The habitat use information and Habitat Suitability Index (HSI) models presented in this document are intended for use in impact assessment and habitat management activities. Literature concerning the habitat requirements and preferences of northern pike is reviewed and then synthesized into HSI models, which are scaled to produce an index between 0 (unsuitable habitat) and 1 (optimal habitat). Assumptions used to transform habitat use information into these quantitative models are noted, and guidelines for model application are described. Other models found in the literature which may also be used to calculate an HSI are cited.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Inskip, P.D., 1982, Habitat Suitability Index Models: Northern pike: FWS/OBS 82/10.17, v, 40 p.","productDescription":"v, 40 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":161633,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db6497c9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Inskip, Peter D.","contributorId":75980,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Inskip","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":216670,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":36621,"text":"fwsobs82_10_15 - 1982 - Habitat Suitability Index Models: Green sunfish","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-15T14:27:54.093253","indexId":"fwsobs82_10_15","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":20,"text":"FWS/OBS","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"82/10.15","subseriesTitle":"Habitat Suitability Index","title":"Habitat Suitability Index Models: Green sunfish","docAbstract":"This is one of a series of publications that provide information on the habitat requirements of selected fish and wildlife species. Literature describing the relationship between habitat variables related to life requisites and habitat suitability for the Green sunfish (Lepomis cyanellus) are synthesized. These data are subsequently used to develop Habitat Suitability (HIS) models. The HSI models are designed to provide information that can be used in impact assessment and habitat management.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Stuber, R.J., Gebhart, G., and Maughan, O.E., 1982, Habitat Suitability Index Models: Green sunfish: FWS/OBS 82/10.15, vi, 28 p.","productDescription":"vi, 28 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":161631,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db649865","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stuber, Robert J.","contributorId":10849,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stuber","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":216664,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gebhart, Glen","contributorId":52237,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gebhart","given":"Glen","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":216666,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Maughan, O. Eugene","contributorId":43006,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maughan","given":"O.","email":"","middleInitial":"Eugene","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":216665,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":36618,"text":"fwsobs82_10_12 - 1982 - Habitat Suitability Index Models: Common carp","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-15T14:29:21.252093","indexId":"fwsobs82_10_12","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":20,"text":"FWS/OBS","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"82/10.12","subseriesTitle":"Habitat Suitability Index","title":"Habitat Suitability Index Models: Common carp","docAbstract":"The common carp (Cyprinus carpio) is a native of Asia. It is now found on every continent except Antarctica (Jester 1974) and in all 48 contiguous States (Sigler 1958). The northern limit to carp distribution appears to be the 18° C isotherm (Keleher 1956). The common carp hybridizes in nature with the goldfish (Carassius auratus) (Bardach et al. 1972; Smith 1979).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Edwards, E.A., and Twomey, K., 1982, Habitat Suitability Index Models: Common carp: FWS/OBS 82/10.12, v, 28 p.","productDescription":"v, 28 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":161533,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db649d6e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Edwards, Elizabeth A.","contributorId":39421,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edwards","given":"Elizabeth","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":216659,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Twomey, Katie","contributorId":66749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Twomey","given":"Katie","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":216660,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":36617,"text":"fwsobs82_10_11 - 1982 - Habitat Suitability Index Models: Marten","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-15T14:29:46.968745","indexId":"fwsobs82_10_11","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":20,"text":"FWS/OBS","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"82/10.11","subseriesTitle":"Habitat Suitability Index","title":"Habitat Suitability Index Models: Marten","docAbstract":"Habitat preferences and species characteristics of the pine marten (Martes americana) are described in this publication. It is one of a series of Habitat Suitability Index (HSI) models and was developed through an analysis of available scientific data on the species-habitat requirements of the pine marten. Habitat use information is presented in a review of the literature, followed by the development of a HSI model. The model is presented in three formats: graphic, word and mathematical. Suitability index graphs quantify the species-habitat relationship. These data are then synthesized into a model which is designed to provide information for use in impact assessment and habitat management activities.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Allen, A.W., 1982, Habitat Suitability Index Models: Marten (Revised 1984): FWS/OBS 82/10.11, vi, 9 p.","productDescription":"vi, 9 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":193123,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"100000","edition":"Revised 1984","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db6497fa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Allen, Arthur W.","contributorId":40648,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allen","given":"Arthur","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":216658,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":36616,"text":"fwsobs82_10_10 - 1982 - Habitat Suitability Index Models: Ferruginous hawk","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-15T14:30:11.663014","indexId":"fwsobs82_10_10","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":20,"text":"FWS/OBS","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"82/10.10","subseriesTitle":"Habitat Suitability Index","title":"Habitat Suitability Index Models: Ferruginous hawk","docAbstract":"The ferruginous hawk inhabits grasslands, shrublands, and steppe-deserts of the Western United States. It is a common nester in Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Utah, and Wyoming (Call 1978). Populations in the more Northern States tend to be migratory, spending the winter in New Mexico, Colorado, Kansas, Texas, and Oklahoma (Call 1979).
