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,{"id":46282,"text":"ofr78861 - 1978 - Map of Oregon RARE II mineral resource potential – Appraisal of mineral resource potential of proposed roadless areas in national forests, Oregon (exclusive of coal, oil, gas, and construction materials)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-06T19:30:14.58381","indexId":"ofr78861","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-861","title":"Map of Oregon RARE II mineral resource potential – Appraisal of mineral resource potential of proposed roadless areas in national forests, Oregon (exclusive of coal, oil, gas, and construction materials)","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. 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,{"id":46244,"text":"ofr78877 - 1978 - Map of Nevada showing mineral resource potential of RARE II areas — Preliminary assessment of mineral resource potential of proposed roadless areas in the national forests of Nevada (exclusive of coal, oil, gas, and construction materials)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-30T21:10:21.698446","indexId":"ofr78877","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-877","title":"Map of Nevada showing mineral resource potential of RARE II areas — Preliminary assessment of mineral resource potential of proposed roadless areas in the national forests of Nevada (exclusive of coal, oil, gas, and construction 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,{"id":41284,"text":"ofr78945 - 1978 - A preliminary assessment of the probability of occurrence of oil, gas, or bitumen-bearing rocks on some U.S. Forest Service RARE II lands in Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:53","indexId":"ofr78945","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-945","title":"A preliminary assessment of the probability of occurrence of oil, gas, or bitumen-bearing rocks on some U.S. Forest Service RARE II lands in Utah","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr78945","usgsCitation":"Fouch, T.D., 1978, A preliminary assessment of the probability of occurrence of oil, gas, or bitumen-bearing rocks on some U.S. Forest Service RARE II lands in Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-945, 1 map ;110 x 88 cm. --, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr78945.","productDescription":"1 map ;110 x 88 cm. --","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":171230,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":98407,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0945/plate-1.pdf","size":"4662","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1fe4b07f02db6aaebe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fouch, Thomas D.","contributorId":97092,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fouch","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":224772,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":36831,"text":"fwsobs78_32 - 1978 - Capture locations of rare fish in the Upper Colorado River system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:46","indexId":"fwsobs78_32","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":20,"text":"FWS/OBS","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"78/32","title":"Capture locations of rare fish in the Upper Colorado River system","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Joseph, T.W., 1978, Capture locations of rare fish in the Upper Colorado River system: FWS/OBS 78/32, v, 44 p. : maps; 27 cm.","productDescription":"v, 44 p. : maps; 27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":94093,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015022551272?urlappend=%3Bseq=5"},{"id":165234,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fde4b07f02db5f5f66","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Joseph, Timothy W.","contributorId":31037,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Joseph","given":"Timothy","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":217035,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":36830,"text":"fwsobs78_31 - 1978 - Rare and endangered vertebrates of the Southeastern U.S. coastal plain--a summary of public concern for sensitive wildlife","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:48","indexId":"fwsobs78_31","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":20,"text":"FWS/OBS","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"78/31","title":"Rare and endangered vertebrates of the Southeastern U.S. coastal plain--a summary of public concern for sensitive wildlife","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Christman, S.P., and Lippincott, W.S., 1978, Rare and endangered vertebrates of the Southeastern U.S. coastal plain--a summary of public concern for sensitive wildlife: FWS/OBS 78/31, iv, 46 p.; 28 cm.","productDescription":"iv, 46 p.; 28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":165412,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db649344","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Christman, Steven P.","contributorId":57517,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christman","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":217034,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lippincott, Wallace S. Jr.","contributorId":20382,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lippincott","given":"Wallace","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":217033,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":7580,"text":"ofr791188 - 1978 - Tin and related elements in sediments and beach sands from Afghanistan, Iran, and Turkey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-08T23:28:53.94097","indexId":"ofr791188","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"79-1188","title":"Tin and related elements in sediments and beach sands from Afghanistan, Iran, and Turkey","docAbstract":"<p>Sixty samples of sediments from stream beds, outwash plains, and beaches were collected in Afghanistan, Iran, and Turkey by Fred L. Klinger,<br>U.S. Bureau of Mines, as part of the field work undertaken by the National Geographic-Smithsonian Pyrotechnological Expedition of 1968. Facilities for the analysis of the samples for tin and other metals were not immediately available, but in 1973 arrangements were made for analyses to be made on a time-permitting basis in the U.S. Geological Survey. The original purpose in collecting the samples was to determine whether tin was present in amounts indicative of sources for tin ores used in antiquity for the manufacture of bronze. The results of the analyses not only permitted an evaluation of the potential for tin in the localities sampled, but also afforded chemical and mineralogical data that were interpretable in the context of regional potential for other elements of current industrial use. These include gold, base metals, ferro-alloy metals, beryllium, rare earths, and barium. </p><p>The original 60 samples of sand were sieved to make three size fraction (&gt;0.707 mm, &lt;O.707-&gt;O.177 mm, and &lt;0.177 mm) for spectrographic and chemical analysis. Splits of these fractions were used for replicate analyses to permit evaluation of the precision of the analytical procedures. Further splitting of the &lt;0.707-&gt;0.177 mm sand gave fractions from each sample that were separated in bromoform. Concentrates from the heavy-liquid separations were divided magnetically into six parts from most magnetic to least magnetic. These concentrates were analyzed spectrographically.</p><p>The precision of the spectrographic analyses is well within the limits of precision expected from semiquantitative procedures. Such precision allows semiquantitative spectrographic procedures to be used with confidence as a valuable tool for reconnaissance investigations in which multi-element analyses are necessary.</p><p>The analyses of the various fractions of sediments and sediment concentrates indicate the sample media in which an element was most likely to occur. Tin exhibited no preferential concentration into any particular medium. However, many elements with which tin is associated, and other elements of industrial use, do concentrate into one or more of the sample media. This indication of a preferred medium permits interpretation of the analyses as to the best sample medium for a particular element in the environment of western Asia.