In contrast to the traditional recording from high-altitude aircraft of Earth images directly onto film in their inherently continuous analog form, a Landsat Earth resources satellite samples the ground image brightness and records it on a digital, electronic medium. Although digitization incurs several extra steps in the reproduction of the imagery, it permits manipulation or enhancement of the data for special uses. For instance, image data enhancement techniques can be applied to partially restore contrast lost because of atmospheric luminance and scatter. More significantly, the digital-to-analog transfer function of the film recorder can be modified to simulate certain characteristics of other film types. Manipulation of a film's apparent gamma, relative speed, and linear-response region is easily accomplished by mapping the input data to a new distribution in real time using a hardware-implemented lookup table. To accomplish the desired photographic results, however, full cooperation and communication between photographic, electronic, and computer technologists is essential.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings Volume 0278, Electro-Optical Instrumentation for Resources Evaluation","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"1981 Technical Symposium East","conferenceDate":"November 6, 1981","conferenceLocation":"Washington, D. C., United States","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers","doi":"10.1117/12.931938","usgsCitation":"Boyd, J.E., 1981, Image enhancement through film recorder response contouring, in Proceedings Volume 0278, Electro-Optical Instrumentation for Resources Evaluation, v. 278, Washington, D. C., United States, November 6, 1981, p. 157-166, https://doi.org/10.1117/12.931938.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"157","endPage":"166","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":400512,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"278","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boyd, John E.","contributorId":138984,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boyd","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":842782,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70186168,"text":"70186168 - 1981 - Role of numerical simulation in analysis of ground-water quality problems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-03-25T20:00:11.444584","indexId":"70186168","displayToPublicDate":"1981-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3352,"text":"Science of the Total Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Role of numerical simulation in analysis of ground-water quality problems","docAbstract":"The increasing public awareness and concern about the hazards of toxic chemicals contaminating aquifers has created an increased need for predictive capabilities to analyze ground-water contamination problems. Several digital models to simulate the movement and concentration of ground-water contaminants have been documented recently. Most simulate the transport and dispersion of a nonreactive solute, but some include mathematically simple reaction terms to represent decay and sorption processes. For applications to field problems, these solute-transport models impose data requirements that, in general, exceed our practical capabilities to accurately describe the field properties and stresses of the hydraulic and chemical systems. Thus, interpretations based on model analyses must recognize the significance of uncertainties in input data. Models of ground-water systems should be regarded as just one tool among many that can be used in the analysis of a ground-water quality problem. Numerical simulation can help the analyst integrate available data, evaluate conceptual models, test hypotheses pertaining to flow and quality changes, and predict system responses to alternative stresses. The models do not replace field data, but they do offer a feedback mechanism that can help to guide the design of a more effective and more efficient data-collection program.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0048-9697(81)90163-7","usgsCitation":"Konikow, L.F., 1981, Role of numerical simulation in analysis of ground-water quality problems: Science of the Total Environment, v. 21, p. 299-312, https://doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(81)90163-7.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"299","endPage":"312","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338831,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"21","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58de1955e4b02ff32c699ce1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Konikow, Leonard F. 0000-0002-0940-3856 lkonikow@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0940-3856","contributorId":158,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Konikow","given":"Leonard","email":"lkonikow@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":687740,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70113017,"text":"70113017 - 1981 - Digital elevation data as an aid to land use and land cover classification","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-08-21T11:26:01","indexId":"70113017","displayToPublicDate":"1981-10-18T16:25:25","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3021,"text":"Pecora VII Symposium","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Digital elevation data as an aid to land use and land cover classification","docAbstract":"Elevation data is generally associated with topographic maps and expressed by contours and spot elevations. However, elevation data is also essential to the proper classification of land use and land cover by remote sensing techniques. Absolute elevation governs various types of vegetative growth as does the degree and direction of slope. However, the effect of terrain aspect (slope and direction) on reflectance is of even greater significance. The angular relationship of a surface to the sun can significantly effect the radiometric response. For flat areas this effect is contract but she slopes are involved they must be considered if automated classification is to be applied. To overcome the terrain aspect effect, rating of multi-spectral responses is used in an attempt to eliminate the terrain aspect. However, this is only partially effective and when the terrain aspect controls group cover it is of little or no value.
\n\n
The proper solution to the aspect problem is to obtain and utilize suitable digital elevation data in conjunction with remote sensor response. The relationship of the aspect to the response can be developed by theory of empirical test and when properly applied can neutralize the aspect response. Then the classification of land use and land cover can proceed without the unwanted radiometric anomalies of terrain aspect.
\n\n
In relatively well mapped areas such as the United States and Europe, digital data can be developed from topographic maps or from the stereo aerial photographic movie. For poorer mapped areas (which involved most of the world's land areas), a satellite designed to obtain stereo data offers the best hope for a digital elevation database. Such a satellite, known as Mapsat, has been defined by the U.S. Geological Survey. Utilizing modern solid state technology, there is no reason why such stereo data cannot be acquired simultaneously with the multispectral response, thus simplifying the overall problem of land use and land cover classification.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Pecora VII Symposium","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Photogrammetry","publisherLocation":"Falls Church, VA","usgsCitation":"Colvocoresses, A.P., 1981, Digital elevation data as an aid to land use and land cover classification: Pecora VII Symposium, p. 92-93.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"92","endPage":"93","numberOfPages":"2","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":288844,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53ae7683e4b0abf75cf2bf7d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Colvocoresses, Alden P.","contributorId":72779,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colvocoresses","given":"Alden","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":569150,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70113223,"text":"70113223 - 1981 - The role of remotely sensed and other spatial data for predictive modeling: the Umatilla, Oregon example","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-18T14:58:01","indexId":"70113223","displayToPublicDate":"1981-10-18T08:58:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3021,"text":"Pecora VII Symposium","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The role of remotely sensed and other spatial data for predictive modeling: the Umatilla, Oregon example","docAbstract":"The U. S. Geological Survey's Earth Resources Observations Systems Data Center, in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Portland District, developed and tested techniques that used remotely sensed and other spatial data in predictive models to evaluate irrigation agriculture in the Umatilla River Basin of north-central Oregon. Landsat data and 1:24,000-scale aerial photographs were initially used to map he expansion of irrigate from 1973 to 1979 and to identify crops under irrigation in 1979. The crop data were then used with historical water requirement figures and digital topographic and hydrographic data to estimate water and power use for the 1979 irrigation season. The final project task involved production of a composite map of land suitability for irrigation development based on land cover (from Landsat), land-ownership, soil irrigability, slope gradient, and potential energy costs.
