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A.","contributorId":49814,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lindsey","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":263098,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70112924,"text":"70112924 - 1980 - Need for new sensors to map lithologic units","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-18T12:32:41","indexId":"70112924","displayToPublicDate":"1980-04-17T12:14:02","publicationYear":"1980","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3393,"text":"Sixth Annual Pecora Symposium and Exposition","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Need for new sensors to map lithologic units","docAbstract":"<p>One of the most important contributions that remote sensing can make to mineral energy explorations to provide data from satellites to augment regional geological mapping.  Geologic maps, which show information on the subsurface, are the main basis for formulating models of resource genesis that guide exploration.  However, conventional compilation procedures are time-consuming and therefore often slow the pace of exploration, especially in large, inaccessible areas.  Landsat Multispectral Scanner (MSS) images have been applied to a wide variety of specific geological problems, including discrimination of lithologic and delineation of previously unrecognized tectonic features.  However, these lithologic distinctions are based on brightness, spectral reflectance, and, less commonly, the morphology of the unit, which in the wavelength region of MSS images are only rarely diagnostic of specific mineralogical content.  Limonite is the only lithological material that can be identified be analyzing MSS spectral radiance.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Sixth Annual Pecora Symposium and Exposition","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Society of Exploration Geophysicists","publisherLocation":"Tulsa, OK","usgsCitation":"Rowan, L.C., 1980, Need for new sensors to map lithologic units: Sixth Annual Pecora Symposium and Exposition, p. 106-107.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"106","endPage":"107","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":288806,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53ae7783e4b0abf75cf2c164","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Barringer, Anthony R.","contributorId":112053,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barringer","given":"Anthony","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":509905,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Rowan, Lawrence C.","contributorId":58629,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rowan","given":"Lawrence","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494945,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70012212,"text":"70012212 - 1980 - Paleoenvironment of the New Albany Shale Group ( Devonian- Mississippian) of Illinois","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-23T00:47:22.727315","indexId":"70012212","displayToPublicDate":"1980-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1980","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2450,"text":"Journal of Sedimentary Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Paleoenvironment of the New Albany Shale Group ( Devonian- Mississippian) of Illinois","docAbstract":"<div><div id=\"12457976\" class=\"article-section-wrapper js-article-section js-content-section  \" data-section-parent-id=\"0\"><p>The distribution of lithofacies in the New Albany Shale Group of Illinois was determined by wave energy, bottom oxygenation, and bottom topography in a deep water stratified anoxic basin. A transect from the margin to the center of the Illinois Basin reveals a complete transition from high energy, aerobic, shallow-water environments to quiet, anaerobic, deep-water environments. Shallow areas at the margin of the basin are characterized by rapid facies transitions over short distances. High energy, very shallow conditions are recorded by oolitic-skeletal grainstones and packstones with abundant brachiopods, crinoids, trilobites, and other calcified marine invertebrates. Bioturbation did not destroy primary sedimentary structures in these facies. Offshore, less agitated areas are represented by highly bioturbated carbonate wackestones, argillaceous quartz siltstones, and greenish-gray mudstones. Calcified invertebrates are generally rare in these facies, indicating deposition in dysaerobic conditions. Basinward, slope areas are characterized by olive-gray to black, weakly bioturbated shales commonly interbedded with thickly laminated black shales. Trace fossils, including Zoophycos, Chondrites , and Planolites , are abundant along the bases of the olive-gray beds. In areas where the anaerobic/dysaerobic boundary intersected the bottom slope, slight fluctuations of the position of the boundary resulted in thin interbedding of olive-gray and black shales and laterally persistent interfingering of the two lithologies. Anaerobic conditions prevailed during most of New Albany time in the deepest areas of the basin, and finely laminated, undisturbed, pelagic black shales were deposited.</p></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"SEPM","doi":"10.1306/212F7AE0-2B24-11D7-8648000102C1865D","issn":"00224472","usgsCitation":"Cluff, R., 1980, Paleoenvironment of the New Albany Shale Group ( Devonian- Mississippian) of Illinois: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 50, no. 3, p. 767-780, https://doi.org/10.1306/212F7AE0-2B24-11D7-8648000102C1865D.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"767","endPage":"780","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222398,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"50","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a73dee4b0c8380cd772c4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cluff, R.M.","contributorId":53948,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cluff","given":"R.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362998,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70012609,"text":"70012609 - 1980 - Compositional controls on spinel clouding and garnet formation in plagioclase of olivine metagabbros, Adirondack Mountains, New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:08","indexId":"70012609","displayToPublicDate":"1980-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1980","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1336,"text":"Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Compositional controls on spinel clouding and garnet formation in plagioclase of olivine metagabbros, Adirondack Mountains, New York","docAbstract":"Olivine metagabbros from the Adirondacks usually contain both clear and spinel-clouded plagioclase, as well as garnet. The latter occurs primarily as the outer rim of coronas surrounding olivine and pyroxene, and less commonly as lamellae or isolated grains within plagioclase. The formation of garnet and metamorphic spinel is dependent upon the anorthite content of the plagioclase. Plagioclase more sodic than An38??2 does not exhibit spinel clouding, and garnet rarely occurs in contact with plagioclase more albitic than An36??4. As a result of these compositional controls, the distribution of spinel and garnet mimics and visually enhances original igneous zoning in plagioclase. Most features of the arrangement of clear (unclouded) plagioclase, including the shells or moats of clear plagioclase which frequently occur inside the garnet rims of coronas, can be explained on the basis of igneous zoning. The form and distribution of the clear zones may also be affected by the metamorphic reactions which have produced the coronas, and by redistribution of plagioclase in response to local volume changes during metamorphism. ?? 1980 Springer-Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF00381443","issn":"00107990","usgsCitation":"McLelland, J.M., and Whitney, P., 1980, Compositional controls on spinel clouding and garnet formation in plagioclase of olivine metagabbros, Adirondack Mountains, New York: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 73, no. 3, p. 243-251, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00381443.","startPage":"243","endPage":"251","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222365,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205228,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00381443"}],"volume":"73","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f936e4b0c8380cd4d4cf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McLelland, J. M.","contributorId":85604,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McLelland","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364049,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Whitney, P.R.","contributorId":46671,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whitney","given":"P.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364048,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70012111,"text":"70012111 - 1980 - Crystallization history of Kilauea Iki lava lake as seen in drill core recovered in 1967-1979","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:05","indexId":"70012111","displayToPublicDate":"1980-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1980","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1093,"text":"Bulletin Volcanologique","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Crystallization history of Kilauea Iki lava lake as seen in drill core recovered in 1967-1979","docAbstract":"Kilauea Iki lava lake formed during the 1959 summit eruption, one of the most picritic eruptions of Kilauea Volcano in the twentieth century. Since 1959 the 110 to 122 m thick lake has cooled slowly, developing steadily thickening upper and lower crusts, with a lens of more molten lava in between. Recent coring dates, with maximum depths reached in the center of the lake, are: 1967 (26.5 m). 1975 (44.2 m), 1976 (46.0 m) and 1979 (52.7 m). These depths define the base of the upper crust at the time of drilling. The bulk of the core consists of a gray, olivine-phyric basalt matrix, which locally contains coarser-grained diabasic segregation veins. The most important megascopic variation in the matrix rock is its variation in olivine content. The upper 15 m of crust is very olivine-rich. Abundance and average size of olivine decrease irregularly downward to 23 m; between 23 and 40 m the rock contains 5-10% of small olivine phenocrysts. Below 40 m. olivine content and average grainsize rise sharply. Olivine contents remain high (20-45%, by volume) throughout the lower crust, except for a narrow (< 6 m) olivine depleted zone near the basalt contact. Petrographically the olivine phenocrysts in Kilauea Iki can be divided into two types. Type 1 phenocrysts are large (1-12 mm long), with irregular blocky outlines, and often contain kink bands. Type 2 crystals are relatively small (0.5-2 mm in length), euhedral and undeformed. The variations in olivine content of the matrix rock are almost entirely variations in the amount of type 1 olivines. Sharp mineral layering of any sort is rare in Kilauea Iki. However, the depth range 41-52 m is marked by the frequent occurrence of steeply dipping (70??