</p><p>Cassiterite and/or tin were detected in many samples from Afghanistan, Iran, and Turkey, but in most of the samples the tin was present in normal crustal abundance. Sixteen samples, including seven from Afghanistan, eight from Iran, and one from Turkey contain unusually large amounts of tin. The most notable areas of anomalous tin are near Mirzaka, Qala-i-Asad, and Shah Agha in Afghanistan; near Meshed, Shir Kuh, Natanz, Nodus, and Talmesi in Iran; and on the shore of the Balck Sea just west of Trabzon in Turkey. Even in these localities the tin appears to be a minor element associated with other ores. The most common association of tin is with copper at known mineralized areas. This relation may have historical significance in the context of the development of bronze.</p><p>The results of the analyses provided geochemical data on the distribution of other elements of industrial use and clearly identified nine of the ten known mineral deposits represented by the samples. The known metallization at the reported deposits may be only a part of more complex groups of metals.</p><p>In Afghanistan an array of anomalous elements at the known gold placers around Mirzaka and along the Anguri River signals the presence of complex ore deposits. These elements are silver, arsenic, gold, bismuth, cadmium, copper, mercury, indium, molybdenum, lead, antimony, tin, thallium, tungsten, and zinc. They may indicate a Carlin-type gold deposit in which the wall-rocks are enriched in micron-sized particles of gold. Other localities in Afghanistan signalled by the results of the analyses to be anomalous and to merit further geochemical exploration are: (1) a reach of the Panjshir River for beryllium, lead, zinc, chromium and nickel; (2) the area near Bamian for beryllium; (3) the Siakhak village area for gold and copper; (4) around Qala-i-Asad and Shah Agha for lead, zinc, gold, and tungsten. Some attention to the distribution of monazite around Siakhak, Shahjui, Qala-i-Asad, and Shah Agha is justified to determine if this ore mineral for the rare earths and thorium is enriched over its normally expectable trace as an accessory mineral in granitic rocks, pelitic schists, and gneisses.</p><p>In Iran, the pluton of granodiorite porphyry near Sar Cheshmeh, an area where a huge porphyry copper deposit was being investigated by the Geological Survey of Iran when the present samples were collected in 1968, shows as a strong geochemical anomaly for copper and molybdenum.</p><p>The granitic area near Meshed is geochemically enriched persistently in beryllium, tin, and barium, and locally in gold, lanthanum, niobium, yttrium, and other elements. This area deserves a thorough regional geochemical survey for beryl and nonberyl sources of beryllium, for fluorite, and for the ores of niobium, tin, barium, the rare earths, and thorium. Other localities in Iran that merit geochemical exploration on the basis of these data are: ;1) the areas between Tabas and Deyhuk, east of Naiband, and south of Naiband for barium and zinc; (2) a locality about midway between Kerman and Sirdjan for barium, lanthanum, strontium, and zinc; (4) the Meskani copper mine area for mercury, lead, and nickel as well as copper; (5) the Talmesi copper mine area for such other elements as barium, cobalt, mercury, strontium, and zinc; (6) a small pluton of granodiorite north of Natanz for tungsten and base metals; (7) the vicinity of Zendjan for auriferous polymetallic sufide deposits; (8) gold in the gorge 15 km east of Miyaneh; and (9) the area near Nodus for gold, base metals, molybdenum, and niobium, and possibly uranium.</p><p>The Harsit River basin in Turkey appears to be a suitable target for geochemical exploration for gold and low-temperature hydrothermal deposits of base metals, barium, and mercury.</p><p><br data-mce-bogus=\"1\"></p><p><br data-mce-bogus=\"1\"></p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr791188","usgsCitation":"Domenico, J.A., Overstreet, W., Hubert, A., and Tripp, R.B., 1978, Tin and related elements in sediments and beach sands from Afghanistan, Iran, and Turkey: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 79-1188, vii, 267 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr791188.","productDescription":"vii, 267 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":424206,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1188/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":139918,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1188/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Afghanistan, Iran, Turkey","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[61.21082,35.65007],[62.23065,35.27066],[62.98466,35.40404],[63.19354,35.85717],[63.9829,36.00796],[64.54648,36.31207],[64.74611,37.11182],[65.58895,37.30522],[65.74563,37.66116],[66.21738,37.39379],[66.51861,37.36278],[67.07578,37.35614],[67.83,37.14499],[68.13556,37.02312],[68.85945,37.34434],[69.19627,37.15114],[69.51879,37.609],[70.11658,37.58822],[70.27057,37.73516],[70.3763,38.1384],[70.80682,38.48628],[71.34813,38.25891],[71.2394,37.95327],[71.54192,37.90577],[71.44869,37.06564],[71.84464,36.73817],[72.19304,36.94829],[72.63689,37.04756],[73.26006,37.49526],[73.9487,37.42157],[74.98,37.41999],[75.15803,37.13303],[74.57589,37.02084],[74.06755,36.83618],[72.92002,36.72001],[71.84629,36.50994],[71.26235,36.07439],[71.49877,35.65056],[71.61308,35.1532],[71.11502,34.73313],[71.15677,34.34891],[70.8818,33.98886],[69.93054,34.02012],[70.32359,33.35853],[69.68715,33.1055],[69.26252,32.50194],[69.31776,31.90141],[68.92668,31.62019],[68.55693,31.71331],[67.79269,31.58293],[67.68339,31.30315],[66.93889,31.30491],[66.38146,30.7389],[66.34647,29.88794],[65.04686,29.47218],[64.35042,29.56003],[64.148,29.34082],[63.55026,29.46833],[62.54986,29.31857],[60.87425,29.82924],[61.36931,29.30328],[61.77187,28.69933],[62.72783,28.25964],[62.75543,27.37892],[63.2339,27.21705],[63.31663,26.75653],[61.87419,26.23997],[61.49736,25.07824],[59.61613,25.38016],[58.52576,25.60996],[57.39725,25.7399],[56.97077,26.96611],[56.49214,27.1433],[55.72371,26.96463],[54.71509,26.48066],[53.4931,26.81237],[52.4836,27.58085],[51.52076,27.86569],[50.85295,28.81452],[50.11501,30.14777],[49.57685,29.98572],[48.94133,30.31709],[48.56797,29.92678],[48.01457,30.45246],[48.0047,30.98514],[47.68529,30.98485],[47.8492,31.70918],[47.33466,32.46916],[46.10936,33.01729],[45.41669,33.9678],[45.64846,34.74814],[46.15179,35.09326],[46.07634,35.67738],[45.42062,35.97755],[44.77267937971727,37.170432731592356],[44.29345,37.00151],[43.94226,37.25623],[42.77913,37.38526],[42.34959,37.22987],[41.21209,37.07435],[40.67326,37.09128],[39.52258,36.71605],[38.69989,36.71293],[38.16773,36.90121],[37.06676,36.62304],[36.73949,36.81752],[36.68539,36.2597],[36.41755,36.04062],[36.14976,35.82153],[35.78208,36.275],[36.16082,36.65061],[35.55094,36.56544],[34.71455,36.79553],[34.02689,36.21996],[32.50916,36.10756],[31.6996,36.64428],[30.62162,36.67786],[30.3911,36.26298],[29.69998,36.14436],[28.7329,36.67683],[27.64119,36.65882],[27.04877,37.65336],[26.31822,38.20813],[26.8047,38.98576],[26.17079,39.46361],[27.28002,40.42001],[28.81998,40.46001],[29.24,41.21999],[31.14593,41.08762],[32.34798,41.73626],[33.51328,42.01896],[35.1677,42.04022],[36.91313,41.33536],[38.34766,40.94859],[39.51261,41.10276],[40.37343,41.01367],[41.55408,41.53566],[42.61955,41.58317],[43.58275,41.09214],[43.75266,40.7402],[43.65644,40.25356],[44.40001,40.005],[44.79399,39.713],[44.95269,39.33576],[45.45772,38.87414],[46.14362,38.7412],[46.50572,38.77061],[47.68508,39.50836],[48.0601,39.58224],[48.35553,39.28876],[48.01074,38.79401],[48.63438,38.27038],[48.88325,38.32025],[49.19961,37.58287],[50.14777,37.37457],[50.84235,36.87281],[52.26402,36.70042],[53.82579,36.96503],[53.9216,37.19892],[54.8003,37.39242],[55.51158,37.96412],[56.18037,37.93513],[56.61937,38.12139],[57.33043,38.02923],[58.43615,37.52231],[59.23476,37.41299],[60.37764,36.52738],[61.12307,36.4916],[61.21082,35.65007]]],[[[27.19238,40.69057],[26.35801,40.15199],[26.04335,40.61775],[26.05694,40.82412],[26.2946,40.93626],[26.6042,41.56211],[26.11704,41.8269],[27.13574,42.14148],[27.99672,42.00736],[28.11552,41.62289],[28.98844,41.29993],[28.80644,41.05496],[27.61902,40.99982],[27.19238,40.69057]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Afghanistan\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a53e4b07f02db62b4cd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Domenico, 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A.","contributorId":12028,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Domenico","given":"J.","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":156211,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Overstreet, W.C.","contributorId":105294,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Overstreet","given":"W.