The modified Polyconic map projection designed by Lallemand and adopted for the International Map of the World between 1909 and 1962 has two meridians and two parallels which are true to scale. Constructed geometrically in the past, forward and inverse coordinate transformations may be calculated analytically in order to transfer data from existing quadrangles to other maps. The equations for these transformations are derived and used to calculate representative tables of coordinates andscale factors. Although the projection is neither equal-area nor conformai, scale does not vary more than 0.06% throughout the quadrangle.
","language":"English","publisher":"University of Toronto Press","doi":"10.3138/557H-7263-01X6-072L","usgsCitation":"Snyder, J., 1982, The modified polyconic projection for the IMW: Cartographica: The International Journal for Geographic Information and Geovisualization, v. 19, no. 3-4, p. 31-43, https://doi.org/10.3138/557H-7263-01X6-072L.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"31","endPage":"43","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221669,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"19","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bade1e4b08c986b323e41","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Snyder, John P.","contributorId":16878,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snyder","given":"John P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361177,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70011481,"text":"70011481 - 1982 - Permafrost, heat flow, and the geothermal regime at Prudhoe Bay, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-16T15:11:03.279817","indexId":"70011481","displayToPublicDate":"1982-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":6453,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Permafrost, heat flow, and the geothermal regime at Prudhoe Bay, Alaska","docAbstract":"Temperature measurements through permafrost in the oil field at Prudhoe Bay, Alaska, combined with laboratory measurements of the thermal conductivity of drill cuttings permit an evaluation of in situ thermal properties and an understanding of the general factors that control the geothermal regime. A sharp contrast in temperature gradient at ∼600 m represents a contrast in thermal conductivity caused by the downward change from interstitial ice to interstitial water at the base of permafrost under near steady state conditions. Interpretation of the gradient contrast in terms of a simple model for the conductivity of an aggregate yields the mean ice content (∼39%), and thermal conductivities for the frozen and thawed sections (8.1 and 4.7 mcal/cm s °C, respectively). These results yield a heat flow of ∼1.3 HFU, which is similar to other values on the Alaskan Arctic Coast; the anomalously deep permafrost is a result of the anomalously high conductivity of the siliceous ice-rich sediments. Curvature in the upper 160 m of the temperature profiles represents a warming of ∼1.8°C of the mean surface temperature and a net accumulation of 5–6 kcal/cm2 by the solid earth surface during the last 100 years or so. Rising sea level and thawing of ice-rich sea cliffs probably caused the shoreline to retreat tens of kilometers in the last 20,000 years, inundating a portion of the continental shelf that is presently the target of intensive oil exploration. A simple conduction model suggests that this recently inundated region is underlain by near-melting ice-rich permafrost to depths of 300–500 m; its presence is important to seismic interpretations in oil exploration and to engineering considerations in oil production. With confirmation of the permafrost configuration by offshore drilling, heat conduction models can yield reliable new information on the chronology of arctic shorelines.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB087iB11p09301","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Lachenbruch, A., Sass, J., Marshall, B., and Moses, T.H., 1982, Permafrost, heat flow, and the geothermal regime at Prudhoe Bay, Alaska: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 87, no. B11, p. 9301-9316, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB087iB11p09301.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"9301","endPage":"9316","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220840,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"87","issue":"B11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a76a3e4b0c8380cd78223","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lachenbruch, A.H.","contributorId":76737,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lachenbruch","given":"A.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361216,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sass, J.H.","contributorId":70749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sass","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":361214,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Marshall, B.V.","contributorId":72375,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marshall","given":"B.V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361215,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Moses, T. H. Jr.","contributorId":70385,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moses","given":"T.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361213,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70011496,"text":"70011496 - 1982 - Chemical and light-stable isotope characteristics of waters from the Raft River geothermal area and environs, Cassia County, Idaho; Box Elder County, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-19T18:34:09.022151","indexId":"70011496","displayToPublicDate":"1982-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1828,"text":"Geothermics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chemical and light-stable isotope characteristics of waters from the Raft River geothermal area and environs, Cassia County, Idaho; Box Elder County, Utah","docAbstract":"Chemical and light-stable isotope data are presented for water samples from the Raft River geothermal area and environs. On the basis of chemical character, as defined by a trilinear plot of per cent milliequivalents, and light-stable isotope data, the waters in the geothermal area can be divided into waters that have and have not mixed with cold water. The non-mixed waters have essentially a constant value of light-stable isotopes but show a large variation in chloride content. The variation of chloride composition is not the usual pattern for deep geothermal waters, where it is normally assumed that the deep water has a single chloride composition. Different mixed waters also have hot-water sources of varying chloride composition. Plots of chloride values on cross-sections show that water circulation patterns are confused, with non-mixed waters having different chloride concentrations located in close proximity. Three models can explain the characteristics of the deep geothermal water: (1) in addition to near-surface mixing of cold and hot water, there is deep mixing of two hot waters with the same enthalpy and isotopic composition but differing chloride concentrations to produce the range of chloride concentrations found in the deep geothermal water; (2) there is a single deep hot water, and the range of chloride concentrations is produced by the water passing through a zone of highly soluble materials (most likely in the sedimentary section above the basement) in which waters have different residence times or slightly different circulation paths; (3) the varying chloride concentrations in space have been caused by varying chloride concentrations in the deep feed water through time. Some of this older water has not been flushed from the system by the natural discharge. Although one model may seem more plausible than the others, the available data do not rule out any of them. Data for water samples from the Raft River and Jim Sage Mountains show that water from these areas is probably the source for the cold mixing water determined from end-members on mixing lines. Data for water samples in the Upper Raft River Valley show that the thermal anomaly found at Almo 1 is probably not related to the Raft River geothermal area. The water is different in type as shown by its placement on a trilinear plot, and the isotopes are different enough to show that it is probably a different water. Isotopic compositions of samples from a wide area around the Raft River geothermal system indicate that the likely source of the recharge water is the southern Albion Mountains and western Raft River Mountains. The recharge area is at one end of the Narrows zone, and the geothermal area is along the Narrows zone; thus it is likely that the Narrows zone defines the circulation path.