-90??) bands or bodies of slightly vuggy olivine-rich rock locally capped with a small cupola of segregation-vein material. In thin section there is clear evidence for relative movement of melt and crystals within these structures. The segregation veins occur only in the upper crust. The most widely distributed (occurring from 4.5-59.4 m) are thin veins (most < 5 cm thick), which cut the core at moderate angles and appear to have been derived from the immediately adjacent wall-rock by filter pressing. There is also a series of thicker (0.1-1.5 m) segregation veins, which recur every 2-3 m, between 20 and 52 m. These have subhorizontal contacts and appear, from similarities in thickness and spacing, to correlate between drill holes as much as 100 m apart. These large veins are not derived from the adjacent wallrock: their mechanism of formation is still problematical. The total thickness of segregation veins in Kilauea Iki is 3-6 m in the central part of the lake, corresponding to 6-11% of the upper crust. Whole-rock compositions for Kilauea Iki fall into two groups: the matrix rock ranges from 20-7.5% MgO, while the segregation veins all contain between 6.0 and 4.5% MgO. There are no whole-rock compositions of intermediate MgO content. Samples from < 12 m show eruption-controlled chemistry. Below that depth, matrix rock compositions have higher Al2O3, TiO2 and alkalies, and lower CaO and FeO, at a given MgO content than do the eruption pumices. The probable causes of this are assimilation of low-melting components from foundered crust, plus removal of olivine, plus removal of minor augite, for rocks with MgO contents of < 8.0%. Given the observed rate of growth of the upper crust, one can infer that significant removal of the type 1 olivine phenocrysts from the upper part of the lake began in 1963 and ceased sometime prior to 1972. The process. probably gravitative settling, appears to have been inhibited earlier by gas streaming from the lower part of the lens of melt. The olivine cumulate zone, which extends into the upper crust, contains relatively few (25-40%) olivine crystals, few of which actually touch each other. The diffuseness of the cumulate zone raises the possibility that the crystals were coated with a relatively visous boundary layer","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin Volcanologique","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF02600365","issn":"0366483X","usgsCitation":"Helz, R., 1980, Crystallization history of Kilauea Iki lava lake as seen in drill core recovered in 1967-1979: Bulletin Volcanologique, v. 43, no. 4, p. 675-701, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02600365.","startPage":"675","endPage":"701","numberOfPages":"27","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205176,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02600365"},{"id":221991,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"43","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fd01e4b0c8380cd4e590","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Helz, Rosalind Tuthill 0000-0003-1550-0684","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1550-0684","contributorId":16806,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Helz","given":"Rosalind Tuthill","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":362758,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70012318,"text":"70012318 - 1980 - Debris-flow deposits of Early Miocene age, Deadman Stream, Marlborough, New Zealand.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:06","indexId":"70012318","displayToPublicDate":"1980-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1980","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3368,"text":"Sedimentary Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Debris-flow deposits of Early Miocene age, Deadman Stream, Marlborough, New Zealand.","docAbstract":"Detailed analysis is presented of a conformable succession of conglomerates and sandstones lying between massive marine mudstones. The coarse sediments reflect deposition by a spectrum of subaqueous debris-flow mechanisms during an early pulse of tectonism that ultimately resulted in Plio-Pleistocene eversion of the Kaikoura Mountains. Sparse pebbly mudstones and rare sandy conglomerates show disoriented clasts and reflect high-viscosity flows and slurry- creep flow mechanisms. Other deposits have little mud matrix, hence appear to reflect low-viscosity flow processes. Common sorted sandstones and some conglomeratic sandstones show diffuse parallel lamination. Other conglomeratic sandstones show trough cross-bedding which we attribute to entrained bedload movement during intersurge episodes of debris flow. - from Authors","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Sedimentary Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/0037-0738(80)90032-9","issn":"00370738","usgsCitation":"Lewis, D., Laird, M., and Powell, R., 1980, Debris-flow deposits of Early Miocene age, Deadman Stream, Marlborough, New Zealand.: Sedimentary Geology, v. 27, no. 2, p. 83-118, https://doi.org/10.1016/0037-0738(80)90032-9.","startPage":"83","endPage":"118","numberOfPages":"36","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205179,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0037-0738(80)90032-9"},{"id":222006,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fdf7e4b0c8380cd4ea36","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lewis, D.W.","contributorId":49108,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lewis","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363267,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Laird, M.G.","contributorId":34264,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Laird","given":"M.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363266,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Powell, R.D.","contributorId":74015,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Powell","given":"R.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363268,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70012435,"text":"70012435 - 1980 - The 1977 eruption of Kilauea volcano, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:04","indexId":"70012435","displayToPublicDate":"1980-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1980","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The 1977 eruption of Kilauea volcano, Hawaii","docAbstract":"Kilauea volcano began to erupt on September 13, 1977, after a 21.5-month period of quiescence. Harmonic tremor in the upper and central east rift zone and rapid deflation of the summit area occurred for 22 hours before the outbreak of surface activity. On the first night, spatter ramparts formed along a discontinuous, en-echelon, 5.5-km-long fissure system that trends N70??E between two prehistoric cones, Kalalua and Puu Kauka. Activity soon became concentrated at a central vent that erupted sporadically until September 23 and extruded flows that moved a maximum distance of 2.5 km to the east. On September 18, new spatter ramparts began forming west of Kalalua, extending to 7 km the length of the new vent system. A vent near the center of this latest fissure became the locus of sustained fountaining and continued to extrude spatter and short flows intermittently until September 20. The most voluminous phase of the eruption began late on September 25. A discontinuous spatter rampart formed along a 700-m segment near the center of the new, 7-km-long fissure system; within 24 hours activity became concentrated at the east end of this segment. One flow from the 35-m-high cone that formed at this site moved rapidly southeast and eventually reached an area 10 km from the vent and 700 m from the nearest house in the evacuated village of Kalapana. We estimate the total volume of material produced during this 18-day eruption to be 35 ?? 106 m3. Samples from active vents and flows are differentiated quartz-normative tholeiitic basalt, similar in composition to lavas erupted from Kilauea in 1955 and 1962. Plagioclase is the only significant phenocryst; augite, minor olivine, and rare orthopyroxene and opaque oxides accompany it as microphenocrysts. Sulfide globules occur in fresh glass and as inclusions in phenocrysts in early 1977 lavas; their absence in chemically-similar basalt from the later phases of the eruption suggests that more extensive intratelluric degassing occurred as the eruption proceeded. Bulk composition of lavas varied somewhat during the eruption, but the last basalt produced also is differentiated, suggesting that the magma withdrawn from the summit reservoir during the rapid deflation has not yet been erupted. ?? 1980.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Moore, R.B., Helz, R., Dzurisin, D., Eaton, G.P., Koyanagi, R.Y., Lipman, P.W., Lockwood, J.P., and Puniwai, G.S., 1980, The 1977 eruption of Kilauea volcano, Hawaii: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 7, no. 3-4, p. 189-210.","startPage":"189","endPage":"210","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222203,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"7","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba626e4b08c986b320f0d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moore, R. B.","contributorId":98720,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363578,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Helz, Rosalind Tuthill 0000-0003-1550-0684","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1550-0684","contributorId":16806,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Helz","given":"Rosalind Tuthill","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":363572,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dzurisin, D.","contributorId":76067,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dzurisin","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363575,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Eaton, G. P.","contributorId":86334,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eaton","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363576,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Koyanagi, R. Y.","contributorId":35719,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koyanagi","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"Y.