\nThe methods and data used in the study demonstrated the flexibility of remotely sensed and other spatial data as input for predictive models. When combined, they provided useful answers to complex questions facing resource managers.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Pecora VII Symposium","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Photogrammetry","publisherLocation":"Falls Church, VA","usgsCitation":"Loveland, T., and Johnson, G., 1981, The role of remotely sensed and other spatial data for predictive modeling: the Umatilla, Oregon example: Pecora VII Symposium, p. 442-454.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"442","endPage":"454","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":288881,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","city":"Umatilla","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -119.368996,45.877651 ], [ -119.368996,45.929286 ], [ -119.227729,45.929286 ], [ -119.227729,45.877651 ], [ -119.368996,45.877651 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53ae7870e4b0abf75cf2d507","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Loveland, Thomas R. 0000-0003-3114-6646 loveland@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3114-6646","contributorId":3005,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loveland","given":"Thomas R.","email":"loveland@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":494998,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, Gary E.","contributorId":65007,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Gary E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494999,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70113221,"text":"70113221 - 1981 - From ecological test site to geographic information system: lessons for the 1980's","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-19T08:51:40","indexId":"70113221","displayToPublicDate":"1981-10-18T08:47:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3021,"text":"Pecora VII Symposium","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"From ecological test site to geographic information system: lessons for the 1980's","docAbstract":"Geographic information systems were common elements in two kinds of interdisciplinary regional demonstration projects in the 1970's. Ecological test sits attempted to provide for more efficient remote-sensing data delivery for regional environmental management. Regional environmental systems analysis attempted to formally describe and model the interacting regional social and environmental processes, including the resource-use decision making process. Lessons for the 1980's are drawn from recent evaluations and assessments of these programs, focusing on cost, rates of system development and technology transfer, program coordination, integrative analysis capability, and the involvement of system users and decision makers.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Pecora VII Symposium","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Photogrammetry","publisherLocation":"Falls Church, VA","usgsCitation":"Alexander, R.H., 1981, From ecological test site to geographic information system: lessons for the 1980's: Pecora VII Symposium, p. 359-365.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"359","endPage":"365","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":288879,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53ae76cfe4b0abf75cf2c028","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Alexander, Robert H.","contributorId":53807,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alexander","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494996,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5221701,"text":"5221701 - 1981 - Recovery of cholinesterase activity in five avian species exposed to dicrotophos, an organophosphorus pesticide","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-05-17T14:38:53.793482","indexId":"5221701","displayToPublicDate":"1981-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3036,"text":"Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Recovery of cholinesterase activity in five avian species exposed to dicrotophos, an organophosphorus pesticide","docAbstract":"The responses of brain and plasma cholinesterase (ChE) activities were examined in mallard ducks, bobwhite quail, barn owls, starlings, and common grackles given oral doses of dicrotophos, an organophosphorus insecticide. Up to an eightfold difference in response of brain ChE activity to dicrotophos was found among these species. Brain ChE activity recovered to within 2 SD of normal within 26 days after being depressed 55 to 64%. Recovery of brain ChE activity was similar among species and followed the model Y = a + b (log10X).
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0048-3575(81)90045-6","usgsCitation":"Fleming, W.J., and Grue, C.E., 1981, Recovery of cholinesterase activity in five avian species exposed to dicrotophos, an organophosphorus pesticide: Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, v. 16, no. 2, p. 129-135, https://doi.org/10.1016/0048-3575(81)90045-6.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"129","endPage":"135","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":198825,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"16","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a60e4b07f02db6354a1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fleming, W. James","contributorId":85279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fleming","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"James","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":334481,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grue, Christian E. cgrue@usgs.gov","contributorId":3354,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grue","given":"Christian","email":"cgrue@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":334482,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70199508,"text":"70199508 - 1981 - Economics and petroleum resource appraisal: The case of the Permian basin: ","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-19T16:30:17","indexId":"70199508","displayToPublicDate":"1981-09-19T15:52:09","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5748,"text":"Journal of Petroleum Technology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Economics and petroleum resource appraisal: The case of the Permian basin: ","docAbstract":"Estimates of oil and gas resources typically are presented in terms of proved and undiscovered resources. This paper presents a methodology for incorporating economic considerations into resource appraisals for petroleum basins. A cost algorithm is used to calculate estimates of the costs of finding and developing undiscovered oil and gas fields in the Permian basin. The sensitivity of the resource estimates to variations in values of the variables in the costing model was investigated, and the results of this analysis are presented. The model indicates that at prices up to $40/bbl, the total reserves of oil and gas in barrels-of-oil equivalent (BOE's) from future discoveries will be less than 15% of the estimated ultimate recovery from fields discovered before Jan. 1 1975. Only discoveries to a depth of 20,000 ft were included.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Petroleum Engineers","doi":"10.2118/7738-PA","usgsCitation":"Attanasi, E., Garland, T., Wood, J., Dietzman, W.D., and Hicks, J., 1981, Economics and petroleum resource appraisal: The case of the Permian basin: : Journal of Petroleum Technology, v. 33, no. 4, p. 603-616, https://doi.org/10.2118/7738-PA.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"603","endPage":"616","costCenters":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":357520,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"33","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1981-04-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Attanasi, Emil D. 0000-0001-6845-7160 attanasi@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6845-7160","contributorId":198728,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Attanasi","given":"Emil D.","email":"attanasi@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":745642,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Garland, T.M.","contributorId":208020,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Garland","given":"T.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":745643,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wood, J.H.","contributorId":208023,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wood","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":745646,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dietzman, William D.","contributorId":77532,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dietzman","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":745645,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hicks, J.N.","contributorId":208024,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hicks","given":"J.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":745647,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":5223688,"text":"5223688 - 1981 - Coral snake mimicry: Does it occur?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-12-23T15:32:33.465684","indexId":"5223688","displayToPublicDate":"1981-09-11T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Coral snake mimicry: Does it occur?","docAbstract":"Field observations and experimental evidence refute previous objections to the coral snake mimicry hypothesis. Concordant color pattern variation spanning hundreds of miles and several presumed venomous models strongly suggests that several harmless or mildly venomous colubrid snakes are indeed mimics of highly venomous elapids.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.213.4513.1207","usgsCitation":"Greene, H., and McDiarmid, R., 1981, Coral snake mimicry: Does it occur?: Science, v. 213, no. 4513, p. 1207-1212, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.213.4513.1207.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"1207","endPage":"1212","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200044,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"213","issue":"4513","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e47dce4b07f02db4b7c05","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Greene, H.W.","contributorId":89638,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greene","given":"H.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339268,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McDiarmid, R.W.","contributorId":15130,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McDiarmid","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339267,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70011986,"text":"70011986 - 1981 - Miocene benthic foraminiferal isotope records: A synthesis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-10-02T16:15:48.310822","indexId":"70011986","displayToPublicDate":"1981-08-03T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2673,"text":"Marine Micropaleontology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Miocene benthic foraminiferal isotope records: A synthesis","docAbstract":"18O/160 and 13C/12C ratios of Miocene benthic foraminifera from a number of Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Ocean DSDP sites (71, 77B, 206, 208, 238, 279, 289, 296, 329, 357 and 366A) have been compiled. These provide a rather detailed history of Miocene deep water especially in the Pacific Ocean. Bottom-water temperatures rose during the early Miocene and then declined rapidly during the middle Miocene. This decline was accompanied by an increase in Antarctic glaciation. Late Miocene bottom temperatures and Antarctic ice volumes are inferred to be similar to today's, but exhibited some fluctuation. The early Miocene ocean was less thermally stratified at intermediate and abyssal depths while the late Miocene deep ocean had a thermal structure generally similar to the modern ocean.
