Visual comparison of Mesozoic and Cenozoic magnetic anomalies in the North Pacific suggests that older anomalies contain less short-wavelength information than younger anomalies in this area. To test this observation, magnetic profiles from the North Pacific are examined from crust of three ages: 0–2.1, 29.3–33.1, and 64.9–70.3 m.y, B.P. For each time period, at least nine profiles were analyzed by (1) calculating the power density spectrum of each profile, (2) averaging the spectra together, and (3) computing a ‘recording filter’ for each time period by assuming a hypothetical seafloor model. The model assumes that the top of the source is acoustic basement, the source thickness is 0.5 km, and the time scale of geomagnetic reversals is according to Ness et al. (1980). The calculated power density spectra of the three recording filters are complex in shape but show an increase of attenuation of short-wavelength information as the crust ages. These results are interpreted using a multilayer model for marine magnetic anomalies in which the upper layer, corresponding to pillow basalt of seismic layer 2A, acts as a source of noise to the magnetic anomalies. As the ocean crust ages, this noisy contribution by the pillow basalts becomes less significant to the anomalies. Consequently, magnetic sources below layer 2A must be faithful recorders of geomagnetic reversals.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB088iB03p02289","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Blakely, R., 1983, Statistical averaging of marine magnetic anomalies and the aging of oceanic crust: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 88, no. B3, p. 2289-2296, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB088iB03p02289.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"2289","endPage":"2296","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220970,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"88","issue":"B3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b971fe4b08c986b31b8c5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Blakely, R.J. 0000-0003-1701-5236","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1701-5236","contributorId":70755,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blakely","given":"R.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360731,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70011272,"text":"70011272 - 1983 - The use of MAGSAT data to determine secular variation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-28T16:51:26.602642","indexId":"70011272","displayToPublicDate":"1983-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1983","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":6453,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The use of MAGSAT data to determine secular variation","docAbstract":"A combined spatial and secular variation model of the geomagnetic field, labeled M061581, is derived from a selection of Magsat data. Secular variation (SV) data computed from linear fits to midnight hourly values from 19 magnetic observatories were also included in the analysis but were seen to have little effect on the model. The SV patterns from this new model are compared with those from the 1980 IGRF and with those for 1970 computed by the DGRF and with the 1960 patterns computed using the GSFC(12/66) model. Most of the features of the M061581 are identical in location and level with those of the 1980 IGRF. Together they confirm that the reversals in sign of field change seen over Asia and North America between 1965 and 1975 are reverting to the pre-1965 states. The M061581 model gives −32 nT/yr for the dipole decay rate, larger than the 70% increase already reported since 1965. This abnormally high value is interpreted as being a defect of the model because it appears to result from a much larger (−100 nT/yr) drop in field over the polar regions not indicated by the 1980 IGRF. This north polar decrease is shown to be of external origin as the result of a combination of the seasonal effect of the north polar ionospheric (counterclockwise) afternoon Sqp cell increasing in intensity from the beginning (November 1979) to the end (June 1980) of the Magsat data collection period, coupled with an enhancement of its effect as the orbit lowered from the 350– 550 km initial altitudes to near 200 km just prior to burnup. This experiment indicates that secular variation can be obtained from satellite data for intervals of less than a full year if corrections can be made for seasonal effects and that ‘annual snapshots’ of the field by a satellite would allow easy and accurate models of secular change without the use of any surface data.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB088iB07p05903","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Cain, J., Frayser, J., Muth, L., and Schmitz, D., 1983, The use of MAGSAT data to determine secular variation: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 88, no. B7, p. 5903-5910, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB088iB07p05903.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"5903","endPage":"5910","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220893,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"88","issue":"B7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb15be4b08c986b3252eb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cain, J.C.","contributorId":68457,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cain","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360720,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Frayser, J.","contributorId":83665,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frayser","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360721,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Muth, L.","contributorId":10035,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Muth","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360718,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schmitz, D.","contributorId":45832,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmitz","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360719,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70011267,"text":"70011267 - 1983 - Major and trace elements in Mahogany zone oil shale in two cores from the Green River Formation, piceance basin, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:27","indexId":"70011267","displayToPublicDate":"1983-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1983","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Major and trace elements in Mahogany zone oil shale in two cores from the Green River Formation, piceance basin, Colorado","docAbstract":"The Parachute Creek Member of the lacustrine Green River Formation contains thick sequences of rich oil-shale. The richest sequence and the richest oil-shale bed occurring in the member are called the Mahogany zone and the Mahogany bed, respectively, and were deposited in ancient Lake Uinta. The name \"Mahogany\" is derived from the red-brown color imparted to the rock by its rich-kerogen content. Geochemical abundance and distribution of eight major and 18 trace elements were determined in the Mahogany zone sampled from two cores, U. S. Geological Survey core hole CR-2 and U. S. Bureau of Mines core hole O1-A (Figure 1). The oil shale from core hole CR-2 was deposited nearer the margin of Lake Uinta than oil shale from core hole O1-A. The major- and trace-element chemistry of the Mahogany zone from each of these two cores is compared using elemental abundances and Q-mode factor modeling. The results of chemical analyses of 44 CR-2 Mahogany samples and 76 O1-A Mahogany samples are summarized in Figure 2. The average geochemical abundances for shale (1) and black shale (2) are also plotted on Figure 2 for comparison. The elemental abundances in the samples from the two cores are similar for the majority of elements. Differences at the 95% probability level are higher concentrations of Ca, Cu, La, Ni, Sc and Zr in the samples from