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363573,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Lipman, P. W.","contributorId":93470,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lipman","given":"P.","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363577,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Lockwood, J. P.","contributorId":104473,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lockwood","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363579,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Puniwai, G. S.","contributorId":48588,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Puniwai","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363574,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":70012581,"text":"70012581 - 1980 - Petrology of Hualalai volcano, Hawaii: Implication for mantle composition","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-09-27T17:14:24.815324","indexId":"70012581","displayToPublicDate":"1980-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1980","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1093,"text":"Bulletin Volcanologique","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Petrology of Hualalai volcano, Hawaii: Implication for mantle composition","docAbstract":"<p>Hualalai is one of five volcanoes whose eruptions built the island of Hawaii. The historic 1800-1801 flows and the analyzed prehistoric flows exposed at the surface are alkalic basalts except for a trachyte cone and flow at Puu Waawaa and a trachyte maar deposit near Waha Pele. The 1800-1801 eruption produced two flows: the upper Kaupulehu flow and the lower Huehue flow. The analyzed lavas of the two 1800-1801 flows are geochemically identical with the exception of a few samples from the toe of the Huehue flow that appear to be derived from a separate magmatic batch. The analyzed prehistoric basalts are nearly identical to the 1800-1801 flows but include some lavas that have undergone considerable shallow crystal fractionation. The least fractionated alkalic basalts from Hualalai are in equilibrium with mantle olivine (Fo87) indicating that the Hawaiian mantle source region is not unusually iron-rich. The 1800-1801 and analyzed prehistoric basalts can be generated by about 5-10% partial fusion of a garnet-bearing source relatively enriched in the light-rare-earths. The mantle underlying the Hawaiian Islands is chemically and mineralogically heterogeneous before and after extraction of the magmas that make up the volcanoes.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF02600363","issn":"0366483X","usgsCitation":"Clague, D., Jackson, E., and Wright, T.L., 1980, Petrology of Hualalai volcano, Hawaii: Implication for mantle composition: Bulletin Volcanologique, v. 43, no. 4, p. 641-656, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02600363.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"641","endPage":"656","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221834,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205148,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02600363"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Hualalai volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -156.1322021484375,\n              19.52355289169168\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.7366943359375,\n              19.52355289169168\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.7366943359375,\n              19.83906000930461\n            ],\n            [\n              -156.1322021484375,\n              19.83906000930461\n            ],\n            [\n              -156.1322021484375,\n              19.52355289169168\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"43","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a782de4b0c8380cd78661","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clague, D.A.","contributorId":36129,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clague","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363966,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jackson, E.D.","contributorId":99524,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jackson","given":"E.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363967,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wright, T. L.","contributorId":11188,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363965,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70012393,"text":"70012393 - 1980 - The provenance of rutile.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-22T11:21:22.645154","indexId":"70012393","displayToPublicDate":"1980-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1980","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2450,"text":"Journal of Sedimentary Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The provenance of rutile.","docAbstract":"<div><div id=\"12457817\" class=\"article-section-wrapper js-article-section js-content-section  \" data-section-parent-id=\"0\"><p>Most coarse detrital rutile is derived from high-grade metamorphic rocks. Contrary to a conventional assumption, independent rutile grains are particularly rare in igneous rocks except alkalic rocks. The use of rutile in the ZTR (zircon-tourmaline-rutile) index of mineralogic maturity is only partially valid, owing to its restricted provenance.</p></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"SEPM","doi":"10.1306/212F7A31-2B24-11D7-8648000102C1865D","issn":"00224472","usgsCitation":"Force, E.R., 1980, The provenance of rutile.: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 50, no. 2, p. 485-488, https://doi.org/10.1306/212F7A31-2B24-11D7-8648000102C1865D.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"485","endPage":"488","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222476,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"50","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505baed9e4b08c986b3243ad","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Force, E. R.","contributorId":28235,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Force","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363436,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70012626,"text":"70012626 - 1980 - Rare earth element distribution in some hydrothermal minerals: Evidence for crystallographic control","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-14T15:56:58.831834","indexId":"70012626","displayToPublicDate":"1980-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1980","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rare earth element distribution in some hydrothermal minerals: Evidence for crystallographic control","docAbstract":"<p>Rare earth element (REE) abundances were measured by neutron activation analysis in anhydrite (CaSO<sub>4</sub>), barite (BaSO<sub>4</sub>), siderite (FeCO<sub>3</sub>) and galena (PbS). A simple crystal-chemical model qualitatively describes the relative affinities for REE substitution in anhydrite, barite, and siderite. When normalized to ‘crustal’ abundances (as an approximation to the hydrothermal fluid REE pattern), log REE abundance is a surprisingly linear function of (ionic radius of major cation—ionic radius of REE)<sup>2</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>for the three hydrothermal minerals, individually and collectively. An important exception, however, is Eu, which is anomalously enriched in barite and depleted in siderite relative to REE of neighboring atomic number and trivalent ionic radius. In principle, REE analyses of suitable pairs of co-existing hydrothermal minerals, combined with appropriate experimental data, could yield both the REE content and the temperature of the parental hydrothermal fluid.</p><p>The REE have only very weak chalcophilic tendencies, and this is reflected by the very low abundances in galena—La, 0.6 ppb; Sm, 0.06 ppb; the remainder are below detection limits.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(80)90286-0","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Morgan, J.W., and Wandless, G., 1980, Rare earth element distribution in some hydrothermal minerals: Evidence for crystallographic control: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 44, no. 7, p. 973-980, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(80)90286-0.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"973","endPage":"980","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222603,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"44","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a951ae4b0c8380cd817e2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morgan, J. W.","contributorId":92384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morgan","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364091,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wandless, G.A.","contributorId":107716,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wandless","given":"G.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364092,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":5221086,"text":"5221086 - 1979 - Scent-marking in lone wolves and newly formed pairs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:50","indexId":"5221086","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:19:18","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":770,"text":"Animal Behaviour","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Scent-marking in lone wolves and newly formed pairs","docAbstract":"Scent-marking was studied in wolves (Canis lupus) along 133 km of tracks in northern Minnesota during winters of 1975 to 1976 and 1976 to 1977 and in two captive packs and four captive pairs for various periods.  Lone wolves, which possess neither mates nor territories, rarely marked by raised-leg urination and defaecated and urinated less along roads and trails, where territorial pairs and packs generally marked.  Newly formed pairs marked the most, eventually decreasing their rates to those of established packs.  Generally, wolves that scent-marked also bred, whereas non-marking wolves  usually did not breed.  Scent-marking apparently is important to the success of courtship in new pairs and to reproductive synchrony in established pairs, as well as serving a territorial function.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Animal Behaviour","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/0003-3472(79)90010-1","usgsCitation":"Rothman, R., and Mech, L., 1979, Scent-marking in lone wolves and newly formed pairs: Animal Behaviour, v. 27, no. 3, p. 750-760, https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-3472(79)90010-1.","productDescription":"750-760","startPage":"750","endPage":"760","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":18184,"rank":200,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0003-3472(79)90010-1","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":197528,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a01e4b07f02db5f7ea1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rothman, R.J.","contributorId":107816,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rothman","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333009,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mech, L.D. 0000-0003-3944-7769","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3944-7769","contributorId":75466,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mech","given":"L.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333008,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":5221078,"text":"5221078 - 1979 - Statistical problems arising from surveys of rare and endangered forest birds","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:48","indexId":"5221078","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:19:18","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3134,"text":"Proceedings of the 42nd Session of the International Statistical Institute","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Statistical problems arising from surveys of rare and endangered forest birds","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the 42nd Session of the International Statistical Institute","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Ramsey, F.L., Scott, J.M., and Clark, R., 1979, Statistical problems arising from surveys of rare and endangered forest birds: Proceedings of the 42nd Session of the International Statistical Institute, v. 48, no. 1, p. 471-571.","productDescription":"471-571","startPage":"471","endPage":"571","numberOfPages":"101","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":197726,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"48","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adbe4b07f02db685a90","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ramsey, F. L.","contributorId":92379,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ramsey","given":"F.","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":332989,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Scott, J. M.","contributorId":55766,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":332988,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Clark, R.T.","contributorId":94409,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"R.