During the 13-year period, February 1962 to February 1975, about 540,000 acre-feet of ground water was pumped from Pahrump Valley. This resulted in significant water-level declines along the base of the Pahrump and Manse fans where pumping was concentrated. Maximum observed net decline was slightly more than 60 feet. Much smaller declines occurred in the central valley, and locally, water levels in some shallow wells rose due to recharge derived from the deep percolation of irrigation water. The pumping resulted in about 219,000 acre-feet of storage depletion. Of this, 155,000 acre-feet was from the draining of unconsolidated material, 46,000 was from compaction of fine-grained sediments, and 18,000 acre-feet was from the elastic response of the aquifer and water. The total storage depletion was equal to about 40 percent of the total pumpage. The remaining pumped water was derived from the capture of natural ground-water discharge and reuse of pumped water that had recirculated back to ground water.
Natural recharge to and discharge from the ground-water system is estimated to be 37,000 acre-feet per year. Of this, 18,000 acre-feet per year leaves the area as subsurface outflow through carbonate-rock aquifers which form a multivalley flow system. The extent of this system was not precisely determined by this study. The most probable discharge area for this outflow is along the flood plain of the Amargosa River between the towns of Shoshone and Tecopa. This outflow probably cannot be economically captured by pumping from Pahrump Valley. Consequently, the maximum amount of natural discharge available for capture is 19,000 acre-feet per year. This is larger than the 12,000 acre-feet per year estimated in a previous study; the difference is due to different techniques used in the analysis.
As of 1975, pumping was causing an overdraft of 11,000 acre-feet per year on the ground-water system. No new equilibrium is probable in the foreseeable future. Water levels will probably continue to slowly decline until the pumping is reduced. The moderate rates of decline and very large amounts of ground water stored in the valley-fill reservoir suggest that a long time will be required before the valley-wide depletion of ground-water storage becomes critical. Problems involving water quality, land subsidence, and well interference will probably occur first.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr81635","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Nevada Division of Water Resources","usgsCitation":"Harrill, J.R., 1982, Ground-water storage depletion in Pahrump Valley, Nevada-California, 1962-75: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 81-635, Report: viii, 76 p.; 3 Plates: 20.16 x 27.02 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr81635.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 76 p.; 3 Plates: 20.16 x 27.02 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":140860,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0635/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":351018,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0635/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":351019,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0635/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":351020,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0635/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":351017,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0635/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Pahrump Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.30,\n 35.5\n ],\n [\n -115.25,\n 35.5\n ],\n [\n -115.25,\n 36.5\n ],\n [\n -116.30,\n 36.5\n ],\n [\n -116.30,\n 35.5\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afce4b07f02db6968fa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harrill, James R.","contributorId":99533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harrill","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":159546,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":25806,"text":"wri824119 - 1982 - A Two-dimensional finite-element model study of backwater and flow distribution at the I-10 crossing of the Pearl River near Slidell, Louisiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:34","indexId":"wri824119","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"82-4119","title":"A Two-dimensional finite-element model study of backwater and flow distribution at the I-10 crossing of the Pearl River near Slidell, Louisiana","docAbstract":"A two-dimensional finite-element surface-water flow modeling system was used to study the effect of Interstate Highway 10 on water-surface elevations and flow distribution during the flood on the Pearl River on April 2, 1980, near Slidell, La. A finite-element network was designed to represent the topography and vegetative cover of the study reach. Hydrographic data collected for the 1980 flood were used to calibrate the flow model. The finite-element network was then modified to represent conditions prior to roadway construction, and the hydraulic impact of I-10 was determined by comparing ' before ' and ' after ' results. Upstream from the roadway, maximum backwater at the west edge of the flood plain (1.5 ft) is greater than maximum backwater at the east edge (1.1 ft). Backwater ranging from 0.6 to 0.2 ft. extends more than a mile downstream from the Pearl River bridge opening in I-10 at the east edge of the flood plain, and drawdown of 0.2 ft. or more occurs along approximately 2 miles of the west edge of the flood plain downstream from I-10. The capability of the modeling system to simulate the significant features of steady-state flow in a complicated multi-channel river-flood-plain system with variable topography and vegetative was successfully demonstrated in this study. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri824119","usgsCitation":"Lee, J.K., Froelich, D., Gilbert, J.J., and Wiche, G., 1982, A Two-dimensional finite-element model study of backwater and flow distribution at the I-10 crossing of the Pearl River near Slidell, Louisiana: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 82-4119, vi, 66 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri824119.","productDescription":"vi, 66 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123982,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1982/4119/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54549,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1982/4119/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":54550,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1982/4119/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":54551,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1982/4119/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":54552,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1982/4119/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":54553,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1982/4119/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":54554,"rank":405,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1982/4119/plate-6.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":54555,"rank":406,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1982/4119/plate-7.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":54556,"rank":407,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1982/4119/plate-8.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":54557,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1982/4119/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd496de4b0b290850ef288","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lee, J. K.","contributorId":28233,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195153,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Froelich, D.C.","contributorId":20786,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Froelich","given":"D.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195152,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gilbert, J. J.","contributorId":12448,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gilbert","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195151,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wiche, G.J.","contributorId":90715,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiche","given":"G.