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":156213,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hubert, A.E.","contributorId":107677,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hubert","given":"A.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":156214,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Tripp, R. B.","contributorId":88707,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tripp","given":"R.","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":156212,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":7695,"text":"ofr78440 - 1978 - Development of a technique for the rapid estimation of earthquake losses","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-02-14T22:47:02.758385","indexId":"ofr78440","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-440","title":"Development of a technique for the rapid estimation of earthquake losses","docAbstract":"<p>A simple, general technique has been outlined for the rapid, approximate estimation of building losses resulting from ground shaking during earthquakes. The technique has been applied to the San Francisco Bay area. Ground shaking, ground failures of various kinds, surface faulting, tsunamis, and earthquake induced fires are all responsible for earthquake building losses. Only losses associated with ground shaking are considered in this report for a number of reasons. Losses associated with various types of ground failure such as landsliding and liquefaction are difficult to estimate because the conditions necessary for these effects to occur are not completely understood and/or may be difficult to identify. Losses related to surface faulting are believed to be small as a proportion of total losses (Algermissen and others, 1972), and losses related to tsunamis have been quite rare along the central California coast. Well-established methods are available for estimating fire losses, but these losses are beyond the scope of this report.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr78440","usgsCitation":"Algermissen, S.T., McGrath, M., and Hanson, S., 1978, Development of a technique for the rapid estimation of earthquake losses: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-440, 98 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr78440.","productDescription":"98 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":140162,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0440/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":413065,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0440/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay area","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -122.75024414062499,\n              37.448696585910376\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.124267578125,\n              37.448696585910376\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.124267578125,\n              38.25543637637947\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.75024414062499,\n              38.25543637637947\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.75024414062499,\n              37.448696585910376\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9be4b07f02db65e0e3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Algermissen, Sylvester Theodore","contributorId":94300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Algermissen","given":"Sylvester","email":"","middleInitial":"Theodore","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":156453,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McGrath, M.B.","contributorId":99545,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGrath","given":"M.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":156454,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hanson, S.L.","contributorId":47361,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanson","given":"S.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":156452,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":8485,"text":"ofr78950 - 1978 - Agricultural land use and water quality in the upper St. Joseph River basin, Michigan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-09-22T12:57:39","indexId":"ofr78950","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-950","title":"Agricultural land use and water quality in the upper St. Joseph River basin, Michigan","docAbstract":"<p>Land use in the upper St. Joseph River basin of south-central Michigan is primarily agricultural. In the 144-square-mile area, the chemical and physical characteristics of water are determined by the climate and soils, as well as by land conservation practices. Municipal waste discharges affect water quality at some locations, as do the larger lakes and ponds. Data indicate that mean discharge from the basin is 135 cubic feet per second. About half this flow is contributed to the St. Joseph River by three major tributaries: Beebe Creek (36 cubic feet per second); Sand Creek (24 cubic feet per second); and Soap Creek (13 cubic feet per second). Runoff from 21 drainage areas delineated for the investigation ranged from 0.22 to 4.07 cubic feet per second per square mile; both the higher and lower values are largely the result of naturally occurring inter- and intrabasin transfers of water.</p><p>Suspended-sediment concentrations are low throughout the basin, rarely exceeding 100 milligrams per liter. Mean concentrations at four daily sampling stations on the major tributaries and on the St. Joseph River ranged from 9.7 milligrams per liter to 38 milligrams per liter. The maximum sediment yield was 182 pounds per acre per year. Deposition of sediment in five of the 21 areas resulted in a net loss of sediment transported, and thus “negative” yields.</p><p>Nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations do not vary greatly from site to site. Mean concentrations of total nitrogen at downstream sites on Beebe, Sand, and Soap Creeks, and on the St. Joseph River ranged from 1.5 to 1.8 milligrams per liter. About 90 percent of all nitrogen, and 66 percent of all phosphorus, is transported in solution. Land used principally for agriculture has a mean total nitrogen yield of 4.9 pounds per acre per year and a mean total phosphorus yield of 0.13 pounds per year. A comparison of total nitrogen and total phosphorus yields with type of agricultural use showed few relationships; nitrogen yield, however, seems to decrease as the percentage of land in row crop and small grain increases. A relation between amount of fertilizer applied to land and the amount in streams could not be demonstrated.</p><p>Only about 6 percent of the total nitrogen and about 1 percent of the total phosphorus added to the land in animal wastes, in precipitation, and applied as fertilizer, is transported from the basin by the St. Joseph River at Clarendon. Estimates also suggest that almost three times as much nitrogen, and twice as much phosphorus, fall in precipitation on the basin as is transported from the basin by runoff. In general, land conservation practices of the past seem to have been effective in minimizing erosion and leaching of soils in the basin.