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":332990,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":5221155,"text":"5221155 - 1979 - Wolf howling and its role in territory maintenance","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:36","indexId":"5221155","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:19:14","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":986,"text":"Behaviour","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Wolf howling and its role in territory maintenance","docAbstract":"An experimental study of the role of howling in wolf territory maintenance was conducted in the Superior National Forest, Minnesota. Vocal replies and behaviour of radio-collared wolves in response to human howls were analyzed for eight packs and 10 lone wolves during a 2-year period. Reply rate varied significantly throughout the year. A mid-winter increase was correlated with the breeding season, especially for groups containing breeding animals (alpha male or alpha female). A second, longer increase in reply rate started in midsummer, peaked about August, and declined to a low in early winter. The decline in autumn howling response occurred sooner in a pack whose pups developed faster. Through the year, the howling reply rate was significantly higher among all packs and lone wolves attending prey kills. The more food remaining at a kill, the higher the reply rate was. For wolves separated from their pack, the howling reply rate was dependent on their age and social role. Among adults, only alpha males ever replied alone, and their reply rate, and number of howls per session, exceeded those of other animals. Alpha males sometimes approached during howling sessions, whereas other adults usually retreated. Younger animals replied more often as pups than as yearlings, and then only during their first 7 months, after which they replied little more than most adults. Finally, larger packs replied more often than smaller packs. Specific behaviours noted during howling sessions, including movements away from the howler, indicated that howling was related to interpack agonism. In addition, three of the major factors influencing reply rate also significantly affect the level of agonism toward pack strangers : pack size, social role, and breeding season. The other two factors, kills and pups, are both important pack resources necessitating exclusive occupancy of a site. The high reply rates at sites containing kills or pups constitute strong circumstantial evidence that howling is important in territory maintenance. During howling sessions, wolves usually remained near their original site after replying, or retreated if they remained silent. This difference apparently was related to the problem of avoiding both accidental and deliberate encounters, and to cost/benefit considerations at the wolves' location. Howling was considered most effective in mediating avoidance in two situations : when two packs approached a common area of overlap, and when a pack returned to an area little used for weeks, in which scent posts would have lost effectiveness in deterring strangers. Both scent-marking and howling apparently are important in spacing. However, they differ in their roles and are complementary, with scent-marking being long-term and site-specific, and howling being immediate and long-range. Finally, lone wolves which do not possess territories, rarely replied, sharing the 'low-profile' behaviour expected of surplus animals in a territorial population.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Behaviour","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1163/156853979X00322","collaboration":"2217_Harrington.pdf","usgsCitation":"Harrington, F., and Mech, L., 1979, Wolf howling and its role in territory maintenance: Behaviour, v. 68, no. 3-4, p. 207-249, https://doi.org/10.1163/156853979X00322.","productDescription":"207-249","startPage":"207","endPage":"249","numberOfPages":"43","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":193617,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":18128,"rank":200,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853979X00322","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"volume":"68","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48f3e4b07f02db55aa8d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harrington, F.H.","contributorId":14524,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harrington","given":"F.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333153,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mech, L.D. 0000-0003-3944-7769","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3944-7769","contributorId":75466,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mech","given":"L.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333154,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":4932,"text":"pp1115AB - 1979 - Storm and flood of July 31-August 1, 1976, in the Big Thompson River and Cache la Poudre River basins, Larimer and Weld Counties, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-19T12:12:29","indexId":"pp1115AB","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1115","chapter":"A,B","title":"Storm and flood of July 31-August 1, 1976, in the Big Thompson River and Cache la Poudre River basins, Larimer and Weld Counties, Colorado","docAbstract":"PART A:  Devastating flash floods swept through the canyon section of Larimer County in north-central Colorado during the night of July 31-August I, 1976, causing 139 deaths, 5 missing persons, and more than $35 million in total damages. The brunt of the storms occurred over the Big Thompson River basin between Drake and Estes Park with rainfall amounts as much as 12 inches being reported during the storm period. In the Cache la Poudre River basin to the north, a rainfall amount of 10 inches was reported for one locality while 6 inches fell over a widespread area near the central part of the basin. \r\n\r\nThe storms developed when strong low-level easterly winds to the rear of a polar front pushed a moist, conditionally unstable airmass upslope into the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains. Orographic uplift released the convective instability, and light south-southeasterly winds at middle and upper levels allowed the storm complex to remain nearly stationary over the foothills for several hours. Minimal entrainment of relatively moist air at middle and upper levels, very low cloud bases, and a slightly tilted updraft structure contributed to a high precipitation efficiency. \r\n\r\nIntense rainfall began soon after 1900 MDT (Mountain Daylight Time) in the Big Thompson River and the North Fork Cache la Poudre River basins. A cumulative rainfall curve developed for Glen Comfort from radar data indicates that 7.5 inches of rain fell during the period 1930-2040 MDT on July 31. In the central part of the storm area west of Fort Collins, the heaviest rainfall began about 2200 MDT on July 31 and continued until 0100 MDT on August 1. \r\n\r\nPeak discharges were extremely large on many streams in the storm area-exceeding previously recorded maximum discharges at several locations. The peak discharge of the Big Thompson River at the gaging station at the canyon mouth, near Drake was 31,200 cubic feet per second or more than four times the previous maximum discharge of 7,600 cubic feet per second at the site during 88 years of flood history. At the gaging station on the North Fork Big Thompson River at Drake, the peak discharge on July 31 was 8,710 cubic feet per second as compared to the previous maximum discharge during 29 years of record of 1,290 cubic feet per second. Peak discharges for three small tributaries near the area of heaviest rainfall northeast of Estes Park exceeded previously recorded maximum discharges for basins of less than 4 square miles in Colorado. \r\n\r\nStream velocities were rapid along the tributaries near the storm center and on the Big Thompson River in the canyon section, with average velocities of 20-25 feet per second being common. The flood crest on the Big Thompson River moved through the 7.7-mile reach between Drake and the canyon mouth in about 30 minutes for an average travel rate of 15 miles per hour, or about 23 feet per second. The peak discharge of the flood on the Big Thompson River at the canyon mouth exceeded the 100-year flood discharge for the site by a ratio of 1.8. Upstream in the Big Thompson River basin, the flood was even more rare being 3.8 times the estimated 100-year flood discharge at the site on the Big Thompson River just upstream from Drake. In the Cache la Poudre River basin, recurrence intervals were computed to be 100 years for the flood on Deadman Creek and 16 years for Rist Canyon and the Cache la Poudre River at the canyon mouth near Fort Collins. \r\n\r\nAlthough the rainfall and flood discharges were unusually large, they are not unprecedented for some areas along the eastern foothills and plains of Colorado. The May 1935 and June 1965 floods on some streams along the eastern plains greatly exceeded the 1976 flood peaks in the storm area. Prior floods on several other streams in the foothills have approximately equaled the 1976 peak discharges. PART B:  Intense rainfall from the Big Thompson thunderstorm complex on the evening of July 31,1976, and the ensuing floods that evening and the fol","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/pp1115AB","usgsCitation":"McCain, J.F., and Shroba, R., 1979, Storm and flood of July 31-August 1, 1976, in the Big Thompson River and Cache la Poudre River basins, Larimer and Weld Counties, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1115, 152 p.;  plates in pocket, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1115AB.","productDescription":"152 p.;  plates in pocket","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":31791,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1115a-b/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":31792,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1115a-b/plate-2.pdf","text":"Plate 2-1","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":31793,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1115a-b/plate-3.pdf","text":"Plate 2-2","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":31794,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1115a-b/plate-4.pdf","text":"Plate 3","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":31795,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1115a-b/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":139195,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1115a-b/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":104553,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_4722.