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195154,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":11361,"text":"ofr82297 - 1982 - An alternative hypothesis for sink development above salt cavities in the Detroit area","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:20","indexId":"ofr82297","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"82-297","title":"An alternative hypothesis for sink development above salt cavities in the Detroit area","docAbstract":"Subsidence and sink formation resulting from brining operations in the Windsor-Detroit area include the 1954 sink at the Canadian Salt Company brine field near Windsor, Ontario, and the 1971 sinks at the BASF Wyandotte Corporation brine field at Grosse Ile, Mich. Earlier investigations into both occurrences concluded that the mechanism of sink development consisted of the gradual stoping of poorly supported brine-gallery roof rock to the near surface with subsequent surface collapse. A more recent study attempted to describe the mechanism of sink development in terms of the geometry of a cylindrical chimney formed by stoping of roof rock, the height of a cavity at depth, the depth of overlying rock, and the bulking ratio of the rubble formed during stoping. \r\n\r\nPersons with extensive experience in solution mining in the Windsor-Detroit area have expressed doubt that the stoping mechanism could fully explain the development of these sinks. Further, they have proposed that the relatively shallow (300-ft-deep) Sylvania Sandstone, in this case, may be responsible for the sinks by a secondary undermining mechanism to be examined in this paper. The mechanism involves downwarping of the beds overlying the salt cavity and development of a shallower cavity in the Sylvania Sandstone by downward migration of cohesionless sand grains from the Sylvania through openings in the disturbed rock to the lower cavity. This study indicates that under natural conditions the Sylvania will not migrate, even in the presence of large underground water flows because the sandstone possesses some cohesion throughout its depth. However, further investigation has formulated a mechanism that could allow the Sylvania Sandstone to loose its cohesion in response to high horizontal stresses. These stresses could be the result of deformation that accompanies general subsidence and (or) of past geologic processes.\r\n\r\nIncluded in this study were experimental and analytical investigations. As determined by uniaxial and triaxial testing, the Sylvania Sandstone in the Detroit area has been shown to have low compressive strength. In addition, it exhibits an explosive type failure whereby over 50 percent of the sample is reduced to loose granular sand. As a result of these characteristics, the Sylvania Sandstone can loose its cohesion when subjected to high horizontal stresses. \r\n\r\nEfforts at mechanically modeling the Sylvania were made to account for the measurements and observations. Linear arch theory was used for an elastic analysis. Linear arch theory predicts two modes of failure: (1) arch crushing, a compressive failure of the upper portion of the arch due to compressive stresses exceeding the compressive strength of the material, and (2) arch collapse, a sagging of the beds due to compressive strains which reduce the arch line to a length less than the original arch length. The arch crushing mode of failure would then yield the loose granular sand as observed in laboratory testing. Arch collapse would simply result in bed sagging without granulation of the sandstone. Arch collapse is favored by thin-bedded material while arch crushing is favored by thick-bedded material. Arch crushing seems to be a likely mode of failure for the Windsor-Detroit sinks. \r\n\r\nIt is believed that after a crushing failure the sand-water slurry (specific gravity 1.2) which exceeds the density of the cavity brine will migrate downward through cracks and open joints eventually reaching the practically limitless open spaces of the rubble column and salt cavity. As the extent of the cavity within the Sylvania increases in depth and width because of sand migration, a critical span will be reached where the immediately overlying upper Sylvania and the overlying Detroit River Dolomite will fail. The collapse will allow a path for the approximately 100 ft of clay to collapse, resulting in a sink as the surface manifestation.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr82297","usgsCitation":"Stump, D., Nieto, A., and Ege, J., 1982, An alternative hypothesis for sink development above salt cavities in the Detroit area: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 82-297, 65 p., ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr82297.","productDescription":"65 p., ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":142525,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0297/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":39188,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0297/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adbe4b07f02db685bad","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stump, Daniel","contributorId":35318,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stump","given":"Daniel","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":163001,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nieto, A.S.","contributorId":30629,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nieto","given":"A.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":163000,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ege, J. R.","contributorId":106117,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ege","given":"J. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":163002,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":11306,"text":"ofr82835 - 1982 - Determination of the true density of pulverized coal samples","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:22","indexId":"ofr82835","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"82-835","title":"Determination of the true density of pulverized coal samples","docAbstract":"A method using the gas-comparison pycnometer with helium gas as the penetrating medium measures precisely the true volume of a pulverized coal sample. The true density of a solid is calculated as the true unit volume of the solid exclusive of its pore space which is divided into the weight of the sample. \r\n\r\nThe method is similar to that used to determine the density of refractory materials but the procedure is modified to yield precise density determinations of coal samples. These modifications diminish effects of trapped moisture and gases on the volume measurement. \r\n\r\nThe helium gas-comparison pycnometer method is rapid, reliable, precise, and requires minimal analytical equipment and sample preparation, and also is non-destructive to the coal sample. Using this method, densities can be determined on coal samples of subbituminous to low-volatile bituminous rank and perhaps also on samples of lignite. The density of anthracite samples has not been determined by this method.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr82835","usgsCitation":"Stanton, R., 1982, Determination of the true density of pulverized coal samples: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 82-835, 18 p., ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr82835.","productDescription":"18 p., ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":143472,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0835/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":39109,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0835/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db667a44","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stanton, R.W.","contributorId":19164,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stanton","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":162905,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":10943,"text":"ofr82343 - 1982 - Regional geohydrology of the northern Louisiana salt-dome basin; Part I, conceptual model and data needs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:28","indexId":"ofr82343","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"82-343","title":"Regional geohydrology of the northern Louisiana salt-dome basin; Part I, conceptual model and data needs","docAbstract":"As part of the National Waste Terminal Storage Program, the U.S. Geological Survey is conducting a regional study of the geohydrology of the northern Louisiana salt-dome basin and developing a regional multi-layered ground-water flow model to determine regional flow paths. In the salt-dome basin the Tokio Formation and Brownstown Marl (Austin aquifer in this report), and Nacatoch Sand of Late Cretaceous age and the Wilcox Group, Carrizo Sand, Sparta Sand, and Cockfield Formation of Tertiary age contain regional aquifers within the maximum potential repository depth of 3,000 feet. The Cretaceous units contain saltwater throughout the basin. The Tertiary units contain freshwater to varying distances downdip from outcrop areas in the basin. Natural flow directions and rates of movement of groundwater have been changed in the salt-dome basin by the withdrawl of freshwater and by the injection of wastes (principally oil-field brines) into saline aquifers. Except for the Sparta aquifer, ground-water flow directions are not well known because of a lack of potentiometric data. A regional test-drilling program, to collect the data needed to document concepts of the flow system and to quantify inputs to the planned ground-water flow model, has been proposed. The Sparta aquifer is being modeled because data are available for the unit. As regional test drilling provides data on other units, will be added to the model developed for the Sparta aquifer. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr82343","usgsCitation":"Ryals, G., 1982, Regional geohydrology of the northern Louisiana salt-dome basin; Part I, conceptual model and data needs: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 82-343, v, 27 p., 2 over-size sheets, ill., maps ;27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr82343.","productDescription":"v, 27 p., 2 over-size sheets, ill., maps ;27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":144050,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0343/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":38707,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0343/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":38708,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0343/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":38709,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0343/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a60e4b07f02db63500a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ryals, G.N.","contributorId":47374,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ryals","given":"G.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":162246,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":10133,"text":"ofr82821 - 1982 - Texas Instruments Model 59 hand-calculator programs to calculate CIPW norms","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:23","indexId":"ofr82821","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"82-821","title":"Texas Instruments Model 59 hand-calculator programs to calculate CIPW norms","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr82821","usgsCitation":"Mackie, R., 1982, Texas Instruments Model 59 hand-calculator programs to calculate CIPW norms: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 82-821, 31 p., 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr82821.","productDescription":"31 p., 28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":143598,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0821/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":37985,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0821/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad6e4b07f02db683ebb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mackie, R.L.","contributorId":18775,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mackie","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":160868,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":9922,"text":"ofr82238 - 1982 - An oilspill risk analysis for the Gulf of Mexico outer continental shelf lease area; regional environmental impact statement","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:29","indexId":"ofr82238","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"82-238","title":"An oilspill risk analysis for the Gulf of Mexico outer continental shelf lease area; regional environmental impact statement","docAbstract":"An oilspill risk analysis was conducted for the Gulf of Mexico Outer Continental Shelf (OCS)lease area region. Results of the analysis can be used to determine relative risks associated with oil production in different regions to be offered in OCS Lease Sales 72, 74, and 79. The analysis considered the probability of spill occurrences based on historical trends; likely movement of oil slicks based on a climatological model; and locations of major environmental resources which could be vulnerable to spilled oil. The times between spill occurrence and contact with resources were estimated to aid in estimating slick characteristics. \r\n\r\nCritical assumptions made for this particular analysis were (1) that oil exists in the lease area, and (2) that oil will be, found and produced from tracts sold in sales 72, 74, and 79. On the basis of a most likely resource estimate of 241 million barrels of oil to be produced over an 18-year production life from sales to be held in 1983 (sales 72, 74, 79), it was calculated that approximately one oilspill of 1,000 barrels or larger will occur. The estimated probability that one or more oilspills of 1,000 barrels or larger will occur and contact land after being at sea less than 30 days is 41-percent. For a high resource estimate case of sales to be held in 1983, 717 million barrels are estimated to be produced over an 18-year production life with an 83-percent chance of one or more spills of 1,000 barrels or larger occurring and contacting land within 30 days. These results depend upon the routes and methods chosen to transport oil from OCS platforms to shore. \r\n\r\nGiven a total development scenario in which 5.6 billion barrels of oil are estimated to be present and produced, it was calculated that 18 oilspills of 1,000 barrels or larger will occur over the 40-year production life of the proposed lease area. The estimated probability that one or more oilspills of 1,000 barrels or larger will occur and contact land after being at sea less than 30 days is greater than 99.5 percent for this scenario. These probabilities also reflect the assumptions that oilspills remain intact for up to 30 days, do not weather, and are not cleaned up. It should be noted that the expected number of spills from the total development scenario is less than one-half that of the expected number from existing tanker transportation of crude oil imports in the Gulf area.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr82238","usgsCitation":"LaBelle, R., 1982, An oilspill risk analysis for the Gulf of Mexico outer continental shelf lease area; regional environmental impact statement: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 82-238, i, 210 p., ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr82238.","productDescription":"i, 210 p., ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":144223,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0238/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":37709,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0238/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad6e4b07f02db68433a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"LaBelle, R.P.","contributorId":21964,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LaBelle","given":"R.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":160519,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":9420,"text":"ofr82857 - 1982 - Supplement to the New Mexico three-dimensional model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:15","indexId":"ofr82857","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"82-857","title":"Supplement to the New Mexico three-dimensional model","docAbstract":"The computer program documented in Open-File Report 80-421 has continued to evolve in response to needs. By January 1981, changes included the following: (1) treatment of head-dependent boundaries and specified-flow boundaries and (2) code which executes on the CRAY-1 computer. This report provides instructions for compiling and executing the computer program on the CRAY-1 at Kirtland Air Force Base. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr82857","usgsCitation":"Hearne, G.A., 1982, Supplement to the New Mexico three-dimensional model: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 82-857, v, 95 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr82857.","productDescription":"v, 95 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":141822,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0857/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":37131,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0857/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afde4b07f02db6970d6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hearne, Glenn A.","contributorId":50882,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hearne","given":"Glenn","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":159656,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":9782,"text":"ofr821047 - 1982 - Paleomagnetic evidence bearing on Tertiary tectonics of the Tihamat Asir coastal plain, southwestern Saudi Arabia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:17","indexId":"ofr821047","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"82-1047","title":"Paleomagnetic evidence bearing on Tertiary tectonics of the Tihamat Asir coastal plain, southwestern Saudi Arabia","docAbstract":"Paleomagnetic directions determined for an upper Oligocene to lower Miocene dike swarm and from two lower Miocene layered gabbros in the Tihamat Asir coastal plain of southwestern Saudi Arabia are used to test several hypotheses concerning the tectonics of rifting along the eastern margin of the Red Sea. The dikes and gabbros were emplaced during the initial phases of Red Sea rifting and may mark the transition between continental and oceanic crust. Although these rocks have been hydrothermally altered to varying degrees, reliable remanent directions after alternating-field demagnetization were obtained for 23 dikes and for gabbros at Jabal at Tirf and Wadi Liyyah. Twelve of the dikes are reversely magnetized. After the directions of the reversely magnetized dikes are inverted 180?, the mean direction calculated for the normal dikes is approximately 24? more downward than that calculated for the reversed dikes. This result is similar to that found for the As Sarat volcanic field, 100 km to the north, and may be due to a displaced dipole source for the field. \r\n\r\nThe unrotated mean remanent direction for the dikes (inverting reversed dike directions 180?) is D (declination) = 353.2? and I (inclination) = 6.8? with a95 (radius of the cone of 95 percent confidence) = 8.9? whereas directions from the Jabal at Tirf and Wadi Liyyah gabbros lie at D = 176.2?, I = -1.6? (a95 = 7 1 ?) and D = 17.1?, I = 16.3? (a 95 = 8.7?), respectively. Comparing these results with the results from the As Sarat volcanic field, all the paleomagnetic evidence supports a model for approximately 20 ? of westward tilting of the Wadi Damad and Wadi Jizan areas after the emplacement of the Jabal at Tiff gabbro. The Wadi Liyyah area may have been tilted even more toward the Red Sea. \r\n\r\nThe paleomagnetic directions from three widely separated localities in the Jabal at Tirf gabbro are not significantly different, a fact which indicates that the body cooled in approximately its present bowl shape. \r\n\r\nEvidence suggests that the ratio of normal to reversed dikes may change significantly along a 6-km-long traverse normal to the trend of the dike swarm, possibly reflecting migration of .a spreading axis.