Ferruginous hawks thrive in areas that favor the production of rabbits (Lagomorpha), prairie dogs (Cynomys spp.), or ground squirrels (Citellus spp. and Spermophilus spp.) (Call 1979), provided that suitable nesting sites are available. Foraging habitat consists of nonforested, nonmountainous areas, such as desert shrub and grassland communities. Nesting habitat consists of communities with isolated trees, woodland edges, buttes, cliffs, and/or grassland with some relief.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Jasikoff, T.M., 1982, Habitat Suitability Index Models: Ferruginous hawk: FWS/OBS 82/10.10, vi, 18 p.","productDescription":"vi, 18 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":161532,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db649936","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jasikoff, Thomas M.","contributorId":40254,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jasikoff","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":216657,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":36615,"text":"fwsobs82_10_9 - 1982 - Habitat Suitability Index Models: Slough darter","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-15T14:30:38.749498","indexId":"fwsobs82_10_9","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":20,"text":"FWS/OBS","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"82/10.9","subseriesTitle":"Habitat Suitability Index","title":"Habitat Suitability Index Models: Slough darter","docAbstract":"The native range of the slough darter (Etheostoma gracile) extends from western Alabama (Smith-Vaniz 1968) to central Texas and northward in the lowland areas of the former Mississippi Embayment and the Interior Low Plateau to central Illinois (Collette 1962) and southwestern Indiana (Gerking 1945). Its distribution also includes southeast Kansas (Metcalf 1959; Cross 1967) and northeast Oklahoma (Blair 1959). Natural hybridization with the blackside darter (Percina maculata) has been recorded (Page 1976).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Edwards, E.A., Bacteller, M., and Maughan, O.E., 1982, Habitat Suitability Index Models: Slough darter: FWS/OBS 82/10.9, vi, 13 p.","productDescription":"vi, 13 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":161531,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db649758","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Edwards, Elizabeth A.","contributorId":39421,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edwards","given":"Elizabeth","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":216654,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bacteller, Mary","contributorId":74427,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bacteller","given":"Mary","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":216656,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Maughan, O. Eugene","contributorId":43006,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maughan","given":"O.","email":"","middleInitial":"Eugene","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":216655,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":36614,"text":"fwsobs82_10_7 - 1982 - Habitat Suitability Index models: White crappie","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-15T14:31:04.515306","indexId":"fwsobs82_10_7","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":20,"text":"FWS/OBS","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"82/10.7","subseriesTitle":"Habitat Suitability Index","title":"Habitat Suitability Index models: White crappie","docAbstract":"The white crappie (Pomoxis annularis) is native to freshwater lakes and streams from the southern Great Lakes, west to Nebraska, south to Texas and Alabama, east to North Carolina, then west of the Appalachian Mountains to New York. It has been widely introduced outside this range throughout North America (Hubbs and Lagler 1958; Goodson 1966; Scott and Crossman 1973).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Edwards, E.A., Krieger, D.A., Gebhart, G., and Maughan, O.E., 1982, Habitat Suitability Index models: White crappie: FWS/OBS 82/10.7, vi, 22 p.","productDescription":"vi, 22 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":164740,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db649710","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Edwards, Elizabeth A.","contributorId":39421,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edwards","given":"Elizabeth","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":216650,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Krieger, Douglas A.","contributorId":107758,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krieger","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":216653,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gebhart, Glen","contributorId":52237,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gebhart","given":"Glen","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":216652,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Maughan, O. Eugene","contributorId":43006,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maughan","given":"O.","email":"","middleInitial":"Eugene","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":216651,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":36613,"text":"fwsobs82_10_6 - 1982 - Habitat suitability index models: Black crappie","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-15T14:31:31.227263","indexId":"fwsobs82_10_6","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":20,"text":"FWS/OBS","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"82/10.6","subseriesTitle":"Habitat Suitability Index","title":"Habitat suitability index models: Black crappie","docAbstract":"Characteristics and habitat requirements of the black crappie (Pomoxis nigromaculatus) are described in a review of Habitat Suitability Index models.\r\n\r\nThis is one in a series of publications to provide information on the habitat requirements of selected fish and wildlife species. Numerous literature sources have been consulted in an effort to consolidate scientific data on species-habitat relationships. These data have subsequently been synthesized into explicit Habitat Suitability Index (HSI) models. The models are based on suitability indices indicating habitat preferences. Indices have been formulated for variables found to affect the life cycle and survival of each species. Habitat Suitability Index (HSI) models are designed to provide information for use in impact assessment and habitat management activities. The HSI technique is a corollary to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's Habitat Evaluation Procedures.