{"pageNumber":"1536","pageRowStart":"38375","pageSize":"25","recordCount":40807,"records":[{"id":38627,"text":"pp1196 - 1981 - Hydrogeochemistry and simulated solute transport, Piceance Basin, northwestern Colorado","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":15693,"text":"ofr8072 - 1980 - Hydrogeochemistry and simulated solute transport, Piceance Basin, northwestern Colorado","indexId":"ofr8072","publicationYear":"1980","noYear":false,"title":"Hydrogeochemistry and simulated solute transport, Piceance Basin, northwestern Colorado"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":38627,"text":"pp1196 - 1981 - Hydrogeochemistry and simulated solute transport, Piceance Basin, northwestern Colorado","indexId":"pp1196","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"title":"Hydrogeochemistry and simulated solute transport, Piceance Basin, northwestern Colorado"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:17","indexId":"pp1196","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1196","title":"Hydrogeochemistry and simulated solute transport, Piceance Basin, northwestern Colorado","docAbstract":"Oil-shale mining activities in Piceance basin in northwestern Colorado could adversely affect the ground- and surface-water quality in the basin. This study of the hydrology and geochemistry of the area used ground-water solute-transport-modeling techniques to investigate the possible impact of the mines on water quality. Maps of the extent and structure of the aquifer were prepared and show that a saturated thickness of 2,000 feet occurs in the northeast part of the basin. Ground-water recharge in the upland areas in the east, south, and west parts of the basin moves down into deeper zones in the aquifer and laterally to the discharge areas along Piceance and Yellow Creeks. The saline zone and the unsaturated zone provide the majority of the dissolved solids found in the ground water. Precipitation, ion-exchange, and oxidation-reduction reactions are also occuring in the aquifer. Model simulations of ground-water pumpage in tracts C-a and C-b indicate that the altered direction of ground-water movement near the pumped mines will cause an improvement in ground-water quality near the mines and a degradation of water quality downgradient from the tracts. Model simulations of mine leaching in tract C-a and C-b indicate that equal rates of mine leaching in the tracts will produce much different effects on the water quality in the basin. Tract C-a, by virtue of its remote location from perennial streams, will primarily degrade the ground-water quality over a large area to the northeast of the tract. Tract C-b, by contrast, will primarily degrade the surface-water quality in Piceance Creek, with only localized effects on the ground-water quality. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/pp1196","usgsCitation":"Robson, S.G., and Saulnier, G., 1981, Hydrogeochemistry and simulated solute transport, Piceance Basin, northwestern Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1196, 65 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1196.","productDescription":"65 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123503,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1196/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":65450,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1196/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a50e4b07f02db628df9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robson, S. G.","contributorId":97102,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robson","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":220185,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Saulnier, G.J. Jr.","contributorId":45299,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saulnier","given":"G.J.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":220184,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":38605,"text":"pp1225 - 1981 - Petrogenetic modeling of a potential uranium source rock, Granite Mountains, Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:17","indexId":"pp1225","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1225","title":"Petrogenetic modeling of a potential uranium source rock, Granite Mountains, Wyoming","docAbstract":"Previous studies of the granite of Lankin Dome have led to the conclusion that this granite was a source for the sandstone-type uranium deposits in the basins that surround the Granite Mountains, Wyo. Q-mode factor analysis of 29 samples of this granite shows that five bulk compositions are required to explain the observed variances of 33 constituents in these samples. Models presented in this paper show that the origin of the granite can be accounted for by the mixing of a starting liquid with two ranges of solid compositions such that all five compositions are granitic. \r\n\r\nThere are several features of the granite of Lankin Dome that suggest derivation by partial melting and, because the proposed source region was inhomogeneous, that more than one of the five end members may have been a liquid. Data for the granite are compatible with derivation from rocks similar to those of the metamorphic complex that the granite intrudes. Evidence for crustal derivation by partial melting includes a strongly peraluminous nature, extremely high differentiation indices, high contents of incompatible elements, generally large negative Eu anomalies, and high initial lead and strontium isotopic ratios. If the granite of Lankin Dome originated by partial melting of a heterogeneous metamorphic complex, the initial magma could reasonably have been composed of a range of granitic liquids. \r\n\r\nFive variables were not well accounted for by a five-end-member model. Water, CO 2 , and U0 2 contents and the oxidation state of iron are all subject to variations caused by near-surface processes. The Q-mode factor analysis suggests that these four variables have a distribution determined by postmagmatic processes. The reason for failure of Cs0 2 to vary systematically with the other 33 variables is not known. Other granites that have lost large amounts of uranium possibly can be identified by Q-mode factor analysis.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/pp1225","usgsCitation":"Stuckless, J., and Miesch, A., 1981, Petrogenetic modeling of a potential uranium source rock, Granite Mountains, Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1225, 34 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1225.","productDescription":"34 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":170415,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1225/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":65424,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1225/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db649ee2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stuckless, J. S.","contributorId":6060,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stuckless","given":"J. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":220153,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miesch, A.T.","contributorId":88726,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miesch","given":"A.T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":220154,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":28255,"text":"wri8135 - 1981 - Ground-water resources of the White River basin, Madison County, Indiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-04T18:03:15.372006","indexId":"wri8135","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"81-35","title":"Ground-water resources of the White River basin, Madison County, Indiana","docAbstract":"

The ground-water resources of the White River basin in and near Madison County, Indiana, were investigated by mapping the aquifers, estimating their hydraulic properties, determining the distribution of potentiometric head in the aquifers, and estimating some of the components of the ground-water budget from data collected in the field. This information was used to construct and calibrate a five-layer, digital ground-water flow model. The model, constructed and calibrated to ground-water-level and seepage data collected during the study, simulates conditions for the autumn of 1976. The model was used to provide estimates of ground-water potential in terms of yield, drawdown, and depletion in streamflow.

Glacial drift covers nearly the entire study area and ranges in thickness from 0 to approximately 300 feet. Beneath the drift lie Ordovician to Devonian limestone, dolomite, and shale. A bedrock valley trends west-northwest through the center of the study area. Relief of the bedrock surface is approximately 325 feet.

Four confined sand and gravel aquifers interbedded in the glacial drift, a bedrock aquifer, and an unconfined outwash aquifer are the three most important aquifer systems in the study area. The nearly horizontal, areally discontinuous, confined sand and gravel aquifers have an average thickness of about 15 feet and an average hydraulic conductivity estimated to be 433 feet per day. The bedrock aquifer underlying the entire study area has a thick-ness estimated to be 150 feet and an average transmissivity estimated in previous studies in the basin to be 1,340 square feet per day. The unconfined outwash aquifer, although thin and narrow, is an important aquifer because of its proximity to sources of induced recharge.

Water-level fluctuations in observation wells in the basin indicate that the ground-water system is in dynamic equilibrium. Ground-water seepage to streams at 90-percent flow duration on October 1, 1976, was estimated to be between 15.9 and 74.4 cubic feet per second. Ground-water pumpage for 1976 was estimated to be 19.7 million gallons per day (30.5 cubic feet per second). The water budget, as simulated in the model, indicates that the rate of inflow to the ground-water system in the modeled area is 92.4 cubic feet per second. Of this, 78 percent is from effective areal recharge of precipitation, and 22 percent is from ground-water flow across the boundaries into the study area. Thirty-three percent of the ground-water outflow is pumpage, 59 percent is seepage to streams, and the remaining 8 percent is ground-water flow across the boundaries out of the study area.