core hole CR-2 compared to samples from core hole O1-A and higher concentrations of As and Sr in samples from core hole O1-A compared to samples from core hole CR-2. These differences presumably reflect slight differences in depositional conditions or source material at the two sites. The Mahogany oil shale from the two cores has lower concentrations of most trace metals and higher concentrations of carbonate-related elements (Ca, Mg, Sr and Na) compared to the average shale and black shale. During deposition of the Mahogany oil shale, large quantities of carbonates were precipitated resulting in the enrichment of carbonate-related elements and dilution of most trace elements as pointed out in several previous studies. Q-mode factor modeling is a statistical method used to group samples on the basis of compositional similarities. Factor end-member samples are chosen by the model. All other sample compositions are represented by varying proportions of the factor end-members and grouped as to their highest proportion. The compositional similarities defined by the Q-mode model are helpful in understanding processes controlling multi-element distributions. The models for each core are essentially identical. A four-factor model explains 70% of the variance in the CR-2 data and 64% of the O1-A data (the average correlation coefficients are 0. 84 and 0. 80, respectively). Increasing the number of factors above 4 results in the addition of unique instead of common factors. Table I groups the elements based on high factor-loading scores (the amount of influence each element has in defining the model factors). Similar elemental associations are found in both cores. Elemental abundances are plotted as a function of core depth using a five-point weighted moving average of the original data to smooth the curve (Figure 3 and 4). The plots are grouped according to the four factors defined by the Q-mode models and show similar distributions for elements within the same factor. Factor 1 samples are rich in most trace metals. High oil yield and the presence of illite characterize the end-member samples for this factor (3, 4) suggesting that adsorption of metals onto clay particles or organic matter is controlling the distribution of the metals. Precipitation of some metals as sulfides is possible (5). Factor 2 samples are high in elements commonly associated with minerals of detrital or volcanogenic origin. Altered tuff beds and lenses are prevalent within the Mahogany zone. The CR-2 end-member samples for this factor contain analcime (3) which is an alteration product within the tuff beds of the Green River Formation. Th","largerWorkTitle":"Preprints Symposia","language":"English","issn":"05693799","usgsCitation":"Tuttle, M.L., Dean, W., and Parduhn, N.L., 1983, Major and trace elements in Mahogany zone oil shale in two cores from the Green River Formation, piceance basin, Colorado, in Preprints Symposia, v. 28, no. 1, p. 85-90.","startPage":"85","endPage":"90","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220827,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"28","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4c0ae4b0c8380cd69972","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tuttle, M. L.","contributorId":71992,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tuttle","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360707,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dean, W.E.","contributorId":97099,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dean","given":"W.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360708,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Parduhn, N. L.","contributorId":69136,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parduhn","given":"N.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360706,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70011258,"text":"70011258 - 1983 - Mechanical and chemical compaction in fine-grained shallow-water limestones","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-21T23:40:46.645777","indexId":"70011258","displayToPublicDate":"1983-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1983","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2450,"text":"Journal of Sedimentary Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mechanical and chemical compaction in fine-grained shallow-water limestones","docAbstract":"Artificial compaction of in-situ cores of sediments resulted in: 1) reduction of sediment thickness by 50 percent and more; 2) reduction of initial porosities of 65 to 75 percent to 35 to 45 percent; 3) creation of megascopic textures almost identical to many ancient lime mud- and wackestone; 4) creation of organic, wispy \"stylolite-like\" layers; 5) chemical compaction, evidenced by thin sections showing quartz grains piercing mollusc shells without causing fractures and SEM evidence of solutional interfitting of 1 to 4-mu m-size aragonitic carbonate grains; 6) obliteration of pellets and birdseye or fenestral voids in those sediments where early cementation was lacking; obliteration of identifiable marine grasses and vertical \"root\" tube voids; 8) mashing of sediment-filled circular burrows to produce ellipsoidal structures. Significant mechanical compaction resulted from pressures simulating less than 1,000 ft of burial. Increasing loads to more than 10,000 ft did not significantly increase compaction. Chemical compaction was detected only in cores compacted to pressures greater than 10,000 ft of burial. These experiments suggest that chemical compaction would begin at much shallower depths given geologic time. Experiments that caused chemical compaction lend support to the hypothesis that cement required to produce a low-porosity/low-permeability fine-grained limestone is derived internally. Dissolution, ion diffusion, and reprecipitation are the most likely processes for creating significant thicknesses of dense limestones. Continuation of chemical compaction after significant porosity reduction necessitates expulsion of connate fluids, possibly including hydrocarbons.--Modified journal abstract.
Nine watersheds in the Colorado Front Range with steep bedrock channels were used to test the accuracy of paleohydraulic reconstruction of large flash floods using boulder deposits. The nine basins consist of eight small ungauged basins ranging in size from 1.6 to 29 km2 and the Big Thompson River at the mouth of the Big Thompson Canyon, draining 790 km2. Between 1923 and 1976, all nine basins had had one catastrophic flash flood, the magnitude of which has been estimated by the conventional slope-area method.
In each basin, coarse boulder deposits of the large flash floods were identified, and three axes of the five largest boulders were measured, along with at least two profiles of the valley cross section. A simple arithmetic average of two theoretical and two empirical relationships was used to estimate average flood velocity using boulder size and shape. Average depth was estimated as the arithmetic average of four values computed from the Manning equation, a regression equation for boulder size and unit stream power, a relative smoothness equation, and a modified Shields' relationship. The appropriate flood width for the estimated average depth was found by iteration, using the valley cross sections.
The paleohydraulic discharges thus computed generally underestimate conventional slope-area discharge estimates on small streams by as much as 75%, although the average amount is only 28% too low, and the reconstructed discharge in one stream was 31% too large. The Big Thompson River flood of 1976 was overestimated by 76%. Reasons for discrepancy in reconstructed peaks could include (1) the possibility that floods may have been able to move boulders larger than those available to be moved; (2) overestimation of the slope-area discharge because high-water marks were set prior to erosion of the channel; (3) underestimation of original roughness coefficients; and (4) macroturbulent effects during fast, deep flows.