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0375-6505(82)90030-X","issn":"03756505","usgsCitation":"Nathenson, M., Nehring, N., Crosthwaite, E., Harmon, R., Janik, C., and Borthwick, J., 1982, Chemical and light-stable isotope characteristics of waters from the Raft River geothermal area and environs, Cassia County, Idaho; Box Elder County, Utah: Geothermics, v. 11, no. 4, p. 215-237, https://doi.org/10.1016/0375-6505(82)90030-X.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"215","endPage":"237","numberOfPages":"23","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221117,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"11","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f547e4b0c8380cd4c157","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nathenson, M.","contributorId":46632,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nathenson","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361260,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nehring, N.L.","contributorId":21157,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nehring","given":"N.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361259,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Crosthwaite, E. G.","contributorId":83098,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crosthwaite","given":"E. G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361262,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Harmon, R.S.","contributorId":6585,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harmon","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361257,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Janik, C.","contributorId":82458,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Janik","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361261,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Borthwick, J.","contributorId":18905,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Borthwick","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361258,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70011503,"text":"70011503 - 1982 - Recommended procedures and techniques for the petrographic description of bituminous coals","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-24T01:40:20.79803","indexId":"70011503","displayToPublicDate":"1982-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2033,"text":"International Journal of Coal Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Recommended procedures and techniques for the petrographic description of bituminous coals","docAbstract":"Modern coal petrology requires rapid and precise description of great numbers of coal core or bench samples in order to acquire the information required to understand and predict vertical and lateral variation of coal quality for correlation with coal-bed thickness, depositional environment, suitability for technological uses, etc. Procedures for coal description vary in accordance with the objectives of the description. To achieve our aim of acquiring the maximum amount of quantitative information within the shortest period of time, we have adopted a combined megascopic-microscopic procedure. Megascopic analysis is used to identify the distinctive lithologies present, and microscopic analysis is required only to describe representative examples of the mixed lithologies observed. This procedure greatly decreases the number of microscopic analyses needed for adequate description of a sample. For quantitative megascopic description of coal microlithotypes, microlithotype assemblages, and lithotypes, we use (V) for vitrite or vitrain, (E) for liptite, (I) for inertite or fusain, (M) for mineral layers or lenses other than iron sulfide, (S) for iron sulfide, and (X1), (X2), etc. for mixed lithologies. Microscopic description is expressed in terms of V representing the vitrinite maceral group, E the exinite group, I the inertinite group, and M mineral components. volume percentages are expressed as subscripts. Thus (V)20(V80E10I5M5)80 indicates a lithotype or assemblage of microlithotypes consisting of 20 vol. % vitrite and 80% of a mixed lithology having a modal maceral composition V80E10I5M5. This bulk composition can alternatively be recalculated and described as V84E8I4M4. To generate these quantitative data rapidly and accurately, we utilize an automated image analysis system (AIAS). Plots of VEIM data on easily constructed ternary diagrams provide readily comprehended illustrations of the range of modal composition of the lithologic units making up a given coal bed. The use of bulk-specific-gravity determinations is alo recommended for identification and characterization of the distinctive lithologic units.
The availability of an AIAS also enhances the capability to acquire textural information. Ranges of size of maceral and mineral grains can be quickly and precisely determined by use of an AIAS. We assume that shape characteristics of coal particles can also be readily evaluated by automated image analysis, although this evaluation has not yet been attempted in our laboratory.
Definitive data on the particulate mineral content of coal constitute another important segment of petrographic description. Characterization of mineral content may be accomplished by optical identification, electron microprobe analysis, X-ray diffraction, and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Individual mineral grains in place in polished blocks or polished this sections, or separated from the coal matrix by sink-float methods are studied by analytical techniques appropriate to the conditions of sampling.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0166-5162(82)90003-9","issn":"01665162","usgsCitation":"Chao, E.C., Minkin, J., and Thompson, C., 1982, Recommended procedures and techniques for the petrographic description of bituminous coals: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 2, no. 2, p. 151-179, https://doi.org/10.1016/0166-5162(82)90003-9.","productDescription":"29 p.","startPage":"151","endPage":"179","numberOfPages":"29","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221239,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a9698e4b0c8380cd820b3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chao, E. C. T.","contributorId":96713,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chao","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"C. T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361279,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Minkin, J.A.","contributorId":38588,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Minkin","given":"J.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361278,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thompson, C.L.","contributorId":12189,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"C.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361277,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70011505,"text":"70011505 - 1982 - The effect of natural weathering on the chemical and isotopic compositions of biotites","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-18T14:40:15.488216","indexId":"70011505","displayToPublicDate":"1982-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The effect of natural weathering on the chemical and isotopic compositions of biotites","docAbstract":"The effect of progressive natural weathering on the isotopic (Rb-Sr, K-Ar, δD, δ18O) and chemical (REE, H2O+) compositions of biotite has been studied on a suite of migmatitic biotites from the Chad Republic. During the early stages of weathering the Rb-Sr system is strongly affected, the hydrogen and oxygen isotope compositions change markedly, the minerals are depleted in light REE, the water content increases by a factor of two, and the K-Ar system is relatively little disturbed. During intensive weathering the K-Ar system is more strongly disturbed than the Rb-Sr system.