Foraminiferal carbon isotope ratios at most of the sites varied quasi-sympathetically throughout the Miocene. These variations must reflect comparable variations in the mean 13C/12C of marine HCO3. However, the causes of such variations are not yet clear.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0377-8398(81)90031-1","usgsCitation":"Savin, S., Douglas, R., Keller, G., Killingley, J., Shaughnessy, L., Sommer, M., Vincent, E., and Woodruff, F., 1981, Miocene benthic foraminiferal isotope records: A synthesis: Marine Micropaleontology, v. 6, no. 4, p. 423-450, https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-8398(81)90031-1.","productDescription":"28 p.","startPage":"423","endPage":"450","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221785,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"6","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5b31e4b0c8380cd6f3c7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Savin, S.M.","contributorId":26441,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savin","given":"S.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362450,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Douglas, R.G.","contributorId":11326,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Douglas","given":"R.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362448,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Keller, G.","contributorId":72527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keller","given":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362452,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Killingley, J.S.","contributorId":82459,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Killingley","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362453,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Shaughnessy, L.","contributorId":85330,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shaughnessy","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362454,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Sommer, M.A.","contributorId":20074,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sommer","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362449,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Vincent, E.","contributorId":35464,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vincent","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362451,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Woodruff, F.","contributorId":108251,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woodruff","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362455,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70120225,"text":"70120225 - 1981 - Results of a modeling workshop concerning development of the Beluga coal resource in Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-13T11:27:29","indexId":"70120225","displayToPublicDate":"1981-07-17T11:24:46","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"title":"Results of a modeling workshop concerning development of the Beluga coal resource in Alaska","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","language":"English","publisher":"U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Western Energy and Land Use Team","publisherLocation":"Fort Collins, CO","usgsCitation":"McNamee, P.J., Andrews, A.K., Auble, G.T., Ellison, R.A., Johnson, R.L., Hamilton, D.B., and Roelle, J.E., 1981, Results of a modeling workshop concerning development of the Beluga coal resource in Alaska, 60 p.","productDescription":"60 p.","numberOfPages":"60","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":292074,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 172.44,51.21 ], [ 172.44,71.39 ], [ -129.99,71.39 ], [ -129.99,51.21 ], [ 172.44,51.21 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53ec7bd0e4b02bf5a7674096","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McNamee, Peter J.","contributorId":16760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McNamee","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498021,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Andrews, Austin K.","contributorId":85516,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andrews","given":"Austin","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498024,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Auble, Gregor T. 0000-0002-0843-2751 aubleg@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0843-2751","contributorId":2187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Auble","given":"Gregor","email":"aubleg@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":498019,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ellison, Richard A.","contributorId":19087,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellison","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498022,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Johnson, Richard L.","contributorId":32626,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498023,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hamilton, David B. hamiltond@usgs.gov","contributorId":193,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hamilton","given":"David","email":"hamiltond@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":498018,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Roelle, James E. roelleb@usgs.gov","contributorId":2330,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roelle","given":"James","email":"roelleb@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":498020,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70011697,"text":"70011697 - 1981 - Crustal processes of the Mid-Ocean Ridge","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-12-23T15:58:07.673717","indexId":"70011697","displayToPublicDate":"1981-07-03T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Crustal processes of the Mid-Ocean Ridge","docAbstract":"Independent geological and geophysical investigations of the Mid-Ocean Ridge system have begun to focus on the nature of the magma chamber system underlying its central axis. Thermal models predict the existence of a steady-state chamber beneath a thin crustal lid ranging in thickness from 2 to 13 kilometers. The only aspect of the system that these models fail to account for is the extremely slow spreading rates. Seismological studies reveal the existence of a low-velocity zone beneath segments of the East Pacific Rise, which is thought to correspond to a chamber system having a half-width of approximately 5 to 10 kilometers. These estimates compare favorably with those derived separately through petrological investigations of deep-sea drilling results, various sampling programs, and field and laboratory studies of ophiolites. The chamber is thought to be wing-shaped and to remain continuously open; it is thought to be fed from the center while simultaneously solidifying at the sides as spreading carries the two halves apart. Progressive fractionation occurs by crystal settling coupled with repeated replenishment and magma mixing in an open steady-state system. Near-bottom studies reveal that the zone of extrusion above the chamber is narrow, but its eruptive history is cyclic in nature, in conflict with the predictions of a steady-state model. On-bottom gravity data at 21°N on the East Pacific Rise reveal a negative gravity anomaly that may be related to the uppermost part of the chamber. The anomaly is only 2 kilometers wide and 1 kilometer below the sea floor. This feature may be associated with a short-term upper magma reservoir. The cyclic volcanic activity is directly related to the active phase of hydrothermal circulation responsible for the observed negative thermal anomaly. The volume of water associated with this circulation is equal to the entire ocean volume passing through the accretion zone approximately every 8 million years. This is about 0.5 percent of the world's rivers, but the effective transport rates of elements are comparable to those of rivers in that anomalies for individual elements are frequently between 100 and 1000 times the average river composition. The degree of subsurface dilution determines the final exit temperature and composition of the hydrothermal fluids, ranging from manganese domination at extreme dilution to iron at intermediate levels to sulfide deposition when low dilution occurs. The discovery of massive sulfide deposits on the East Pacific Rise is destined to have a profound impact on our understanding of ore-forming processes. Whether it will have any economic significance remains to be seen.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.213.4503.31","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Ballard, R.D., Craig, H., Edmond, J., Einaudi, M., Holcomb, R., Holland, H., Hopson, C., Luyendyk, B., Macdonald, K., Morton, J., Orcutt, J., and Sleep, N., 1981, Crustal processes of the Mid-Ocean Ridge: Science, v. 213, no. 4503, p. 31-40, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.213.4503.31.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"31","endPage":"40","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221191,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"213","issue":"4503","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fce1e4b0c8380cd4e4ad","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ballard, Richard D.","contributorId":40729,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ballard","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361741,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Craig, H.","contributorId":78878,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Craig","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361746,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Edmond, J.","contributorId":44291,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edmond","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361742,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Einaudi, M.","contributorId":14575,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Einaudi","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361737,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Holcomb, R.","contributorId":23276,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holcomb","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361739,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Holland, H.D.","contributorId":19288,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holland","given":"H.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361738,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Hopson, C.A.","contributorId":13244,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hopson","given":"C.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361736,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Luyendyk, B.P.","contributorId":53074,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luyendyk","given":"B.