The paleohydraulic technique is applied to two other streams in Colorado with sedimentological evidence of large flash floods, but no conventional indirect discharge estimates. A small tributary to the Big Thompson River draining 1.8 km2 has a paleohydraulic reconstructed flood peak of about 60 m3/s from a flood in 1976. Using boulders excavated from a foundation site in Holocene alluvium along Boulder Creek in Boulder, Colorado, a paleohydraulic reconstructed flood peak of between 860 and 1,512 m3/s is calculated. This is 1.4 to 2.4 times the magnitude of the estimated 500-yr flood.
A kinetic, first-order mass transfer model was used to describe the sorption of strontium onto sand- and gravel-sized streambed sediments. Rate parameters, empirically determined for strontium, allowed for the prediction of potassium sorption with moderate success. The model parameters varied significantly with particle size. The sorption data were collected during an experimental injection of several elements into a small mountain pool-and-riffle stream. The sorption process onto sand- and gravel-sized sediment was relatively slow compared to changes in the dissolved concentrations.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR019i003p00725","usgsCitation":"Bencala, K.E., Jackman, A.P., Kennedy, V.C., Avanzino, R.J., and Zellweger, G.W., 1983, Kinetic analysis of strontium and potassium sorption onto sands and gravels in a natural channel: Water Resources Research, v. 19, no. 3, p. 725-731, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR019i003p00725.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"725","endPage":"731","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":221743,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"19","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a40a3e4b0c8380cd64f07","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bencala, Kenneth E. kbencala@usgs.gov","contributorId":1541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bencala","given":"Kenneth","email":"kbencala@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":360671,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jackman, Alan P.","contributorId":28239,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jackman","given":"Alan","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360669,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kennedy, Vance C.","contributorId":102063,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kennedy","given":"Vance","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360668,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Avanzino, Ronald J.","contributorId":24355,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Avanzino","given":"Ronald","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360667,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Zellweger, Gary W.","contributorId":71171,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zellweger","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360670,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70011253,"text":"70011253 - 1983 - INTERACTIVE NAME PLACEMENT FOR PROVISIONAL MAPS.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:08","indexId":"70011253","displayToPublicDate":"1983-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1983","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"INTERACTIVE NAME PLACEMENT FOR PROVISIONAL MAPS.","docAbstract":"Computer generation and placement of map type has been refined into a production mode at Mid-Continent Mapping Center (MCMC) for USGS 1:24,000- and 1:25,000-scale Provisional maps. The map collar program is written in FORTRAN using batch processing that allows the program to work in the background.","largerWorkTitle":"Technical Papers of the American Congress of Surveying and Mapping","conferenceTitle":"Technical Papers of the 43rd Annual Meeting of the American Congress on Surveying and Mapping.","conferenceLocation":"Washington, DC, USA","language":"English","publisher":"American Congress on Surveying & Mapping","publisherLocation":"Falls Church, VA, USA","usgsCitation":"Goldberg, J.L., and Miller, T.C., 1983, INTERACTIVE NAME PLACEMENT FOR PROVISIONAL MAPS., in Technical Papers of the American Congress of Surveying and Mapping, Washington, DC, USA, p. 314-321.","startPage":"314","endPage":"321","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221742,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a37d0e4b0c8380cd611b7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Goldberg, Jeffrey L.","contributorId":59947,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldberg","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360666,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miller, Thomas C.","contributorId":13752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360665,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1001454,"text":"1001454 - 1983 - Avian associations of the northern Great Plains grasslands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-16T22:30:34.748652","indexId":"1001454","displayToPublicDate":"1983-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1983","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2193,"text":"Journal of Biogeography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Avian associations of the northern Great Plains grasslands","docAbstract":"The grassland region of the northern Great Plains was divided into six broad subregions by application of an avian indicator species analysis to data obtained from 582 sample plots censused during the breeding season. Common, ubiquitous species and rare species had little classificatory value and were eliminated from the data set used to derive the avian associations. Initial statistical division of the plots likely reflected structure of the dominant plant species used for nesting; later divisions probably were related to foraging or nesting cover requirements based on vegetation height or density, habitat heterogeneity, or possibly to the existence of mutually similar distributions or shared areas of greater than average abundance for certain groups of species. Knowledge of the effects of grazing, mostly by cattle, on habitat use by the breeding bird species was used to interpret the results of the indicator species analysis. Moderate grazing resulted in greater species richness in nearly all subregions; effects of grazing on total bird density were more variable.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/2844742","usgsCitation":"Kantrud, H., and Kologiski, R., 1983, Avian associations of the northern Great Plains grasslands: Journal of Biogeography, v. 10, p. 331-350, https://doi.org/10.2307/2844742.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"331","endPage":"350","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133636,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a91e4b07f02db656b12","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kantrud, H.A.","contributorId":28553,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kantrud","given":"H.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311059,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kologiski, R.L.","contributorId":28213,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kologiski","given":"R.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311058,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70011962,"text":"70011962 - 1983 - Seasat synthetic aperture radar ( SAR) response to lowland vegetation types in eastern Maryland and Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-28T16:18:53.332913","indexId":"70011962","displayToPublicDate":"1983-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1983","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":9107,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research - Oceans","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seasat synthetic aperture radar ( SAR) response to lowland vegetation types in eastern Maryland and Virginia","docAbstract":"Examination of SEASAT SAR images of eastern Maryland and Virginia reveals botanical distinctions between vegetated lowland areas and adjacent upland areas. Radar returns from the lowland areas can be either brighter or darker than returns from the upland forests. Scattering models and scatterometer measurements predict an increase of 6 dB in backscatter from vegetation over standing water. This agrees with the SCWigital number (DN) increase observed in the digital SEASAT data. The brightest areas in the Chickahominy, Virginia, drainage, containing P. virginica about 0.4 m high, contrast with the brightest areas in the Blackwater, Maryland, marshes, which contain mature loblolly pine in standing water. The darkest vegetated area in the Chickahominy drainage contains a forest of Nyssa aquatica (water tupelo) about 18 m high, while the darkest vegetated area in the Blackwater marshes contains the marsh plant Spartina alterniflora, 0.3 m high. The density, morphology, and relative geometry of the lowland vegetation with respect to standing water can all affect the strength of the return L band signal.