Most of the isotopic and chemical modifications take place under nonequilibrium conditions and occur before newly formed kaolinite and/or smectite can be detected. These observations suggest that
(a) “protominerals” may form within the biotite structure during the initial period of weathering, and
(b) only when chemical equilibrium is approached in the weathering profile are new minerals able to form.
Prior information on the parameters of a groundwater flow model can be used to improve parameter estimates obtained from nonlinear regression solution of a modeling problem. Two scales of prior information can be available: (1) prior information having known reliability (that is, bias and random error structure) and (2) prior information consisting of best available estimates of unknown reliability. A regression method that incorporates the second scale of prior information assumes the prior information to be fixed for any particular analysis to produce improved, although biased, parameter estimates. Approximate optimization of two auxiliary parameters of the formulation is used to help minimize the bias, which is almost always much smaller than that resulting from standard ridge regression. It is shown that if both scales of prior information are available, then a combined regression analysis may be made.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR018i004p00965","usgsCitation":"Cooley, R.L., 1982, Incorporation of prior information on parameters into nonlinear regression groundwater flow models: 1. Theory: Water Resources Research, v. 18, no. 4, p. 965-976, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR018i004p00965.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"965","endPage":"976","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221372,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a39f0e4b0c8380cd61aba","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cooley, Richard L.","contributorId":8831,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cooley","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361298,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70011525,"text":"70011525 - 1982 - Differential compaction mechanism for earth fissures near Casa Grande, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-04T01:41:57.860655","indexId":"70011525","displayToPublicDate":"1982-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Differential compaction mechanism for earth fissures near Casa Grande, Arizona","docAbstract":"Precise gravity measurements indicate that earth fissures or tension cracks caused by ground-water withdrawal within a 10-km2 area southeast of Casa Grande, Arizona, are associated with relief on the buried interface between the alluvial aquifer and underlying bedrock. All of the fissure zones; which have a cumulative length of >8.7 km, occur above either ridges or steps in the bedrock surface. Intersecting fissure zones overlie intersecting bedrock features, and the angle of intersection of the zones accurately reflects the angle between the bedrock features. These relations suggest that the fissures are forming in response to localized differential compaction caused by localized variations of aquifer-system thickness. Topographic profiles across fissures on undisturbed desert floor confirm differential compaction proportional to the variations in aquifer thickness. The occurrence of the fissures at points of maximum convex-upward curvature in profiles of both the topographic and buried bedrock surfaces indicates that the fissures result from tensile strains caused by bending of the strata above the buried bedrock features in response to the differential compaction. Tensile strains at failure are estimated to range from ∼ 0.02% to 0.2% on the basis of modeling of the bending process.
The coal petrologist seeks to determine the petrographic characteristics of organic and inorganic coal constituents and their lateral and vertical variations within a single coal bed or different coal beds of a particular coal field. Definitive descriptions of coal characteristics and coal facies provide the basis for interpretation of depositional environments, diagenetic changes, and burial history and determination of the degree of coalification or metamorphism. Numerous coal core or columnar samples must be studied in detail in order to adequately describe and define coal microlithotypes, lithotypes, and lithologic facies and their variations. The large amount of petrographic information required can be obtained rapidly and quantitatively by use of an automated image-analysis system (AIAS).
An AIAS can be used to generate quantitative megascopic and microscopic modal analyses for the lithologic units of an entire columnar section of a coal bed. In our scheme for megascopic analysis, distinctive bands 2 mm or more thick are first demarcated by visual inspection. These bands consist of either nearly pure microlithotypes or lithotypes such as vitrite/vitrain or fusite/fusain, or assemblages of microlithotypes. Megascopic analysis with the aid of the AIAS is next performed to determine volume percentages of vitrite, inertite, minerals, and microlithotype mixtures in bands 0.5 to 2 mm thick. The microlithotype mixtures are analyzed microscopically by use of the AIAS to determine their modal composition in terms of maceral and optically observable mineral components. Megascopic and microscopic data are combined to describe the coal unit quantitatively in terms of (V) for vitrite, (E) for liptite, (I) for inertite or fusite, (M) for mineral components other than iron sulfide, (S) for iron sulfide, and (VEIM) for the composition of the mixed phases (Xi) i = 1,2, etc. in terms of the maceral groups vitrinite V, exinite E, inertinite I, and optically observable mineral content M. The volume percentage of each component present is indicated by a subscript. For example, a lithologic unit was determined megascopically to have the composition (V)13(I)1(S)1(X1)83(X2)2. After microscopic analysis of the mixed phases, this composition was expressed as (V)13(I)1(S)1(V63E19I14M4)83(V67E11I13M9)2. Finally, these data were combined in a description of the bulk composition as V67E16I13M3S1. An AIAS can also analyze textural characteristics and can be used for quick and reliable determination of rank (reflectance).
Our AIAS is completely software based and incorporates a television (TV) camera that has optimum response characteristics in the range of reflectance less than 5%, making it particularly suitable for coal studies. Analysis of the digitized signal from the TV camera is controlled by a microprocessor having a resolution of 64 gray levels between full illumination and dark current. The processed image is reconverted for display on a TV monitor screen, on which selection of phases or features to be analyzed is readily controlled and edited by the operator through use of a lightpen.
