Relating Yellow Rail (Coturnicops noveboracensis) occupancy to habitat and landscape features in the context of fire: Waterbirds, v. 36, no. 2, p. 199-213, https://doi.org/10.1675/063.036.0209.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"199","endPage":"213","ipdsId":"IP-039078","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":473663,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1675/063.036.0209","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":275190,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":274839,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.bioone.org/doi/pdf/10.1675/063.036.0209"},{"id":275184,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1675/063.036.0209"}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan","otherGeospatial":"Seney National Wildlife Refuge","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -86.27,46.16 ], [ -86.27,46.77 ], [ -84.95,46.77 ], [ -84.95,46.16 ], [ -86.27,46.16 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"36","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51ee465be4b00ffbed48f875","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Austin, Jane E.","contributorId":43094,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Austin","given":"Jane E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":480725,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Buhl, Deborah A. 0000-0002-8563-5990","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8563-5990","contributorId":26250,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buhl","given":"Deborah A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":480724,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70047099,"text":"70047099 - 2013 - Hydrologic connectivity to streams increases nitrogen and phosphorus inputs and cycling in soils of created and natural floodplain wetlands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-07-18T09:56:56","indexId":"70047099","displayToPublicDate":"2013-07-18T09:52:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2262,"text":"Journal of Environmental Quality","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydrologic connectivity to streams increases nitrogen and phosphorus inputs and cycling in soils of created and natural floodplain wetlands","docAbstract":"Greater connectivity to stream surface water may result in greater inputs of allochthonous nutrients that could stimulate internal nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) cycling in natural, restored, and created riparian wetlands. This study investigated the effects of hydrologic connectivity to stream water on soil nutrient fluxes in plots (n = 20) located among four created and two natural freshwater wetlands of varying hydrology in the Piedmont physiographic province of Virginia. Surface water was slightly deeper; hydrologic inputs of sediment, sediment-N, and ammonium were greater; and soil net ammonification, N mineralization, and N turnover were greater in plots with stream water classified as their primary water source compared with plots with precipitation or groundwater as their primary water source. Soil water-filled pore space, inputs of nitrate, and soil net nitrification, P mineralization, and denitrification enzyme activity (DEA) were similar among plots. Soil ammonification, N mineralization, and N turnover rates increased with the loading rate of ammonium to the soil surface. Phosphorus mineralization and ammonification also increased with sedimentation and sediment-N loading rate. Nitrification flux and DEA were positively associated in these wetlands. In conclusion, hydrologic connectivity to stream water increased allochthonous inputs that stimulated soil N and P cycling and that likely led to greater retention of sediment and nutrients in created and natural wetlands. Our findings suggest that wetland creation and restoration projects should be designed to allow connectivity with stream water if the goal is to optimize the function of water quality improvement in a watershed.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Environmental Quality","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Crop Science Society of America","doi":"10.2134/jeq2012.0466","usgsCitation":"Wolf, K.L., Noe, G., and Ahn, C., 2013, Hydrologic connectivity to streams increases nitrogen and phosphorus inputs and cycling in soils of created and natural floodplain wetlands: Journal of Environmental Quality, v. 42, no. 4, p. 1245-1255, https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2012.0466.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"1245","endPage":"1255","costCenters":[{"id":434,"text":"National Research Program","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":275139,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":275138,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq2012.0466"}],"volume":"42","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-07-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51e90054e4b0e157e9e86ee2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wolf, Kristin L.","contributorId":92151,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolf","given":"Kristin","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":481049,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Noe, Gregory B.","contributorId":77805,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Noe","given":"Gregory B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":481048,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ahn, Changwoo","contributorId":38047,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ahn","given":"Changwoo","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":481047,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70045453,"text":"70045453 - 2013 - The effects of Hurricane Irene and Tropical Storm Lee on the bed sediment geochemistry of U.S. Atlantic coastal rivers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-11-30T13:15:40","indexId":"70045453","displayToPublicDate":"2013-07-16T12:42:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1924,"text":"Hydrological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The effects of Hurricane Irene and Tropical Storm Lee on the bed sediment geochemistry of U.S. Atlantic coastal rivers","docAbstract":"Hurricane Irene and Tropical Storm Lee, both of which made landfall in the U.S. between late August and early September 2011, generated record or near record water discharges in 41 coastal rivers between the North Carolina/South Carolina border and the U.S./Canadian border. Despite the discharge of substantial amounts of suspended sediment from many of these rivers, as well as the probable influx of substantial amounts of eroded material from the surrounding basins, the geochemical effects on the <63-µm fractions of the bed sediments appear relatively limited [<20% of the constituents determined (256 out of 1394)]. Based on surface area measurements, this lack of change occurred despite substantial alterations in both the grain size distribution and the composition of the bed sediments. The sediment-associated constituents which display both concentration increases and decreases include: total sulfur (TS), Hg, Ag, total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), Zn, Se, Co, Cu, Pb, As, Cr, and total carbon (TC). As a group, these constituents tend to be associated either with urbanization/elevated population densities and/or wastewater/solid sludge. The limited number of significant sediment-associated chemical changes that were detected probably resulted from two potential processes: (1) the flushing of in-stream land-use affected sediments that were replaced by baseline material more representative of local geology and/or soils (declining concentrations), and/or (2) the inclusion of more heavily affected material as a result of urban nonpoint-source runoff and/or releases from flooded treatment facilities (increasing concentrations). Published 2013. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrological Processes","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/hyp.9635","usgsCitation":"Horowitz, A.J., 2013, The effects of Hurricane Irene and Tropical Storm Lee on the bed sediment geochemistry of U.S. Atlantic coastal rivers: Hydrological Processes, v. 28, no. 3, p. 1250-1259, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.9635.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"1250","endPage":"1259","numberOfPages":"10","ipdsId":"IP-038792","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":275071,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":275066,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.9635"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -79.32,33.93 ], [ -79.32,46.35 ], [ -67.08,46.35 ], [ -67.08,33.93 ], [ -79.32,33.93 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"28","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-01-03","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51e65d59e4b017be1ba34740","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Horowitz, Arthur J. 0000-0002-3296-730X horowitz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3296-730X","contributorId":1400,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Horowitz","given":"Arthur","email":"horowitz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":316,"text":"Georgia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":477519,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
]}