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"4722"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b28e4b07f02db6b1730","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McCain, Jerald F.","contributorId":104039,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCain","given":"Jerald","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":150159,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shroba, R. R.","contributorId":44133,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shroba","given":"R. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":150158,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":10104,"text":"ofr79949 - 1979 - Programs in Hewlett-Packard BASIC for storing, retrieving, and plotting rare-earth element data for geochemical studies, using HP-9831/9872 desk top computers and plotters","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:38","indexId":"ofr79949","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"79-949","title":"Programs in Hewlett-Packard BASIC for storing, retrieving, and plotting rare-earth element data for geochemical studies, using HP-9831/9872 desk top computers and plotters","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr79949","usgsCitation":"Ludwig, K., and Stuckless, J.S., 1979, Programs in Hewlett-Packard BASIC for storing, retrieving, and plotting rare-earth element data for geochemical studies, using HP-9831/9872 desk top computers and plotters: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 79-949, 24 p. :graph ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr79949.","productDescription":"24 p. :graph ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":144397,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/0949/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":37953,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/0949/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9be4b07f02db65e034","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ludwig, K.R.","contributorId":97112,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ludwig","given":"K.R.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":160825,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stuckless, John S. 0000-0002-7536-0444 jstuckless@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7536-0444","contributorId":4974,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stuckless","given":"John","email":"jstuckless@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":160824,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":6140,"text":"pp1104 - 1979 - Ash-flow tuffs of the Galiuro Volcanics in the northern Galiuro Mountains, Pinal County, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:57","indexId":"pp1104","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1104","title":"Ash-flow tuffs of the Galiuro Volcanics in the northern Galiuro Mountains, Pinal County, Arizona","docAbstract":"The upper Oligocene and lower Miocene Galiuro Volcanics in the northern part of the Galiuro Mountains contains two distinctive major ash-flow tuff sheets, the Holy Joe and Aravaipa Members. These major ash-flows illustrate many features of ash-flow geology not generally exposed so completely. The Holy Joe Member, composed of a series of densely welded flows of quartz latite composition that make up a simple cooling unit. is a rare example of a cooling unit that has a vitrophyre at the top as well as at the base. The upper vitrophyre does not represent a cooling break. The Aravaipa Member. a rhyolite, is completely exposed in Aravaipa and other canyons and on Table Mountain. Remarkable exposures along Whitewash Canyon exhibit the complete change from a typical stacked-up interior zonation of an ash flow to a non welded distal margin. Vertical and horizontal changes in welding, crystallization, specific gravity, and lithology are exposed. The ash flow can be divided into six lithologic zones. \r\n\r\nThe Holy Joe and Aravaipa Members of the Galiuro Volcanics are so well exposed and so clearly show characteristic features of ash-flow tuffs that they could be a valuable teaching aid and a source of theses for geology students.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/pp1104","usgsCitation":"Krieger, M.L., 1979, Ash-flow tuffs of the Galiuro Volcanics in the northern Galiuro Mountains, Pinal County, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1104, 32 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1104.","productDescription":"32 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":126796,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1104/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":33215,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1104/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abbe4b07f02db672ac2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Krieger, Medora Louise Hooper","contributorId":10413,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krieger","given":"Medora","email":"","middleInitial":"Louise Hooper","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":152187,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":4369,"text":"cir805 - 1979 - Principal thorium resources in the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:28","indexId":"cir805","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"805","title":"Principal thorium resources in the United States","docAbstract":"Resources were assessed for thorium in the higher grade and better known deposits in the United States in: (1) veins, (2) massive carbonatites, (3) stream placers of North and South Carolina, and (4) disseminated deposits. Thorium resources for the first three categories were divided into reserves and probable potential resources. Each of these then were separated into the following cost categories: (1) the amount of ThO2 producible at less than $15 per pound, (2) the amount producible at between $15 and $30 per pound, and (3) the amount producible at more than $50 per pound. The type of mining and milling needed at each deposit determines the capital, operating, and fixed costs of both mining and milling. Costs start with the clearing of land and are carried through to the final product, which for all deposits is ThO2. Capital costs of mining are affected most by the type of mining and the size of the mine. Those of milling are affected most by the kind of mill, its size, and whether or not extra circuits are needed for the separation of rare earths or some other byproduct. \r\n\r\nVeins, massive carbonatites, and stream placers of North and South Carolina have reserves of 188,000 short tons of ThO2 and probable potential resources of 505,000 tons of ThO2. Approximately half of the reserves and probable potential resources can be produced at less than $30 per pound of ThO2. Veins are the highest grade source in the United States and have total reserves of 142,000 tons of ThO2 and probable potential resources of 343,000 tons. About 90 percent of the reserves and 91 percent of the probable potential resources can be produced at less than $15 per pound of ThO2. Seven vein districts were evaluated: (1) Lemhi Pass, Mont.-Idaho, (2) Wet Mountains, Colo., (3) Powderhorn, Colo., (4) Hall Mountain, Idaho, (5) Diamond Creek, Idaho, (6) Bear Lodge Mountains, Wyo. and (7) Mountain Pass, Calif. Eighty-seven percent of the total reserves and probable potential resources are in the Lemhi Pass and Wet Mountains Districts. The first district has reserves of 68,000 tons of ThO2 and probable potential resources of 124,000 tons that can be produced at less than $15 per pound; the second district has 54,000 tons of reserves and 141,000 tons of probable potential resources producible at less than $15 per pound. Rare earths are a common byproduct, and in many veins they are from one-half to several times as abundant as thorium. \r\n\r\nMassive carbonatite bodies are large-tonnage low-grade deposits. Thorium in these deposits would be a byproduct either of rare earth or of niobium mining. The Iron Hill carbonatite body in the Powderhorn district, Colorado, and the Sulfide Queen carbonatite body in the Mountain Pass district, California, were evaluated. These two deposits contain 40,800 tons of ThO2 in reserves and 125,000 tons of ThO2 \r\nin probable potential resources. More than 80 percent of this total is in the Iron Hill carbonatite. This thorium is entirely a byproduct and is producible at less than $15 per pound of ThO2. The Sulphide Queen massive carbonatite deposit was being mined in 1977 for rare earths, and thorium could be recovered by adding an extra circuit to the existing mill. \r\n\r\nStream placers in North and South Carolina occur both in the Piedmont and just east of the Fall Line. The reserves of these deposits total 5,270 tons of ThO2, and the probable potential resources are 36,800 tons of ThO2. The Piedmont placers are all too small to produce ThO2 at a cost of less than $50 per pound. One placer on Hollow Creek, S.C., just east of the Fall Line had reserves of 2,040 tons of ThO2 that is producible at between $15 and $30 per pound. Thorium occurs in monazite in these placers. Other heavy minerals that would be recovered with the monazite include rutile, zircon, and ilmenite. In addition to thorium, monazite contains large amounts of rare earths and small amounts of uranium; both can be recovered during the process that separates thorium \r\nfr","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/cir805","collaboration":"Prepared on behalf of the U.S. Department of Energy","usgsCitation":"Staatz, M.H., Armbrustmacher, T., Olson, J.C., Brownfield, I.K., Brock, M.R., Lemons, J., Coppa, L., and Clingan, B., 1979, Principal thorium resources in the United States: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 805, 42 p. :ill., maps ;26 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir805.","productDescription":"42 p. :ill., maps ;26 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":138776,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":14342,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/0805/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e487fe4b07f02db515702","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Staatz, Mortimer Hay","contributorId":39754,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Staatz","given":"Mortimer","email":"","middleInitial":"Hay","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148971,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Armbrustmacher, T.J.","contributorId":92642,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Armbrustmacher","given":"T.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148974,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Olson, J. C.","contributorId":55403,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olson","given":"J.","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148972,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Brownfield, I. K.","contributorId":77915,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brownfield","given":"I.