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Edwards, E.A., Krieger, D.A., Bacteller, M., and Maughan, O.E., 1982, Habitat suitability index models: Black crappie: FWS/OBS 82/10.6, vi, 25 p.","productDescription":"vi, 25 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":165141,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db649d75","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Edwards, Elizabeth A.","contributorId":39421,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edwards","given":"Elizabeth","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":216646,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Krieger, Douglas A.","contributorId":107758,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krieger","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":216649,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bacteller, Mary","contributorId":74427,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bacteller","given":"Mary","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":216648,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Maughan, O. Eugene","contributorId":43006,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maughan","given":"O.","email":"","middleInitial":"Eugene","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":216647,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":26367,"text":"wri8237 - 1982 - Water resources and data-network assessment of the Manasota Basin, Manatee and Sarasota Counties, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:33","indexId":"wri8237","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"82-37","title":"Water resources and data-network assessment of the Manasota Basin, Manatee and Sarasota Counties, Florida","docAbstract":"The average annual rainfall in the Manasota Basin is 53.7 inches , and annual evapotranspiration is about 39 inches. Annual runoff from gaged parts of the Basin ranges from about 13 to 17 inches per year. Streamflow in the upland areas diminishes rapidly following the end of the rainy season and approaches zero during extended dry periods. Generally, surface water is of good quality except in tidally affected, coastal areas. Its quality varies seasonally, generally becoming more mineralized during the dry season. The principal hydrogeologic units are the surficial aquifer, the upper confining beds and minor artesian aquifers, the Floridan acquifer, and the lower confining bed. The quality of ground water is generally good except in the western and southern parts where saltwater intrusion or incomplete flushing of residual seawater has occurred. Land-use changes and stream impoundments and diversions require reassessment of the type and use of data collected by the surface-water network. Such changes may require modification of existing sites and establishment of new ones. Development and completion of the monitoring plan could provide most of the data necessary to define the groundwater system. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey, Water Resources Division,","doi":"10.3133/wri8237","usgsCitation":"Brown, D., 1982, Water resources and data-network assessment of the Manasota Basin, Manatee and Sarasota Counties, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 82-37, vi, 80 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri8237.","productDescription":"vi, 80 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":158398,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1982/0037/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55161,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1982/0037/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a03e4b07f02db5f8244","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brown, David P.","contributorId":85590,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"David P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196266,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":25667,"text":"wri8250 - 1982 - Methodology for hydrologic evaluation of a potential surface mine: Loblolly Branch basin, Tuscaloosa County, Alabama","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-05T21:33:26.214436","indexId":"wri8250","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"82-50","title":"Methodology for hydrologic evaluation of a potential surface mine: Loblolly Branch basin, Tuscaloosa County, Alabama","docAbstract":"Methodology for evaluating premining hydrology and postmining effects of mining and reclamation on the hydrology of an area is presented for a potential mine-permit area of 1,680 acres in the Warrior Coal Field, northwestern Alabama.
Information is included on climate, geology, soil-water relations, vegetation, surface water, ground water, and quality of water. Estimation techniques are used to develop data for reconstructed topography, soil-water relations, vegetation cover, peak flows, flow volumes, soil losses, and sediment yields.
Streamflow response of the basin is described by the variable-source-area concept; nearly all water moving from slopes flows through coarse-textured soils and unconsolidated sand and gravel deposits that are underlain by an impermeable clay zone. The resultant peak discharges per unit area are small to moderate, and there is very little erosion of slopes or channels. Susceptibility of the soils to compaction by heavy machines and the effects of compaction on soil-water relations are demonstrated.
Regression and empirical methods for evaluating streamflow characteristics are compared. Estimates of peak discharges made with four methods are divergent, particularly for recurrence intervals of 2, 5, and 10 years; divergence is less for 25-, 50-, and 100-year discharges.
The Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) and sediment-delivery ratios are used to estimate sediment yields for various land and cover conditions from premining until 20 years after reclamation would begin. A premining estimate of sediment yield made with the Universal Soil Loss Equation and a sediment-delivery ratio is about 2.5 times larger than an estimate made with the sediment rating curve-flow duration method.
Research and data needs are discussed regarding: (1) An improved understanding of the hydrology of small, very ,permeable, upland basins; (2) alternative methods for estimating streamflow and sediment yield of such basins; (3) field evaluation of permeability and erodibility of soils on reclaimed areas; and (4) better understanding of ground-water hydrology and geochemistry of the coal-bearing Pottsville Formation before and after mining.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri8250","usgsCitation":"Shown, L.M., Frickel, D., Miller, R., and Branson, F., 1982, Methodology for hydrologic evaluation of a potential surface mine: Loblolly Branch basin, Tuscaloosa County, Alabama: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 82-50, vii, 93 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri8250.","productDescription":"vii, 93 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":380219,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1982/0050/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":157622,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1982/0050/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alabama","county":"Tuscaloosa County","otherGeospatial":"Loblolly Branch basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -87.5,\n 33.33333333\n ],\n [\n -87.41666667,\n 33.33333333\n ],\n [\n -87.41666667,\n 33.45\n ],\n [\n -87.5,\n 33.45\n ],\n [\n -87.5,\n 33.33333333\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a51e4b07f02db629fab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shown, Lynn M.","contributorId":7326,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shown","given":"Lynn","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194575,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Frickel, D. G.","contributorId":11213,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frickel","given":"D. G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194576,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Miller, R.F.","contributorId":83882,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"R.