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr821047","usgsCitation":"Kellogg, K., and Blank, H., 1982, Paleomagnetic evidence bearing on Tertiary tectonics of the Tihamat Asir coastal plain, southwestern Saudi Arabia: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 82-1047, 40 p., ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr821047.","productDescription":"40 p., ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":142822,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/1047/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":37551,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/1047/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae4e4b07f02db689bd6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kellogg, K.S.","contributorId":99145,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kellogg","given":"K.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":160289,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Blank, H. R.","contributorId":50516,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blank","given":"H. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":160288,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":10112,"text":"ofr82334 - 1982 - Procedures for assessment of cumulative impacts of coal mining on the hydrologic balance","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:38","indexId":"ofr82334","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"82-334","title":"Procedures for assessment of cumulative impacts of coal mining on the hydrologic balance","docAbstract":"Techniques were developed to assess the probable cumulative impacts of anticipated surface mining upon the hydrology of and area. An activity profile of cumulative drainage area versus river miles downstream from the surface mining site is constructed that shows major water uses, flood prone areas, and stream classifications. From the summary shown by the activity profile, an impact matrix is used as a checklist for the importance of the impacts under categories such as water supply, flood prone areas, water contact recreation, etc. Based on the categories checked on the impact matrix, a simple, less accurate model or a more comprehensive and accurate one can be used to quantify the impacts. Quantified impacts are then displayed on an impact profile showing the percentage change in a hydrologic characteristic versus distance downstream of the surface mining site. The simple model for quantification considers only dilution from tributary areas during critical periods whereas the comprehensive model routes flows and quality of water continuously through the year and considers, in addition to dilution, instream processes such as settling, biological uptake , and chemical reactions. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr82334","usgsCitation":"Lumb, A.M., 1982, Procedures for assessment of cumulative impacts of coal mining on the hydrologic balance: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 82-334, vi, 56 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr82334.","productDescription":"vi, 56 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":144590,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0334/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":37961,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0334/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a82e4b07f02db64abad","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lumb, Alan M.","contributorId":47792,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lumb","given":"Alan","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":160835,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":10689,"text":"ofr82816 - 1982 - A hybrid structure for the storage and manipulation of very large spatial data sets","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-28T13:23:11","indexId":"ofr82816","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"82-816","title":"A hybrid structure for the storage and manipulation of very large spatial data sets","docAbstract":"The map data input and output problem for geographic information systems is rapidly diminishing with the increasing availability of mass digitizing, direct spatial data capture and graphics hardware based on raster technology. Although a large number of efficient raster-based algorithms exist for performing a wide variety of common tasks on these data, there are a number of procedures which are more efficiently performed in vector mode or for which raster mode equivalents of current vector-based techniques have not yet been developed. This paper presents a hybrid spatial data structure, named the ?vaster' structure, which can utilize the advantages of both raster and vector structures while potentially eliminating, or greatly reducing, the need for raster-to-vector and vector-to-raster conversion. Other advantages of the vaster structure are also discussed.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr82816","usgsCitation":"Peuquet, D.J., 1982, A hybrid structure for the storage and manipulation of very large spatial data sets: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 82-816, 36 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr82816.","productDescription":"36 p.","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":144254,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0816/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":38506,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0816/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ae3e3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peuquet, Donna J.","contributorId":89900,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peuquet","given":"Donna","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":161804,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":7412,"text":"ofr82758 - 1982 - A plan for hydrologic investigations of in situ, oil-shale retorting near Rock Springs, Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:08","indexId":"ofr82758","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"82-758","title":"A plan for hydrologic investigations of in situ, oil-shale retorting near Rock Springs, Wyoming","docAbstract":"The recovery of shale oil by the in-situ retort process may cause hydrologic impacts, the most significant being ground-water contamination and possible transport of contaminants into surrounding areas. Although these impacts are site-specific, many of the techniques used to investigate each retort operation commonly will be the same. The U.S. Geological Survey has begun a study of hydrologic impacts in the area of an in-situ retort near Rock Springs, Wyoming, as a means of refining and demonstrating these techniques. Geological investigations include determining the areal extent and thickness of aquifers. Emphasis will be placed on determining lithologic variations from geophysical logging. Hydrologic investigations include mapping of potentiometric surfaces, determining rates of ground-water discharge, and estimating aquifer properties by analytical techniques. Water-quality investigations include monitoring solute migration from the retort site and evaluating sampling techniques by standard statistical procedures. A ground-water-flow and solute-transport model will be developed to predict future movement of the water plume away from the retort. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr82758","usgsCitation":"Glover, K.C., Zimmerman, E.A., Larson, L.R., and Wallace, J., 1982, A plan for hydrologic investigations of in situ, oil-shale retorting near Rock Springs, Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 82-758, iv, 30 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr82758.","productDescription":"iv, 30 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":141379,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0758/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":34812,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0758/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1fe4b07f02db6ab7a3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Glover, Kent C.","contributorId":53766,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glover","given":"Kent","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":155508,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zimmerman, E. A.","contributorId":75533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zimmerman","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":155509,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Larson, L. R.","contributorId":41421,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larson","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":155507,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wallace, J.C.","contributorId":25944,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wallace","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":155506,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":10394,"text":"ofr82240 - 1982 - Ground-water applications of remote sensing","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-28T13:17:48","indexId":"ofr82240","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"82-240","title":"Ground-water applications of remote sensing","docAbstract":"Remote sensing can be used as a tool to inventory springs and seeps and to interpret lithology, structure, and ground-water occurrence and quality. Thermograms are the best images for inventory of seeps and springs. The steps in aquifer mapping are image analysis and interpretation and ground-water interpretation. A ground-water interpretation is derived from a conceptual geologic model by inferring aquifer characteristics and water salinity. The image selection process is very important for obtaining maximum geologic and hydrologic information from remotely sensed data. Remote sensing can contribute an image base map or geologic and hydrologic parameters, derived from the image, to the multiple data sets in a hydrologic information system. Various merging and integration techniques may then be used to obtain information from these data sets.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr82240","usgsCitation":"Moore, G.K., 1982, Ground-water applications of remote sensing: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 82-240, iv, 55 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr82240.","productDescription":"iv, 55 p.","numberOfPages":"61","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":38226,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0240/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":143926,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0240/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab0e4b07f02db66d3dc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moore, Gerald K.","contributorId":14377,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"Gerald","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":161314,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":9440,"text":"ofr82619 - 1982 - Thermodynamic properties of selected uranium compounds and aqueous species at 298.15 K and 1 bar and at higher temperatures; preliminary models for the origin of coffinite deposits","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:09","indexId":"ofr82619","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"82-619","title":"Thermodynamic properties of selected uranium compounds and aqueous species at 298.15 K and 1 bar and at higher temperatures; preliminary models for the origin of coffinite deposits","docAbstract":"Thermodynamic values for 110 uranium-bearing phases and 28 aqueous uranium solution species (298.15 K and l bar) are tabulated based upon evaluated experimental data (largely from calorimetric experiments) and estimated values. Molar volume data are given for most of the solid phases. Thermodynamic values for 16 uranium-bearing phases are presented for higher temperatures in the form of and as a supplement to U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1452 (Robie et al., 1979). \r\n\r\nThe internal consistency of the thermodynamic values reported herein is dependent upon the reliability of the experimental results for several uranium phases that have been used as secondary calorimetric reference phases. The data for the reference phases and for those phases evaluated with respect to the secondary reference phases are discussed. \r\n\r\nA preliminary model for coffinite formation has been proposed together with an estimate of the free energy of formation of coffinite. Free energy values are estimated for several other uranium-bearing silicate phases that have been reported as secondary uranium phases associated with uranium ore deposits and that could be expected to develop wherever uranium is leached by groundwaters.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr82619","usgsCitation":"Hemingway, B.S., 1982, Thermodynamic properties of selected uranium compounds and aqueous species at 298.15 K and 1 bar and at higher temperatures; preliminary models for the origin of coffinite deposits: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 82-619, iv, 95 p., ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr82619.","productDescription":"iv, 95 p., ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":141003,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0619/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":37149,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0619/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a08e4b07f02db5fa599","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hemingway, B. S.","contributorId":7268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hemingway","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":159687,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":7576,"text":"ofr82535 - 1982 - Thermal regime of permafrost at Prudhoe Bay, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:02","indexId":"ofr82535","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"82-535","title":"Thermal regime of permafrost at Prudhoe Bay, Alaska","docAbstract":"Temperature measurements through permafrost in the oil field at Prudhoe Bay, Alaska, combined with laboratory measurements of the thermal conductivity of drill cuttings permit an evaluation of in situ thermal properties and an understanding of the general factors that control the geothermal regime. A sharp contrast in temperature gradient at ~600 m represents a contrast in thermal conductivity caused by the downward change from interstitial ice to interstitial water at the base of permafrost under near steady-state conditions. Interpretation of the gradient contrast in terms of a simple model for the conductivity of an aggregate yields the mean ice content and thermal conductivities for the frozen and thawed sections (8.1 and 4.7 mcal/cm sec ?C, respectively). These results yield a heat flow of ~1.3 HFU which is similar to other values on the Alaskan Arctic Coast; the anomalously deep permafrost is a result of the anomalously high conductivity of the siliceous ice-rich sediments. Curvature in the upper 160 m of the temperature profiles represents a warming of ~1.8?C of the mean surface temperature, and a net accumulation of 5-6 kcal/cm 2 by the solid earth surface during the last 100 years or so. Rising sea level and thawing sea cliffs probably caused the shoreline to advance tens of kilometers in the last 20,000 years, inundating a portion of the continental shelf that is presently the target of intensive oil exploration. A simple conduction model suggests that this recently inundated region is underlain by near-melting ice-rich permafrost to depths of 300-500 m; its presence is important to seismic interpretations in oil exploration and to engineering considerations in oil production. With confirmation of the permafrost configuration by offshore drilling, heat-conduction models can yield reliable new information on the chronology of arctic shorelines.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr82535","usgsCitation":"Lachenbruch, A., Sass, J., Marshall, B., and Moses, T.H., 1982, Thermal regime of permafrost at Prudhoe Bay, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 82-535, 77 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr82535.","productDescription":"77 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":140718,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0535/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":35038,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0535/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a08e4b07f02db5fa30a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lachenbruch, A.H.","contributorId":76737,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lachenbruch","given":"A.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":156198,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sass, J.H.","contributorId":70749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sass","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":156196,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Marshall, B.V.","contributorId":72375,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marshall","given":"B.V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":156197,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Moses, T. H. Jr.","contributorId":70385,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moses","given":"T.