Model simulations of eight pumping plans provide a general assessment of the water-yielding potential of the three major aquifer systems and indicate that as much as 2.5 million gallons per day can be obtained from well fields about half a square mile in area. Model results also indicate that, for as much as 2.5-million gallons per day pumping, flow in the large streams will not be significantly affected, whereas flow in the small streams may be significantly affected. In addition, simulations indicate that adding more wells to the well field northwest of Anderson, Ind., would probably be no more advantageous than increasing the pumpage in the existing wells. How-ever, well interference, well hydraulics, and pumping-level constraints were not considered in the investigation of alternative methods of expanding the well field. In developing the ground-water system in the area, use of many small, scattered well fields that produce less than about 3 million gallons per day may be more favorable hydrologically than a few, heavily pumped well fields.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri8135","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Indiana Department of Natural Resources","usgsCitation":"Lapham, W.W., 1981, Ground-water resources of the White River basin, Madison County, Indiana: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 81-35, vii, 112 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri8135.","productDescription":"vii, 112 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":380151,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1981/0035/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":159567,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1981/0035/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Indiana","county":"Madison","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-85.5784,40.3794],[-85.5763,40.0769],[-85.5774,39.9459],[-85.8624,39.9436],[-85.863,40.139],[-85.8617,40.2201],[-85.8621,40.3784],[-85.5784,40.3794]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Madison\",\"state\":\"IN\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db64931a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lapham, Wayne W.","contributorId":74734,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lapham","given":"Wayne","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199477,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":8969,"text":"ofr80422 - 1981 - Model of the ground-water flow system of the Gordo and Eutaw aquifers in west-central Alabama","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-15T15:48:19.995794","indexId":"ofr80422","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"80-422","title":"Model of the ground-water flow system of the Gordo and Eutaw aquifers in west-central Alabama","docAbstract":"

Hydrologic conditions for a two-aquifer system consisting of the Gordo and Eutaw aquifers of Cretaceous age in west-central Alabama were simulated using a three-dimensional finite difference digital model. The model was calibrated to observed heads in the aquifers using a least squares method for obtaining the values for hydraulic parameters which provided the best fit to 28 calibration points in the model. The standard error of estimate for computed heads in the model is 3.46 feet.

Data collected during the period of 1900 to 1970 indicate that the modeled aquifer system is in a steady-state condition. The results of steady-state model simulations show that about 56 percent of the discharge from the system is by upward vertical leakage through confining beds to rivers, about 18 percent is to unregulated flowing wells, 10 percent is to pumped wells, and 16 percent is to boundaries. The areal distribution of water in the aquifer containing chloride concentrations greater than 1,000 mg/L appears to be related to flow patterns in the system.

Areas of greatest head loss in the system are those where there is natural discharge and pumpage. More than 80 percent of the head loss in the system can be attributed to natural discharge by upward leakage through the confining beds.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr80422","collaboration":"Prepared by the United States Geological Survey in cooperation with Geological Survey of Alabama","usgsCitation":"Gardner, R.A., 1981, Model of the ground-water flow system of the Gordo and Eutaw aquifers in west-central Alabama: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 80-422, Report: 30 p.; 23 Figures: 7.61 x 10.38 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr80422.","productDescription":"Report: 30 p.; 23 Figures: 7.61 x 10.38 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":495502,"rank":24,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1980/0422/figure-24.pdf","text":"Figure 24","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":495503,"rank":23,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1980/0422/figure-23.pdf","text":"Figure 23","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":495504,"rank":22,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1980/0422/figure-22.pdf","text":"Figure 22","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":495505,"rank":21,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1980/0422/figure-21.pdf","text":"Figure 21","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":495508,"rank":19,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1980/0422/figure-19.pdf","text":"Figure 19","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":495510,"rank":17,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1980/0422/figure-17.pdf","text":"Figure 17","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":495511,"rank":16,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1980/0422/figure-16.pdf","text":"Figure 16","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":495494,"rank":10,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1980/0422/figure-9.pdf","text":"Figure 9","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":495495,"rank":9,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1980/0422/figure-8.pdf","text":"Figure 8","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":495496,"rank":8,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1980/0422/figure-7.pdf","text":"Figure 7","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":495497,"rank":7,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1980/0422/figure-6.pdf","text":"Figure 6","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":495498,"rank":6,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1980/0422/figure-5.pdf","text":"Figure 5","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":495499,"rank":5,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1980/0422/figure-4.pdf","text":"Figure 4","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":495500,"rank":4,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1980/0422/figure-3.pdf","text":"Figure 3","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":495501,"rank":25,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1980/0422/figure-25.pdf","text":"Figure 25","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":495507,"rank":3,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1980/0422/figure-2.pdf","text":"Figure 2","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":495509,"rank":18,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1980/0422/figure-18.pdf","text":"Figure 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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699a15","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gardner, Richard Alfred","contributorId":89134,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gardner","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"Alfred","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":158642,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":7083,"text":"ofr81881 - 1981 - Deepwell monitoring of strain-sensitive parameters over the greater Southern California uplift","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-16T14:53:44.998823","indexId":"ofr81881","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"81-881","title":"Deepwell monitoring of strain-sensitive parameters over the greater Southern California uplift","docAbstract":"

Several wells and springs near active faults in southern California have been monitored for the concentration of Rn, Na+ , K+ , Mg+2 , and Cl- for periods of up to 24 months, in an effort to see if any of these constituents show variations which may be related to seismic activity. Radon might reflect either a change in the rock surface area to pore volume ratio or a change in groundwater flow characteristics. The chemistry may change with a change in the flow characteristics. Only a few of these sites have shown significant fluctuations in either radon or chemistry. Data from cold springs are consistent with a model in which ionic constituents are controlled by reactions in the soil zone and radon concentrations are controlled by flow rates in the aquifer.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr81881","usgsCitation":"Henyey, T.L., Teng, T., Hammond, D.E., and Sammis, C., 1981, Deepwell monitoring of strain-sensitive parameters over the greater Southern California uplift: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 81-881, 55 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr81881.","productDescription":"55 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":495596,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0881/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":140187,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0881/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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C.G.","contributorId":77140,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sammis","given":"C.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":154230,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":10311,"text":"ofr81885 - 1981 - Vertical displacement measurements in Central California with a long-baseline two-fluid tiltmeter","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-15T19:55:19.081064","indexId":"ofr81885","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"81-885","title":"Vertical displacement measurements in Central California with a long-baseline two-fluid tiltmeter","docAbstract":"

The need for a water-tube tiltmeter and the details of its operation were covered by Eaton [1] in 1959. Since that time more modern instrumentation has allowed modification and further development beyond the basic single-tube fluid tiltmeter with a mechanical surface sensor. A number of instruments are discussed in connection with thermal errors in a paper by Bevan and Bilham [2] including one due to Huggett, et al. [3]. This particular instrument, the two-fluid tiltmeter, is the subject of this project. A laboratory single leg prototype developed by Terra Technology Corporation [4] was modified and expanded for use in a field test site in central California.