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361744,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Macdonald, K.","contributorId":23690,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Macdonald","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361740,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Morton, J.","contributorId":53523,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morton","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361745,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Orcutt, J.","contributorId":51457,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Orcutt","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361743,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Sleep, N.","contributorId":88484,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sleep","given":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361747,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12}]}} ,{"id":70011730,"text":"70011730 - 1981 - Continental accretion: From oceanic plateaus to allochthonous terranes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-12-23T16:03:49.169604","indexId":"70011730","displayToPublicDate":"1981-07-03T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Continental accretion: From oceanic plateaus to allochthonous terranes","docAbstract":"Some of the regions of the anomalously high sea-floor topography in today's oceans may be modern allochthonous terranes moving with their oceanic plates. Fated to collide with and be accreted to adjacent continents, they may create complex volcanism, cut off and trap oceanic crust, and cause orogenic deformation. The accretion of plateaus during subduction of oceanic plates may be responsible for mountain building comparable to that produced by the collision of continents.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.213.4503.47","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Ben-Avraham, Z., Nur, A., Jones, D., and Cox, A., 1981, Continental accretion: From oceanic plateaus to allochthonous terranes: Science, v. 213, no. 4503, p. 47-54, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.213.4503.47.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"47","endPage":"54","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221690,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"213","issue":"4503","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fa4ee4b0c8380cd4da33","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ben-Avraham, Z.","contributorId":68459,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ben-Avraham","given":"Z.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361828,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nur, A.","contributorId":31114,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nur","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361827,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jones, D.","contributorId":16578,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361826,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cox, A.","contributorId":89266,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cox","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361829,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70012028,"text":"70012028 - 1981 - Processes controlling the characteristics of the surficial sand sheet, U.S. Atlantic outer continental shelf","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-10-11T16:07:02.007515","indexId":"70012028","displayToPublicDate":"1981-07-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Processes controlling the characteristics of the surficial sand sheet, U.S. Atlantic outer continental shelf","docAbstract":"A review of recent data on the velocity of bottom currents, the frequency of bottom-sediment movement, the kinds and amounts of suspended sediments in near-bottom waters, and the acoustic and sedimentary features of subbottom strata indicates that the characteristics of the ubiquitous sand sheet on the Atlantic outer continental shelf of the United States have been controlled by a variety of past and present processes. Although these processes collectively have had a widespread effect on the characteristics of the sand sheet, the relative importance of each process changes geographically. On Georges Bank, late Pleistocene glaciations along with modern tidal currents and the regional circulation pattern have played a dominant role. On the Middle Atlantic shelf, ancestral rivers, former near-shore processes, and modern wind- and wave-generated currents are important factors. On the South Atlantic shelf, the sediments reflect subaerial weathering, erosion or nondeposition over or near hardgrounds, and the production of biogenic carbonate. Other processes such as the movement of water masses, bioturbation, and bottom fishing probably have affected the sediments in all areas. A knowledge of the various factors affecting the sand sheet is fundamental to an understanding of its general geologic history and to the paleoenvironmental interpretation of ancient sand strata.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0025-3227(81)90170-5","usgsCitation":"Knebel, H.J., 1981, Processes controlling the characteristics of the surficial sand sheet, U.S. Atlantic outer continental shelf: Marine Geology, v. 42, no. 1-4, p. 349-368, https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(81)90170-5.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"349","endPage":"368","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222453,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"42","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a8dafe4b0c8380cd7ed7e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Knebel, Harley J.","contributorId":25930,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knebel","given":"Harley","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362561,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70120228,"text":"70120228 - 1981 - Establishing backcountry use quotas: an example from Mineral King, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-13T11:40:05","indexId":"70120228","displayToPublicDate":"1981-07-01T11:38:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1547,"text":"Environmental Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Establishing backcountry use quotas: an example from Mineral King, California","docAbstract":"Increasing levels of visitor use and consequent resource damage have necessitated that backcountry use restrictions be established in the Mineral King area of Sequoia National Park, California. In this paper we review the steps taken in developing a trailhead quota system. The availability of acceptable campsites, based on a detailed inventory of site distribution and impact, was used to quantitatively derive use capacities for each camp area. Wilderness permit data on visitor dispersal patterns from the major trailheads, including length of stay at each camp area, were then used to translate the area capacities into daily trailhead quotas that would assure that these capacities were not surpassed. The general approach is applicable to any backcountry area, although large complex areas may require the use of available computer simulation models.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer-Verlag","publisherLocation":"New York","doi":"10.1007/BF01867347","usgsCitation":"Parsons, D.J., Stohlgren, T.J., and Fodor, P.A., 1981, Establishing backcountry use quotas: an example from Mineral King, California: Environmental Management, v. 5, no. 4, p. 335-340, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01867347.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"335","endPage":"340","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":292079,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":292078,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01867347"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Mineral King","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -118.630904,36.435104 ], [ -118.630904,36.471004 ], [ -118.566874,36.471004 ], [ -118.566874,36.435104 ], [ -118.630904,36.435104 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"5","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53ec7bcbe4b02bf5a7674037","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Parsons, David J.","contributorId":39249,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parsons","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498030,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stohlgren, Thomas J. 0000-0001-9696-4450 stohlgrent@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9696-4450","contributorId":2902,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stohlgren","given":"Thomas","email":"stohlgrent@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":498028,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fodor, Paul A.","contributorId":23082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fodor","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498029,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70210570,"text":"70210570 - 1981 - Geologic setting, petrology, and geochemistry of zoned tungsten-bearing skarns at the Strawberry Mine, central Sierra Nevada, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-12T15:44:25.881897","indexId":"70210570","displayToPublicDate":"1981-06-09T14:16:24","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geologic setting, petrology, and geochemistry of zoned tungsten-bearing skarns at the Strawberry Mine, central Sierra Nevada, California","docAbstract":"The Strawberry mine, 90 km northeast of Fresno, California, occurs on the margin of a small roof pendant of Early Jurassic metasedimentary rocks and middle Cretaceous metaigneous rocks. Middle Cretaceous granitic intrusions surround and intrude the roof pendant. Adjacent to one granodiorite intrusion, several subvertical marble layers are replaced by scheelite-bearing skarns. The skarns form spears that project as much as 300 m upward and into the marble layers. Between the marble and granodiorite, the skarns comprise a metasomatic column and are subdivided into four zones: (1) wollastonite skarn, adjacent to and replacing marble, and containing wollastonite, grossularite, idocrase, and diopside; (2) garnet skarn, containing andradite-grossularite, diopside-hedenbergite, and scheelite; (3) pyroxene skarn containing hedenbergite-diopside, plagioclase, magnetite, and scheelite; and (4) hornblende skarn, adjacent to granodiorite, and containing hornblende, plagioclase, microcline, magnetite, and scheelite. Important features of the skarn zonation are: sharp contacts between skarn zones; relative constancy of whole-rock, mineral, and modal compositions within each skarn zone; major changes in whole-rock, mineral, and modal compositions across contacts between skarn zones; and systematic replacement between skarn zones, with any given skarn zone replaced by the next lower and adjacent skarn zone toward the granodiorite. Volume remained approximately constant in the replacement of marble by various skarn zones. Marble and skarn exhibit uniformly low porosity. Data on mineral paragenesis and mineral composition indicate that in the replacement of any skarn the most calcic mineral is consumed and the residual calc-silicate minerals in the replacing skarn increase in abundance and are richer in total Fe and MnO. This mineral paragenesis can be related to systematic variations in whole-rock composition. From the marble to the granodiorite, skarns are progressively depleted in CaO and CO 2 , and progressively enriched in SiO 2 , total Fe, MgO, MnO, Al 2 O 3 , Na 2 O, K 2 O, and WO 3 . The skarns probably formed when an aqueous fluid containing a solute fraction relatively depleted in Ca and CO 2 , and relatively enriched in Si, Fe, Mg, Mn, Al, Na, K, and W, was expelled from a granitic magma into country rock. The tendency toward local equilibrium between fluid and marble resulted in formation of skarns with systematic stepwise changes in mineral and rock composition at contacts between skarns. Achievement of local equilibrium occurred mainly by infiltration metasomatism with a possible minor component of diffusion metasomatism.