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JC088iC03p01937","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Krohn, M.D., Milton, N., and Segal, D.B., 1983, Seasat synthetic aperture radar ( SAR) response to lowland vegetation types in eastern Maryland and Virginia: Journal of Geophysical Research - Oceans, v. 88, no. C3, p. 1937-1952, https://doi.org/10.1029/JC088iC03p01937.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"1937","endPage":"1952","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221402,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"88","issue":"C3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8855e4b08c986b316906","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Krohn, M. D.","contributorId":51250,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krohn","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362397,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Milton, N.M.","contributorId":29415,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Milton","given":"N.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362396,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Segal, D. B.","contributorId":60236,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Segal","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362398,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70011327,"text":"70011327 - 1983 - Calculation of amorphous silica solubilities at 25° to 300°C and apparent cation hydration numbers in aqueous salt solutions using the concept of effective density of water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-06-05T14:10:35","indexId":"70011327","displayToPublicDate":"1983-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1983","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Calculation of amorphous silica solubilities at 25° to 300°C and apparent cation hydration numbers in aqueous salt solutions using the concept of effective density of water","docAbstract":"The solubility of amorphous silica in aqueous salt solutions at 25° to 300°C can be calculated using information on its solubility in pure water and a model in which the activity of water in the salt solution is defined to equal the effective density. pe, of “free” water in that solution. At temperatures of 100°C and above, pe closely equals the product of the density of the solution times the weight fraction of water in the solution. At 25°C, a correction parameter must be applied to pe that incorporates a term called the apparent cation hydration number, h. Because of the many assumptions and other uncertainties involved in determining values of h, by the model used here, the reported numbers are not necessarily real hydration numbers even though they do agree with some published values determined by activity and diffusion methods. Whether or not h is a real hydration number, it would appear to be useful in its inclusion within a more extensive activity coefficient term that describes the departure of silica solubilities in concentrated salt solutions from expected behavior according to the model presented here. Values of h can be calculated from measured amorphous silica solubilities in salt solutions at 25°C provided there is no complexing of dissolved silica with the dissolved salt, or if the degree of complexing is known. The previously postulated aqueous silica-sulfate complexing in aqueous Na2SO4 solutions is supported by results of the present effective density of water model
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(83)90280-6","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Fournier, R.O., and Williams, M.L., 1983, Calculation of amorphous silica solubilities at 25° to 300°C and apparent cation hydration numbers in aqueous salt solutions using the concept of effective density of water: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 47, no. 3, p. 587-596, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(83)90280-6.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"587","endPage":"596","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221746,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"47","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f300e4b0c8380cd4b53b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fournier, Robert O.","contributorId":73202,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fournier","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360846,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Williams, Marshall L. mlwilliams@usgs.gov","contributorId":1444,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"Marshall","email":"mlwilliams@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":360845,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70010554,"text":"70010554 - 1983 - A strategy for mineral and energy resource independence","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-20T20:55:04","indexId":"70010554","displayToPublicDate":"1983-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1983","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":661,"text":"Advances in Space Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A strategy for mineral and energy resource independence","docAbstract":"Data acquired by Landsats 1, 2, and 3, are beginning to provide the information on which an improved mineral and energy resource exploration strategy can be based. Landsat 4 is expected to augment this capability with its higher resolution (30 m) and additional spectral bands in the Thematic Mapper (TM) designed specifically to discriminate clay minerals associated with mineral alteration. In addition, a new global magnetic anomaly map, derived from the recent Magsat mission, has recently been compiled by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), and others. Preliminary, extremely small-scale renditions of this map indicate that global coverage is nearly complete and that the map will improve upon a previous one derived from Polar Orbiting Geophysical Observatory (POGO) data. Digital processing of the Landsat image data and Magsat geophysical data can be used to create three-dimensional stereoscopic models for which Landsat images provide surface reference to deep structural anomalies. Comparative studies of national Landsat lineament maps, Magsat stereoscopic models, and metallogenic information derived from the Computerized Resources Information Bank (CRIB) inventory of U.S. mineral resources, provide a way of identifying and selecting exploration areas that have mineral resource potential. Landsat images and computer-compatible tapes can provide new and better mosaics and also provide the capability for a closer look at promising sites. ?? 1983.