The two major differences in this fluid tiltmeter are the use of two parallel tubes filled with fluids of different thermal properties experiencing the same thermal environment and the design of the level sensors in the reservoirs. The latter being piezoelectric acoustic drivers (sonar type transducers) submerged in the liquid which detect the change in the surface height in the reservoirs.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr81885","usgsCitation":"Merchant, H.C., 1981, Vertical displacement measurements in Central California with a long-baseline two-fluid tiltmeter: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 81-885, 66 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr81885.","productDescription":"66 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":144262,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0885/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":495528,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0885/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United 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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a13e4b07f02db60220b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Merchant, Howard C.","contributorId":50160,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Merchant","given":"Howard","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":161180,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":8198,"text":"ofr81852 - 1981 - An archeological sample survey in the Cache Creek-Little Granite Creek area of the Bridger-Teton National Forest, western Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-15T17:36:03.892711","indexId":"ofr81852","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"81-852","title":"An archeological sample survey in the Cache Creek-Little Granite Creek area of the Bridger-Teton National Forest, western Wyoming","docAbstract":"

Archeological Services of Laramie, Wyoming, undertook a Class II archeological reconnaissance of a large tract of land in a proposed wilderness area in the Bridger-Teton National Forest. The findings were to be submitted for inclusion in an Environmental Impact Statement being assembled by Land Management Services of Jackson, Wyoming. The study area is being considered for possible drilling sites in the near future.

The project area lies on the southwest slope of the Gros Ventre Mountain Range in the Cache Creek-Little Granite Creek area in Teton County, north-western Wyoming. A total of 16 prehistoric sites and isolated finds were recorded within or immediately adjacent to the study area boundaries. The total surface area covered amounted to 1857 acres (or 5.7%) of the 32,580 acres included in the study. An intensive surface evaluation was completed of all staked projects (well locations and access roads) in the survey area. Exploratory or evaluative testing is recommended for the Getty Reserve well location and in one area on the NCRA well access route. Some form of further evaluation is recommended at thirteen other localities.

Fieldwork was conducted during September, 1980, by archeologists from Archeological Services. Subsequent analysis included the application of a model of site predictability based on the statistical analysis of environmental factors, such as slope, aspect, vegetation, soils, fauna and proximity to water.

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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad9e4b07f02db68521b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Caraveo, Carlos F.","contributorId":54987,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Caraveo","given":"Carlos","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":157327,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lau, Stephen","contributorId":80269,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lau","given":"Stephen","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":157328,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":9637,"text":"ofr81424 - 1981 - Outline for a hydrologic data base for Portugal","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-23T15:18:24.17282","indexId":"ofr81424","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"81-424","title":"Outline for a hydrologic data base for Portugal","docAbstract":"

The Agency for International Development requested the assistance of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) to help the Government of Portugal in the investigation and management of ground water resources in the Algarve region. The assistance was to be provided in four specialty areas, but the scope of this report is limited to making recommendations on the design of a hydrologic data base for Portugal.

It is recommended that a small data base be developed initially to meet the needs for ground-water data in the Algarve region utilizing personnel in the Division of Geohydrology in the Directorate of Water Resources Development. This data base may eventually be expanded to cover all regions of Portugal and include all types of hydrologic data, including streamflow, precipitation, and surface-water quality, as well as groundwater data. Consideration should be given to implementing a commercial data base management system (DBMS) in 2-3 years when significant amounts of data, including surface-water data, begin to be entered from other regions of Portugal.

Training in computer programming and data base systems should be provided to provide a broad base of support for the data base system and groundwater modeling.

It is also recommended that a uniform system for identifying hydrologic sites and basins be developed for eventual use by all agencies (departments) involved in water resources development and management in Portugal.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr81424","usgsCitation":"Hutchison, N.E., 1981, Outline for a hydrologic data base for Portugal: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 81-424, iv, 142 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr81424.","productDescription":"iv, 142 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":495902,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0424/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":141966,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0424/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Portugal","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -6.041841774705205,\n 42.33077581152199\n ],\n [\n -9.882871059050842,\n 42.33077581152199\n ],\n [\n -9.882871059050842,\n 36.77641394499072\n ],\n [\n -6.041841774705205,\n 36.77641394499072\n ],\n [\n -6.041841774705205,\n 42.33077581152199\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae4e4b07f02db68a3bd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hutchison, Norman E.","contributorId":71161,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hutchison","given":"Norman","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":160030,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70203855,"text":"70203855 - 1981 - Preliminary analysis of energy flow impacts of a river rediversion","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-06-17T12:50:19","indexId":"70203855","displayToPublicDate":"1981-12-31T12:32:47","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"displayTitle":"Preliminary analysis of energy flow impacts of a river rediversion","title":"Preliminary analysis of energy flow impacts of a river rediversion","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Energy and ecological modelling : proceedings of a symposium held from 20 to 23 April 1981 at Louisville, Kentucky","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","usgsCitation":"McKellar, H., Homer, M., Pearlstine, L., and Kitchens, W.M., 1981, Preliminary analysis of energy flow impacts of a river rediversion, in Energy and ecological modelling : proceedings of a symposium held from 20 to 23 April 1981 at Louisville, Kentucky, p. 315-326.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"315","endPage":"326","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":364743,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"South Carolina","otherGeospatial":"Cooper River, Santee River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -80.41717529296875,\n 32.76418137510082\n ],\n [\n -79.69207763671875,\n 32.76418137510082\n ],\n [\n -79.69207763671875,\n 33.552840110956154\n ],\n [\n -80.41717529296875,\n 33.552840110956154\n ],\n [\n -80.41717529296875,\n 32.76418137510082\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McKellar, H.","contributorId":216308,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McKellar","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":764474,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Homer, M.","contributorId":216309,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Homer","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":764475,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pearlstine, L.","contributorId":117285,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pearlstine","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":764476,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kitchens, Wiley M. kitchensw@usgs.gov","contributorId":2851,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kitchens","given":"Wiley","email":"kitchensw@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":764477,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70209283,"text":"70209283 - 1981 - Shear zone between the Inner Piedmont and Kings Mountain belts in the Carolinas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-27T07:47:41","indexId":"70209283","displayToPublicDate":"1981-12-31T07:40:47","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Shear zone between the Inner Piedmont and Kings Mountain belts in the Carolinas","docAbstract":"

The Kings Mountain shear zone, which marks the boundary between the Inner Piedmont and Kings Mountain belts near the NC-SC state line, is a northeast-striking, steeply to moderately dipping zone of ductile mylonitic deformation and late-stage semibrittle deformation. The zone is at least 60 km long and is no more than a few hundred metres wide. It truncates rock units of both belts. The juxtaposition of two lithologically different terranes suggests that displacement may be considerable, probably on the order of kilometres. Inconclusive evidence suggests that the northwest (Inner Piedmont) side is upthrown. The Kings Mountain zone is one of several in the southern Appalachian Piedmont that were active during a Middle to Late Devonian (Acadian?) deformational event, and it may be part of a regional fault system extending from AL to VA. The Kings Mountain, Lowndesville, and Towaliga zones may be a single zone more than 550 km long. © 1981 Geological Society of America.