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148973,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Brock, M. R.","contributorId":96230,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brock","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148975,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Lemons, J.F.","contributorId":104881,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lemons","given":"J.F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148977,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Coppa, L.V.","contributorId":103662,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coppa","given":"L.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148976,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Clingan, B.V.","contributorId":32143,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clingan","given":"B.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148970,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":8718,"text":"ofr791666 - 1979 - Surface subsidence and collapse in relation to extraction of salt and other soluble evaporites","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:22","indexId":"ofr791666","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"79-1666","title":"Surface subsidence and collapse in relation to extraction of salt and other soluble evaporites","docAbstract":"Extraction of soluble minerals, whether by natural or man-induced processes, can result in localized land-surface subsidence and more rarely sinkhole formation. One process cited by many investigators is that uncontrolled dissolving of salt or other soluble evaporites can create or enlarge underground cavities, thereby increasing the span of the unsupported roof to the strength limit of the overlying rocks. Downwarping results when spans are exceeded, or collapse of the undermined roof leads to upward sloping or chimneying of the overburden rocks. If underground space is available for rock debris to collect, the void can migrate to the surface with the end result being surface subsidence or collapse. \r\n\r\nIn North America natural solution subsidence and collapse features in rocks ranging in age from Silurian to the present are found in evaporite terranes in the Great Plains from Saskatchewan in the north to Texas and New Mexico in the south, in the Great Lakes area, and in the southeastern States. Man-induced subsidence and collapse in evaporites are generally associated with conventional or solution mining, oilfield operations, and reservoir and dam construction, and can be especially hazardous in populated or built-up areas.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr791666","usgsCitation":"Ege, J.R., 1979, Surface subsidence and collapse in relation to extraction of salt and other soluble evaporites: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 79-1666, ii, 37 p. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr791666.","productDescription":"ii, 37 p. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":143397,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1666/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":36294,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1666/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afce4b07f02db696812","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ege, John R.","contributorId":69534,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ege","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":158205,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":7741,"text":"ofr79536 - 1979 - Abundance and distribution of thorium in the carbonatite stock at Iron Hill, Powderhorn District, Gunnison County, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-19T21:44:36.961244","indexId":"ofr79536","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"79-536","title":"Abundance and distribution of thorium in the carbonatite stock at Iron Hill, Powderhorn District, Gunnison County, Colorado","docAbstract":"<p>The carbonatite stock at Iron Hill is part of an alkalic complex of Cambrian or latest Precambrian age containing pyroxenite, uncompahgrite, ijolite, nepheline syenite, and related rocks characterized by their subsilicic composition and by their lack of calcic plagioclase. Thorium averages 36.2 parts per million (ppm) Th (0.0041 percent Th0<sub>2</sub>) in the carbonatite, which also contains considerably more Ba, Ce, Nd, La, Nb, P, Mn, Mo, Sr, U, and rare-earth elements than average igneous rocks. Thorium content of the carbonatite ranges from 6 ppm Th (0.0007 percent Th0<sub>2</sub>) 150 ppm Th (0.017 percent Th0<sub>2</sub>), and several areas of anomalous concentration are apparent. The distribution of thorium is not the same as the distribution of niobium and rare-earth elements. Thorium abundances of the level found in the carbonatite at Iron Hill are of little economic interest unless considered as a byproduct of potential niobium, rare-earth, and uranium exploitation.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr79536","usgsCitation":"Armbrustmacher, T.J., 1979, Abundance and distribution of thorium in the carbonatite stock at Iron Hill, Powderhorn District, Gunnison County, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 79-536, ii, 27 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr79536.","productDescription":"ii, 27 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":408550,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/0536/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":140646,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/0536/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","county":"Gunnison County","otherGeospatial":"Iron Hill, Powderhorn 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Theodore J.","contributorId":31376,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Armbrustmacher","given":"Theodore","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":156522,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":9469,"text":"ofr791250 - 1979 - Chemical analyses of lignite from the Wilcox Group, Texas region, central and eastern Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-29T23:56:21.46875","indexId":"ofr791250","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"79-1250","title":"Chemical analyses of lignite from the Wilcox Group, Texas region, central and eastern Texas","docAbstract":"<p>As part of a continuing program by the U.S. Geological Survey to collect and chemically analyze representative sales of U.S. coal, 45 samples of lignite and lignite-associated rocks were collected strip mines and drill holes in Freestone and Milam counties in central Texas, and in Harrison, Rains, Titus, Van Zandt, and Wood Counties in eastern Texas. The sampled areas are in the Texas region of the Gulf province (Trumbull, 1960). Figure 1 shows the counties from which the samples were collected. Brief descriptions of the 45 samples are given in table 1. Thirty-one samples (twenty-six lignite and five lignite-associated rock) were collected from four active strip mines in Freestone, Harrison, Milam, and Titus Counties by the Texas Bureau of Economic Geology; 14 samples (13 lignite and 1 carbonaceous shale) were collected from nine drill holes in connection with the U.S. Bureau of Mines evaluation of coal resources in the proposed Carl L. Estes Lake site, Rains, Van Zandt, and Wood Counties (Ward, 1977).</p><p>All samples included in this report are from the Wilcox Group of Eocene age. The Wilcox Group is undifferentiated in Harrison, Rains, Titus, Van Zandt, and Wood Counties. Lignite in this area is in the upper two-thirds of the Wilcox. In Freestone and Milam Counties, the Wilcox Group is subdivided into the Hooper, Simsboro, and Calvert Bluff Formations. Lignite in this area is predominantly in the Calvert Bluff Formation, with minor amounts in the Hooper Formation. A generalized stratigraphic column of the Wilcox Group and associated Tertiary strata is given in figure 2.</p><p>The Calvert Bluff Formation and undifferentiated Wilcox Group consist of clastic debris deposited in a fluvial environment, in which major channel complexes characterized by sand deposition divide interchannel areas composed of mud. Lignite was deposited as a blanket peat in freshwater swamps and marshes within interchannel areas. Individual lignite beds are lenticular bodies extending 3 to 20 km laterally; thicknesses are generally 1 to 3 m, rarely as much as 6 m. Descriptions of geology and lignite occurrences are in Fisher (1963), Kaiser (1974, 1978), and Kaiser and others (1978).</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr791250","usgsCitation":"Hildebrand, R.T., Hatch, J.R., and Henry, C., 1979, Chemical analyses of lignite from the Wilcox Group, Texas region, central and eastern Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 79-1250, 36 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr791250.","productDescription":"36 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":423055,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1250/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":142642,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1250/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","otherGeospatial":"central and eastern Texas","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -94.08513343880514,\n              33.53538390654644\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.05022532489596,\n              33.53538390654644\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.05022532489596,\n              29.046948718099145\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.08513343880514,\n              29.046948718099145\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.08513343880514,\n              33.53538390654644\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e4a7d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hildebrand, Rick T.","contributorId":44153,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hildebrand","given":"Rick","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":159744,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hatch, Joseph R. 0000-0001-9257-0278 jrhatch@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9257-0278","contributorId":722,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hatch","given":"Joseph","email":"jrhatch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":159742,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Henry, Christopher D.","contributorId":36556,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henry","given":"Christopher D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":159743,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":10283,"text":"ofr791569 - 1979 - Investigations needed to stimulate the development of Jordan's mineral resources","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-05-23T15:50:06","indexId":"ofr791569","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"79-1569","title":"Investigations needed to stimulate the development of Jordan's mineral resources","docAbstract":"<p>The level of living that any society can attain is a direct function of the use it makes of all kinds of raw materials (soil, water, metals, nonmetals, etc.), all kinds of energy (both animate and inanimate), and all kinds of human ingenuity; and is an inverse function of the size of the population that must share the collective product. The relation between raw materials, energy and ingenuity is such that use of a large amount of one may offset the need for large amounts of others. The most vital raw materials are water, soil, and construction materials, for these are needed in large quantities and are hard to import. Metals, chemicals, and inanimate energy are necessary for industrialization. The more of these minerals a nation possess, the better, but not nation can hope to be self-sufficient in all of the m and therefore must trade for some essential materials.