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Lansing, MI","doi":"10.3133/ofr78950","usgsCitation":"Cummings, T.R., 1978, Agricultural land use and water quality in the upper St. Joseph River basin, Michigan: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-950, xiv, 160 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr78950.","productDescription":"xiv, 160 p.","costCenters":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":141643,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":961,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/ofr78-950/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan","otherGeospatial":"Upper St. Joseph River Basin","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae3e4b07f02db689043","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cummings, T. Ray","contributorId":20722,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cummings","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"Ray","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":157797,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":10119,"text":"ofr78152 - 1978 - Gold, base-metal, and related deposits of North Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:38","indexId":"ofr78152","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-152","title":"Gold, base-metal, and related deposits of North Carolina","docAbstract":"Gold, silver, copper, lead, zinc, pyrite, tin, cobalt, molybdenum, tungsten, barite, and rare-earths have been mined in North Carolina. Gold, with by-product silver, occurs in veins and mineralized shear zones in metamorphic rocks of the Piedmont province and in placers derived from these deposits. Copper occurs with complex sulfide ores in quartz veins in the metamorphic rocks of the Piedmont province and in massive pyrrhotite-pyrite deposits in crystalline rocks west of the Blue Ridge. Lead and zinc occur in complex ores of gold, copper, lead, zinc, and silver in veins and replacements in metamorphic rocks. Pyrite occurs in crystalline metamorphic rocks. Tin occurs in pegmatite and placer deposits in crystalline rocks near Kings Mountain. Cobalt minerals with ores of iron or gold have been reported in a few areas in the Piedmont. Molybdenum occurs along the borders of a granite body in Halifax County. Tungsten minerals occur with copper sulfide ores in Cabarrus and Vance Counties. Barite occurs in quartz veins and associated with sulfide minerals in Orange, Madison, Cleveland, and Gaston Counties. Ore-earths occur with sulfides in vein deposits in Cabarrus County.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr78152","usgsCitation":"Luttrell, G.W., 1978, Gold, base-metal, and related deposits of North Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-152, 551 leaves ;27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr78152.","productDescription":"551 leaves ;27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":144615,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0152/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":37969,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0152/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abde4b07f02db674008","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Luttrell, Gwendolyn Werth","contributorId":107679,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luttrell","given":"Gwendolyn","email":"","middleInitial":"Werth","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":160845,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":10381,"text":"ofr791693 - 1978 - Impact of coastal processes on resource development with an example from Icy Bay, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:20","indexId":"ofr791693","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"79-1693","title":"Impact of coastal processes on resource development with an example from Icy Bay, Alaska","docAbstract":"The coastline of Alaska is dynamic and continually readjusting to changes in the many processes that operate in the coastal zone. Because of this dynamic nature, special consideration must be made in planning for development, and. caution must be exercised in site selection for facilities to be emplaced in the coastal zone. All types of coastal processes from continuously active normal processes to the low frequency-high intensity rare event must be considered. Site-specific evaluation-s considering the broad range of possible processes must precede initiation of development. \r\n\r\nAn example of the relation between coastal processes and a proposed resource treatment facility is presented for Icy Bay, Alaska. Icy Bay is the only sheltered bay near many of the offshore tracts leased for petroleum exploration in the 1976 northern Gulf of Alaska OCS (Outer Continental Shelf) lease sale. Consequently, it has been selected as a primary onshore staging site for the support of offshore exploration and development. The environment of Icy Bay has many potentially hazardous features, including a submarine moraine at the bay mouth and actively calving glaciers at the bay's head which produce many icebergs. But most significant from the point of view of locating onshore facilities and pipeline corridors are the high rates of shoreline erosion and sediment deposition. If pipelines or any onshore staging facilities are to be placed in the coastal areas of Icy Bay, then the dynamic changes in shoreline position must be considered so that man-made structures will not be eroded away or be silted in before the completion of development.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr791693","usgsCitation":"Molnia, B.F., 1978, Impact of coastal processes on resource development with an example from Icy Bay, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 79-1693, 13 leaves, [6] leaves of plates :maps ;28 cm.; (20 p. - PGS), https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr791693.","productDescription":"13 leaves, [6] leaves of plates :maps ;28 cm.; (20 p. - PGS)","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":142318,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1693/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":38212,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1693/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a08e4b07f02db5f9c3e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Molnia, Bruce F. bmolnia@usgs.gov","contributorId":4002,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Molnia","given":"Bruce","email":"bmolnia@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":410,"text":"National Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":161289,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":46132,"text":"ofr78360 - 1978 - Map of Idaho RARE II mineral resource potential — Appraisal of mineral resource potential of proposed roadless areas in national forests, Idaho (exclusive of coal, oil, gas, and construction material)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-23T21:57:09.993329","indexId":"ofr78360","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-360","title":"Map of Idaho RARE II mineral resource potential — Appraisal of mineral resource potential of proposed roadless areas in national forests, Idaho (exclusive of coal, oil, gas, and construction material)","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. 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F.","contributorId":32911,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leonard","given":"B.","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":232684,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70012408,"text":"70012408 - 1978 - Lithium-bearing rocks of the Horse Spring Formation, Clark County, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-17T15:17:44.471846","indexId":"70012408","displayToPublicDate":"1978-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1505,"text":"Energy","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lithium-bearing rocks of the Horse Spring Formation, Clark County, Nevada","docAbstract":"<p id=\"SP0005\">The Horse Spring Formation of Miocene age in Clark County, Nevada, contains as much as 0.5% Li in individual samples. Rock sequences which average 0.1% Li range from 3 m thick near Gold Butte (south of Mesquite, Nev.) to as much as 40 m thick near Lava Butte (east of Las Vegas, Nev.) about 75 km to the west. The lithium-bearing beds are light colored to white and contain hectorite in a dolomite, magnesite, or calcite matrix. Varied amounts of gypsum, halite, celestite, clinoptilolite, quartz, feldspar, biolite and colemanite are also present locally. Hectorite is the only lithium mineral recognized to date.</p><p id=\"SP0010\">The lithium-rich rocks contain low concentrations of most other minor elements except that boron and strontium are enriched. Rarely, barium, arsenic, and zinc are present in anomalously large amounts.</p><p id=\"SP0015\">The lithium-enriched part of the Horse Spring Formation was formed from a series of volcanic ashes which were deposited in a playa. Relict volcanic ash is recognizable in thin sections as remnant glass shards and vitroclastic textures. Most of the original glass has been altered to clay minerals, carbonate minerals, or zeolites, presumably through interaction with highly saline pore waters. Abundant evidence of spring activity suggests that thermal waters played a part in releasing the lithium from volcanic materials.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0360-5442(78)90021-X","usgsCitation":"Brenner-Tourtelot, E.F., and Glanzman, R.K., 1978, Lithium-bearing rocks of the Horse Spring Formation, Clark County, Nevada: Energy, v. 3, no. 3, p. 255-262, https://doi.org/10.1016/0360-5442(78)90021-X.