","language":"English ","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(1981)9<28:SZBTIP>2.0.CO;2","issn":"00917613","usgsCitation":"Horton,, J., 1981, Shear zone between the Inner Piedmont and Kings Mountain belts in the Carolinas: Geology, v. 9, no. 1, p. 28-33, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1981)9<28:SZBTIP>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"6 p. ","startPage":"28","endPage":"33","costCenters":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":373566,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States ","state":"North Carolina, South Carolina ","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.27685546875,\n 34.74161249883172\n ],\n [\n -80.26611328125,\n 34.74161249883172\n ],\n [\n -80.26611328125,\n 35.53222622770337\n ],\n [\n -81.27685546875,\n 35.53222622770337\n ],\n [\n -81.27685546875,\n 34.74161249883172\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"9","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Horton,, J. Wright Jr. 0000-0001-6756-6365","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6756-6365","contributorId":219824,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Horton,","given":"J. Wright","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":785758,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70186530,"text":"70186530 - 1981 - Chrysophyte cysts as potential environmental indicators","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-05T10:03:17","indexId":"70186530","displayToPublicDate":"1981-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chrysophyte cysts as potential environmental indicators","docAbstract":"

Many Chrysophyte algae produce morphologically distinctive, siliceous, microscopic cysts during a resting stage of their life cycles; these cysts are often preserved in sediments. Scanning electron microscopy and Nomarski optics permit much more detailed observation of these cysts than was heretofore possible. We have used an ecologic and biogeographic approach to study the distribution of cyst forms in sediments and have established that many cyst types are found only in specific habitats, such as montane lakes, wet meadows, ephemeral ponds, and Sphagnum bogs. In the samples we have studied, cysts seem to be most common in fluctuating fresh-water habitats of low to moderate pH and some winter freezing. Numerous taxonomic problems have yet to be resolved. We believe that chrysophyte cysts have the potential to become a useful tool for both modern environmental assessments and paleoecological studies of Cenozoic fresh-water lacustrine deposits.

","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1981)92<839:CCAPEI>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Adam, D.P., and Mahood, A.D., 1981, Chrysophyte cysts as potential environmental indicators: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 92, no. 11, p. 839-844, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1981)92<839:CCAPEI>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"839","endPage":"844","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":339192,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"92","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e60287e4b09da6799ac6ff","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Adam, David P.","contributorId":36132,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adam","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688615,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mahood, Albert D.","contributorId":97493,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mahood","given":"Albert","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688616,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70188946,"text":"70188946 - 1981 - On the use of nonlinear soil models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-27T16:47:56","indexId":"70188946","displayToPublicDate":"1981-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"On the use of nonlinear soil models","docAbstract":"

The basic definitions of, and the differences between, currently available soil models are reviewed. These models are applied to site response analyses where two depths and two levels of base input motion are considered. Computational results are presented and compared with regard to the effects of using different soil models on computed site response. Other implications resulting from the choice of soil model for seismic response analysis are also discussed. 

","largerWorkType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings: First International Conference on Recent Advances in Geochemical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"conferenceTitle":"1981 - First International Conference on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering & Soil Dynamics","conferenceDate":"April 26-May 3, 1981","conferenceLocation":"St. Louis, MO","language":"English","publisher":"International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics","usgsCitation":"Chen, A.T., 1981, On the use of nonlinear soil models, in Proceedings: First International Conference on Recent Advances in Geochemical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics, St. Louis, MO, April 26-May 3, 1981, p. 435-440.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"435","endPage":"440","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":343046,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59536ee2e4b062508e3c7b2b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chen, Albert T.F.","contributorId":80671,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chen","given":"Albert","email":"","middleInitial":"T.F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":701472,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70188955,"text":"70188955 - 1981 - Conceptual models governing leaching behavior and their long-term predictive capability","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-27T18:21:14","indexId":"70188955","displayToPublicDate":"1981-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5440,"text":"Nuclear and Chemical Waste Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Conceptual models governing leaching behavior and their long-term predictive capability","docAbstract":"

Six models that may be used to describe the interaction of radioactive waste solids with aqueous solutions are as follows:

  1. Simple linear mass transfer;
  2. Simple parabolic mass transfer;
  3. Parabolic mass transfer with the formation of a diffusion-limiting surface layer at an arbitrary time;
  4. Initial parabolic mass transfer followed by linear mass transfer at an arbitrary time;
  5. Parabolic (or linear) mass transfer and concomitant surface sorption; and
  6. Parabolic (or linear) mass transfer and concomitant chemical precipitation.

Some of these models lead to either illogical or unrealistic predictions when published data are extrapolated to long times. These predictions result because most data result from short-term experimentation. Probably for longer times, processes will occur that have not been observed in the shorter experiments. This hypothesis has been verified by mass-transfer data from laboratory experiments using natural volcanic glass to predict the composition of groundwater. That such rate-limiting mechanisms do occur is reassuring, although now it is not possible to deduce a single mass-transfer limiting mechanism that could control the solution concentration of all components of all waste forms being investigated. Probably the most reasonable mechanisms are surface sorption and chemical precipitation of the species of interest. Another is limiting of mass transfer by chemical precipitation on the waste form surface of a substance not containing the species of interest, that is, presence of a diffusion-limiting layer. The presence of sorption and chemical precipitation as factors limiting mass transfer has been verified in natural groundwater systems, whereas the diffusion-limiting mechanism has not been verified yet.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0191-815X(81)90056-5","usgsCitation":"Claassen, H.C., 1981, Conceptual models governing leaching behavior and their long-term predictive capability: Nuclear and Chemical Waste Management, v. 2, no. 4, p. 307-313, https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-815X(81)90056-5.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"307","endPage":"313","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":343054,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59536ee1e4b062508e3c7b29","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Claassen, Hans C.","contributorId":25165,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Claassen","given":"Hans","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":701605,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70188978,"text":"70188978 - 1981 - Progradational sequences in Miocene shoreline deposits, southeastern Caliente Range, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-22T11:05:06.590031","indexId":"70188978","displayToPublicDate":"1981-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2450,"text":"Journal of Sedimentary Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Progradational sequences in Miocene shoreline deposits, southeastern Caliente Range, California","docAbstract":"

An exceptionally well exposed marine-nonmarine transition in middle Miocene strata exists in the southeastern Caliente Range, California. About 50 individual progradational sequences form a succession that ranges in thickness from approximately 1000 m (where predominantly nonmarine) to more than 2500 m (where predominantly marine). Paleogreographic evidence in basalt flows near the top of the succession and in overlying fluvial deposists indicates that these middle Miocene strata were deposited across a north-northwest trending shoreline.