","language":"English","publisher":"GeoScienceWorld","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.76.1.111","usgsCitation":"Nokleberg, W.J., 1981, Geologic setting, petrology, and geochemistry of zoned tungsten-bearing skarns at the Strawberry Mine, central Sierra Nevada, California: Economic Geology, v. 76, no. 1, p. 111-133, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.76.1.111.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"111","endPage":"133","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":375477,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Strawberry Mine","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.36645507812499,\n 37.48139702942734\n ],\n [\n -118.72100830078125,\n 37.48139702942734\n ],\n [\n -118.72100830078125,\n 37.87593739777859\n ],\n [\n -119.36645507812499,\n 37.87593739777859\n ],\n [\n -119.36645507812499,\n 37.48139702942734\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"76","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1981-02-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nokleberg, Warren J. 0000-0002-1574-8869 wnokleberg@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1574-8869","contributorId":2077,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nokleberg","given":"Warren","email":"wnokleberg@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":790634,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5210273,"text":"5210273 - 1981 - Use of captive starlings to determine effects of pollutants on passerine reproduction","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-31T16:32:03","indexId":"5210273","displayToPublicDate":"1981-06-09T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Use of captive starlings to determine effects of pollutants on passerine reproduction","docAbstract":"Three reproductive trials were conducted to develop techniques for propagation of captive starlings (Stumus vulgaris) which could determine the effects of environmental contaminants on passerine reproduction. Trials were conducted during the spring of 1979 in five adjacent 2.4 by 3 by 12-m outdoor wire pens containing four or ten pairs of starlings, a similar number of nest boxes, perches, water, commercial turkey starter, and alfalfa hay as nesting material. Nestling diets consisted of combinations of Nebraska Brand bird of prey diet, live or frozen mealworms (Tenebrio molitor) and crickets (Acheta domestica), or live earthworms (Pheretima sp.). Starlings reproduced successfully when the number of breeding pairs per pen was reduced from ten to four. The average clutch sizes for each pen (4.3 to 4.9) were similar to those reported for wild starlings. Hatching (60 to 90.4 percent) and fledging (0 to 100 percent) success varied among pens. The fledging success was greatest in the pens which received the most diverse nestling diets: Nebraska Brand diet plus frozen or live mealworms and crickets. Whether the insects were presented alive or frozen appeared to have little effect on the reproductive success. The starlings did not consume or carry earthworms to their young. The body weights of 20-day-old nestlings raised in captivity (X=73.9 g) were similar to those of starlings in the wild. The use of single pairs per pen may eliminate problems in presentation of nestling diets due to asynchrony in breeding between pairs and excessive interactions among individuals, which may interfere with parental care. The starling appears to be an excellent model for examining the effects of environmental contaminants on the reproduction of songbirds in captivity.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Avian and Mammalian Wildlife Toxicology: Second Conference: A symposium","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Society for Testing and Materials","publisherLocation":"Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","doi":"10.1520/STP28368S","usgsCitation":"Grue, C., and Christian, C., 1981, Use of captive starlings to determine effects of pollutants on passerine reproduction, chap. of Avian and Mammalian Wildlife Toxicology: Second Conference: A symposium, p. 5-18, https://doi.org/10.1520/STP28368S.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"5","endPage":"18","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200912,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a17e4b07f02db604795","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Lamb, D.W.","contributorId":112127,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lamb","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506214,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kenaga, E.E.","contributorId":113958,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kenaga","given":"E.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506215,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Grue, C.E.","contributorId":86446,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grue","given":"C.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":328114,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Christian, C.L.","contributorId":92781,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christian","given":"C.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":328115,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70120243,"text":"70120243 - 1981 - Population dynamics and bioenergetics of a fossorial herbivore, Thomomys talpoides (Rodentia: Geomyidae), in a spruce-fir sere","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-13T13:13:52","indexId":"70120243","displayToPublicDate":"1981-06-01T12:56:25","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1459,"text":"Ecological Monographs","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Population dynamics and bioenergetics of a fossorial herbivore, Thomomys talpoides (Rodentia: Geomyidae), in a spruce-fir sere","docAbstract":"Studies of the bioenergetics of the northern pocket gopher, Thomomys talpoides, are coupled with data on demography, activity budgets, and microclimates to model the energy requirements of individuals and populations in the Wasatch Mountains of Utah during 1976-1979. Metabolic rates during rest increased linearly with decreasing ambient temperature, but burrowing metabolic rates (16.3 mL O2 • h-1 • g-9.75) were independent of both temperature and physical properties of the soil. Radio-telemetry studies indicated that free-ranging gophers are active =50% of each day.
\nConservative estimates of true energy consumption were calculated using estimates of habitat-specific minimum daily burrowing requirements. Rates of burrowing measured in the laboratory were either ∞ 0.0 or ∞ 2.0 cm/min. The low burrowing rate was observed when the soil was frozen or saturated with water, as would occur in the field in early winter and in spring, respectively. Gophers burrowed through soil at the study site at an average rate of ∞ 1.5 cm/min. Belowground food energy densities at gopher foraging depth declined from 24.6 to 3.2 J/cm3 along a successional gradient (subalpine forb meadow to Engelmann spruce dominated forest). We conclude that individual gophers are food limited within the climax spruce seral stage. Further, daily energy costs associated with reproduction in females may exceed the belowground energy supply available in intermediate seral stages (aspen and subalpine fir). Reduction of burrowing rates for any reason will affect gophers in the late seral stages proportionately more than those resident in the meadow. The peak gopher densities recorded (from 62 individuals/ha in the meadow to 2 individuals/ha in spruce forest) support these inferences.
\nDetailed demographic information was obtained only in the meadow seral stage. Adult survivorship was lower in winter than in summer and varied greatly between years (0.18-0.70 yr-1). Juvenile survivorship from weaning through the first year was comparable to adult annual rates. The fertility rate was 3.75 young • female-1 • yr-1.
\nThe energy flow through the meadow population at moderate to high )1976-1977) densities (at least 1100 MJ • ha-1 • yr-1) indicates that pocket gophers are proficient energy movers relative to non-fossorial small mammals. Subalpine T. talpoides populations appear commonly to attain such densities. More than 30% of the annual primary productivity allocated to belowground parts of meadow forbs may be consumed by gophers.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecological Monographs","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","publisherLocation":"Tempe, AZ","doi":"10.2307/2937262","usgsCitation":"Andersen, D., and MacMahon, J.A., 1981, Population dynamics and bioenergetics of a fossorial herbivore, Thomomys talpoides (Rodentia: Geomyidae), in a spruce-fir sere: Ecological Monographs, v. 51, no. 2, p. 179-202, https://doi.org/10.2307/2937262.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"179","endPage":"202","numberOfPages":"24","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":292092,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":292091,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2937262"}],"volume":"51","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53ec7bcfe4b02bf5a7674088","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Andersen, Douglas C. doug_andersen@usgs.gov","contributorId":2216,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andersen","given":"Douglas C.","email":"doug_andersen@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":498043,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"MacMahon, James A.","contributorId":9581,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"MacMahon","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498044,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70236732,"text":"70236732 - 1981 - Broad area forest fuels and topography mapping using digital Landsat and terrain data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-16T15:43:49.90895","indexId":"70236732","displayToPublicDate":"1981-06-01T10:28:02","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Broad area forest fuels and topography mapping using digital Landsat and terrain data","docAbstract":"A spatially registered digital data base of fuels and terrain information was generated for a test site on the Lolo National Forest in Montana. The data base was developed specifically for providing spatially relevant data to a mathematical fire behavior model developed by the Forest Service which integrates this information along with current weather data to produce realistic estimates of probable fire behavior.