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Advances in Space Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0273-1177(83)90124-2","issn":"02731177","usgsCitation":"Carter, W.D., 1983, A strategy for mineral and energy resource independence: Advances in Space Research, v. 3, no. 2, p. 223-236, https://doi.org/10.1016/0273-1177(83)90124-2.","startPage":"223","endPage":"236","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":218963,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":267879,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0273-1177(83)90124-2"}],"volume":"3","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e5b5e4b0c8380cd46f22","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carter, W. D.","contributorId":75633,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carter","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359161,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70011299,"text":"70011299 - 1983 - Evidence for dyke intrusion earthquake mechanisms near long valley caldera, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:29","indexId":"70011299","displayToPublicDate":"1983-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1983","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2840,"text":"Nature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evidence for dyke intrusion earthquake mechanisms near long valley caldera, California","docAbstract":"A re-analysis of the magnitude 6 earthquakes that occurred near Long Valley caldera in eastern California on 25 and 27 May 1980, suggests that at least two of them, including the largest, were probably caused by fluid injection along nearly vertical surfaces and not by slip on faults. Several investigators 1,2 have reported difficulty in explaining both the long-period surface-wave amplitudes and phases and the locally recorded short-period body-wave first motions from these events, using conventional double-couple (shear fault) source models. They attributed this difficulty to: (1) complex sources, not representable by single-fault models; (2) artefacts of the analysis methods used; or (3) effects of wave propagation through hypothetical structures beneath the caldera. We show here that the data agree well with the predictions for a compensated linear-vector dipole (CLVD) equivalent-force system3 with its principal extensional axis horizontal and trending N 55-65?? E. Such a mechanism is what would be expected for fluid injection into dykes striking N 25-35?? W, which is the approximate strike of numerous normal faults in the area. ?? 1983 Nature Publishing Group.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Nature","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1038/303323a0","issn":"00280836","usgsCitation":"Julian, B., 1983, Evidence for dyke intrusion earthquake mechanisms near long valley caldera, California: Nature, v. 303, no. 5915, p. 323-325, https://doi.org/10.1038/303323a0.","startPage":"323","endPage":"325","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205106,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/303323a0"},{"id":221280,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"303","issue":"5915","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0d3be4b0c8380cd52ebf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Julian, B.R.","contributorId":101272,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Julian","given":"B.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360778,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70011278,"text":"70011278 - 1983 - A review of distributed parameter groundwater management modeling methods","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-07T13:42:24","indexId":"70011278","displayToPublicDate":"1983-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1983","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A review of distributed parameter groundwater management modeling methods","docAbstract":"Models which solve the governing groundwater flow or solute transport equations in conjunction with optimization techniques, such as linear and quadratic programing, are powerful aquifer management tools. Groundwater management models fall in two general categories: hydraulics or policy evaluation and water allocation. Groundwater hydraulic management models enable the determination of optimal locations and pumping rates of numerous wells under a variety of restrictions placed upon local drawdown, hydraulic gradients, and water production targets. Groundwater policy evaluation and allocation models can be used to study the influence upon regional groundwater use of institutional policies such as taxes and quotas. Furthermore, fairly complex groundwater-surface water allocation problems can be handled using system decomposition and multilevel optimization. Experience from the few real world applications of groundwater optimization-management techniques is summarized. Classified separately are methods for groundwater quality management aimed at optimal waste disposal in the subsurface. This classification is composed of steady state and transient management models that determine disposal patterns in such a way that water quality is protected at supply locations. Classes of research missing from the literature are groundwater quality management models involving nonlinear constraints, models which join groundwater hydraulic and quality simulations with political-economic management considerations, and management models that include parameter uncertainty.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR019i002p00305","usgsCitation":"Gorelick, S.M., 1983, A review of distributed parameter groundwater management modeling methods: Water Resources Research, v. 19, no. 2, p. 305-319, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR019i002p00305.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"305","endPage":"319","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220971,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"19","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e550e4b0c8380cd46c9e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gorelick, Steven M.","contributorId":8784,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gorelick","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360732,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70011285,"text":"70011285 - 1983 - Birdseyes, fenestrae, shrinkage pores, and loferites: a reevaluation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-21T23:35:06.621682","indexId":"70011285","displayToPublicDate":"1983-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1983","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2450,"text":"Journal of Sedimentary Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Birdseyes, fenestrae, shrinkage pores, and loferites: a reevaluation","docAbstract":"Birdseyes, birdseye limestone, fenestrae, fenestral fabric, shrinkage pores, and loferites are considered similar or synonymous when occurring in lime mudstone or syndepositional dolomite, especially in association with mudcracks and stromatolites. Compaction experiments indicate, however, that without early cementation, these vugs can be obliterated, whereas mudcracks and stromatolites are unchanged. Lumping of burrows and root tubes under the general terms birdseyes or fenestrae, such as for example tubular fenestrae, burrow fenestrae, or root-tube fenestrae, is discouraged. They should be called burrows or root tubes because the birdseyes, fenestrae, and shrinkage pores are so intimately associated with tidal flats to most geologists. Submarine cementation of pelletal and oolitic botryoidal grainstone under 5 to 6 m of water on the Bahama Banks has resulted in vugs provocatively similar to many birdseyes and fenestrae generally attributed to peritidal conditions in the literature. Birdseyes and fenestrae in ancient grainstones cannot therefore be reliably identified without consideration of the sedimentary sequence and associated sedimentary structures.--Modified journal abstract.
The coseismic slip and geometry of the March 15, 1979, Homestead Valley, California, earthquake sequence are well constrained by precise horizontal and vertical geodetic observations and by data from a dense local seismic network. These observations indicate 0.52±0.10 m of right-lateral slip and 0.17±0.04 m of reverse slip on a buried vertical 6-km-long and 5-km-deep fault and yield a mean static stress drop of 7.2±1.3 MPa. The largest shock had MS = 5.6. Observations of the ground rupture revealed up to 0.1 m of right-lateral slip on two mapped faults that are subparallel to the modeled seismic slip plane. In the 1.9 years since the earthquakes, geodetic network displacements indicate that an additional 60±10 mm of postseismic creep took place. The rate of postseismic shear strain (0.53±0.13 μrad/yr) measured within a 30×30-km network centered on the principal events was anomalously high compared to its preearthquake value and the postseismic rate in the adjacent network. This transient cannot be explained by postseismic slip on the seismic fault but rather indicates that broadscale release of strain followed the earthquake sequence. We have calculated the postearthquake stress field caused by the modeled coseismic slip. We assume that failure is promoted when the sum of the shear stress plus 0.75 times the faultopening stress increases. Most aftershocks concentrate at points where the stresses are enhanced by 0.3 MPa (3 bars) or more; aftershocks are nearly absent where postearthquake stresses decrease by 0.3–0.5 MPa. Isolated off-fault clusters of aftershocks that locate at one fault length from the rupture plane are explainable by this hypothesis. We find that ground rupture and postseismic creep take place where near-surface stresses are calculated to increase within the preexisting fault zones. Two patches that extend 4 km from both ends of the seismic fault exhibited neither aftershocks nor measurable postseismic creep. The sensitivity of aftershocks and ground rupture to changes in stress that are less than 5% of the earthquake stress drop demonstrates that the region around the earthquakes was within a few percent of its failure threshold before the main shocks. The preearthquake stress field and the stress required for failure must also have been nearly uniform.