A complete progradational sequence typically is several meters to a few tens of meters thick and includes strata that represent three intertonguing stratigraphic units. Individual sequences generally rest on a thin gravel deposit interpreted as a transgressive lag on an erosional surface. The gravel is overlain by structureless siltstone or fine-grained sandstone deposited at water depths where the rate of faunal mixing exceeded that of production of structures by physical processes. These rocks grade upward into bedded fine sandstone deposited closer to shore where physical processes exceeded bioturbation. Crossbedded lenses of coarse sand or fine gravel in the upper part of this facies suggest the presence of failry long-period surface waves. The bedded fine sandstone is sharply overlain by a crossbedded coarse sandstone facies that is interpreted as a combined offshore bar-rip channel-surf zone assemblage. Cross-strata dip dominantly offshore, suggesting substantial deposition from rip currents. A secondary, shore=parallel mode of cross-strata direction suggests longshore currents produced by surface waves from the northwest. The crossbedded coarse-grained sandstone grades upward into planar-bedded medium-grained sandstone that is interpreted as a beach foreshore. This facies grades upward through structureless medium-grained sandstone into nonmarine or lagoonal red and green mudstone of the Caliente Formation.

The middle Miocene succession was deposited in a subsiding basin that was otherwise remarkably stable tectonically; the position of the strand line differed no more than a few kilometers through a period of 1 to 3 m.y. The average duration of the transgressive-regressive cycles, a few tens of thousands of years, together with their distribution in groups of three or four in the lower two-thirds of the succession, is consistent with the pattern of long-term climatic cycles produced by periodicity of the earth's solar orbit and may be related to eustatic sea level changes attendant to the development of the Antarctic ice cap. Changes in the pattern of progradation in the upper part of the succession and nearby basaltic eruptions may hav been precursors to the onset of movement along the San Andreas fault in this area 12-14 m.y. ago.

","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists","doi":"10.1306/212F7C39-2B24-11D7-8648000102C1865D","usgsCitation":"Clifton, H.E., 1981, Progradational sequences in Miocene shoreline deposits, southeastern Caliente Range, California: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 51, no. 1, p. 165-184, https://doi.org/10.1306/212F7C39-2B24-11D7-8648000102C1865D.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"165","endPage":"184","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":343064,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Caliente Range","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -120.34973144531249,\n 34.864524651614815\n ],\n [\n -119.66033935546875,\n 34.864524651614815\n ],\n [\n -119.66033935546875,\n 35.35545618392078\n ],\n [\n -120.34973144531249,\n 35.35545618392078\n ],\n [\n -120.34973144531249,\n 34.864524651614815\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"51","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59660f16e4b0d1f9f05cef32","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clifton, H. Edward","contributorId":46503,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clifton","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"Edward","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":702164,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70188987,"text":"70188987 - 1981 - Modeling natural gas reservoirs: A simple model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-28T11:29:16","indexId":"70188987","displayToPublicDate":"1981-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3411,"text":"Society of Petroleum Engineers journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modeling natural gas reservoirs: A simple model","docAbstract":"

A mathematical model is developed and tested for the production of natural gas with water encroachment and gas entrapment. The model is built on the material and volumetric balance relations, the Schilthuis water drive model, and a gas entrapment mechanism which assumes that the rate of gas entrapment is proportional to the volumetric rate of water influx. This model represents an alternative to the large grid models because of its low computer, maintenance, and manpower costs.

","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Petroleum Engineers","doi":"10.2118/9024-PA","usgsCitation":"Collier, R.S., and Monash, E., 1981, Modeling natural gas reservoirs: A simple model: Society of Petroleum Engineers journal, v. 21, no. 5, p. 521-526, https://doi.org/10.2118/9024-PA.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"521","endPage":"526","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":343073,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"21","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1981-10-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59660f16e4b0d1f9f05cef30","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Collier, Richard S.","contributorId":193830,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Collier","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":702290,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Monash, E.A.","contributorId":9527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Monash","given":"E.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":702291,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70188834,"text":"70188834 - 1981 - Late Quaternary environmental history of Lake Valencia, Venezuela","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-26T10:16:04","indexId":"70188834","displayToPublicDate":"1981-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Late Quaternary environmental history of Lake Valencia, Venezuela","docAbstract":"

Chemical, paleontological, and mineralogical analyses of a 7.5-meter core from the middle of Lake Valencia, Venezuela, have provided information on the paleoclimatic history of this low-elevation, low-latitude site for the last 13,000 years. The data show that dry climates existed in this region from 13,000 years before present (B.P.) until about 10,000 years B.P. The Lake Valencia Basin was occupied by intermittent saline marshes at that time. About 10,000 years B.P., a permanent lake of fluctuating salinity formed and arboreal plant communities replaced the earlier dominant xeric herbaceous vegetation and marsh plants. By 8500 years B.P., Lake Valencia reached moderate to low salinities and discharged water; the modern vegetation became established at that time. After 8500 years B.P., the lake twice ceased discharging as a result of reduced watershed moisture. The second of these drying episodes is still in progress and has been aggravated by human activities in the watershed.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.214.4527.1299","usgsCitation":"Bradbury, J.P., Leyden, B., Baker, M., Lewis, W., Schubert, C., Binford, M., Whitehead, D., and Weibezahn, F., 1981, Late Quaternary environmental history of Lake Valencia, Venezuela: Science, v. 214, no. 4527, p. 1299-1305, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.214.4527.1299.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"1299","endPage":"1305","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":342857,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Venezuela","otherGeospatial":"Lake Valencia","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -67.80967712402344,\n 10.228437266155943\n ],\n [\n -67.82752990722656,\n 10.23316736233635\n ],\n [\n -67.83851623535156,\n 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Platt","contributorId":91106,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradbury","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Platt","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":700582,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Leyden, B.","contributorId":83272,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Leyden","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":700583,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Baker, M.R.","contributorId":193474,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Baker","given":"M.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":700584,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lewis, W.M. Jr.","contributorId":17374,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lewis","given":"W.M.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":700585,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Schubert, C.","contributorId":93196,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schubert","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":700586,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Binford, M.W.","contributorId":75687,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Binford","given":"M.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":700587,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Whitehead, D.R.","contributorId":58398,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whitehead","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":700588,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Weibezahn, F.H.","contributorId":13377,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weibezahn","given":"F.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":700589,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70188763,"text":"70188763 - 1981 - Lower Eocene alluvial paleosols (Willwood Formation, Northwest Wyoming, U.S.A.) and their significance for paleoecology, paleoclimatology, and basin analysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-22T17:54:45","indexId":"70188763","displayToPublicDate":"1981-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2996,"text":"Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology","printIssn":"0031-0182","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lower Eocene alluvial paleosols (Willwood Formation, Northwest Wyoming, U.S.A.) and their significance for paleoecology, paleoclimatology, and basin analysis","docAbstract":"

The lower Eocene Willwood Formation of northwest Wyoming is a 700 m thick accumulation of alluvial floodplain and channel mudstones and sandstones, nearly all of which show paleopedogenic modifications. Pedogenesis of Willwood sandstones is indicated by taproot and vertebrate and invertebrate bioturbation, early local cementation by calcium carbonate, and thin illuviation cutans on clastic grains. Pedogenesis in Willwood mudstones is indicated by plant bioturbation, insect and other invertebrate burrow casts and lebensspuren; free iron, aluminum, and manganese mobilization, including hydromorphic gleying; sesquioxide and calcareous glaebule formation in lower parts of the solum; presence of clay-rich and organic carbon-rich zones; and well differentiated epipedons and albic and spodic horizons. Probable A horizons are also locally well developed.