We expect that automated image analysis, because it can rapidly provide a large amount of pertinent information, will play a major role in the advancement of coal petrography.
A new experimental satellite has provided, for the first time, thermal data that should be useful in reconnaissance geologic exploration. Thermal inertia, a property of geologic materials, can be mapped from these data by applying an algorithm that has been developed using a new thermal model. A simple registration procedure was used on a pair of day and night images of the Powder River basin, Wyoming, to illustrate the method. Preliminary assessment of these satellite data suggests that they will be of significant use for resource exploration when used in conjunction with other geologic, geophysical, and geochemical data.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Exploration Geophysicists","doi":"10.1190/1.1441317","issn":"00168033","usgsCitation":"Watson, K., 1982, Regional thermal-inertia mapping from an experimental satellite: Geophysics, v. 47, no. 12, p. 1681-1687, https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1441317.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"1681","endPage":"1687","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220780,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"47","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a58ee4b0e8fec6cdbe67","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Watson, K.","contributorId":39123,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watson","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361524,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70011607,"text":"70011607 - 1982 - Comparison of techniques for estimating annual lake evaporation using climatological data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-09-02T17:36:22.506657","indexId":"70011607","displayToPublicDate":"1982-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of techniques for estimating annual lake evaporation using climatological data","docAbstract":"Mean annual evaporation estimates were determined for 30 lakes by use of a numerical model (Morton, 1979) and by use of an evaporation map prepared by the U.S. Weather Service (Kohler et al., 1959). These estimates were compared to the reported value of evaporation determined from measurements on each lake. Various lengths of observation and methods of measurement were used among the 30 lakes. The evaporation map provides annual evaporation estimates which are more consistent with observations than those determined by use of the numerical model. The map cannot provide monthly estimates, however, and is only available for the contiguous United States. The numerical model can provide monthly estimates for shallow lakes and is based on monthly observations of temperature, humidity, and sunshine duration.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR018i003p00630","usgsCitation":"Andersen, M., and Jobson, H., 1982, Comparison of techniques for estimating annual lake evaporation using climatological data: Water Resources Research, v. 18, no. 3, p. 630-636, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR018i003p00630.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"630","endPage":"636","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220783,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f894e4b0c8380cd4d1cd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Andersen, M.E.","contributorId":39520,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andersen","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361529,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jobson, H.E.","contributorId":44952,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jobson","given":"H.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361530,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70011621,"text":"70011621 - 1982 - Application of modulus degradation model of clays","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-14T16:11:17.715981","indexId":"70011621","displayToPublicDate":"1982-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2547,"text":"Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division, ASCE","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Application of modulus degradation model of clays","docAbstract":"A degradation model is applied in conjunction with different soil models and stress-strain relations to site response analyses during earthquakes. To evaluate the effects of degradation, computations on two clay deposits subjected to both high and low-level input excitations are conducted. In addition, modulus degradation with or without shear strength reduction is discussed. In terms of surface response, degradation has little effect in the case of low-level excitation. With high-level excitatfons, however, degradation causes lower surface spectral response in the shorter period range, and the difference is on the same order as that from different soil models. Where surface response differs, the use of degradation with strength reduction is less conservative when compared to the use of degradation without strength reduction.
","language":"English","publisher":"ASCE","doi":"10.1061/AJGEB6.0001347","usgsCitation":"Chen, A., 1982, Application of modulus degradation model of clays: Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division, ASCE, v. 108, no. GT10, p. 1203-1214, https://doi.org/10.1061/AJGEB6.0001347.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"1203","endPage":"1214","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221053,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"108","issue":"GT10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eca8e4b0c8380cd493f4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chen, A.T.F.","contributorId":47523,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chen","given":"A.T.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361561,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70011633,"text":"70011633 - 1982 - Modern shallow-water graded sand layers from storm surges, Bering Shelf: a mimic of Bouma sequences and turbidite systems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-21T23:50:16.941879","indexId":"70011633","displayToPublicDate":"1982-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2450,"text":"Journal of Sedimentary Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modern shallow-water graded sand layers from storm surges, Bering Shelf: a mimic of Bouma sequences and turbidite systems","docAbstract":"A sequence of graded sand layers, interbedded with mud, extends offshore over 100 km from the Yukon Delta shoreline across the flat, shallow (<20 m depth) epicontinental shelf of the northern Bering Sea, Alaska. Proximal graded sand beds on the delta-front platform near the shoreline are coarser (2-3phi ), thicker (10 to 20 cm), and contain more complete vertical sequences of sedimentary structures than distal beds. The inshore graded vertical sequence of structures from the base to the top of individual sand layers includes plane-parallel lamination (S b ), cross lamination (S c ), plane-parallel lamination (S d ), and mud (S e ) analogous to the Bouma T (sub a-e) turbidite sequence. Structures vary between interchannel platform deposits with complete S b -S e sequences and channel-floor sands that are all trough cross-laminated. Distally, storm-sand layers change to thin (1 to 5 cm) silt beds that contain flat and ripple-drift lamination (S (sub c-e,de) ), are commonly bioturbated, and are associated with shell and pebble lags from storm-wave reworking. The sequence of graded sands appears to be related to the major storm surges that occur every several years. The major storms increase the average 10-m water depth in southern Norton Sound as much as 5 m and cause fluctuations in pore pressure from wave cyclic loading that may liquefy the upper 2 to 3 m of sediment. Storm-associated bottom currents, possibly dominated by rapidly waning ebb flow, transport the liquefied inshore sand far offshore (> 100 kin). Such shallow-water graded layers off lobate deltas may be distinguished from similar deep-water turbidites by: 1) the predominance of trough cross-lamination, perhaps resulting from wave oscillation effects, in the proximal part of the system, and 2) gradation to common shallow marine fossils, bioturbation, and storm lag layers in distal areas.