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB088iB08p06477","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Stein, R., and Lisowski, M., 1983, The 1979 Homestead Valley earthquake sequence, California: Control of aftershocks and postseismic deformation: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 88, no. B8, p. 6477-6490, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB088iB08p06477.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"6477","endPage":"6490","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221281,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"88","issue":"B8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba627e4b08c986b320f13","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stein, R.S.","contributorId":8875,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stein","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360779,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lisowski, M.","contributorId":70381,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lisowski","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70011332,"text":"70011332 - 1983 - Snow and ice in a changing hydrological world","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-22T16:20:10.42955","indexId":"70011332","displayToPublicDate":"1983-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1983","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1927,"text":"Hydrological Sciences Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Snow and ice in a changing hydrological world","docAbstract":"On the occasion of the 60th anniversary of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences, the 100th and 50th anniversaries of the First and Second International Polar Years, and the 25th anniversary of the International Geophysical Year, it seems appropriate to re-examine the world's water balance and the role of snow and ice in the global hydrological climatic system. Snow cover on land (especially in the Northern Hemisphere) and sea ice (especially in the Southern Hemisphere) vary seasonally, and this seasonal change has an important effect on the world climate because snow and sea ice reflect solar radiation efficiently and affect other heat flow processes between atmosphere and land or ocean. Glaciers, including ice sheets, store most of the fresh water on Earth, but change dimensions relatively slowly. There is no clear evidence that the glacier ice volume currently is declining, but more needs to be known about mountain glacier and ice sheet mass balances. The current rise in sea level poses an enigma: thermal expansion of the oceans may account for half of the present rise, but the other half is unexplained. Although major changes in the large ice sheets take place over time scales of 104 to 105 years, marine ice sheets may be subject to rapid disintegration due to grounding line instability, perhaps accompanied by surging. Ice cores may produce remarkably complete histories of air temperature, precipitation, fallout, and atmospheric composition. A recent core through the Greenland Ice Sheet shows an abrupt transition from glacial to modern climate just over 10000 years ago, suggesting that climate is an “almost intransitive” system. Because of the possibility of abrupt climate transitions and the uncertain stability of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet, future climatic variations are difficult to predict. The calculated heating of the atmosphere in the polar regions due to CO2 increase is, therefore, of special interest.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/02626668309491140","usgsCitation":"Meier, M.F., 1983, Snow and ice in a changing hydrological world: Hydrological Sciences Journal, v. 28, no. 1, p. 3-22, https://doi.org/10.1080/02626668309491140.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"3","endPage":"22","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":480236,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02626668309491140","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":220700,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"28","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-12-24","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b91b1e4b08c986b319a33","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Meier, M. F.","contributorId":98713,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meier","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360856,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70011235,"text":"70011235 - 1983 - The geology of the terrestrial planets.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-23T14:14:32","indexId":"70011235","displayToPublicDate":"1983-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1983","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3284,"text":"Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The geology of the terrestrial planets.","docAbstract":"During the last four years our knowledge of the geology of the terrestrial planets has advanced rapidly. The advances are particularly noticeable for Venus and Mars. Improved understanding of Venus has come largely from the Pioneer Venus mission. The period was also one of almost continuous data gathering for Mars as the Viking orbiters and landers, emplaced at the planet in 1976, continued to function. The last orbiter ran out of attitude- control gas in August of 1980 by which time about 55 000 pictures and vast amounts of infrared data had been collected. One lander continues to function and is expected to do so for several years. Only modest advances were made in the cases of Moon and Mercury, however, for little new data was acquired. -from Author","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/RG021i002p00160","usgsCitation":"Carr, M.H., 1983, The geology of the terrestrial planets.: Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics, v. 21, no. 2, p. 160-172, https://doi.org/10.1029/RG021i002p00160.","startPage":"160","endPage":"172","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":480227,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19850010579","text":"External Repository"},{"id":268040,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/RG021i002p00160"},{"id":221098,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"21","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-06-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bac7be4b08c986b32350f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carr, M. H.","contributorId":84727,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carr","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":360632,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70011333,"text":"70011333 - 1983 - GEOLOGIC FRAMEWORK FOR GEOTHERMAL ENERGY IN THE CASCADE RANGE.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:29","indexId":"70011333","displayToPublicDate":"1983-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1983","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"GEOLOGIC FRAMEWORK FOR GEOTHERMAL ENERGY IN THE CASCADE RANGE.","docAbstract":"Quaternary volcanoes of the Cascade Range form a 1200-km-long belt from northern California to southwest British Columbia and lie above the subduction zone formed as the Juan de Fuca plate is consumed beneath North America. Volcanoes throughout this belt may have been active during Quaternary time, and many have erupted within Holocene time. Thermal springs are few and inconspicuous. Surface expression of hydrothermal systems possibly is masked by infiltration of abundant rainwater and snowmelt. Several geologic and geophysical features suggest that the Oregon and California parts of the Cascades are characterized by moderate east-west crustal extension, tectonic regime conducive to relatively widespread volcanism and to the formation of normal fault zones of potentially high permeability. Refs.","largerWorkTitle":"Transactions - Geothermal Resources Council","conferenceTitle":"Geothermal Resources: Energy on Tap! Geothermal Resources Council 1983 Annual Meeting.","conferenceLocation":"Portland, OR, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Geothermal Resources Council","publisherLocation":"Davis, CA, USA","issn":"01935933","isbn":"093441257X","usgsCitation":"Duffield, W.A., 1983, GEOLOGIC FRAMEWORK FOR GEOTHERMAL ENERGY IN THE CASCADE RANGE., in Transactions - Geothermal Resources Council, v. 7, Portland, OR, USA, p. 243-246.","startPage":"243","endPage":"246","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220701,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a144fe4b0c8380cd549c2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Duffield, W. A.","contributorId":71935,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duffield","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360857,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70011963,"text":"70011963 - 1983 - Liquefaction sites, Imperial Valley, California.