</p>\n<br>\n<p>Jordan’s natural resources have been little explored. The grantitc-metamorphic terrane in the southeastern part of the Kingdom could contain deposits of tungsten, rare earths, feldspar, mica, fluorite etc. and the sedimentary terrane over much of the rest of the county is favorable for the occurrence of oil. Even if none of these minerals is found, however, Jordan’s other mineral resource, if fully explored and developed in the light of modern technology, will support a far higher level of living than her people now enjoy. Very likely she can increase her rainfall by about 10 percent by cloud seeding, and she undeveloped supplies in both surface and ground water that are sufficient to nearly double her usable water supply. Even if she does not have oil or have it in large quantities, she can buy it cheaply from neighboring counties, and in addition has undeveloped sources of hydroelectric power, large reserves of bituminous limestone, large reserves of nuclear power as uranium in phosphate rock, and can use solar and wind power for special purposes. Her large supplies of construction, fertilizer, and other chemical raw materials will not only satisfy her own needs, but will yield both raw materials and some manufactured products for export. And she has valuable resource of touristic interest in the form of incomparable scenery, antiquities, and holy places, which, if properly advertised, could well become her largest single source of foreign currency. Revenues obtained from this source and from the export of agricultural products, nonmetallic minerals, and mineral products should support foreign oil purchase of oil, machinery, and other products not mined or produced internally.</p>\n<br>\n<p>Full development of Jordan’s economic potential will take years to achieve and involves many complex activities. One of the most essential is one that can be pressed in the early years, namely the gathering of facts and basic data concerning the character, extent, and distribution of her resources, and the uses that can be made of them. Without each fundamental data or the understanding of their meaning or the ways to use and apply them, costly developmental projects and similar efforts to raise the level of living are likely to have limited success at best.</p>\n<br>\n<p>Basic data and mineral resources are best gathered and published by permanent government agencies, for private organizations and individual cannot afford to take the risks involved in gathering data that may not have an immediate economic return; and even if private parties  do collect such data they are not likely to make them general available.</p>\n<br>\n<p>Of the activities needed in the field of mineral resources, some are already underway as the established function of government agencies. No bureau however, seems to have responsibility for making geologic maps and for gathering data on such things as steam flow, composition and properties of minerals and rocks, or for investigating the uses to which Jordan’s minerals might be put. To satisfy these needs, a Geological Survey and a Bureau of Mineral Industries should be formed and placed in operation as quickly as possible.</p>\n<br>\n<p>The task of collecting and interpreting basic data or mineral resources must be done largely by Jordanians, for only in this way will Jordan acquire the technical competence needed to use the information. Few Jordanians have enough training or experience to work independently in these fields now, however, so help from outside technicians would be necessary over an initial training period of several years. But the number of outside technicians should never exceed the number of Jordanian technicians, and for this reason, neither organization could have a staff of more than a few people during the early years of operation.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr791569","collaboration":"Prepared under the auspices of the Government of Jordan and the International Cooperation Administration U.S. Department of State","usgsCitation":"McKelvey, V., 1979, Investigations needed to stimulate the development of Jordan's mineral resources: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 79-1569, Report: iii, 164 p.; 1 Plate: 10.46 x 5.13 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr791569.","productDescription":"Report: iii, 164 p.; 1 Plate: 10.46 x 5.13 inches","numberOfPages":"173","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":143390,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1569/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":275694,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1569/report.pdf"},{"id":275695,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1569/plate-1.pdf"}],"country":"Jordan","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 34.9583,29.185 ], [ 34.9583,33.3747 ], [ 39.3012,33.3747 ], [ 39.3012,29.185 ], [ 34.9583,29.185 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db667597","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McKelvey, V.E.","contributorId":85161,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKelvey","given":"V.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":161134,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":10828,"text":"ofr791623 - 1979 - The use of soil-gas helium concentrations for earthquake prediction: Studies of factors causing diurnal variation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-11T21:56:59.910806","indexId":"ofr791623","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"79-1623","title":"The use of soil-gas helium concentrations for earthquake prediction: Studies of factors causing diurnal variation","docAbstract":"<p>The diurnal variation in the soil-gas helium concentration was monitored at depths of 0.5-2 m. Barometric pressure, air temperature, wind speed, soil temperature, soil moisture, relative humidity, and precipitation were also monitored. The helium variation below a 1-m sampling depth usually did not exceed the analytical sensitivity limit of +10 ppb helium. The meteorological parameters that had the greatest effect on the helium variation is wind speed and precipitation; another factor causing variations was the atmospheric pumping created by air-temperature changes and its associated effect on the near-surface soil moisture content. The absolute helium variation rarely exceeded 1 percent of the background helium concentration in air. This minor variation could be corrected because it followed a regular daily pattern. Diurnal changes in the soil-gas helium concentration did not impose any severe limitations on the use of helium soil-gas data collected for earthquake prediction purposes.<span id=\"_mce_caret\" data-mce-bogus=\"1\" data-mce-type=\"format-caret\"></span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr791623","usgsCitation":"Reimer, G.M., 1979, The use of soil-gas helium concentrations for earthquake prediction: Studies of factors causing diurnal variation: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 79-1623, iv, 68 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr791623.","productDescription":"iv, 68 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":423419,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1623/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":145561,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1623/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a5fe4b07f02db634452","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reimer, G. Michael","contributorId":95875,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reimer","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"Michael","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":162037,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":43471,"text":"ofr791283 - 1979 - Geology and phosphate resources of the Hawley Creek area, Lemhi County, Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-14T18:27:21.747703","indexId":"ofr791283","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"79-1283","title":"Geology and phosphate resources of the Hawley Creek area, Lemhi County, Idaho","docAbstract":"<p>Phosphate resources occur within the Retort Phosphatic Shale Member of the Permian Phosphoria Formation in the Hawley Creek area, near Leadore, in east-central Idaho. About 12 square miles (31 km<sup>2</sup> ) of the Retort Member and enclosing rocks were mapped at a scale of 1:12,000 to evaluate the leasable Federal mineral resources. The Retort has an average thickness of 73 feet (22.3 m) and 12.9 linear miles (20.8 linear km) of outcrop within the area mapped. </p><p>Rock samples taken from a bulldozer trench were analyzed for phosphate content and for minor trace elements. Analyses show a cumulative thickness of 8.7 feet ( 2.7 m) of medium-grade phosphate rock ( 24 to 31 percent P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>) and 33.4 feet (10.2 m) of low-grade phosphate rock (16 to 24 percent P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>). Minor elements in the Retort include uranium, vanadium, fluorine, cadmium, chromium, nickel, molybdenum, silver, and rare earths. These minor elements are potential byproducts of any future phosphate production in the Hawley Creek area. In addition, analyses of six phosphate rock samples taken from a prospect trench show a cumulative thickness of 14.9 ft (4.5 m) at 17.6 percent P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>. </p><p>Indicated phosphate resources are calculated for phosphate beds under less than 600 feet (183.0 m) of overburden. Approximately 36.5 feet (11.1 m), representing 50 percent of the total Retort Member, were measured in trench CP-71. There are 80.42 million short tons (72.96 million metric tons) of medium-grade phosphate rock, and 308.76 million short tons ( 280.10 million metric tons) of low-grade phosphate rock in the Retort Member within the map area. Because the thickness and grade of the phosphate beds for each block are based on the recovered section from CP-71, the calculated phosphate resource estimates represent a minimum. </p><p>Other mineral resources in the area are thorium (35 ppm) in a Precambrian (?) granite body located immediately west of the Hawley Creek area; oil and gas accumulations may occur beneath the Medicine Lodge thrust system in this part of the Beaverhead Mountains. </p><p>Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic rocks are present in the Hawley Creek area. Fold axes and thrust faults have a dominant northwest trend. These thrusts and folds are probably associated with the northeast-oriented stress field that existed in Late Cretaceous time. Evidence of younger, high-angle normal and reverse faults in the area also exists.