A multichannel seismic reflection profile (U.S. Geological Survey line 19), calibrated with the COST G-1, COST G-2, and Shell Mohican I-100 wells, and seismic-sequence analysis shows that the chronostratigraphic and lithostratigraphic units and depositional history of the Georges Bank basin are similar to those of the Scotian basin. Carbonate rocks of the Iroquois and Abenaki Formations, as much as 16,000 ft (4,800 m) thick, dominated the eastern half of the Georges Bank basin during the Jurassic. As much as 7,500 ft (2,300 m) of the coeval terrigenous clastic deposits of the Mohican, Mohawk, and Mic Mac Formations accumulated updip (westward) in sublittoral, paralic, and nonmarine environments. Siliciclastic deposition, as much as 6,000 ft (1,800 m), dominated the entire basin throughout the Cretaceous and Cenozoic, and it was punctuated briefly by carbonate deposition during the Hauterivian and Paleogene. Tentative correlation between the Georges Bank basin sequences and those of the adjacent, deep North American basin suggests that the deep-sea facies were strongly influenced by depositional events on the shelf. Deposition in both areas has been sensitive to changes in sea level and to paleoclimatic cycles.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists","doi":"10.1306/03B5A633-16D1-11D7-8645000102C1865D","usgsCitation":"Poag, C.W., 1982, Stratigraphic reference section for Georges Bank Basin - Depositional model for New England passive margin.: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 66, no. 8, p. 1021-1041, https://doi.org/10.1306/03B5A633-16D1-11D7-8645000102C1865D.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"1021","endPage":"1041","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":221455,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Atlantic Ocean, Georges Bank","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -68.20863484886625,\n 42.04918841749222\n ],\n [\n -68.20863484886625,\n 40.47051861193097\n ],\n [\n -65.81281728784933,\n 40.47051861193097\n ],\n [\n -65.81281728784933,\n 42.04918841749222\n ],\n [\n -68.20863484886625,\n 42.04918841749222\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"66","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b991fe4b08c986b31c26e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Poag, C. Wylie 0000-0002-6240-4065 wpoag@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6240-4065","contributorId":2565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poag","given":"C.","email":"wpoag@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Wylie","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":361622,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70011653,"text":"70011653 - 1982 - Photogrammetry of the Viking-Lander imagery.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:31","indexId":"70011653","displayToPublicDate":"1982-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3052,"text":"Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Photogrammetry of the Viking-Lander imagery.","docAbstract":"We have solved the problem of photogrammetric mapping from the Viking Lander photography in two ways: 1) by converting the azimuth and elevation scanning imagery to the equivalent of a frame picture by means of computerized rectification; and 2) by interfacing a high-speed, general-purpose computer to the AS-11A analytical plotter so that all computations of corrections can be performed in real time during the process of model orientation and map compilation. Examples are presented of photographs and maps of Earth and Mars. -from Authors","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00991112","usgsCitation":"Wu, S., and Schafer, F., 1982, Photogrammetry of the Viking-Lander imagery.: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, v. 48, no. 5, p. 803-816.","startPage":"803","endPage":"816","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221457,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"48","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7a1ee4b0c8380cd78d3d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wu, S.S.C.","contributorId":10421,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wu","given":"S.S.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361624,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schafer, F.J.","contributorId":76465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schafer","given":"F.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361625,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70011657,"text":"70011657 - 1982 - A Proposed Model for the International Geomagnetic Reference Field-1965","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-25T11:07:29.291922","indexId":"70011657","displayToPublicDate":"1982-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2310,"text":"Journal of Geomagnetism & Geoelectricity","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A Proposed Model for the International Geomagnetic Reference Field-1965","docAbstract":"A best current model of the main geomagnetic field is presented as a response to a need for an “International Geomagnetic Reference Field”. This model is described by a series of 120 spherical harmonic coefficients and their first and second time derivatives from an epoch 1960.0. It was derived from a sample of all magnetic survey data available from the interval 1900-1964 plus a recent global distribution of preliminary total field observations from the OGO-2 (1965-81A) spacecraft for epoch 1965.8. A duplicate data selection was made and the resulting field model compared with the first to help evaluate the minimum error. It was noted that the root —mean—square difference between the two models was about 30γ in the force components, 0.04 degrees in dip and 0.3 degrees in declination at the earth's surface for 1965.0.