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":156195,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":10084,"text":"ofr82430 - 1982 - Computer programs for modeling flow and water quality of surface water systems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:31","indexId":"ofr82430","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"82-430","title":"Computer programs for modeling flow and water quality of surface water systems","docAbstract":"A selection of available computer programs for modeling flow and water quality in surface water systems is described. The models include programs developed as part of the U.S. Geological Survey Water Resources Division hydrologic research activities and others developed by other agencies, universities, and consulting firms. Each model description includes a statement of program use; data requirements; computer costs; availability of documentation and reference material; and a contact person for additional information. The report is intended to assist the researcher by presenting a very brief description of the surface-water models which are readily available for project use. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey, Gulf Coast Hydroscience Center,","doi":"10.3133/ofr82430","usgsCitation":"Lorens, J., 1982, Computer programs for modeling flow and water quality of surface water systems: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 82-430, 33 p. ;11 x 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr82430.","productDescription":"33 p. ;11 x 28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":143957,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0430/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":37937,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0430/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b19e4b07f02db6a76de","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lorens, J.A.","contributorId":15201,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lorens","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":160792,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":11205,"text":"ofr82942 - 1982 - Drilling results at the Farah Garan ancient mine, southwestern Saudi Arabia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:36","indexId":"ofr82942","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"82-942","title":"Drilling results at the Farah Garan ancient mine, southwestern Saudi Arabia","docAbstract":"The Farah Garan ancient mine is located at fat 17?41'00'' N., long 43?38'15'' E. in the southwestern part of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Three diamond drill holes intersected base-metal sulfides, which are present both as conformable layers in Precambrian tuffaceous volcanic rocks and as fracture fillings, irregularly shaped masses, disseminations, and clots in intensely hydrothermally altered and brecciated fault zones. The sulfides probably formed through volcanic processes in a shallow-marine environment and subsequently were greatly modified by tectonism and hydrothermal activity. \r\n\r\nDrill hole F.G.-1 intersected sparse base and precious metal minerals along a length of 30 m; several narrow, isolated zones contain as much as 22 grams per metric ton (g/t) silver, 1.25 percent copper, and 3.10 percent zinc. Drill hole F.G.-2 intersected low-grade base and precious metal minerals along a length of 50 m. Within this zone, a 10-m interval contains an average of 0.15 g/t gold, 10.7 g/t silver, and 0.86 percent zinc. Drill hole F.G.-3 cut commercial-grade base and precious metal minerals in a 3.55-m interval that contains an average of 20.06 g/t gold, 32.75 g/t silver, and 6.28 percent zinc. \r\n\r\nAdditional exploration, including drilling and laboratory studies, is recommended to further define potential tonnages of base and precious metals intersected in drill hole F.G.-3 and to learn more about their genesis and mineral form. \r\n\r\nArsenic and antimony are locally abundant in both drillcore and surface samples. Because of its weathering characteristics, mobility, and association with precious metals, arsenic commonly is a pathfinder for gold. Approximately 1,100 splits of surface samples collected in the Farah Garan area are stored at the Directorate General of Mineral Resources-U. S. Geological Survey chemical laboratory in Jiddah, and any further exploration should include assaying these samples for arsenic and antimony by wet-chemical analysis ?","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr82942","usgsCitation":"Smith, C.W., and Mawad, M.M., 1982, Drilling results at the Farah Garan ancient mine, southwestern Saudi Arabia: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 82-942, iii, 47 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr82942.","productDescription":"iii, 47 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":144477,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0942/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":38969,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0942/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":38970,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0942/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":38971,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0942/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":38972,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0942/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a5ee4b07f02db633e10","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, Charles W.","contributorId":41431,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":162727,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mawad, Mustafa M.","contributorId":43779,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mawad","given":"Mustafa","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":162728,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":7372,"text":"ofr8221 - 1982 - Pacific summary report 2: A revision of Outer Continental Shelf oil and gas activities in the Pacific (Southern California) and their onshore impacts: A summary report, May 1980","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-23T20:33:02.747433","indexId":"ofr8221","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"82-21","title":"Pacific summary report 2: A revision of Outer Continental Shelf oil and gas activities in the Pacific (Southern California) and their onshore impacts: A summary report, May 1980","docAbstract":"The Pacific Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) is an established hydrocarbon-producing region. Oil and gas have been produced from the Santa Barbara Channel (both State and Federal acreage) since 1896. Almost 77,000 barrels of oil are produced from the California Federal OCS each day as of December 1981, and leases on State tidelands produce about 40,000 barrels of oil per day. This highly developed area is, of course, but a small part of the Pacific OCS, which also includes Northern California, Washington, and Oregon. The petroleum industry has expressed interest in exploring frontier areas, and as frontier acreage is offered in future lease sales, exploration, development, and production may move out into deeper water. The technology is currently being developed and tested to allow deepwater exploration.
To date, offshore drilling operations have resulted in the delineation of 11 offshore oil and gas fields and 2 gas fields in the Southern California OCS. A recent discovery off Point Arguello, California, may lead to delineation of a new field. Reserve estimates have been made for the known fields in the region. Remaining recoverable reserves are estimated at 787 million barrels of oil and over 1.7 trillion cubic feet of gas as of December 31, 1980. Estimates of undiscovered recoverable resources in the offshore Santa Maria Basin and Southern California OCS are over 3.5 billion barrels of oil and in excess of 5 trillion cubic feet of gas.
To date, there have been seven oil and gas lease sales in the Pacific OCS Region. An average of one lease sale per year is scheduled through 1985. Industry interest indicates that the Santa Barbara Channel's potential has not yet been fully explored, and some basins to the south, as well as in the Santa Maria Basin, are now gaining considerable interest. Future exploratory activity in the San Pedro Bay and the Santa Maria Basin is likely to increase.
Exploration, development, and production in the Pacific OCS Region are increasing at a moderate pace.
Pipelines continue to be the preferred mode of transporting Pacific OCS hydrocarbons to shore. The State and the Federal Governments have expressed a commitment to the use of pipelines where possible and economically feasible. Tankers traveling in the Pacific and entering California ports carry, for the most part, imported oil. The region is active in OCS transportation planning; the Bureau of Land Management works through the Pacific States Regional Technical Working Group Committee. Onshore, the Petroleum Transportation Committee (formerly the Joint Government/Industry Pipeline Working Group) is evaluating a number of transportation scenarios.