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194578,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Branson, F.A.","contributorId":31430,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Branson","given":"F.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194577,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":36570,"text":"fwsobs82_10_28 - 1982 - Habitat Suitability Index Models: Pine warbler","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-15T14:33:48.838151","indexId":"fwsobs82_10_28","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":20,"text":"FWS/OBS","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"82/10.28","subseriesTitle":"Habitat Suitability Index","title":"Habitat Suitability Index Models: Pine warbler","docAbstract":"Habitat preferences of the pine warbler (Dendroica pinus) are described in this publication, which is one of a series of Habitat Suitability Index (HSI) models. Habitat use information is presented in a synthesis of the literature on the species-habitat requirements of the pine warbler, followed by the development of the HSI model. The model is presented in three formats: graphic, word, and mathematical, and is designed to provide information for use in impact assessment and habitat management activities.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Schroeder, R.L., 1982, Habitat Suitability Index Models: Pine warbler: FWS/OBS 82/10.28, vi, 8 p.","productDescription":"vi, 8 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":165431,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db6497b8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schroeder, Richard L.","contributorId":10368,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schroeder","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":216557,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":11617,"text":"ofr82447 - 1982 - A computer program for calculating relative-transmissivity input arrays to aid model calibration","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:44","indexId":"ofr82447","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"82-447","title":"A computer program for calculating relative-transmissivity input arrays to aid model calibration","docAbstract":"A program is documented that calculates a transmissivity distribution for input to a digital ground-water flow model. Factors that are taken into account in the calculation are: aquifer thickness, ground-water viscosity and its dependence on temperature and dissolved solids, and permeability and its dependence on overburden pressure. Other factors affecting ground-water flow are indicated. With small changes in the program code, leakance also could be calculated. The purpose of these calculations is to provide a physical basis for efficient calibration, and to extend rational transmissivity trends into areas where model calibration is insensitive to transmissivity values.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr82447","usgsCitation":"Weiss, E., 1982, A computer program for calculating relative-transmissivity input arrays to aid model calibration: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 82-447, iv, 22 p., ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr82447.","productDescription":"iv, 22 p., ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":145284,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0447/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":39477,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0447/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b27e4b07f02db6b09cb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Weiss, Emanuel","contributorId":74383,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weiss","given":"Emanuel","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":163452,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":36561,"text":"fwsobs82_10_19 - 1982 - Habitat Suitability Index Models: Gray squirrel","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":36561,"text":"fwsobs82_10_19 - 1982 - Habitat Suitability Index Models: Gray squirrel","indexId":"fwsobs82_10_19","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"title":"Habitat Suitability Index Models: Gray squirrel"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":80354,"text":"fwsobs82_10_135 - 1987 - Habitat Suitability Index Models: Gray squirrel","indexId":"fwsobs82_10_135","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"title":"Habitat Suitability Index Models: Gray squirrel"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":80354,"text":"fwsobs82_10_135 - 1987 - Habitat Suitability Index Models: Gray squirrel","indexId":"fwsobs82_10_135","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"title":"Habitat Suitability Index Models: Gray squirrel"},"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-15T14:37:01.112213","indexId":"fwsobs82_10_19","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":20,"text":"FWS/OBS","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"82/10.19","subseriesTitle":"Habitat Suitability Index","title":"Habitat Suitability Index Models: Gray squirrel","docAbstract":"The gray squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis)inhabits hardwood and mixed hardwood-coniferous forests (Uhlig 1955; Golley 1962). Although they may occur in a variety of forested habitat types, large, densely forested areas are preferred (Taylor 1974).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Allen, A.W., 1982, Habitat Suitability Index Models: Gray squirrel (Superseded by FWS/OBS 82/10.135): FWS/OBS 82/10.19, v, 11 p.","productDescription":"v, 11 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":165461,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"edition":"Superseded by FWS/OBS 82/10.135","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db649875","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Allen, Arthur W.","contributorId":40648,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allen","given":"Arthur","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":216543,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":11306,"text":"ofr82835 - 1982 - Determination of the true density of pulverized coal samples","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:22","indexId":"ofr82835","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"82-835","title":"Determination of the true density of pulverized coal samples","docAbstract":"A method using the gas-comparison pycnometer with helium gas as the penetrating medium measures precisely the true volume of a pulverized coal sample. The true density of a solid is calculated as the true unit volume of the solid exclusive of its pore space which is divided into the weight of the sample. \r\n\r\nThe method is similar to that used to determine the density of refractory materials but the procedure is modified to yield precise density determinations of coal samples. These modifications diminish effects of trapped moisture and gases on the volume measurement. \r\n\r\nThe helium gas-comparison pycnometer method is rapid, reliable, precise, and requires minimal analytical equipment and sample preparation, and also is non-destructive to the coal sample. Using this method, densities can be determined on coal samples of subbituminous to low-volatile bituminous rank and perhaps also on samples of lignite. The density of anthracite samples has not been determined by this method.