Methodologies for the processing and analysis of Landsat MSS and digital terrain data for the mapping of U.S. Forest Service fuel types were developed and demonstrated. Key elements in the mapping process were the development of a fuels terrain distribution model which provided a statistical description of the topographic distribution patterns of fuels within spectral classes, and secondly, the application of a layered classifier which incorporated the spectral and terrain data in a two-stage maximum likelihood classification framework for the mapping of fuels.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Seventh international symposium: Machine processing of remotely sensed data","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Seventh International Symposium: Machine Processing of Remotely Sensed Data","conferenceDate":"June 23-26, 1981","conferenceLocation":"West Lafayette, Indiana, United States","language":"English","publisher":"Purdue Univeristy","usgsCitation":"Shasby, M., Burgan, R.E., and Johnson, G.R., 1981, Broad area forest fuels and topography mapping using digital Landsat and terrain data, in Seventh international symposium: Machine processing of remotely sensed data, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States, June 23-26, 1981, p. 529-538.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"529","endPage":"538","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) 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E.","contributorId":149864,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Burgan","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":852041,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnson, Gregg R. grjohnson@usgs.gov","contributorId":5392,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Gregg","email":"grjohnson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":852042,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70210000,"text":"70210000 - 1981 - Origin of organic-carbon-rich mid-Cretaceous limestones, Mid-Pacific Mountains and southern Hess Rise","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-08T16:30:48.578294","indexId":"70210000","displayToPublicDate":"1981-05-08T11:16:12","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1997,"text":"Initial reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Origin of organic-carbon-rich mid-Cretaceous limestones, Mid-Pacific Mountains and southern Hess Rise","docAbstract":"Limestones of mid-Cretaceous age containing as much as 8.6 percent organic carbon were cored at one site (463) in the Mid-Pacific Mountains and at two sites (465, 466) on southern Hess Rise, central North Pacific Ocean, during Leg 62 of the Deep Sea Drilling Project. In the Mid-Pacific Mountains, three layers containing more than 2% organic carbon are associated with volcanic ash in silicified limestone of early Aptian age (—112-113 m.y. old), a time when the site was south of the equator and considerably shallower than at present (2525 m). The beds of laminated, organiccarbon-rich limestone, implying deposition in an oxygen-deficient environment, are interbedded with normal pelagic limestones. This sequence lies on interbedded pelagic limestones and clastic limestones containing locally derived shallow-water carbonate debris, and it is overlain by interbedded green, gray, and pink limestones. The organic-carbonrich strata on southern Hess Rise are dark-olive, laminated limestones with rare interbeds of altered volcanic ash of the late Aptian to early Cenomanian ( — 98 to 103 m.y. old), a time when the site was passing under the equatorial highproductivity zone and subsiding from shallow to intermediate water depths. The organic-carbon-rich limestone sequence overlies volcanic basement (trachyte) in this part of Hess Rise. The association of volcanogenic sediments with organic-carbon-rich strata on Hess Rise is not as striking as in the Mid-Pacific Mountains, but the occurrences do suggest a coincidence of mid-plate volcanic activity and accumulation of organic matter at intermediate water depths in the tropical North Pacific Ocean during the mid-Cretaceous. Pyrolysis assays indicate that most of the organic matter in the limestone on Hess Rise is composed of lipid-rich kerogen derived from marine organisms. Limestones from the Mid-Pacific Mountains contain lower concentrations of organic matter.
Pyrolysis assays and extractable hydrocarbons indicate that the organic matter in samples from Hole 463 is also predominantly of marine origin, and that contributions of terrigenous organic matter were probably minor. Analyses of stable carbon isotopes indicate that the organic carbon in all analyzed samples is isotopically light (δ13C 24 to - 29‰) relative to most modern marine organic carbon (δ13C - 9 to - 30%), and that the lightest carbon (δ13C 28 to - 29‰) is also the most lipid-rich.
The organic-carbon-rich mid-Cretaceous limestones on Hess Rise, the Mid-Pacific Mountains, and other elevated plateaus and seamounts in the Pacific Ocean are approximately equivalent in age (mid-Cretaceous, -85-120 m.y.) to organic-carbon-rich lithofacies elsewhere in the world ocean, particularly in the Atlantic Ocean and parts of the Indian Ocean. However, strata of equivalent age deposited in the Pacific Ocean at greater depths do not contain any carbon rich horizons. This observation, together with the evidence that the plateau sites were considerably shallower and close to the equator during the mid-Cretaceous, suggests that an expanded mid-water oxygen minimum, together with local restrictions in circulation, may have resulted in the preservation of organic matter in an oxygen-deficient environment where the oxygen minimum impinged on elevated platforms such as Hess Rise and the Mid-Pacific Mountains.
","language":"English","publisher":"Texas A&M","doi":"10.2973/dsdp.proc.62.144.1981","usgsCitation":"Dean, W.E., Claypool, G., and Thiede, J., 1981, Origin of organic-carbon-rich mid-Cretaceous limestones, Mid-Pacific Mountains and southern Hess Rise: Initial reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, v. 62, p. 877-890, https://doi.org/10.2973/dsdp.proc.62.144.1981.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"877","endPage":"890","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":487698,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"http://doi.org/10.2973/dsdp.proc.62.144.1981","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":374577,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Mid Pacific Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -175.4296875,\n 9.102096738726456\n ],\n [\n -157.1484375,\n 9.102096738726456\n ],\n [\n -157.1484375,\n 40.97989806962013\n ],\n [\n -175.4296875,\n 40.97989806962013\n ],\n [\n -175.4296875,\n 9.102096738726456\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"62","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dean, Walter E. dean@usgs.gov","contributorId":1801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dean","given":"Walter","email":"dean@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":788760,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Claypool, George E.","contributorId":8475,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Claypool","given":"George E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":788761,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thiede, Jorn","contributorId":88085,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Thiede","given":"Jorn","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":788762,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70012139,"text":"70012139 - 1981 - Development of the benethic nepheloid layer on the south Texas continental shelf, western Gulf of Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-10-11T16:40:24.128087","indexId":"70012139","displayToPublicDate":"1981-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Development of the benethic nepheloid layer on the south Texas continental shelf, western Gulf of Mexico","docAbstract":"A monitoring study of suspended sediment on the South Texas Continental Shelf indicates that a turbid benthic nepheloid layer is regionally persistent. A sequence of quasi-synoptic measurements of the water column obtained during six cruises in an 18-month period indicates substantial spatial and temporal variability in nepheloidlayer characteristics. Regionally, the thickness of the shelf nepheloid layer increases both seaward and in a convergent alongshelf direction. Greatest thicknesses occur over a muddy substrate, indicating a causal relationship; maximum observed local thickness is 35 m which occurs along the southern shelf break. Analyses of suspended particulate matter in shelf bottom waters indicate mean concentrations ranging from 49 · 104 to 111 · 104 particle counts/cc; concentrations persistently increase shoreward throughout the region. Bottom particulate matter is predominantly composed of inorganic detritus. Admixtures of organic skeletal particles, primarily diatoms, are generally present but average less than 10% of the total particulate composition. Texturally, the particulate matter in bottom waters is predominantly poorly sorted sediment composed of very fine silt (3.9–7.8 μm).