The nearshore and onshore petroleum processing facilities in the Pacific Region service onshore and offshore oil and gas exploration, development, and production, as well as the international oil market. Many of the onshore facilities have been in operation for years, supporting California's extensive onshore and offshore production. Several new facilities have been proposed, are currently under construction, or have recently opened. Shell Oil opened a crude oil distribution facility near Long Beach in December 1980. Operations began at Union Oil's Mandalay Beach separation and treatment plant in December 1981. The Pacific Offshore Pipeline Company, a subsidiary of the Pacific Lighting Corporation, is planning to build a gas treatment plant at Las Flores Canyon; completion of this project is scheduled for July 1983. It is expected that these new facilities, in addition to the established plants, will be able to accommodate any new OCS production in the near term from previously leased areas.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr8221","collaboration":"Prepared for the U.S. Department of the Interior, Minerals Management Service, in cooperation with the U.S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Collins, K.M., McCord, C.A., Stadnychenko, A., and Yoskin, P., 1982, Pacific summary report 2: A revision of Outer Continental Shelf oil and gas activities in the Pacific (Southern California) and their onshore impacts: A summary report, May 1980: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 82-21, Report: x, 121 p.; 4 Plates: 35.93 x 30.49 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr8221.","productDescription":"Report: x, 121 p.; 4 Plates: 35.93 x 30.49 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":141263,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0021/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":407304,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0021/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":407303,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0021/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":407302,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0021/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":407301,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0021/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":407300,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0021/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Pacific Outer Continental Shelf","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -124.93652343749999,\n 34.17999758688084\n ],\n [\n -120.65185546875,\n 34.17999758688084\n ],\n [\n -120.65185546875,\n 41.393294288784865\n ],\n [\n -124.93652343749999,\n 41.393294288784865\n ],\n [\n -124.93652343749999,\n 34.17999758688084\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae4e4b07f02db689de8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Collins, Karen M.","contributorId":11216,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Collins","given":"Karen","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":155448,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McCord, Catherine A.","contributorId":38161,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCord","given":"Catherine","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":155445,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stadnychenko, Anne","contributorId":32515,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stadnychenko","given":"Anne","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":155447,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Yoskin, Peter","contributorId":30089,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yoskin","given":"Peter","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":155446,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":10385,"text":"ofr82409 - 1982 - Three-dimensional modeling of the Nevada Test Site and vicinity from teleseismic P-wave residuals","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:20","indexId":"ofr82409","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"82-409","title":"Three-dimensional modeling of the Nevada Test Site and vicinity from teleseismic P-wave residuals","docAbstract":"A teleseismic P-wave travel-time residual study is described which reveals the regional compressional-velocity structure of southern Nevada and neighboring parts of California to a depth of 280 km. During 1980, 98 teleseismic events were recorded at as many as 53 sites in this area. P-wave residuals were calculated relative to a network-wide average residual for each event and are displayed on maps of the stations for each of four event-azimuth quadrants. Fluctuations in these map-patterns of residuals with approach azimuth combined with results of linear, three-dimensional inversions of some 2887 residuals indicate the following characteristics of the velocity structure of the southern Nevada region: 1) a low-velocity body exists in the upper crust 50 km northeast of Beatty, Nevada, near the Miocene Timber Mountain-Silent Canyon caldera complex. Another highly-localized low-velocity anomaly occurs near the southwest corner of the Nevada Test Site (NTS). These two anomalies seem to be part of a low-velocity trough extending from Death Valley, California, to about 50 km north of NTS. 2) There is a high-velocity body in the mantle between 81 and 131 km deep centered about i0 km north of the edge of the Timber Mountain caldera, 3) a broad low-velocity body is delineated between 81 and 131 km deep centered about 30 km north of Las Vegas, 4) there is a monotonic increase in travel-time delays from west to east across the region, probably indicating an eastward decrease in velocity, and lower than average velocities in southeastern Nevada below 31 km, and 5) considerable complexity in three-dimensional velocity structure exists in this part of the southern Great Basin. \r\n\r\nInversions of teleseismic P-wave travel-time residuals were also performed on data from 12 seismometers in the immediate vicinity of the Nevada Test Site to make good use of the closer station spacing i in that area. Results of these inversions show more details of the velocity structure but generally the same features as those found in the regional study.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr82409","usgsCitation":"Monfort, M.E., and Evans, J.R., 1982, Three-dimensional modeling of the Nevada Test Site and vicinity from teleseismic P-wave residuals: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 82-409, 70 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr82409.","productDescription":"70 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":142336,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0409/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":38215,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0409/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a53e4b07f02db62b857","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Monfort, Mary E.","contributorId":93491,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Monfort","given":"Mary","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":161296,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Evans, John R. jrevans@usgs.gov","contributorId":529,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evans","given":"John","email":"jrevans@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":161295,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":7140,"text":"ofr82589 - 1982 - Field, model, and computer simulation study of some aspects of the origin and distribution of Colorado Plateau-type uranium deposits","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:08","indexId":"ofr82589","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"82-589","title":"Field, model, and computer simulation study of some aspects of the origin and distribution of Colorado Plateau-type uranium deposits","docAbstract":"Numerous hypotheses have been proposed to account for the nature and distribution of tabular uranium and vanadium-uranium deposits of the Colorado Plateau. In one of these hypotheses it is suggested that the deposits resulted from geochemical reactions at the interface between a relatively stagnant groundwater solution and a dynamic, ore-carrying groundwater solution which permeated the host sandstones (Shawe, 1956; Granger, et al., 1961; Granger, 1968, 1976; and Granger and Warren, 1979). The study described here was designed to investigate some aspects of this hypothesis, particularly the nature of fluid flow in sands and sandstones, the nature and distribution of deposits, and the relations between the deposits and the host sandstones. \r\n\r\nThe investigation, which was divided into three phases, involved physical model, field, and computer simulation studies. During the initial phase of the investigation, physical model studies were conducted in porous-media flumes. These studies verified the fact that humic acid precipitates could form at the interface between a humic acid solution and a potassium aluminum sulfate solution and that the nature and distribution of these precipitates were related to flow phenomena and to the nature and distribution of the host porous-media. During the second phase of the investigation field studies of permeability and porosity patterns in Holocene stream deposits were investigated and the data obtained were used to design more realistic porous media models. These model studies, which simulated actual stream deposits, demonstrated that precipitates possess many characteristics, in terms of their nature and relation to host sandstones, that are similar to ore deposits of the Colorado Plateau. \r\n\r\nThe final phase of the investigation involved field studies of actual deposits, additional model studies in a large indoor flume, and computer simulation studies. The field investigations provided an up-to-date interpretation of the depositional environments of the host sandstones in the Slick Rock District and data on the nature and distribution of the ore deposits which are found to be directly related to the architecture of the host sandstones which acted as conduits for the transport of mineralized groundwaters. Large-scale model studies, designed to simulate Grants Mineral Belt deposits, demonstrated that precipitates had characteristics similar to those of actual uranium deposits and data obtained from these studies strongly supported the hypothesis that the ores formed soon after deposition of the host sandstones and that their distribution was largely controlled by permeability and porosity patterns established at the time of deposition of the host sandstones. \r\n\r\nA numerical model was developed during the second and third stages of the investigation that can predict favorable locations for mineralization given sufficient data on porosity, hydraulic conductivity, the distribution and thickness of sandstone hosts, and an estimate of the initial hydrologic conditions. The model was successfully tested using data from the Slick Rock District.