Well-determined fault plane solution and the gross pattern of late-Cenozoic faulting in California and Nevada show a systematic relation between the orientation of fault planes and slip directions. In general, normal faults have northerly strikes, reverse faults have easterly strikes, and dextral and sinstral strike slip faults have northwesterly and northeasterly strikes, respectively. Kinematically, this relation is consistent with the response of clusters of fault-bounded crustal blocks to a regional stress field generated by the relative motion between the Pacific and North American plates. In this stress field, the greatest and least principal (compressive) stresses are restricted to northerly and easterly striking vertical planes, respectively. Clusters of crustal blocks bound by faults having the above attitudes form three basic regimes: (1) a spreading regime with a combination of normal and conjugate, strike slip faults, (2) a converging regime with a combination of reverse and conjugate, strike slip faults, and (3) a wrench regime with sets of subparallel, throughgoing, northwest striking (dextral) faults or northeast striking (sinstral) faults. These three regimes are typified by faulting patterns in the Basin and Range province (spreading), the Transverse Ranges (converging), and the San Andreas-Garlock fault systems (wrench), respectively. The gross deformation of each regime resulting from relative displacements between individual blocks is characterized by north-south shortening and east-west extension with the ratio of extensional to shortening strains (and the areal dilitation) decreasing systematically from spreading to wrench to compressional regimes. The wrench regime involves a component of net rotational deformation (clockwise for dextral slip and counter-clockwise for sinstral slip), while deformation of the spreading and converging regimes is irrotational. Local deviations from regional kinematic directions are concentrated along the boundaries between regimes reflecting the mismatch in gross deformation fields between regimes. Maximum principal and shear stress magnitudes will increase systematically from spreading to wrench to converging regimes provided that fault slip is controlled by frictional strength (Byerlee's law) along preexisting fractures and that pore pressure in the brittle crust is laterally uniform. A minimum strength difference between active, block-bounding faults and block interiors is 15–30%. Simple arrangements of such block clusters mimic the gross kinematic pattern of Quaternary faulting in California and Nevada. Some implications for contemporary tectonics emphasized by this model involve the westward displacement of the Sierra Nevada block.with respect to the stable interior of the North American plates, oblique thrusting of the Salinian block over the Pacific plate, and a progressive increase in the offset of the San Andreas fault represented by the ‘big bend’ through the Transverse Ranges.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB087iB07p05433","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Hill, D., 1982, Contemporary block tectonics: California and Nevada: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 87, no. B7, p. 5433-5450, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB087iB07p05433.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"5433","endPage":"5450","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221768,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"87","issue":"B7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fa4be4b0c8380cd4da18","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hill, D.P.","contributorId":27432,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"D.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361669,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70011676,"text":"70011676 - 1982 - Origin and evolution of the Nakhla meteorite inferred from the Sm-Nd and U-Pb systematics and REE, Ba, Sr, Rb and K abundances","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-18T14:26:56.228587","indexId":"70011676","displayToPublicDate":"1982-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Origin and evolution of the Nakhla meteorite inferred from the Sm-Nd and U-Pb systematics and REE, Ba, Sr, Rb and K abundances","docAbstract":"Analyses of Sm-Nd and U-Th-Pb systematics, REE, Ba, Sr, Rb and K concentrations were carried out for whole rock and mineral separates from the Nakhla meteorite. The 1.26 ±.07 b.y. Sm-Nd age obtained in this work is in good agreement with those previously obtained by the Rb-Sr and Ar-Ar methods. The high initial ϵNd value of +16 suggests that Nakhla was derived from a light REE-depleted, old planetary mantle source. U-Th-Pb data, after correction for pre-analytical terrestrial Pb contamination assuming an age of 1.26 b.y., suggest that the age of the Nakhla source is ⩽4.33 b.y. The agreement in the age determined by three independent radiometric methods and the high initial ϵNd value strongly suggest that the 1.3 b.y. age dates one thorough igneous event in the parent body which not only reset these isotopic systems but also established the chemical and petrologic characteristics observed for the Nakhla meteorite.
Using a three-stage Sm-Nd evolution model in combination with LIL element data and estimated partition coefficients, we have tested partial melting and fractional crystallization models to estimate LIL element abundances in a possible Nakhla source. Our model calculations suggest that partial melting of the light REE-depleted source followed by extensive fractional crystallization (⩾50%) of the partial melt could account for the REE abundances in the Nakhla constituent minerals. The estimated source is depleted in the light REE, Ba, Rb and K and therefore may resemble the MORB source in the earth's upper mantle or the upper 60–300 km of the moon.
The significantly younger age of Nakhla than the youngest lunar rock; the young differentiation age inferred from the U-Th-Pb data, and the estimated LIL element abundances (including those of K, U and Th) in the source suggest that the Nakhla meteorite may have been derived from a relatively large, well-differentiated planetary body such as Mars.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(82)90314-3","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Nakamura, N., Unruh, D., Tatsumoto, M., and Hutchison, R., 1982, Origin and evolution of the Nakhla meteorite inferred from the Sm-Nd and U-Pb systematics and REE, Ba, Sr, Rb and K abundances: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 46, no. 9, p. 1555-1573, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(82)90314-3.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"1555","endPage":"1573","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220785,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"46","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a70b1e4b0c8380cd7619b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nakamura, N.","contributorId":94034,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nakamura","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361688,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Unruh, D.M.","contributorId":8498,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Unruh","given":"D.