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr791283","usgsCitation":"Oberlindacher, P., and Hovland, R.D., 1979, Geology and phosphate resources of the Hawley Creek area, Lemhi County, Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 79-1283, Report: i, 18 p.; 3 Plates: 27.78 × 36.24 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr791283.","productDescription":"Report: i, 18 p.; 3 Plates: 27.78 × 36.24 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":81125,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1283/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":81124,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1283/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":81127,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1283/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":81126,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1283/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":173340,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1283/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":408334,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_11101.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","county":"Lemhi County","otherGeospatial":"Hawley Creek Area","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -113.238,\n              44.583\n            ],\n            [\n              -113.083,\n              44.583\n            ],\n            [\n              -113.083,\n              44.714\n            ],\n            [\n              -113.238,\n              44.714\n            ],\n            [\n              -113.238,\n              44.583\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad6e4b07f02db68432e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Oberlindacher, Peter","contributorId":64717,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oberlindacher","given":"Peter","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":228253,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hovland, Robert David","contributorId":55064,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hovland","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"David","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":228252,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":11343,"text":"ofr791323 - 1979 - Post-orogenic peralkaline and calc-alkaline granites and associated mineralization of the Arabian Shield, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-12-31T15:17:11.845393","indexId":"ofr791323","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"79-1323","title":"Post-orogenic peralkaline and calc-alkaline granites and associated mineralization of the Arabian Shield, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","docAbstract":"<p>Following a long period of island arc-like orogenic activity, post-orogenic granites of Pan-African age (670-550 m.y.) were emplaced throughout the Arabian Shield. Most of these rocks are typical subsolvus calc-alkaline biotite monzogranite. The early Pan-African granites are associated with widespread small tholeiitic gabbro intrusions, many of which are layered. The calc-alkaline granites are not evenly distributed and their area of exposure relative to other rock types increases from southwest to north and northeast. In the northeastern part of the shield, they are associated spatially with rhyolites of similar composition and with molasse derived from granitic terrane.</p><p>The occurrence of 45 late alkali granites, most of which are peralkaline, is described and their chemistry discussed. Most of these rocks are medium- to coarse-grained hypersolvus alkali granites, but phenocrystalline and micrographic varieties are also common. The mafic silicate minerals of the alkali granites are arfvedsonite, aegirine, aegirine-augite, riebeckite, and sparse biotite, aenigmatite, and barkevikite. The alkali granites do not occur in the southwestern third of the Arabian Shield nor in the southeastern portion of the adjacent Nubian Shield of Africa. A syenite-shonkinite province located in the southwestern part of the Arabian Shield is identified.</p><p>No economic mineral deposits are known to be associated with the Pan-African granites. Numerous mineral occurrences and geochemical anomalies have been found that contain tungsten, molybdenum, tin, beryllium, zirconium, niobium, thorium, uranium, rare earths, and fluorite. The most important of these occurrences are tabulated and their distribution shown.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr791323","usgsCitation":"Stoeser, D.B., and Elliott, J.E., 1979, Post-orogenic peralkaline and calc-alkaline granites and associated mineralization of the Arabian Shield, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 79-1323, ii, 42 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr791323.","productDescription":"ii, 42 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":498207,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1323/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":143665,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1323/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Saudi Arabia","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              33.92218189349259,\n              29.02139133690754\n            ],\n            [\n              42.10825959425134,\n              16.060331184543486\n            ],\n            [\n              46.94072787688384,\n              16.73207232674301\n            ],\n            [\n              55.06426614018906,\n              19.66315894461647\n            ],\n            [\n              55.97985629965001,\n              22.68707148392423\n            ],\n            [\n              52.728447858367474,\n              23.09848244504147\n            ],\n            [\n              48.87091570589945,\n              28.595447018752864\n            ],\n            [\n              38.838670761512844,\n              33.48223322333408\n            ],\n            [\n              33.92218189349259,\n              29.02139133690754\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","publicComments":"SA(IR) 265","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad5e4b07f02db683a9f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stoeser, D. B.","contributorId":18735,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stoeser","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":162967,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Elliott, James Earl","contributorId":10043,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elliott","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"Earl","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":162966,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70237065,"text":"70237065 - 1979 - Distributary channels, sand lobes, and mesotopography of Navy Submarine Fan, California Borderland, with applications to ancient fan sediments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-29T11:52:51.189043","indexId":"70237065","displayToPublicDate":"1979-09-29T06:44:27","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3369,"text":"Sedimentology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Distributary channels, sand lobes, and mesotopography of Navy Submarine Fan, California Borderland, with applications to ancient fan sediments","docAbstract":"<p>The deep-tow instrument package of Scripps Institution of Oceanography provides a unique opportunity to delineate small-scale features of a size comparable to those features usually described from ancient deep-sea fan deposits. On Navy Fan, the deep-tow side-scanning sonar readily detected steep channel walls and steps and terraces within channels. The most striking features observed in side-scan are large crescentic depressions commonly occurring in groups. These appear to be large scours or flutes carved by turbidity currents. Four distinct acoustic facies were mapped on the basis of qualitative assessment of reflectivity of 4 kHz reflection profiles. There is a distinct increase in depth of acoustic penetration, number of sub-bottom reflectors, and reflector continuity from the upper fan-valley to the lower fan. These changes are accompanied by a decrease in surface relief.</p><p>Navy Fan is made up of three active sectors. The active upper fan is dominated by a single channel with prominent levees that decrease in height downstream. The active mid-fan region or suprafan is where sand is deposited. Well defined distributary channels with steps, terraces, and other mesotopography terminate in depositional lobes. Interchannel areas are rough, containing giant scours as well as other relief. The active lower fan accumulates mud and silt and is without resolvable surface morphology.</p><p>The morphological features seen on Navy Fan other than levees, interchannel areas, and lobes are principally erosional. The distributary channels are up to 0.5 km wide and 5–15 m deep. Such features, because of their large size and low relief, are rarely completely exposed or easily detectable in ancient rock sequences. Some flute-shaped scours are larger than channels in cross section but many are 5-30 m across and 1-2 m deep. If observed in ancient rocks transverse to palaeo-current direction, they would perhaps be indistinguishable from channels. Surface sediment distribution combined with fan morphology can be used to relate modern sediments to facies models for ancient fan sediments. Gravel and sand occur in the upper valley, massive sand beds in the mid-fan distributary channels, classical complete Bouma sequences on depositional lobes, incomplete Bouma sequences (lacking division a) on the lower mid-fan, and Bouma sequence with lenticular shape or other limited extent on mid-fan interchannel areas and on levees.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-3091.1979.tb00971.x","usgsCitation":"Normark, W., Piper, D., and Hess, G.R., 1979, Distributary channels, sand lobes, and mesotopography of Navy Submarine Fan, California Borderland, with applications to ancient fan sediments: Sedimentology, v. 26, no. 6, p. 749-774, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3091.1979.tb00971.x.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"749","endPage":"774","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":407565,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -118.87207031250001,\n              32.24997445586331\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.3017578125,\n              32.24997445586331\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.3017578125,\n              34.161818161230386\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.87207031250001,\n              34.161818161230386\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.87207031250001,\n              32.24997445586331\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"26","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-06-14","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Normark, William","contributorId":33052,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Normark","given":"William","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":853226,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Piper, D.J.W.","contributorId":17351,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Piper","given":"D.J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7219,"text":"Natural Resources Canada","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":853230,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hess, Gordon R.","contributorId":102119,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hess","given":"Gordon","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":853231,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
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