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"255","endPage":"262","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222719,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","county":"Clark County","otherGeospatial":"Horse Spring Formation","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -114.05374232611656,\n              36.42386016202295\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.87970101824956,\n              36.42386016202295\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.87970101824956,\n              35.94407538325308\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.05374232611656,\n              35.94407538325308\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.05374232611656,\n              36.42386016202295\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"3","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a482fe4b0c8380cd67c96","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brenner-Tourtelot, Elizabeth F.","contributorId":103672,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brenner-Tourtelot","given":"Elizabeth","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363469,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Glanzman, Richard K.","contributorId":19550,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glanzman","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363468,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70012398,"text":"70012398 - 1978 - Identification and significance of accessory minerals from a bituminous coal","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-02T17:43:12.420462","indexId":"70012398","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1709,"text":"Fuel","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Identification and significance of accessory minerals from a bituminous coal","docAbstract":"<p><span>A scanning electron microscope (SEM) has been used to study the&nbsp;</span><i>in situ</i><span>&nbsp;accessory minerals in polished blocks and pellets of petrographically analysed samples of the Waynesburg coal (hvb). Individual grains from the low-temperature ash (LTA) of the same coal were also studied. The visual resolution of the SEM permitted the detection of submicron mineral grains, which could then be analysed by the attached energy-dispersive system. Emphasis was placed on the highly reflective grains in the carbominerite bands. Among the most abundant accessory minerals observed were rutile, zircon, and rare-earth-bearing minerals. Small (1–5 μm) particles of what may be authigenic iron-rich chromite and a nickel silicate form rims on quartz grains. The SEM also permits the observation of grain morphology and mineral intergrowths. These data are useful in determining authigenicity and diagenic alteration. Substances in density splits of LTA include authigenic, detrital, extraterrestrial magnetite, tourmaline, and evaporite (?) minerals, and a fluorine-bearing amphibole. This analytical approach allows the determination of specific sites for many of the trace elements in coals. In the Waynesburg coal, most of the chromium is in the iron-chromium rims, the fluorine is in the amphibole, and the rare-earth elements are in rare-earth-bearing minerals. The ability to relate trace-element data to specific minerals will aid in predicting the behaviour of elements in coal during combustion, liquefaction, gasification, weathering, and leaching processes. This ability also permits insight into the degree of mobility of these elements in coal and provides clues to sedimentological and diagenetic conditions.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-2361(78)90135-7","issn":"00162361","usgsCitation":"Finkelman, R.B., and Stanton, R., 1978, Identification and significance of accessory minerals from a bituminous coal: Fuel, v. 57, no. 12, p. 763-768, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-2361(78)90135-7.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"763","endPage":"768","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222590,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","city":"Waynesburg","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -80.26310281897143,\n              39.94513567555663\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.26310281897143,\n              39.84840840636784\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.0660060099735,\n              39.84840840636784\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.0660060099735,\n              39.94513567555663\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.26310281897143,\n              39.94513567555663\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"57","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3814e4b0c8380cd61415","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Finkelman, R. B.","contributorId":20341,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finkelman","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363446,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stanton, R.W.","contributorId":19164,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stanton","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363445,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":46477,"text":"ofr78955 - 1978 - Map showing appraisal of oil and gas resource potential of RARE II proposed roadless areas in national forests of Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-08T20:08:58.951563","indexId":"ofr78955","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-955","title":"Map showing appraisal of oil and gas resource potential of RARE II proposed roadless areas in national forests of Colorado","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr78955","usgsCitation":"Spencer, C., and Dolton, G., 1978, Map showing appraisal of oil and gas resource potential of RARE II proposed roadless areas in national forests of Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-955, 1 Plate: 53. 30 x 42.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr78955.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 53. 30 x 42.00 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":168534,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0955/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":99703,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0955/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":400317,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_14967.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"500000","country":"United States","state":"Colorado","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -109.072265625,\n              37.03763967977139\n            ],\n            [\n              -101.9970703125,\n              37.03763967977139\n            ],\n            [\n              -101.9970703125,\n              40.9964840143779\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.072265625,\n              40.9964840143779\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.072265625,\n              37.03763967977139\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a94e4b07f02db659269","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Spencer, Charles W.","contributorId":13234,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spencer","given":"Charles W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":233416,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dolton, Gordon","contributorId":50509,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dolton","given":"Gordon","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":233415,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70042821,"text":"70042821 - 1977 - Black monazite from Taiwan","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":15285,"text":"ofr71221 - 1971 - Monazite in Taiwan","indexId":"ofr71221","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"title":"Monazite in Taiwan"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":70042821,"text":"70042821 - 1977 - Black monazite from Taiwan","indexId":"70042821","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"title":"Black monazite from Taiwan"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-13T14:35:38","indexId":"70042821","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3153,"text":"Proceedings of the Geological Society of China","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Black monazite from