Occurrence of variegated paleosol units in thick floodplain mudstone deposits and their association with thin, lenticular, and unconnected fluvial sandstones in the Willwood Formation of the central and southeast Bighorn Basin suggest that these soils formed during times of rapid sediment accumulation. The tabular geometry and lateral persistence of soil units as well as the absence of catenization indicate that Willwood floodplains were broad and essentially featureless.

All Willwood paleosols were developed on alluvial parent materials and are complex in that B horizons of younger paleosols were commonly superimposed upon and mask properties of suspected A and B horizons of the next older paleosols. The soils appear to be wet varieties of the Spodosol and Entisol groups (aquods and ferrods, and aquents, respectively), though thick, superposed and less mottled red, purple, and yellow paleosols resemble some ultisols. Most Willwood paleosols resemble warm temperate to subtropical alluvial soils that form today under alternating wet and dry conditions and (or) fluctuating water tables. The up-section decrease in frequency of gley mottles, increase in numerical proportion and thickness of red versus orange coloration, and increase in abundance of calcrete glaebules indicate better drained soils and probably drier climate in late Willwood time. This drying is believed to be related to creation of rain shadows and spacing of rainfall (but not necessarily decrease in absolute rainfall) due to progressive tectonic structural elevation of the mountainous margins of the Bighorn Basin.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0031-0182(81)90056-0","usgsCitation":"Bown, T.M., and Kraus, M.J., 1981, Lower Eocene alluvial paleosols (Willwood Formation, Northwest Wyoming, U.S.A.) and their significance for paleoecology, paleoclimatology, and basin analysis: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 34, p. 1-30, https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(81)90056-0.","productDescription":"30 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"30","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":342802,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Bighorn Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -109.3304443359375,\n 45.00753503123719\n ],\n [\n -109.3359375,\n 44.99199795382439\n ],\n [\n -109.2919921875,\n 44.78183504339988\n ],\n [\n -109.1876220703125,\n 44.56307730757893\n ],\n [\n -109.22607421875,\n 44.42593442145313\n ],\n [\n -109.49523925781249,\n 44.315987905196906\n ],\n [\n -109.4622802734375,\n 44.27273816279087\n ],\n [\n -109.25354003906249,\n 44.327777761284416\n ],\n [\n -109.12170410156249,\n 44.31205742666618\n ],\n [\n -109.1546630859375,\n 44.209772586984485\n ],\n [\n -109.27001953125,\n 44.15068115978094\n ],\n [\n -109.2864990234375,\n 44.09547572946637\n ],\n [\n -109.1326904296875,\n 44.02442151965934\n ],\n [\n -109.0228271484375,\n 44.008620115415354\n ],\n [\n -109.0283203125,\n 43.80678314779554\n ],\n [\n -108.9019775390625,\n 43.691707903073805\n ],\n [\n -108.7591552734375,\n 43.59630591596548\n ],\n [\n -108.34716796875,\n 43.53660274231031\n ],\n [\n -107.7374267578125,\n 43.44494295526125\n ],\n [\n -107.29248046875,\n 43.476840397778936\n ],\n [\n -107.193603515625,\n 43.57243174740972\n ],\n [\n -107.0892333984375,\n 43.695679697898825\n ],\n [\n -107.1221923828125,\n 43.957236472025635\n ],\n [\n -107.24853515625,\n 44.19402066387343\n ],\n [\n -107.4517822265625,\n 44.351350365612326\n ],\n [\n -107.4737548828125,\n 44.44554600843547\n ],\n [\n -107.6385498046875,\n 44.6061127451739\n ],\n [\n -107.9351806640625,\n 44.69989765840318\n ],\n [\n -108.1219482421875,\n 45.131679975460536\n ],\n [\n -108.1878662109375,\n 45.38301927899065\n ],\n [\n -109.017333984375,\n 45.41773242370463\n ],\n [\n -109.18212890625,\n 45.251688256117646\n ],\n [\n -109.3304443359375,\n 45.00753503123719\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"34","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"594cd743e4b062508e3951f9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bown, Thomas M.","contributorId":67081,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bown","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":699822,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kraus, M. J.","contributorId":44605,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kraus","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":699823,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70188745,"text":"70188745 - 1981 - Changes in the Seismicity and Focal Mechanism of Small Earthquakes Prior to an MS 6.7 Earthquake in the Central Aleutian Island Arc","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-22T15:24:10","indexId":"70188745","displayToPublicDate":"1981-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Changes in the Seismicity and Focal Mechanism of Small Earthquakes Prior to an MS 6.7 Earthquake in the Central Aleutian Island Arc","docAbstract":"

On November 4 1977, a magnitude Ms 6.7 (mb 5.7) shallow-focus thrust earthquake occurred in the vicinity of the Adak seismographic network in the central Aleutian island arc. The earthquake and its aftershock sequence occurred in an area that had not experienced a similar sequence since at least 1964. About 13 1/2 months before the main shock, the rate of occurrence of very small magnitude earthquakes increased abruptly in the immediate vicinity of the impending main shock. To search for possible variations in the focal mechanism of small events preceding the main shock, a method was developed that objectively combines first-motion data to generate composite focal-mechanism information about events occurring within a small source region. The method could not be successfully applied to the whole study area, but the results show that starting about 10 1/2 months before the November 1977 earthquake, there was a change in the mechanism of small- to moderate-sized earthquakes in the immediate vicinity of the hypocenter and possibly in other parts of the eventual aftershock zone, but not in the surrounding regions.

","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Earthquake prediction—Addresses, essays, lectures","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/ME004p0348","usgsCitation":"Billington, S., Engdahl, E., and Price, S., 1981, Changes in the Seismicity and Focal Mechanism of Small Earthquakes Prior to an MS 6.7 Earthquake in the Central Aleutian Island Arc, chap. of Earthquake prediction—Addresses, essays, lectures, v. 4, p. 348-356, https://doi.org/10.1029/ME004p0348.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"348","endPage":"356","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":342782,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-03-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"594cd744e4b062508e395202","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Billington, Serena","contributorId":193280,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Billington","given":"Serena","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":699597,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Engdahl, E.R.","contributorId":22906,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Engdahl","given":"E.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":699598,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Price, Stephanie","contributorId":193281,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Price","given":"Stephanie","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":699599,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70188669,"text":"70188669 - 1981 - Rare-earth element geochemistry of the island-arc volcanic rocks of Rabaul and Talasea, New Britain","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-20T17:37:39","indexId":"70188669","displayToPublicDate":"1981-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rare-earth element geochemistry of the island-arc volcanic rocks of Rabaul and Talasea, New Britain","docAbstract":"

The island-arc volcanic rocks of Rabaul and Talasea, New Britain, range in composition from basalt through rhyolite. Rare-earth elements have been determined by mass-spectrometric isotope dilution in 16 samples. Chondrite-normalized rare-earth element patterns are distinct for each volcanic center, but all are relatively flat (Ce/YbE.F. = 1.1 to 3.0). Within each center, rare-earth element concentrations increase from basalt to dacite, and Eu anomalies become progressively more negative from basalt to dacite (Eu/Eu* = 1.0 to 0.8). Lavas inferred to contain cumulate phenocrysts show positive Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu* of up to 1.2). The observed variations are consistent with fractional crystallization of basalt or basaltic andesite by removal or accumulation of the observed phenocrysts, including olivine, plagioclase, pyroxene, and opaque minerals. Quantitative trace-element models for Talasea lavas indicate precipitation of 50 wt percent of phenocrysts from basalt to produce andesite and an additional 22 wt percent to produce dacite. A total-equilibrium model provides the best approximation to observed concentrations, implying that the process took place at a depth sufficient to allow slow cooling of the magma as precipitation proceeded. The “least fractionated” basalts and basaltic andesites are similar in rare-earth element pattern to those of corresponding type suites in other oceanic-island arcs, implying a widespread uniformity of source and process in the production of each magma type.