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-01T11:07:58","indexId":"70011963","displayToPublicDate":"1983-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1983","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2326,"text":"Journal of Geotechnical Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Liquefaction sites, Imperial Valley, California.","docAbstract":"Sands that did and did not liquefy at two sites during the 1979 Imperial Valley, Calif., earthquake (ML = 6.6) are identified and their properties evaluated. SPT tests were used to evaluate liquefaction susceptibility. Loose fine sands in an abandoned channel liquefied and produced sand boils, ground fissures, and a lateral spread at the Heber Road sites. Evidence of liquefaction was not observed over moderately dense over-bank sand east of the channel nor over dense point-bar sand to the west. -from ASCE Publications Information","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geotechnical Engineering","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"ASCE","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1983)109:3(440)","usgsCitation":"Youd, T., and Bennett, M., 1983, Liquefaction sites, Imperial Valley, California.: Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, v. 109, no. 3, p. 440-457, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1983)109:3(440).","startPage":"440","endPage":"457","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221403,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":268626,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1983)109:3(440)"}],"volume":"109","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a47f4e4b0c8380cd67aec","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Youd, T. L.","contributorId":73593,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Youd","given":"T. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362400,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bennett, M.J.","contributorId":67504,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bennett","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362399,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70011234,"text":"70011234 - 1983 - Laboratory investigations of steam flow in a porous medium","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-07T13:44:46","indexId":"70011234","displayToPublicDate":"1983-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1983","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Laboratory investigations of steam flow in a porous medium","docAbstract":"Experiments were carried out in the laboratory to test a theory of transient flow of pure steam in a uniform porous medium. This theory is used in modeling pressure transient behavior in vapor dominated geothermal systems. Transient, superheated steam flow experiments were run by bringing a cylinder of porous material to a uniform initial pressure and then making a step increase in pressure at one end of the sample while monitoring the pressure transient breakthrough at the other end. It was found in experiments run at 100°, 125°, and 146°C that the time required for steam pressure transients to propagate through an unconsolidated material containing sand, silt, and clay was 10–25 times longer than predicted by conventional superheated steam flow theory. It is hypothesized that the delay in the steam pressure transient was caused by adsorption of steam in the porous sample. In order to account for steam adsorption, a sink term was included in the conservation of mass equation. In addition, energy transfer in the system has to be considered because latent heat is released when steam adsorption occurs, increasing the sample temperature by as much as 10°C. Finally, it was recognized that the steam pressure was a function of both the temperature and the amount of adsorption in the sample. This function was assumed to be an equilibrium adsorption isotherm, which was determined by experiment. By solving the modified mass and energy equations numerically, subject to the empirical adsorption isotherm relationship, excellent theoretical simulation of the experiments was achieved.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR019i004p00931","usgsCitation":"Herkelrath, W., Moench, A., and O’Neal, I.C., 1983, Laboratory investigations of steam flow in a porous medium: Water Resources Research, v. 19, no. 4, p. 931-937, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR019i004p00931.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"931","endPage":"937","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221097,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"19","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a410ce4b0c8380cd6526b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Herkelrath, W.N.","contributorId":77981,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herkelrath","given":"W.N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360630,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moench, A.F.","contributorId":91495,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moench","given":"A.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360631,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"O’Neal, II C. F. C. F.","contributorId":51456,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Neal","given":"II","suffix":"C. F.","email":"","middleInitial":"C. F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360629,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70011979,"text":"70011979 - 1983 - Storm-controlled oblique dunes of the Oregon coast","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-03T12:05:36.181691","indexId":"70011979","displayToPublicDate":"1983-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1983","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Storm-controlled oblique dunes of the Oregon coast","docAbstract":"The large (mean height 25 m, spacing 300 m), relatively straight-crested dunes of the central Oregon coast migrate an average of 3.8 m/yr toward an azimuth of 26°. The dunes are transverse to the strong, south-southwesterly winter storm winds that are responsible for their basic form, orientation, and migration. The dry, moderate, north-northwesterly summer winds modify the dune form but not the dune trend.
Comparison of the sand transport calculated from wind data and the transport measured from dune migration indicates that the actual transport by the wet southerly winds is only one-third of the amount calculated assuming dry conditions. The resultant (vector-mean) transport rate, as recalculated by comparison of the measured and initially calculated rates, is 34 m3/m·yr toward an azimuth of 45°. The dunes are thus oblique by our definition of an oblique dune (angle between dune trend and resultant transport direction between 15° and 75°).
The internal structures of the dunes confirm northward migration during wet conditions. Evidence for deposition during wet conditions includes slipface deposits deformed mostly by sliding and various structures formed by the adhesion of sand grains to wet surfaces. Most summer deposits are not preserved, but those on the basal apron (the gentle north slope at the base of the winter slipface) have a high preservation potential. A depositional model based on dune climbing predicts that the preserved record of oblique dunes formed by an obtuse-bimodal wind regime would consist of tabular sets of crossbeds in which the dip angles increase upward from the base of each set.