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr82589","usgsCitation":"Ethridge, F., Sunada, D., Tyler, N., and Andrews, S., 1982, Field, model, and computer simulation study of some aspects of the origin and distribution of Colorado Plateau-type uranium deposits: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 82-589, 56 p., ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr82589.","productDescription":"56 p., ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":141542,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0589/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":34446,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0589/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49bde4b07f02db5d0bc1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ethridge, F.G.","contributorId":42211,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ethridge","given":"F.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":154448,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sunada, D.K.","contributorId":87940,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sunada","given":"D.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":154449,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tyler, Noel","contributorId":16010,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tyler","given":"Noel","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":154447,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Andrews, Sarah","contributorId":104059,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andrews","given":"Sarah","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":154450,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":10718,"text":"ofr8271 - 1982 - A recommended procedure for the preparation of oriented clay-mineral specimens for X-ray diffraction analysis; modifications to Drever's filter-membrane peel technique","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:25","indexId":"ofr8271","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"82-71","title":"A recommended procedure for the preparation of oriented clay-mineral specimens for X-ray diffraction analysis; modifications to Drever's filter-membrane peel technique","docAbstract":"Extremely well-oriented clay mineral mounts for X-ray diffraction analysis can be prepared quickly and without introducing segregation using the filter-membrane peel technique. Mounting problems encountered with smectite-rich samples can be resolved by using minimal sample and partial air-drying of the clay film before transfer to a glass slide. Samples containing small quantities of clay can produce useful oriented specimens if Teflon masks having more restrictive areas are inserted above the membrane filter during clay deposition. War]page and thermal shock of glass slides can be controlled by using a flat, porous, ceramic plate as a holding surface during heat treatments.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr8271","usgsCitation":"Pollastro, R.M., 1982, A recommended procedure for the preparation of oriented clay-mineral specimens for X-ray diffraction analysis; modifications to Drever's filter-membrane peel technique: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 82-71, 24 p., ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr8271.","productDescription":"24 p., ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":142958,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0071/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":38529,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0071/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a86a7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pollastro, R. M.","contributorId":6809,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pollastro","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":161850,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":8127,"text":"ofr82905 - 1982 - Predevelopment flow in the Tertiary limestone aquifer, southeastern United States: A regional analysis from digital modeling","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-27T20:38:26.898567","indexId":"ofr82905","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"82-905","title":"Predevelopment flow in the Tertiary limestone aquifer, southeastern United States: A regional analysis from digital modeling","docAbstract":"The Tertiary limestone aquifer of the southeastern United States is a sequence of carbonate rocks that underlies all of Florida, south Georgia, and adjacent parts of Alabama and South Carolina. It is the principal source of municipal, industrial, and agricultural water supply in south Georgia and most of Florida. The aquifer, known as the Floridan aquifer in Florida and the principal artesian aquifer in Georgia, Alabama, and South Carolina, includes various carbonate units of Paleocene to early Miocene age that are hydraulically connected in varying degrees. Very locally, in the Brunswick, Ga., area, a thin sequence of rocks of Late Cretaceous age is part of the system. In general the aquifer consists of either one vertically continuous permeable zone or two major permeable zones separated by a less permeable unit of highly variable water-transmitting characteristics. Aquifer conditions range from unconfined to confined depending upon whether the clayey Miocene and younger rocks that form the upper confining unit have been removed by erosion.\r\n\r\nDigital model simulation shows that prior to development, most flow in the aquifer occurred in the unconfined and thinly confined areas of northwest and central Florida and southwest Georgia. Springs in these areas are visible evidence of major flow activity. Spring discharge to streams accounted for about 90 percent of the average predevelopment discharge from the regional aquifer. About 18,100 cubic feet per second left the limestone aquifer as spring flow, and 2,500 cubic feet per second discharged as diffuse upward leakage from the confined areas where the vertical head gradient was upward. Most of the 20,600 cubic feet per second recharge necessary to balance total discharge entered the limestone aquifer in the unconfined and thinly confined areas. Because the areas of greatest recharge before development were near the areas of highest discharge, flow paths were generally short. Much water went into and out of the limestone quickly. A very active shallow flow system at the expense of deep circulation has evolved in unconfined and sligptly confined spring areas. Transmissivities commonly exceed 1,000,000 feet squared per day.\r\n\r\nIn contrast, predevelopment flow in the aquifer in the tightly confined areas of southeast and coastal Georgia, far west Florida, and in south Florida was sluggish. In these areas the aquifer is overlain by several hundred feet of sand and clay, except for the outcrop areas along the updip limit of the aquifer. This thick overburden severely retards discharge from the aquifer, causing lethargic flow. Large-discharge springs are nonexistent. The south Florida and southeast Georgia segments of the flow system, which taken together occupy about 50 percent of the regional system, only accounted for slightly more than 3 percent of the predevelopment regional limestone discharge. Transmissivities are on the average lower (generally less than 250,000 feet squared per day) than those in areas of high-flow activity.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr82905","usgsCitation":"Bush, P.W., 1982, Predevelopment flow in the Tertiary limestone aquifer, southeastern United States: A regional analysis from digital modeling: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 82-905, v, 41 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr82905.","productDescription":"v, 41 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":35732,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0905/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":402563,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_35647.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":142050,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0905/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alabama, Florida, Georgia","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -89,24 ], [ -89,34 ], [ -80,34 ], [ -80,24 ], [ -89,24 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67ea30","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bush, Peter W.","contributorId":57820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bush","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":157192,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}