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr82835","usgsCitation":"Stanton, R., 1982, Determination of the true density of pulverized coal samples: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 82-835, 18 p., ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr82835.","productDescription":"18 p., ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":143472,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0835/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":39109,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0835/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db667a44","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stanton, R.W.","contributorId":19164,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stanton","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":162905,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":36563,"text":"fwsobs82_10_21 - 1982 - Habitat Suitability Index models: juvenile Atlantic croaker","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:56","indexId":"fwsobs82_10_21","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":20,"text":"FWS/OBS","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"82/10.21","subseriesTitle":"Habitat Suitability Index","title":"Habitat Suitability Index models: juvenile Atlantic croaker","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Diaz, R.J., 1982, Habitat Suitability Index models: juvenile Atlantic croaker (Revised June 1985, FWSOBS 82/10.98): FWS/OBS 82/10.21, 1 v. (loose-leaf) : ill.; 28 cm.","productDescription":"1 v. (loose-leaf) : ill.; 28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":165536,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"edition":"Revised June 1985, FWSOBS 82/10.98","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db6496cc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Diaz, Robert J.","contributorId":49023,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Diaz","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":216546,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":11408,"text":"ofr82333 - 1982 - Estimating peak flow characteristics at ungaged sites by ridge regression","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:21","indexId":"ofr82333","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"82-333","title":"Estimating peak flow characteristics at ungaged sites by ridge regression","docAbstract":"A regression simulation model, is combined with a multisite streamflow generator to simulate a regional regression of 50-year peak discharge against a set of basin characteristics. Monte Carlo experiments are used to compare the unbiased ordinary lease squares parameter estimator with Hoerl and Kennard's (1970a) ridge estimator in which the biasing parameter is that proposed by Hoerl, Kennard, and Baldwin (1975). The simulation results indicate a substantial improvement in parameter estimation using ridge regression when the correlation between basin characteristics is more than about 0.90. In addition, results indicate a strong potential for improving the mean square error of prediction of a peak-flow characteristic versus basin characteristics regression model when the basin characteristics are approximately colinear. The simulation covers a range of regression parameters, streamflow statistics, and basin characteristics commonly found in regional regression studies.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr82333","usgsCitation":"Tasker, G.D., 1982, Estimating peak flow characteristics at ungaged sites by ridge regression: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 82-333, [iii], 155 p., ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr82333.","productDescription":"[iii], 155 p., ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":142307,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0333/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":39230,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0333/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fc893","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tasker, Gary D.","contributorId":83097,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tasker","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":163090,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":8141,"text":"ofr82743 - 1982 - Radioactive mineral spring precipitates, their analytical and statistical data and the uranium connection","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:13","indexId":"ofr82743","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"82-743","title":"Radioactive mineral spring precipitates, their analytical and statistical data and the uranium connection","docAbstract":"Major radioactive mineral springs are probably related to deep zones of active metamorphism in areas of orogenic tectonism. The most common precipitate is travertine, a chemically precipitated rock composed chiefly of calcium carbonate, but also containing other minerals. The mineral springs are surface manifestations of hydrothermal conduit systems which extend downward many kilometers to hot source rocks. Conduits are kept open by fluid pressure exerted by carbon dioxide-charged waters rising to the surface propelled by heat and gas (CO2 and steam) pressure. \r\n\r\nOn reaching the surface, the dissolved carbon dioxide is released from solution, and calcium carbonate is precipitated. Springs also contain sulfur species (for example, H2S and HS-), and radon, helium and methane as entrained or dissolved gases. The HS- ion can react to form hydrogen sulfide gas, sulfate salts, and native sulfur. Chemical salts and native sulfur precipitate at the surface. The sulfur may partly oxidize to produce detectable sulfur dioxide gas. \r\n\r\nRadioactivity is due to the presence of radium-226, radon-222, radium-228, and radon-220, and other daughter products of uranium-238 and thorium-232. Uranium and thorium are not present in economically significant amounts in most radioactive spring precipitates. \r\n\r\nMost radium is coprecipitated at the surface with barite. Barite (barium sulfate) forms in the barium-containing spring water as a product of the oxidation of sulfur species to sulfate ions. The relatively insoluble barium sulfate precipitates and removes much of the radium from solution. Radium coprecipitates to a lesser extent with manganese-barium- and iron-oxy hydroxides. \r\n\r\nR-mode factor analysis of abundances of elements suggests that 65 percent of the variance of the different elements is affected by seven factors interpreted as follows: (1) Silica and silicate contamination and precipitation; (2) Carbonate travertine precipitation; (3) Radium coprecipitation; (4) Evaporite precipitation; (5) Hydrous limonite precipitation and coprecipitated elements including uranium; (6) Rare earth elements deposited with detrital contamination (?); (7) Metal carbonate adsorption and precipitation. \r\n\r\nEconomically recoverable minerals occurring at some localities in spring precipitates are ores of iron, manganese, sulfur, tungsten and barium and ornamental travertine.