The variability in nepheloid-layer characteristics indicates a highly dynamic shelf feature. The relationship of nepheloid-layer characteristics to hydrographic and substrate conditions suggests a conceptual model whereby nepheloid-layer development and maintenance are the results of the resuspension of sea-floor sediment. Bottom turbulence is attributed primarily to vertical shear and shoaling progressive internal waves generated by migrating shelf-water masses, especially oceanic frontal systems, and secondarily to shoaling surface gravity waves.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0025-3227(81)90103-1","usgsCitation":"Shideler, G.L., 1981, Development of the benethic nepheloid layer on the south Texas continental shelf, western Gulf of Mexico: Marine Geology, v. 41, no. 1-2, p. 37-61, https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(81)90103-1.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"37","endPage":"61","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222394,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","otherGeospatial":"western Gulf of Mexico","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -95.35530008813947,\n 29.837594915437734\n ],\n [\n -97.52339711478857,\n 29.837594915437734\n ],\n [\n -97.52339711478857,\n 25.846668951564865\n ],\n [\n -95.35530008813947,\n 25.846668951564865\n ],\n [\n -95.35530008813947,\n 29.837594915437734\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"41","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a007ae4b0c8380cd4f767","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shideler, Gerald L.","contributorId":89137,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shideler","given":"Gerald","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362836,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70012136,"text":"70012136 - 1981 - Encounter with Saturn: Voyager 1 imaging science results","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-12-23T16:36:47.663533","indexId":"70012136","displayToPublicDate":"1981-04-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Encounter with Saturn: Voyager 1 imaging science results","docAbstract":"As Voyager 1 flew through the Saturn system it returned photographs revealing many new and surprising characteristics of this complicated community of bodies. Saturn's atmosphere has numerous, low-contrast, discrete cloud features and a pattern of circulation significantly different from that of Jupiter. Titan is shrouded in a haze layer that varies in thickness and appearance. Among the icy satellites there is considerable variety in density, albedo, and surface morphology and substantial evidence for endogenic surface modification. Trends in density and crater characteristics are quite unlike those of the Galilean satellites. Small inner satellites, three of which were discovered in Voyager images, interact gravitationally with one another and with the ring particles in ways not observed elsewhere in the solar system. Saturn's broad A, B, and C rings contain hundreds of \"ringlets,\" and in the densest portion of the B ring there are numerous nonaxisymmetric features. The narrow F ring has three components which, in at least one instance, are kinked and crisscrossed. Two rings are observed beyond the F ring, and material is seen between the C ring and the planet.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.212.4491.163","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Smith, B., Soderblom, L., Beebe, R., Boyce, J., Briggs, G., Bunker, A., Collins, S., Hansen, C., Johnson, T.V., Mitchell, J., Terrile, R., Carr, M., Cook, A., Cuzzi, J., Pollack, J.B., Danielson, G.E., Ingersoll, A., Davies, M.E., Hunt, G., Masursky, H., Shoemaker, E., Morrison, D., Owen, T., Sagan, C., Veverka, J., Strom, R., and Suomi, V., 1981, Encounter with Saturn: Voyager 1 imaging science results: Science, v. 212, no. 4491, p. 163-191, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.212.4491.163.","productDescription":"29 p.","startPage":"163","endPage":"191","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222338,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Rings of Saturn, Saturn, Titan","volume":"212","issue":"4491","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a091ce4b0c8380cd51df8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, B.A.","contributorId":17616,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"B.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362807,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Soderblom, L.","contributorId":106244,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Soderblom","given":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362830,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Beebe, R.","contributorId":91627,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beebe","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362825,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Boyce, J.","contributorId":24918,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boyce","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362808,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Briggs, G.","contributorId":16567,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Briggs","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362806,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Bunker, A.","contributorId":84079,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bunker","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362824,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Collins, S.A.","contributorId":63947,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Collins","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362817,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Hansen, C.J.","contributorId":72530,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hansen","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362822,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Johnson, T. V.","contributorId":79619,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Johnson","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362823,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Mitchell, J.L.","contributorId":13750,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mitchell","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362805,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Terrile, R.J.","contributorId":27194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Terrile","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362810,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Carr, M.","contributorId":105845,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carr","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362829,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Cook, A.F. II","contributorId":95184,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cook","given":"A.F.","suffix":"II","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362826,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Cuzzi, J.","contributorId":28366,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cuzzi","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362812,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Pollack, James B.","contributorId":12616,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pollack","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362804,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Danielson, G. Edward","contributorId":58769,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Danielson","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"Edward","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362816,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16},{"text":"Ingersoll, A.","contributorId":48313,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ingersoll","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362815,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":17},{"text":"Davies, M. E.","contributorId":26050,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davies","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362809,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":18},{"text":"Hunt, G.E.","contributorId":68318,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hunt","given":"G.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362819,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":19},{"text":"Masursky, H.","contributorId":33823,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Masursky","given":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362813,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":20},{"text":"Shoemaker, E.","contributorId":65989,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shoemaker","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362818,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":21},{"text":"Morrison, D.","contributorId":98015,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morrison","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362827,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":22},{"text":"Owen, Tobias","contributorId":103788,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Owen","given":"Tobias","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362828,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":23},{"text":"Sagan, C.","contributorId":42336,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sagan","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362814,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":24},{"text":"Veverka, J.","contributorId":71689,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Veverka","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362821,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":25},{"text":"Strom, R.","contributorId":27608,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Strom","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362811,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":26},{"text":"Suomi, V.E.","contributorId":68869,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Suomi","given":"V.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362820,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":27}]}} ,{"id":70012157,"text":"70012157 - 1981 - Exploration decisions and firms in the mineral industries","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-17T15:21:38.682037","indexId":"70012157","displayToPublicDate":"1981-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1508,"text":"Energy Economics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Exploration decisions and firms in the mineral industries","docAbstract":"The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate how physical characteristics of deposits and results of past exploration enter future exploration decisions. A proposed decision model is presented that is consistent with a set of primitive probabilistic assumptions associated with deposit size distributions and discoverability. Analysis of optimal field exploration strategy showed the likely firm responses to alternative exploration taxes and effects on the distribution of future discoveries. Examination of the probabilistic elements of the decision model indicates that changes in firm expectations associated with the distribution of deposits cannot be totally offset by changes in economic variables.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0140-9883(81)90015-3","usgsCitation":"Attanasi, E., 1981, Exploration decisions and firms in the mineral industries: Energy Economics, v. 3, no. 2, p. 105-112, https://doi.org/10.1016/0140-9883(81)90015-3.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"105","endPage":"112","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":222642,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"3","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0e0be4b0c8380cd532a0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Attanasi, Emil 0000-0001-6845-7160 attanasi@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6845-7160","contributorId":1809,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Attanasi","given":"Emil","email":"attanasi@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":362881,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70208807,"text":"70208807 - 1981 - Silicoflagellate stratigraphy of offshore California and Baja California, Deep Sea Drilling Project, Leg 63.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-02T10:40:12","indexId":"70208807","displayToPublicDate":"1981-03-02T10:26:47","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1996,"text":"Initial Reports of the D.S.D.P.","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Silicoflagellate stratigraphy of offshore California and Baja California, Deep Sea Drilling Project, Leg 63.","docAbstract":"Quantitative study of middle and upper Miocene silicoflagellate assemblages from Pacific Coast Sites 467 and 469 to 472 has permitted identification of warm- and temperate-water biostratigraphic zones and the formulation of a model for relative paleotemperature values (Ts) on the basis of warm- and temperate-genera abundances. Geographic and temporal trends in Ts for Pacific Coast assemblages are indicated. Three new taxa are described: Dictyocha subclinata Bukry n. sp., Mesocena diodon borderlandensis Bukry n. subsp., and M. hexalitha Bukry, n. sp. The ranges in space and time for several species, such as Dictyocha neonautica var. cocosensis and Distephanus mesophthalmus, are increased. Regionally, barred forms of Distephanus stauracanthus become predominant over ringed forms in the upper part of the middle Miocene Distephanus stauracanthus Subzone.