In natural channels there are often long periods of low flow during which solutes have repeated opportunity for contact with relatively immobile bed materials. Such conditions can exist in very small pool-and-riffle mountain streams. If a solute can sorb onto bed materials, then both hydrodynamic and chemical processes control solute transport. A simulation of these processes is presented for a carefully controlled and intensively monitored strontium injection experiment. The numerical model couples nonreactive, transient storage with a kinetic mass transport model for sorption. The results are compared to both in-stream and on-sediment strontium measurements. In mountain streams the stream hydrology is complex and is governed by a wide variety of time and distance scales. The present simulations assist in interpreting the relative roles of hydrologic and sorptive kinetic processes, and indicate the practical limits of our process and parameter knowledge. The simulations are relatively insensitive to the details of the kinetic mechanisms and to the spatial variability of the stream parameters.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR019i003p00732","usgsCitation":"Bencala, K.E., 1983, Simulation of solute transport in a mountain pool-and-riffle stream with a kinetic mass transfer model for sorption: Water Resources Research, v. 19, no. 3, p. 732-738, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR019i003p00732.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"732","endPage":"738","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":221226,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"19","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9083e4b08c986b319552","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bencala, Kenneth E. kbencala@usgs.gov","contributorId":1541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bencala","given":"Kenneth","email":"kbencala@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":360765,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70011580,"text":"70011580 - 1983 - Nd and Sr isotopic studies on cenozoic mafic lavas from West Antarctica: Another source for continental alkali basalts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:30","indexId":"70011580","displayToPublicDate":"1983-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1983","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1336,"text":"Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nd and Sr isotopic studies on cenozoic mafic lavas from West Antarctica: Another source for continental alkali basalts","docAbstract":"The Nd and Sr isotopic ratios on a suite of continental alkali basalts from Marie Byrd Land, West Antarctica, define a change in the source over the range of K/Ar dates between 1 and 28 m.y. ago. The 87Sr/86Sr isotopic ratios (0.7026 to 0.7031) are unusually low for continental alkali basalts, although the corresponding 143Nd/144Nd ratios (0.51283 to 0.51299) are similar to previously reported values. On a 87Sr/86Sr vs. 143Nd/144Nd diagram, they define a trend on the low 87Sr/86Sr side of the \"mantle array\", which has a slope steeper than the mantle array. An explanation for the light rare earth elements (LREE) enrichment of the alkali basalts, with high 143Nd/144Nd ratios and low 87Sr/86Sr ratios, is suggested by a model which modifies the source region with a mantle-derived, CO2-enriched metasomatic fluid. ?? 1983 Springer-Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF00373077","issn":"00107999","usgsCitation":"Futa, K., and Le Masurier, W., 1983, Nd and Sr isotopic studies on cenozoic mafic lavas from West Antarctica: Another source for continental alkali basalts: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 83, no. 1-2, p. 38-44, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00373077.","startPage":"38","endPage":"44","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221451,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205123,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00373077"}],"volume":"83","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a63c2e4b0c8380cd72688","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Futa, K.","contributorId":26435,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Futa","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361454,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Le Masurier, W.E.","contributorId":45053,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Le Masurier","given":"W.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361455,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70011318,"text":"70011318 - 1983 - A short-pulse electromagnetic transponder for hole-to-hole use","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-25T17:33:37.607312","indexId":"70011318","displayToPublicDate":"1983-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1983","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1944,"text":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A short-pulse electromagnetic transponder for hole-to-hole use","docAbstract":"We have made hole-to-hole observations through nearly 20 m of granite using an electromagnetic transponder (an active reflector) in one borehole and a single-hole short-pulse radar in another. We found that the transponder is inexpensive, operationally simple, and effective in extending the capability of a short-pulse borehole radar system to allow hole-to-hole operation without requiring timing cables. A detector in the transponder senses the arrival of each pulse from the radar (which may be millivolts in amplitude); each pulse detection triggers a kilovolt-amplitude pulse for retransmission. The transponder “echo” may be stronger than that of a passive reflector by a factor of as much as 120 dB. The result is an increase in range capability by a factor which depends on attenuation in the medium and hole-to-hole wavepath geometry. Single-hole reflection-mode echoes are still available at times prior to the transponder pulse arrival. The transponder is helpful in yielding velocity information, because the radar-transponder distance is known and the echo time is observed. Field tests have demonstrated that the transponder is a useful alternative to employing timing cables in some short-pulse hole-to-hole measurement situations.
","language":"English","publisher":"IEEE","doi":"10.1109/TGRS.1984.6499195","issn":"01962892","usgsCitation":"Wright, D.L., Watts, R.D., and Bramsoe, E., 1983, A short-pulse electromagnetic transponder for hole-to-hole use: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, v. GE-22, no. 6, p. 720-725, https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.1984.6499195.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"720","endPage":"725","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221579,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"GE-22","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aaf42e4b0c8380cd874a2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wright, David L. dwright@usgs.gov","contributorId":1132,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"David","email":"dwright@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":360827,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Watts, Raymond D.","contributorId":105713,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watts","given":"Raymond","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360829,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bramsoe, Erik","contributorId":72448,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bramsoe","given":"Erik","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360828,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70011644,"text":"70011644 - 1983 - Development of reaction models for ground-water systems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-19T15:54:47.28244","indexId":"70011644","displayToPublicDate":"1983-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1983","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Development of reaction models for ground-water systems","docAbstract":"Methods are described for developing geochemical reaction models from the observed chemical compositions of ground water along a hydrologic flow path. The roles of thermodynamic speciation programs, mass balance calculations, and reaction-path simulations in developing and testing reaction models are contrasted. Electron transfer is included in the mass balance equations to properly account for redox reactions in ground water. The mass balance calculations determine net mass transfer models which must be checked against the thermodynamic calculations of speciation and reaction-path programs. Although reaction-path simulations of ground-water chemistry are thermodynamically valid, they must be checked against the net mass transfer defined by the mass balance calculations. An example is given testing multiple reaction hypotheses along a flow path in the Floridan aquifer where several reaction models are eliminated. Use of carbon and sulfur isotopic data with mass balance calculations indicates a net reaction of incongruent dissolution of dolomite (dolomite dissolution with calcite precipitation) driven irreversibly by gypsum dissolution, accompanied by minor sulfate reduction, ferric hydroxide dissolution, and pyrite precipitation in central Florida. Along the flow path, the aquifer appears to be open to CO2 initially, and open to organic carbon at more distant points down gradient.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(83)90102-3","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Plummer, N., Parkhurst, D., and Thorstenson, D., 1983, Development of reaction models for ground-water systems: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 47, no. 4, p. 665-685, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(83)90102-3.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"665","endPage":"685","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221377,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"47","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0060e4b0c8380cd4f71d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Plummer, Niel 0000-0002-4020-1013 nplummer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4020-1013","contributorId":190100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plummer","given":"Niel","email":"nplummer@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":361610,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Parkhurst, D.L.","contributorId":12474,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parkhurst","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361608,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thorstenson, D.C.","contributorId":47377,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thorstenson","given":"D.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361609,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}