\r\n\r\nContinental radioactive mineral springs occur in areas of crustal thickening caused by overthrusting of crustal plates, and intrusion and metamorphism. Sedimentary rocks on the lower plate are trapped between the plates and form a zone of metamorphism. Connate waters, carbonate rocks and organic-carbon-bearing rocks react to extreme pressure and temperature to produce carbon dioxide, and steam. Fractures are forced open by gas and fluid pressures. Deep-circulating meteoric waters then come in contact with the reactive products, and a hydrothermal cell forms. When hot mineral-charged waters reach the surface they form the familiar hot mineral springs. Hot springs also occur in relation to igneous intrusive action or volcanism both of which may be products of the crustal plate overthrusting. Uranium and thorium in the sedimentary rocks undergoing metamorphism are sometimes mobilized, but mobilization is generally restricted to an acid hydrothermal environment; much is redeposited in favorable environments in the metamorphosed sediments. Radium and radon, which are highly mobile in both acid and alkaline aqueous media move upward into the hydrothermal cell and to the surface.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr82743","usgsCitation":"Cadigan, R.A., and Felmlee, J., 1982, Radioactive mineral spring precipitates, their analytical and statistical data and the uranium connection: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 82-743, iv, 127 p. ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr82743.","productDescription":"iv, 127 p. ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":142134,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0743/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":35744,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0743/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adae4b07f02db685961","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cadigan, R. A.","contributorId":57844,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cadigan","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":157217,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Felmlee, J.K.","contributorId":106114,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Felmlee","given":"J.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":157218,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":9115,"text":"ofr82793 - 1982 - Heat-flow measurements at shot points along the 1978 Saudi Arabia seismic deep-refraction line; Part I, Results of the measurements","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:14","indexId":"ofr82793","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"82-793","title":"Heat-flow measurements at shot points along the 1978 Saudi Arabia seismic deep-refraction line; Part I, Results of the measurements","docAbstract":"Heat-flow measurements were made at five onland shot points of the 1978 Saudi Arabian seismic deep-refraction line, which sample major tectonic elements of the Arabian Shield along a profile from Ar Riyad to the Farasan Islands. Because of the pattern drilling at each shot point, several holes (60 m deep) could be logged for temperature at each site and thus allow a better estimate of the geothermal gradient. Each site was mapped and sampled in detail, and modal and. chemical analyses of representative specimens were made in the laboratory. Thermal conductivities were computed from the modal analyses and single-mineral conductivity data. \r\n\r\nThe resulting heat-flow values, combined with published values for the Red Sea and coastal plain, indicate a three-level pattern, with a heat flow of about 4.5 heat-flow unit (HFU) over the Red Sea axial trough, about 3.0 HFU over the shelf and coastal plain, and an essentially constant 1.0 HFU over the Arabian Shield at points well away from the suture zone with the oceanic crust. At three sites where the rocks are granitic, gamma-ray spectrometry techniques were employed to estimate thorium, potassium, and uranium concentrations. The resulting plot of heat generation versus heat flow suggests that in the Arabian Shield the relationship between heat flow and heat production is not linear. More heat-flow data are essential to establish or reject this conclusion.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr82793","usgsCitation":"Gettings, M.E., and Showail, A., 1982, Heat-flow measurements at shot points along the 1978 Saudi Arabia seismic deep-refraction line; Part I, Results of the measurements: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 82-793, iii, 102 p., ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr82793.","productDescription":"iii, 102 p., ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":141929,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0793/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":36727,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0793/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a69e4b07f02db63c289","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gettings, M. E.","contributorId":25148,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gettings","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":159125,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Showail, Abdullah","contributorId":63014,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Showail","given":"Abdullah","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":159126,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":11410,"text":"ofr82637 - 1982 - Three-dimensional mathematical model for simulating the hydrologic system in the Piceance basin, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:21","indexId":"ofr82637","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"82-637","title":"Three-dimensional mathematical model for simulating the hydrologic system in the Piceance basin, Colorado","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr82637","usgsCitation":"Taylor, J., 1982, Three-dimensional mathematical model for simulating the hydrologic system in the Piceance basin, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 82-637, v, 91 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr82637.","productDescription":"v, 91 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":142309,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0637/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":39231,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0637/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":39232,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0637/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":39233,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0637/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":39234,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0637/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":39235,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0637/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":39236,"rank":405,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0637/plate-6.