Taiwan","docAbstract":"Two forms of detrital monazite are known in offshore bars in southwestern Taiwan: a yellow-green to colorless form and an unusual but abundant pelletlike form, generally black but also colored gray or brown. These black pellets, which are about 160 by 200 microns in size, are composed of fine-grained monazite crystals from 2 to 20 microns in size. The pellets are associated with highly variable amounts of discrete grains of detrital quartz, rutile, amphibole, tourmaline, and other minerals. Intergrown with the monazite are quartz, a cerium oxide mineral, chlorite, sulfides, and other minerals. Opaqueness of the pelletlike monazite is due principally to the cryptocrystalline nature of part of the monazite; only a small part of the opaqueness can be attributed to opaque inclusions. The black pelletlike monazite lacks thorium and has a high content of europium. In this respect, as in color, shape, size, and inclusions, the pelletlike monazite differs from the yellow-green detrital monazite. Despite the fact that they occur together in the littoral placers, they appear to have had different origins. The yellow-green monazite originated as an accessory mineral in plutonic rocks and has accumulated at the coast through erosion and transport. The origin of the pelletlike monazite is as yet unknown, but it is here inferred that it originated in unconsolidated coastal plain sediments through migration of cerium from the detrital monazite during weathering, and of the intermediate weight mobile rare earths from clay minerals during diagenesis. Possibly these pelletlike grains are detrital particles formed through erosion and transport from originally larger aggregates cemented by diagenetic monazite.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Geological Society of China","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of China","publisherLocation":"Beijing, China","usgsCitation":"Matzko, J., and Overstreet, W., 1977, Black monazite from Taiwan: Proceedings of the Geological Society of China, v. 20, p. 16-35.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"16","endPage":"35","costCenters":[{"id":387,"text":"Mineral Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":266425,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Taiwan","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 119.103,21.5576 ], [ 119.103,25.8299 ], [ 122.297,25.8299 ], [ 122.297,21.5576 ], [ 119.103,21.5576 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"20","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51026607e4b0d4f5ea817bae","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Matzko, J.J.","contributorId":87927,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Matzko","given":"J.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472327,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Overstreet, W.C.","contributorId":105294,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Overstreet","given":"W.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472328,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":5210108,"text":"5210108 - 1977 - Earthworm populations as related to woodcock habitat usage in Central Maine","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:16","indexId":"5210108","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:16","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Earthworm populations as related to woodcock habitat usage in Central Maine","docAbstract":"Lumbricid earthworms were sampled 'on two central Maine study areas between late April and early September, 1974, to relate earthworm abundance to use of feeding covers by American woodcock(Philoheli minor). On sampling days, occurring at 2 to 3 week intervals, a formalin solution was applied to thirty O.25m areas in heavjly, commonly, and rarely used woodcock covers (5 samples/type of feedjngcover/study area). The extent of cover usage was based on use of vegetation by 51 radio-equipped woodcock, 1970-73 (605 woodcockdays). A total of 2,546 earthworms of nine species was collected; species and age compositions of collected lumbricids were similar on both study areas. Similarly. number and biomass (dry weight) of earthworms extracted did not differ significantly between study areas. However. the number and biomass of sampled earthworms were directly and significantly related to the intensity to which woodcock used covers. Those diurnal covers most heavily used by woodcock sustained the highest lumbricid populations, ostensibly because these covers provided earthworms with preferred foods (i.e., leaf litters) and optimum soil moisture-temperature conditions. In terms of earthworms and woodcock supported per unit area, management of second-growth hardwoods appears more efficient than attempting to alter coniferous or mixed forests.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Sixth Woodcock Symposium, held at Fredericton, New Brunswick, October 4, 5 and 6","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"[University of New Brunswick]","publisherLocation":"[Frederiction, New Brunswick]","collaboration":"OCLC: 37723545","usgsCitation":"Reynolds, J., Krohn, W., and Hordan, G., 1977, Earthworm populations as related to woodcock habitat usage in Central Maine, chap. <i>of</i> Proceedings of the Sixth Woodcock Symposium, held at Fredericton, New Brunswick, October 4, 5 and 6, p. 135-146.","productDescription":"iv, 198","startPage":"135","endPage":"146","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":201178,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a50e4b07f02db628ab5","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Keppie, Daniel M.","contributorId":112999,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keppie","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506010,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Owen, Ray B. Jr.","contributorId":35030,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Owen","given":"Ray","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506009,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Reynolds, J.W.","contributorId":102180,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reynolds","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":327793,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Krohn, W.B.","contributorId":64355,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krohn","given":"W.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":327791,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hordan, G.A.","contributorId":83639,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hordan","given":"G.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":327792,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70164404,"text":"70164404 - 1977 - Rare earths, thorium, and other minor elements in sphene from some plutonic rocks in west-central Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-03T12:33:28","indexId":"70164404","displayToPublicDate":"2008-12-28T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rare earths, thorium, and other minor elements in sphene from some plutonic rocks in west-central Alaska","docAbstract":"<p>Sphene is an abundant accessory mineral in some abnormally radioactive plutonic rocks in west-central Alaska. Seven samples of sphene from four different areas in west-central Alaska contained from 20350 to 39180 parts per million total rare earths and 390 to 2000 ppm thorium. The lanthanide content in six of the seven sphenes is chiefly the light rare earths and is similar to that of crustal abundance; a seventh sphene from the Darby Mountains, however, contains above average amounts of the heavy rare earths. A comparison of the lanthanide distribution in sphene from several areas indicates that the structure of sphene will accommodate whatever lanthanides are available when the mineral crystallizes. The amount of thorium and rare earths in sphene is also affected by the presence of other accessory minerals. Sphene in rocks containing either allanite or zircon has a lower thorium content than in rocks that do not contain allanite or zircon. Sphene, because of its abundance, may contain the greater part of the rare earths and thorium in some of the plutonic rocks of west-central Alaska.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Staatz, M.H., Conklin, N.M., and Brownfield, I.K., 1977, Rare earths, thorium, and other minor elements in sphene from some plutonic rocks in west-central Alaska: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 5, no. 5, p. 623-628.