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361685,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tatsumoto, M.","contributorId":76798,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tatsumoto","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361687,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hutchison, R.","contributorId":64386,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hutchison","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361686,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70011680,"text":"70011680 - 1982 - Optimal dynamic management of groundwater pollutant sources","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-05T13:12:34","indexId":"70011680","displayToPublicDate":"1982-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Optimal dynamic management of groundwater pollutant sources","docAbstract":"The linear programing-superposition method is presented for managing multiple sources of groundwater pollution over time. The method uses any linear solute transport simulation model to generate a unit source-concentration response matrix that is incorporated into a management model. This series of constraints indicates local solute concentration histories that will result from any series of waste injection schedules. The linear program operates on the matrix to arrive at optimal disposal schedules. An example demonstrates application of the method to maximizing groundwater waste disposal while maintaining water quality of local water supplies within desired limits. Flow field variations associated with waste injection are ignored as an approximation. Parametric programing is shown to be an important tool in evaluating waste disposal trade-offs at various injection sites over time. Mixed-integer programing permits restrictions to be placed upon the number of injection wells which may operate during given management periods.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR018i001p00071","usgsCitation":"Gorelick, S.M., and Remson, I., 1982, Optimal dynamic management of groundwater pollutant sources: Water Resources Research, v. 18, no. 1, p. 71-76, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR018i001p00071.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"71","endPage":"76","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220922,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6edfe4b0c8380cd75844","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gorelick, Steven M.","contributorId":8784,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gorelick","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361700,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Remson, Irwin","contributorId":89115,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Remson","given":"Irwin","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361701,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70011692,"text":"70011692 - 1982 - Chemistry and isotope ratios of sulfur in basalts and volcanic gases at Kilauea volcano, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-18T14:18:42.458757","indexId":"70011692","displayToPublicDate":"1982-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chemistry and isotope ratios of sulfur in basalts and volcanic gases at Kilauea volcano, Hawaii","docAbstract":"Eighteen basalts and some volcanic gases from the submarine and subaerial parts of Kilauea volcano were analyzed for the concentration and isotope ratios of sulfur. By means of a newly developed technique, sulfide and sulfate sulfur in the basalts were separately but simultaneously determined. The submarine basalt has 700 ± 100 ppm total sulfur with δ34SΣs of
The volcanic sulfur gases, predominantly SO2, from the 1971 and 1974 fissures in Kilauea Crater have δ34S values of 0.8 to 0.9%., slightly heavier than the total sulfur in the submarine basalts and definitely heavier than the subaerial basalts, in accord with the above model. However, the δ34S value of sulfur gases (largely SO2) from Sulfur Bank is 8.0%., implying a secondary origin of the sulfur. The δ34S values of native sulfur deposits at various sites of Kilauea and Mauna Loa volcanos, sulfate ions of four deep wells and hydrogen sulfide from a geothermal well along the east rift zone are also reported. The high δ34S values (+5 to +6%.o) found for the hydrogen sulfide might be an indication of hot basalt seawater reaction beneath the east rift zone.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(82)90024-2","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Sakai, H., Casadevall, T.J., and Moore, J., 1982, Chemistry and isotope ratios of sulfur in basalts and volcanic gases at Kilauea volcano, Hawaii: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 46, no. 5, p. 729-738, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(82)90024-2.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"729","endPage":"738","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":336,"text":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":221059,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"46","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f5a4e4b0c8380cd4c32c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sakai, H.","contributorId":92800,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sakai","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361725,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Casadevall, T. J.","contributorId":96680,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Casadevall","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361726,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Moore, J.G.","contributorId":67496,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"J.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361724,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70011695,"text":"70011695 - 1982 - Environmental implications of test-to-substrate attachment among some modern sublittoral foraminifera","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-11-14T16:13:33","indexId":"70011695","displayToPublicDate":"1982-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Environmental implications of test-to-substrate attachment among some modern sublittoral foraminifera","docAbstract":"Topographic highs on the outer continental shelf of New Jersey are sites for the concentration of three species of attached calcareous benthic foraminifera. Elphidium subarcticum Cushman, normally considered a vagrant species, cements itself by an organic film to one or more quartz grains. Webbinella concave (Williamson) attaches to quartz grains by secreting a flange-like calcite skirt at one side of its globuline test. Vasiglobulina reticulate n. sp. has evolved the most elaborate system of attachment: numerous closely spaced spines connect the globuline test to a thin calcite lamina, which is in turn cemented to quartz grains.
\n\n
The attachment mode of these species suggests that the added weight of the quartz grains may reduce displacement during the periodic resuspension of the shelf sediments by longshore and tidal current motion. The distribution of living populations of these species corroborates sedimentological inferences that little or no modern deposition takes place on the sampled topographic highs.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1982)93<252:EIOTAA>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Poag, C.W., 1982, Environmental implications of test-to-substrate attachment among some modern sublittoral foraminifera: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 93, no. 3, p. 252-268, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1982)93<252:EIOTAA>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"252","endPage":"268","numberOfPages":"17","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":221128,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Jersey","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -73.10302734375,\n 38.950865400919994\n ],\n [\n -73.10302734375,\n 39.99395569397331\n ],\n [\n -71.685791015625,\n 39.99395569397331\n ],\n [\n -71.685791015625,\n 38.950865400919994\n ],\n [\n -73.10302734375,\n 38.950865400919994\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"93","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a09d0e4b0c8380cd52095","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Poag, C. Wylie","contributorId":52714,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poag","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"Wylie","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361730,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70011703,"text":"70011703 - 1982 - Paleoecological studies at Lake Patzcuaro on the west-central Mexican Plateau and at Chalco in the basin of Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-26T16:00:14","indexId":"70011703","displayToPublicDate":"1982-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3218,"text":"Quaternary Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Paleoecological studies at Lake Patzcuaro on