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":39237,"rank":406,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0637/plate-7.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":39238,"rank":407,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0637/plate-8.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":39239,"rank":408,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0637/plate-9.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":39240,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0637/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b06e4b07f02db69a2a5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Taylor, J.O.","contributorId":57852,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"J.O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":163093,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":11361,"text":"ofr82297 - 1982 - An alternative hypothesis for sink development above salt cavities in the Detroit area","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:20","indexId":"ofr82297","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"82-297","title":"An alternative hypothesis for sink development above salt cavities in the Detroit area","docAbstract":"Subsidence and sink formation resulting from brining operations in the Windsor-Detroit area include the 1954 sink at the Canadian Salt Company brine field near Windsor, Ontario, and the 1971 sinks at the BASF Wyandotte Corporation brine field at Grosse Ile, Mich. Earlier investigations into both occurrences concluded that the mechanism of sink development consisted of the gradual stoping of poorly supported brine-gallery roof rock to the near surface with subsequent surface collapse. A more recent study attempted to describe the mechanism of sink development in terms of the geometry of a cylindrical chimney formed by stoping of roof rock, the height of a cavity at depth, the depth of overlying rock, and the bulking ratio of the rubble formed during stoping. \r\n\r\nPersons with extensive experience in solution mining in the Windsor-Detroit area have expressed doubt that the stoping mechanism could fully explain the development of these sinks. Further, they have proposed that the relatively shallow (300-ft-deep) Sylvania Sandstone, in this case, may be responsible for the sinks by a secondary undermining mechanism to be examined in this paper. The mechanism involves downwarping of the beds overlying the salt cavity and development of a shallower cavity in the Sylvania Sandstone by downward migration of cohesionless sand grains from the Sylvania through openings in the disturbed rock to the lower cavity. This study indicates that under natural conditions the Sylvania will not migrate, even in the presence of large underground water flows because the sandstone possesses some cohesion throughout its depth. However, further investigation has formulated a mechanism that could allow the Sylvania Sandstone to loose its cohesion in response to high horizontal stresses. These stresses could be the result of deformation that accompanies general subsidence and (or) of past geologic processes.\r\n\r\nIncluded in this study were experimental and analytical investigations. As determined by uniaxial and triaxial testing, the Sylvania Sandstone in the Detroit area has been shown to have low compressive strength. In addition, it exhibits an explosive type failure whereby over 50 percent of the sample is reduced to loose granular sand. As a result of these characteristics, the Sylvania Sandstone can loose its cohesion when subjected to high horizontal stresses. \r\n\r\nEfforts at mechanically modeling the Sylvania were made to account for the measurements and observations. Linear arch theory was used for an elastic analysis. Linear arch theory predicts two modes of failure: (1) arch crushing, a compressive failure of the upper portion of the arch due to compressive stresses exceeding the compressive strength of the material, and (2) arch collapse, a sagging of the beds due to compressive strains which reduce the arch line to a length less than the original arch length. The arch crushing mode of failure would then yield the loose granular sand as observed in laboratory testing. Arch collapse would simply result in bed sagging without granulation of the sandstone. Arch collapse is favored by thin-bedded material while arch crushing is favored by thick-bedded material. Arch crushing seems to be a likely mode of failure for the Windsor-Detroit sinks. \r\n\r\nIt is believed that after a crushing failure the sand-water slurry (specific gravity 1.2) which exceeds the density of the cavity brine will migrate downward through cracks and open joints eventually reaching the practically limitless open spaces of the rubble column and salt cavity. As the extent of the cavity within the Sylvania increases in depth and width because of sand migration, a critical span will be reached where the immediately overlying upper Sylvania and the overlying Detroit River Dolomite will fail. The collapse will allow a path for the approximately 100 ft of clay to collapse, resulting in a sink as the surface manifestation.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr82297","usgsCitation":"Stump, D., Nieto, A., and Ege, J., 1982, An alternative hypothesis for sink development above salt cavities in the Detroit area: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 82-297, 65 p., ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr82297.","productDescription":"65 p., ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":142525,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0297/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":39188,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0297/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adbe4b07f02db685bad","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stump, Daniel","contributorId":35318,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stump","given":"Daniel","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":163001,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nieto, A.S.","contributorId":30629,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nieto","given":"A.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":163000,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ege, J. R.","contributorId":106117,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ege","given":"J. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":163002,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":11467,"text":"ofr82801 - 1982 - Digital data base application to porphyry copper mineralization in Alaska; case study summary","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-28T14:59:34","indexId":"ofr82801","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"82-801","title":"Digital data base application to porphyry copper mineralization in Alaska; case study summary","docAbstract":"The purpose of this report is to summarize the progress in use of digital image analysis techniques in developing a conceptual model for assessing porphyry copper mineral potential. The study area consists of approximately the southern one-half of the 1? by 3? Nabesna quadrangle in east-central Alaska. The digital geologic data base consists of data compiled under the Alaskan Mineral Resource Assessment Program (AMRAP) as well as digital elevation data and Landsat spectral reflectance data from the Multispectral Scanner System. The digital data base used to develop and implement a conceptual model for porphyry-type copper mineralization consisted of 16 original data types and 18 derived data sets formatted in a grid-cell (raster) structure and registered to a map base in the Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) projection. Minimum curvature and inverse distance squared interpolation techniques were used to generate continuous surfaces from sets of irregularly spaced data points. Processing requirements included: (1) merging or overlaying of data sets, (2) display and color coding of maps and images, (3) univariate and multivariate statistical analyses, and (4) compound overlaying operations. Data sets were merged and processed to create stereoscopic displays of continuous surfaces. The ratio of several data sets were calculated to evaluate relative variations and to enhance the display of surface alteration (gossans). Factor analysis and principal components analysis techniques were used to determine complex relationships and correlations between data sets. The resultant model consists of 10 parameters that identify three areas most likely to contain porphyry copper mineralization; two of these areas are known occurrences of mineralization and the third is not well known. Field studies confirmed that the three areas identified by the model have significant copper potential.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr82801","usgsCitation":"Trautwein, C.M., Greenlee, D.D., and Orr, D.G., 1982, Digital data base application to porphyry copper mineralization in Alaska; case study summary: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 82-801, iii, 17 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr82801.","productDescription":"iii, 17 p.","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":145094,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0801/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":39332,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0801/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b4653","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Trautwein, Charles M. trautwein@usgs.gov","contributorId":2861,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trautwein","given":"Charles","email":"trautwein@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":163183,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Greenlee, David D.","contributorId":59802,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greenlee","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":163185,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Orr, Donald G.","contributorId":6454,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Orr","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":163184,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":9246,"text":"ofr82130 - 1982 - The environment of south-central Tunisia as observed on Landsat scene 206/036","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:16","indexId":"ofr82130","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"82-130","title":"The environment of south-central Tunisia as observed on Landsat scene 206/036","docAbstract":"One Landsat image in south-central Tunisia was analyzed to demonstrate the application of remote-sensing technology to regional development. A preliminary analysis included I) major landscape features; 2) gypsum-encrusted soils; and 3) phosphate-bearing beds exposed in the Gafsa mining district. \r\n\r\nThe products specifically used for this report include: 1) A false-color composite (FCC), which had been linearly stretched to enhance contrast, and to which a modulation transfer function correction (a high-pass filter 3 pixels by 3 pixels wide) had been applied to enhance fine topographic relief. 2) A sinusoidally stretched false-color composite, on which mappable gypsum-encrusted soils and saline soils are detectable in greater detail than on the existing soil map of Tunisia at 1:500,000 scale. 3) A sinusoidally stretched band-ratio false-color composite, from which a thematic map of most phosphate-bearing beds in the Gafsa mining district was prepared. Recommendations for future Landsat image interpretation in Tunisia are offered.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr82130","usgsCitation":"Grolier, M., and Schultejann, P., 1982, The environment of south-central Tunisia as observed on Landsat scene 206/036: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 82-130, 43 p., 1 over-size sheet, :ill. (some col.), maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr82130.","productDescription":"43 p., 1 over-size sheet, :ill. (some col.), maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":141635,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0130/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":36910,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0130/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":36911,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0130/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9be4b07f02db65dcc7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grolier, M. J.","contributorId":46946,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grolier","given":"M. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":159352,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schultejann, P.A.","contributorId":31766,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schultejann","given":"P.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":159351,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":9420,"text":"ofr82857 - 1982 - Supplement to the New Mexico three-dimensional model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:15","indexId":"ofr82857","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"82-857","title":"Supplement to the New Mexico three-dimensional model","docAbstract":"The computer program documented in Open-File Report 80-421 has continued to evolve in response to needs. By January 1981, changes included the following: (1) treatment of head-dependent boundaries and specified-flow boundaries and (2) code which executes on the CRAY-1 computer. This report provides instructions for compiling and executing the computer program on the CRAY-1 at Kirtland Air Force Base. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr82857","usgsCitation":"Hearne, G.A., 1982, Supplement to the New Mexico three-dimensional model: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 82-857, v, 95 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr82857.","productDescription":"v, 95 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":141822,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0857/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":37131,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0857/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afde4b07f02db6970d6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hearne, Glenn A.","contributorId":50882,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hearne","given":"Glenn","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":159656,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}