","language":"English","publisher":"Texas A&M","doi":"10.2973/dsdp.proc.63.114.1981","usgsCitation":"Bukry, D., 1981, Silicoflagellate stratigraphy of offshore California and Baja California, Deep Sea Drilling Project, Leg 63.: Initial Reports of the D.S.D.P., v. 63, p. 539-557, https://doi.org/10.2973/dsdp.proc.63.114.1981.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"539","endPage":"557","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488872,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2973/dsdp.proc.63.114.1981","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":372765,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Mexico, United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Baja California","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -110.91796875,\n 22.350075806124867\n ],\n [\n -108.544921875,\n 22.998851594142913\n ],\n [\n -106.875,\n 24.287026865376436\n ],\n [\n -116.3671875,\n 34.88593094075317\n ],\n [\n -119.88281249999999,\n 33.7243396617476\n ],\n [\n -119.35546875000001,\n 28.14950321154457\n ],\n [\n -113.291015625,\n 22.024545601240337\n ],\n [\n -110.91796875,\n 22.350075806124867\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"63","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bukry, David 0000-0003-4540-890X dbukry@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4540-890X","contributorId":3550,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bukry","given":"David","email":"dbukry@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":783469,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5221704,"text":"5221704 - 1981 - Recovery of brain and plasma cholinesterase activities in ducklings exposed to organophosphorus pesticides","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-12T17:54:50.859876","indexId":"5221704","displayToPublicDate":"1981-03-01T12:18:57","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":887,"text":"Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Recovery of brain and plasma cholinesterase activities in ducklings exposed to organophosphorus pesticides","docAbstract":"Brain and plasma cholinesterase (ChE) activities were determined for mallard ducklings (Anas platyrhynchos) exposed to dicrotophos and fenthion. Recovery rates of brain ChE did not differ between ducklings administered a single oral dose vs. a 2-week dietary dose of these organophosphates. Exposure to the organophosphates, followed by recovery of brain ChE, did not significantly affect the degree of brain ChE inhibition or the recovery of ChE activity at a subsequent exposure. Recovery of brain ChE activity followed the general model Y=a+b(logX) with rapid recovery to about 50% of normal, followed by a slower rate of recovery until normal ChE activity levels were attained. Fenthion and dicrotophos-inhibited brain ChE were only slightly reactivatedin vitro by pyridine-2-aldoxime methiodide, which suggested that spontaneous reactivation was not a primary method of recovery of ChE activity. Recovery of brain ChE activity can be modeled for interpretation of sublethal inhibition of brain ChE activities in wild birds following environmental applications of organophosphates. Plasma ChE activity is inferior to brain ChE activity for environmental monitoring, because of its rapid recovery and large degree of variation among individuals.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF01055623","usgsCitation":"Fleming, W.J., 1981, Recovery of brain and plasma cholinesterase activities in ducklings exposed to organophosphorus pesticides: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 10, no. 2, p. 215-229, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01055623.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"215","endPage":"229","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":193351,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7ee4b07f02db648637","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fleming, W. James","contributorId":85279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fleming","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"James","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":334487,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70231504,"text":"70231504 - 1981 - Tectonic elements of the southern part of the Gulf of California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-05-11T16:56:37.358469","indexId":"70231504","displayToPublicDate":"1981-03-01T11:52:32","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1723,"text":"GSA Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Tectonic elements of the southern part of the Gulf of California","docAbstract":"Closely spaced seismic and bathymetric surveys in the southern province of the Gulf of California reveal a tectonically active and structurally complex plate boundary. While heat-flow measurements, seismicity, large sediment accumulations on continental margins, and the presence of oceanic crust in deep basins strongly suggest divergent plate motion, magnetic anomaly patterns are conspicuously absent in the Gulf as a whole. The rate of sediment accumulation (range: 6-1,000 m/m.y.), however, provides an alternative for the differentiation of two types of fault traces and suggests a process by which recently formed plate boundary zones evolve.
Active faults manifest themselves as steep, elongate scarps delineating the active plate boundary zone. These fault traces appear to converge and diverge, for example in the Pescadero Basin complex, in a manner similar to the Southern California borderland. The floors of the intervening basins are flat and relatively sediment free. Relict faults, also elongate fracture zones, are distinguished from active traces in that they are completely filled with hemipelagic muds. The relict faults are located along both sides of the active plate boundary zone and subparallel to it.
These features infer that plate motion is relatively rapid, thus explaining the paucity of sediment accumulation in actively spreading basins in spite of high sedimentation rates. Substantial plate boundary readjustment in short time periods is suggested by the periodic abandoment and subsequent infilling and attachment of formerly active transform faults to the more stable margins of the plates involved. The Gulf of California, therefore, represents a working model of the evolution of a plate boundary and its sedimentological consequences in the early tectonic developmental stage of a passive margin ocean basin such as the Atlantic.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/GSAB-P2-92-360","usgsCitation":"Niemitz, J.W., and Bischoff, J.L., 1981, Tectonic elements of the southern part of the Gulf of California: GSA Bulletin, v. 92, no. 3 Part II, p. 360-407, https://doi.org/10.1130/GSAB-P2-92-360.","productDescription":"48 p.","startPage":"360","endPage":"407","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":400519,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Meixco","otherGeospatial":"southern Gulf of California","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -109.86328125,\n 22.654571520098994\n ],\n [\n -107.16064453125,\n 24.026396666017327\n ],\n [\n -111.70898437499999,\n 28.825425374477224\n ],\n [\n -112.8515625,\n 28.401064827220896\n ],\n [\n -110.6982421875,\n 24.347096633808512\n ],\n [\n -109.8193359375,\n 22.755920681486405\n ],\n [\n -109.86328125,\n 22.654571520098994\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"92","issue":"3 Part II","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Niemitz, J. W.","contributorId":64938,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Niemitz","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":842799,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bischoff, James L. jbischoff@usgs.gov","contributorId":1389,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bischoff","given":"James","email":"jbischoff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":842800,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}