the west-central Mexican Plateau and at Chalco in the basin of Mexico","docAbstract":"A 1520-cm sediment core from Lake Patzcuaro, Michoacan, Mexico, is 44,000 yr old at the base. All parts of the core have abundant pollen of Pinus (pine), Alnus (alder), and Quercus (oak) with frequent Abies (fir). The interval dated from 44,000 to 11,000 yr ago has a homogeneous flora characterized by abundant Juniperus (juniper) pollen and frequent Artemisia (sagebrush). It is believed to represent an appreciably drier and colder climate than at present. The Holocene at Lake Patzcuaro is characterized by a moderate increase in Pinus pollen and the loss of Juniperus pollen, as the modern type of climate succeeded. Alnus was abundant until about 5000 yr ago; its abrupt decrease with the first appearance of herbaceous weed pollen may reflect the cutting of lake-shore and stream-course alder communities for agricultural purposes, or it may simply reflect a drying tendency in the climate. Pollen of Zea (corn) appears at Lake Patzcuaro along with low peaks of chenopod and grass pollen at 3500 yr B.P. apparently recording a human population large enough to modify the natural environment, as well as the beginning of agriculture. A rich aquatic flora in this phase suggests eutrophication of the lake by slope erosion. In the most recent period corn is absent from the sediments, perhaps reflecting a change in agricultural practices. The environment changes at Lake Patzcuaro are similar to and correlate with those in the Cuenca de Mexico, where diatom stratigraphy from the Chalco basin indicates fluctuations in lake levels and lake chemistry in response to variations in available moisture. Before 10,000 yr ago climates there were cool and dry, and the Chalco basin was occupied by a shallow freshwater marsh that drained north to Lake Texcoco, where saline water accumulated by evaporation. Increases in effective moisture and possible melting of glaciers during the Holocene caused lake levels to rise throughout the Cuenca de Mexico, and Lake Texcoco flooded the Chalco basin with brackish water. After 5000 yr ago such flooding decreased, and shallow freshwater ponds and marshes were restored in the Chalco basin. This environmental change coincides with the appearance of Zea pollen and suggests cultural control of lake levels and salinity. ?? 1982.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Quaternary Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/0033-5894(82)90045-X","issn":"00335894","usgsCitation":"Watts, W., and Bradbury, J., 1982, Paleoecological studies at Lake Patzcuaro on the west-central Mexican Plateau and at Chalco in the basin of Mexico: Quaternary Research, v. 17, no. 1, p. 56-70, https://doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(82)90045-X.","startPage":"56","endPage":"70","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":266567,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(82)90045-X"},{"id":221307,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a73d7e4b0c8380cd772a2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Watts, W.A.","contributorId":95616,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watts","given":"W.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361763,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bradbury, J.P.","contributorId":14431,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradbury","given":"J.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361762,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70011721,"text":"70011721 - 1982 - Stability of βMnOOH and manganese oxide deposition from springwater","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-05T13:11:17","indexId":"70011721","displayToPublicDate":"1982-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stability of βMnOOH and manganese oxide deposition from springwater","docAbstract":"Beta MnOOH is precipitated preferentially (with respect to Mn3O4) at temperatures near O°C when Mn2+ is oxidized in aerated aqueous solutions. Upon aging in solutions open to the atmosphere a slurry of βMnOOH tends to disproportionate to form MnO2 and Mn2+. In such aged solutions, Mn2+ and H+ activities can be constant, and both the oxidation reaction Mn2++¼O2(aq) + 3/2H2O → βMnOOH (c) + 2H+ and the disproportionate reaction 2βMnOOH (c) + 2H+ → MnO2(c) + Mn2+ + 2H2O can have positive reaction affinities. It is not possible for both reactions to be in thermodynamic equilibrium in the same system unless oxygen is almost completely absent. A value for ΔGf0 of −129.8±0.6 kcal/mol was obtained for βMnOOH from experimental data by assuming that the reaction affinity for the oxidation reaction is equal to that for the disproportionation. A value for ΔGf0 for βMnOOH of −129.8±0.5 kcal/mol was determined by measuring the redox potentials for the postulated half-reaction MnO2 (c) + H+ + e− → βMnOOH (c) at 0°, 5°, and 15°C and extrapolating to 25°C. Both these values are consistent with laboratory observations that βMnOOH is less stable than γMnOOH or Mn3O4 at 25°C. Analytical data for manganese-depositing springwater samples are consistent with a nonequilibrium model involving disproportionation of either βMnOOH or Mn3O4.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR018i003p00563","usgsCitation":"Hem, J., Roberson, C.E., and Fournier, R.B., 1982, Stability of βMnOOH and manganese oxide deposition from springwater: Water Resources Research, v. 18, no. 3, p. 563-570, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR018i003p00563.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"563","endPage":"570","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221543,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b964fe4b08c986b31b426","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hem, J.D.","contributorId":54576,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hem","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361805,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Roberson, C. E.","contributorId":40190,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roberson","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361804,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fournier, Reba B.","contributorId":51355,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fournier","given":"Reba","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361806,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70011723,"text":"70011723 - 1982 - A note on the Goodman Jack","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-28T12:05:51.618311","indexId":"70011723","displayToPublicDate":"1982-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3305,"text":"Rock Mechanics Felsmechanik Mecanique des Roches","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A note on the Goodman Jack","docAbstract":"A Note on the Goodman Jack. Reconnaissance experiments, performed to evaluate the practical utility of the hard-rock variety of the Goodman Jack 1, reveal that the Hustrulid-T* correction adequately reconciles the discrepancy between the measured and true deformation modulus of the rock mass in the range of 30 to50 gigapascals.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF01246885","issn":"00357448","usgsCitation":"Swolfs, H., and Kibler, J., 1982, A note on the Goodman Jack: Rock Mechanics Felsmechanik Mecanique des Roches, v. 15, no. 2, p. 57-66, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01246885.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"57","endPage":"66","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":221608,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"15","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e4c2e4b0c8380cd468df","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Swolfs, H.S.","contributorId":70759,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swolfs","given":"H.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361811,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kibler, J.D.","contributorId":68311,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kibler","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361810,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}