","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1981)92<858:REGOTI>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Arth, J.G., 1981, Rare-earth element geochemistry of the island-arc volcanic rocks of Rabaul and Talasea, New Britain: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 92, no. 11, p. 858-863, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1981)92<858:REGOTI>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"858","endPage":"863","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":342690,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"92","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"594a342be4b062508e36af6d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Arth, Joseph G.","contributorId":104546,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arth","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":698855,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70188665,"text":"70188665 - 1981 - Subdivision and regional stratigraphy of the pre-Punta Gorda rocks (lowermost cretaceous-jurassic?) in South Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-20T16:52:14","indexId":"70188665","displayToPublicDate":"1981-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1871,"text":"Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies Transactions","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Subdivision and regional stratigraphy of the pre-Punta Gorda rocks (lowermost cretaceous-jurassic?) in South Florida","docAbstract":"

In recent years several wells have been drilled in the South Florida Basin through carbonate and evaporite sequences to depths as much as 5,300 ft below the Punta Gorda Anhydrite. The deepest well penetrated igneous basement rocks to a total depth of 18, 670 ft. Correlation of anhydrite beds below the Punta Gorda has revealed several thick anhydrite units (200 to 400 ft) with regional persistence.

The pre-Punta Gorda section is subdivided into four easily identifiable units listed in order of increasing age — Lehigh Acres (lowermost Comanchean), Pumpkin Bay (upper Coahuilan), Bone Island (lower Coahuilan), and Wood River (Jurassic?) Formations, all newly named in this report. In addition, the Lehigh Acres is divided into the West Felda Shale (base), Twelve Mile, and Able Members which are also named and defined in this report. Geochemical evidence indicates that the Lehigh Acres unit and the upper part of the Pumpkin Bay unit contain the most likely source beds for petroleum.

Only two production tests have been carried out in the basin in strata below the oil-productive Sunniland Limestone. One was through casing in a Wood River dolomite zone. It reportedly produced water and some gas. The other was a drill stem test in an upper Pumpkin Bay dolomite zone which produced only water. In the Gulf Florida State Lease 826Y (Permit No. 275), a moderately porous, 350-ft-thick Pumpkin Bay dolomite zone was observed. As this well is west of the axis of the basin, better reservoir conditions presumably exist on the West Florida shelf than onshore.

","language":"English","publisher":"Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies","usgsCitation":"Applegate, A., Winston, G.O., and Palacas, J.G., 1981, Subdivision and regional stratigraphy of the pre-Punta Gorda rocks (lowermost cretaceous-jurassic?) in South Florida: Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies Transactions, v. 31, no. 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\"}}]}","volume":"31","issue":"Supplement","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"594a342ce4b062508e36af6f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Applegate, A.V.","contributorId":9911,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Applegate","given":"A.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":698846,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Winston, George O.","contributorId":193157,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Winston","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":698847,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Palacas, James George","contributorId":72791,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Palacas","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"George","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":698848,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70186536,"text":"70186536 - 1981 - Deep volcanic tremor and magma ascent mechanism under Kilauea, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-05T10:28:53","indexId":"70186536","displayToPublicDate":"1981-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Deep volcanic tremor and magma ascent mechanism under Kilauea, Hawaii","docAbstract":"

Deep harmonic tremor originating at depths around 40 km under Kilauea was studied using records accumulated since 1962 at the Hawaii Volcano Observatory of the U.S. Geological Survey. The deep source of the tremor was determined by onset times and confirmed by the relative amplitude across the island-wide network of seismometers. The period of tremor was conclusively shown to be determined by the source effect and not by the path or station site effect because the period would change considerably in time but maintained uniformity across the seismic net during the tremor episode. The tremor appeared to be primarily composed of P waves. We interpret the observed period and amplitude in terms of the stationary crack model of Aki et al. (1977) and find that the seismic moment rates for deep tremors are considerably larger than those for shallow-tremors suggesting more vigorous transport for the former. We propose a kinematic source model which may be more appropriate for deep tremor. According to this model, a measurable quantity called ‘reduced displacement’ is directly proportional to the rate of magma flow. A systematic search for deep tremor episodes was made for the period from 1962 through 1979, and the amplitude, period, and duration of the tremor were tabulated. We then constructed a cumulative reduced-displacement plot over the 18-year period. The result shows a generally steady process which does not seem to be significantly affected by major eruptions and large earthquakes near the surface. The total magma flow estimated from the reduced displacement is however, one order of magnitude smaller than that estimated by Swanson (1972). It may be that most channels transport magma aseismically, and only those with strong barriers generate tremor.

","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/JB086iB08p07095","usgsCitation":"Aki, K., and Koyanagi, R., 1981, Deep volcanic tremor and magma ascent mechanism under Kilauea, Hawaii: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 86, no. B8, p. 7095-7109, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB086iB08p07095.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"7095","endPage":"7109","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":339198,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Kilauea","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -159.8675537109375,\n 21.778630076828534\n ],\n [\n -159.17266845703125,\n 21.778630076828534\n ],\n [\n -159.17266845703125,\n 22.328481987166487\n ],\n [\n -159.8675537109375,\n 22.328481987166487\n ],\n [\n -159.8675537109375,\n 21.778630076828534\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"86","issue":"B8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e60287e4b09da6799ac6fb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Aki, Keiiti","contributorId":88790,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aki","given":"Keiiti","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688647,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Koyanagi, Robert Y","contributorId":117756,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koyanagi","given":"Robert Y","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688648,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70186542,"text":"70186542 - 1981 - Proterozoic zircon from augen gneiss, Yukon-Tanana Upland, east-central Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-22T15:32:41.221491","indexId":"70186542","displayToPublicDate":"1981-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Proterozoic zircon from augen gneiss, Yukon-Tanana Upland, east-central Alaska","docAbstract":"

U-Th-Pb analyses of zircons from an ortho-augen gneiss body in the Yukon-Tanana Upland of east-central Alaska yield strong evidence for the presence of early Proterozoic material in this area. U-Pb data define a chord that intersects concordia at about 2,300 and 345 m.y. We consider two interpretations: (1) the protolith was intruded during the Proterozoic and was subsequently metamorphosed in the Paleozoic or, more likely, (2) the protolith was intruded in the Paleozoic and incorporated material of Proterozoic age. An Sm-Nd model age of about 1,900 m.y. on a whole-rock sample of augen gneiss is additional evidence for the presence of Proterozoic material in the gneiss. K-Ar and U-Th-Pb dating of mica and sphene, respectively, reveal that younger thermal events occurred at least as recently as 110 m.y. ago.