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"623","endPage":"628","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":316520,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1977/vol5issue5/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"17.16 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":316521,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Darby Mountains, Granite Mountain, Selawik Hills, Zane Hills","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -167,\n              63.5\n            ],\n            [\n              -167,\n              66.5\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.5,\n              66.5\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.5,\n              63.5\n            ],\n            [\n              -167,\n              63.5\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"5","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56b33321e4b0cc79997f3439","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Staatz, Mortimer H.","contributorId":55494,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Staatz","given":"Mortimer","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":597154,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Conklin, Nancy M.","contributorId":106108,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conklin","given":"Nancy","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":597155,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brownfield, Isabelle K.","contributorId":97108,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brownfield","given":"Isabelle","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":597156,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":56610,"text":"fwsobs78_13 - 1977 - An indexed annotated bibliography of the rare fishes of the Upper Missouri River system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:12:10","indexId":"fwsobs78_13","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":20,"text":"FWS/OBS","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"78/13","title":"An indexed annotated bibliography of the rare fishes of the Upper Missouri River system","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Joseph, T.W., 1977, An indexed annotated bibliography of the rare fishes of the Upper Missouri River system: FWS/OBS 78/13, ca. 300 p.; 27 cm.","productDescription":"ca. 300 p.; 27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":185278,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad7e4b07f02db684658","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Joseph, Timothy W.","contributorId":31037,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Joseph","given":"Timothy","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":255536,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":36089,"text":"b1437 - 1977 - The Permian and Triassic Seven Devils Group, western Idaho and northeastern Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-27T16:21:33","indexId":"b1437","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1437","title":"The Permian and Triassic Seven Devils Group, western Idaho and northeastern Oregon","docAbstract":"<p>Volcanogenic Permian and Triassic rocks in the Snake River Canyon of western Idaho and northeastern Oregon and in the adjacent Seven Devils Mountains of western Idaho are assigned to the Seven Devils Group. New rock-stratigraphic units are the Windy Ridge Formation of probable Early Permian age, the Hunsaker Creek Formation of Early Permian age, the Wild Sheep Creek Formation of Middle and Late Triassic age, and the Doyle Creek Formation of Late Triassic age. The Pittsburg Formation of former usage is abandoned, the rocks being renamed the Kurry Creek Member and assigned to the newly named Doyle Creek Formation. Overlying strata are the Martin Bridge Limestone of Late Triassic age, the Hurwal Formation of Late Triassic age, the Coon Hollow Formation of Middle(?) and Late Jurassic age, and the Columbia River Basalt Group of Miocene age. Underlying rocks are assemblages of metagabbro, metamorphosed quartz diorite, metabasalt, metadiabase, amphibolite, schist, mylonite, and phyllite that are exposed at The Oxbow of the Snake River near Oxbow, Oreg., along a 7-km segment of the Snake River south of Pittsburg Langing, and near the mouth of the Imnaha River. Gabbro, quartz diorite, and rare granodiorite plutons are concentrated in these assemblages, but some also cut the overlying strata. </p><p>The Seven Devils Group is the result of volcanism, tectonism, and sedimentation that occurred within and near volcanic arcs at converging plate boundaries during the Permian and Triassic Periods. Large parts of these old arcs probably were consumed during later subduction, although direct evidence is lacking in the area considered here.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","doi":"10.3133/b1437","usgsCitation":"Vallier, T.L., 1977, The Permian and Triassic Seven Devils Group, western Idaho and northeastern Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1437, iv, 58 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/b1437.","productDescription":"iv, 58 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":64042,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1437/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"6.03 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":163615,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1437/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho, Oregon, Washington","otherGeospatial":"Snake River Canyon","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -116.883544921875,\n              46.01222384063236\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.9879150390625,\n              45.98169518512228\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.00439453125,\n              45.89383147810292\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.84783935546875,\n              45.75985868785574\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.72973632812499,\n              45.67548217560647\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.76269531249999,\n              45.54675503088241\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.83685302734375,\n              45.3521452458518\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.05932617187499,\n              44.92591837128866\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.14172363281251,\n              44.78183504339988\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.20489501953125,\n              44.51805165000559\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.06756591796875,\n              44.55720637041294\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.95220947265624,\n              44.64911632343077\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.74621582031249,\n              44.9609111593886\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.6748046875,\n              45.11036175291049\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.59515380859376,\n              45.24395342262324\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.51275634765624,\n              45.36179519142128\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.43035888671875,\n              45.4986468234261\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.40563964843749,\n              45.592900208269825\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.4276123046875,\n              45.69275137290873\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.46881103515624,\n              45.76943886620391\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.55120849609375,\n              45.83454044932631\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.65008544921875,\n              45.865150166790585\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.73522949218751,\n              45.924408558629004\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.80389404296875,\n              45.9874205909687\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.883544921875,\n              46.01222384063236\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67ae83","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vallier, Tracy L.","contributorId":28857,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vallier","given":"Tracy","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":215746,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70207347,"text":"70207347 - 1977 - Deposition of the Tapeats Sandstone (Cambrian) in central Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-03T14:07:40.755617","indexId":"70207347","displayToPublicDate":"1977-12-17T13:34:28","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1723,"text":"GSA Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Deposition of the Tapeats Sandstone (Cambrian) in central Arizona","docAbstract":"<p><span>Grain size, bedding thickness, dispersion of cross-stratification azimuths, and assemblages of sedimentary structures and trace fossils vary across central Arizona; they form the basis for recognizing six facies (A through F) in the Tapeats Sandstone. Five of these (A through E), present in western central Arizona, are marine deposits containing the trace fossil&nbsp;</span><i>Corophioides</i><span>; several intertidal environments are represented. The association of large-scale cross-bedding (50 to 300 cm) that is characterized by compound cross-stratification, numerous reactivation surfaces, and herringbone patterns is typical of facies A and generally typical of the finer-grained, thinner-bedded facies B. The sedimentary structures and polymodal distribution of foreset azimuths common to facies A and B probably formed on intertidal sand bars during emergence and late-stage tidal runoff. Facies C consists of well-sorted sandstone, gently cross stratified or with continuous parallel stratification, and foresets tangential to the lower bedding surface. This facies generally occurs where the gradient of the depositional surface increases; it apparently was deposited on a beach by shoaling waves. Facies D and, to a lesser extent, the coarser-grained facies E are sandstones with trough cross-stratification, fining-upward cycles, abundant intercalated thin shale and sandstone, rare flaser bedding, and local bipolar distribution of foreset azimuths. Both facies are tidal flat deposits; facies D was probably produced by meandering tidal channels, whereas facies E was likely produced by migration of braided tidal channels. The sixth facies (F), present in eastern central Arizona, is an arkosic small-pebble conglomerate that lacks trace fossils; low dispersion of foreset azimuths and large-scale (1 to 11-m wide) cut-and-fill structure are typical. Facies F was deposited by bedload streams that transported coarse, poorly sorted sand and gravel westward to the intertidal flats.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"GSA","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1977)88<199:DOTTSC>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Hereford, R., 1977, Deposition of the Tapeats Sandstone (Cambrian) in central Arizona: GSA Bulletin, v. 88, no. 2, p. 199-211, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1977)88<199:DOTTSC>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"199","endPage":"211","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":370370,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Tapeats Sandstone","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -113.35693359375,\n              34.08906131584994\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.181640625,\n              34.08906131584994\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.181640625,\n              35.33529320309328\n            ],\n            [\n              -113.35693359375,\n              35.33529320309328\n            ],\n            [\n              -113.35693359375,\n              34.08906131584994\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"88","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hereford, Richard 0000-0002-0892-7367 rhereford@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0892-7367","contributorId":3620,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hereford","given":"Richard","email":"rhereford@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":777778,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70162469,"text":"70162469 - 1977 - Earthquake history of Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-13T14:05:02","indexId":"70162469","displayToPublicDate":"1977-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1435,"text":"Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Earthquake history of Virginia","docAbstract":"<p>Virginia is a State of considerable seismic activity, although the earthquakes are rarely strong. Thirty-five shocks, intensity MM V or greater (Modified Mercalli Scale), are listed with epicenters within its borders. The locations of several of the older events are not precise; thus, the above count i subject to alteration. A detailed study of Virginia earthquakes by G. A. Bollinger and M. G. Hopper of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University listed 137 shocks (71 from 1774 to 1899, 66 from 1900 to 1970). 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,{"id":70184441,"text":"70184441 - 1977 - Breeding avifauna of the south San Francisco Bay estuary","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-20T11:34:45","indexId":"70184441","displayToPublicDate":"1977-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3743,"text":"Western Birds","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Breeding avifauna of the south San Francisco Bay estuary","docAbstract":"<p>San Francisco Bay represents one of the largest estuarine areas on the Pacific Coast of North America. Its open waters, tidal flats, tidal marshes and solar evaporation ponds provide critical foraging, resting and breeding habitat for migratory and resident birds. The avifauna of San Francisco Bay has received considerable attention; however, little of it has been directed toward assessing the overall importance of the Bay as a nesting area. Works by Grinnell and Wythe (1927), Grinnell and Miller (1944) and Sibley (1952) are the only comprehensive studies of San Francisco Bay avifauna. These studies, while major contributions, are broad in scope as they relate to the breeding avifauna of the Bay's estuarine areas. Several studies by Johnston (1955, 1956a, b), Marshall (1948a, b), DeGroot (1927, 1931) and Zucca (1954) have concentrated on the breeding biology of individual species; however, much of the marsh reclamation and Bay fill has occurred since. The present breeding status of many resident and migratory birds is poorly known for San Francisco Bay. Included among these are three rare or endangered forms: California Black Rail, California Clapper Rail and California Least Tern. In addition, some species now found in the area represent recent breeding range extensions. This study, undertaken from March to September 1971 and including a few more recent data, presents a quantitative assessment of the present breeding bird populations in the South San Francisco Bay area.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Western Field Ornithologists","usgsCitation":"Gill, R., 1977, Breeding avifauna of the south San Francisco Bay estuary: Western Birds, v. 8, no. 1, p. 1-12.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"12","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337144,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":337143,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.westernfieldornithologists.org/archive/V08/journal-08-1.php","text":"Volume 8, Number 1 on Journal's Website"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -122.30255126953126,\n              37.355967684576406\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.90498352050781,\n              37.355967684576406\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.90498352050781,\n              37.644684587165884\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.30255126953126,\n              37.644684587165884\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.30255126953126,\n              37.355967684576406\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"8","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58c12664e4b014cc3a3d353f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gill, Robert E. Jr. 0000-0002-6385-4500 rgill@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6385-4500","contributorId":171747,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gill","given":"Robert E.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"rgill@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":681503,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
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