","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Survey of America","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(1981)9<469:PZFAGY>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Aleinikoff, J.N., Dusel-Bacon, C., Foster, H.L., and Futa, K., 1981, Proterozoic zircon from augen gneiss, Yukon-Tanana Upland, east-central Alaska: Geology, v. 9, no. 10, p. 469-473, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1981)9<469:PZFAGY>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"469","endPage":"473","costCenters":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":339207,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Yukon-Tanana Upland","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -153.02027601699135,\n 66.3079185928409\n ],\n [\n -153.02027601699135,\n 63.24952491845639\n ],\n [\n -140.99256333560837,\n 63.24952491845639\n ],\n [\n -140.99256333560837,\n 66.3079185928409\n ],\n [\n -153.02027601699135,\n 66.3079185928409\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"9","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e60286e4b09da6799ac6f9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Aleinikoff, John N. 0000-0003-3494-6841 jaleinikoff@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3494-6841","contributorId":1478,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aleinikoff","given":"John","email":"jaleinikoff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":688671,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dusel-Bacon, Cynthia 0000-0001-8481-739X cdusel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8481-739X","contributorId":2797,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dusel-Bacon","given":"Cynthia","email":"cdusel@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":688672,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Foster, Helen L.","contributorId":56195,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foster","given":"Helen","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688673,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Futa, Kiyoto 0000-0001-8649-7510 kfuta@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8649-7510","contributorId":619,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Futa","given":"Kiyoto","email":"kfuta@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":688674,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70186551,"text":"70186551 - 1981 - Rectangular harmonic analysis applied to the geomagnetic field","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-05T11:43:37","indexId":"70186551","displayToPublicDate":"1981-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rectangular harmonic analysis applied to the geomagnetic field","docAbstract":"

Spherical harmonic analysis of the earth's magnetic field is limited in the resolution that can be obtained. This limitation is caused by inadequacies of computers and of available data sets. The fundamental wavelength in spherical harmonic analysis is the circumference of the earth. To resolve wavelengths as short as 100 km would require a spherical harmonic analysis carried out to a degree and order 400 involving 160,800 coefficients. This is impractical even with modern computers. This limitation of spherical harmonic analysis can be overcome by using rectangular harmonic analysis in successively smaller areas so that the data are more fully utilized. Rectangular harmonic analysis is illustrated for data from Europe and then again for a subset of the data from a smaller area of Europe. The magnetic field at 15 observatories for the smaller area can be computed to an rms residual of only 7 nT for all three components using two sets of rectangular harmonic coefficients and the AWC/75 world chart model. Rectangular harmonic analysis and spherical harmonic analysis are complementary.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB086iB04p03021","usgsCitation":"Alldredge, L., 1981, Rectangular harmonic analysis applied to the geomagnetic field: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 86, no. B4, p. 3021-3026, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB086iB04p03021.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"3021","endPage":"3026","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":339213,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Europe","volume":"86","issue":"B4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e60286e4b09da6799ac6f7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Alldredge, L.R.","contributorId":53457,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alldredge","given":"L.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688707,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70012151,"text":"70012151 - 1981 - Late Quaternary environmental history of Lake Valencia, Venezuela","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-12-23T14:40:29.676901","indexId":"70012151","displayToPublicDate":"1981-12-18T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Late Quaternary environmental history of Lake Valencia, Venezuela","docAbstract":"

Chemical, paleontological, and mineralogical analyses of a 7.5-meter core from the middle of Lake Valencia, Venezuela, have provided information on the paleoclimatic history of this low-elevation, low-latitude site for the last 13,000 years. The data show that dry climates existed in this region from 13,000 years before present (B.P.) until about 10,000 years B.P. The Lake Valencia Basin was occupied by intermittent saline marshes at that time. About 10,000 years B.P., a permanent lake of fluctuating salinity formed and arboreal plant communities replaced the earlier dominant xeric herbaceous vegetation and marsh plants. By 8500 years B.P., Lake Valencia reached moderate to low salinities and discharged water; the modern vegetation became established at that time. After 8500 years B.P., the lake twice ceased discharging as a result of reduced watershed moisture. The second of these drying episodes is still in progress and has been aggravated by human activities in the watershed.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.214.4527.1299","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Bradbury, J.P., Leyden, B., Salgado-Labouriau, M., Lewis, W., Schubert, C., Binford, M., Frey, D., Whitehead, D., and Weibezahn, F., 1981, Late Quaternary environmental history of Lake Valencia, Venezuela: Science, v. 214, no. 4527, p. 1299-1305, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.214.4527.1299.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"1299","endPage":"1305","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222577,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Venezuela","otherGeospatial":"Lake Valencia","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -67.94987029004531,\n 10.300044545974231\n ],\n [\n -67.94987029004531,\n 10.06933344488857\n ],\n [\n -67.51399896227609,\n 10.06933344488857\n ],\n [\n -67.51399896227609,\n 10.300044545974231\n ],\n [\n -67.94987029004531,\n 10.300044545974231\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"214","issue":"4527","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4553e4b0c8380cd67207","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bradbury, J. Platt","contributorId":91106,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradbury","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Platt","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362864,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Leyden, B.","contributorId":83272,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Leyden","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362866,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Salgado-Labouriau, M.","contributorId":20077,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Salgado-Labouriau","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362861,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lewis, W.M. Jr.","contributorId":17374,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lewis","given":"W.M.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362860,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Schubert, C.","contributorId":93196,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schubert","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362867,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Binford, M.W.","contributorId":75687,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Binford","given":"M.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362865,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Frey, D.G.","contributorId":64391,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frey","given":"D.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362863,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Whitehead, D.R.","contributorId":58398,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whitehead","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362862,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Weibezahn, F.H.","contributorId":13377,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weibezahn","given":"F.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362859,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70236913,"text":"70236913 - 1981 - Illustrated geomorphic classification of Icelandic volcanoes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-07T13:54:14.693652","indexId":"70236913","displayToPublicDate":"1981-12-01T13:39:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"seriesNumber":"84211","title":"Illustrated geomorphic classification of Icelandic volcanoes","docAbstract":"

In 1959, Sigurdur Thorarinsson published his first complete classification of the 13 principal types of basaltic volcanoes of Iceland (Figure 1). In 1968, Thorarinsson
published a modification of his earlier classification scheme. Both landform classifications were based on the relationship of the type of eruptive products (lava, lava and tephra, or tephra), number of eruptions (one or more than one), and the form of the eruptive vent (circular or linear). Aside from changing the type locality of one of the lava landforms (e.g., Trengslaborgir instead of Svörtuborgir), and deleting the lava fissure (e.g., Ögmundargjá) the two landforms classifications were very similar. Thorarinsson, in 1968, had, however) settled on 12 rather than 13 basic types of basaltic volcanoes of Iceland.

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