{"pageNumber":"1540","pageRowStart":"38475","pageSize":"25","recordCount":41032,"records":[{"id":70012107,"text":"70012107 - 1981 - Composition of the earth's upper mantle-I. Siderophile trace elements in ultramafic nodules","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-08-28T16:18:02.199665","indexId":"70012107","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-07T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3525,"text":"Tectonophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Composition of the earth's upper mantle-I. Siderophile trace elements in ultramafic nodules","docAbstract":"

Seven siderophile elements (Au, Ge, Ir, Ni, Pd, Os, Re) were determined by radiochemical neutron activation analysis in 19 ultramafic rocks, which are spinel lherzollites-xenoliths from North and Central America, Hawaii and Australia, and garnet Iherzolitexenoliths from Lesotho.

Abundances of the platinum metals are very uniform in spinel lherzolites averaging 3.4 ± 1.2 ppb Os, 3.7 ± 1.1 ppb Ir, and 4.6 ± 2.0 ppb Pd. Sheared garnet lherzolite PHN 1611 has similar abundances of these elements, but in 4 granulated garnet lherzolites, abundances are more variable. In all samples, the Pt metals retain cosmic ( Cl-chondrite) ratios. Abundances of Au and Re vary more than those of Pt metals, but the Au/Re ratio remains close to the cosmic value. The fact that higher values of Au and Re approach cosmic proportions with respect to the Pt metals, suggests that Au and Re have been depleted in some ultramafic rocks from an initially chondrite-like pattern equivalent to about 0.01 of Cl chondrite abundances. The relative enrichment of Au and Re in crustal rocks is apparently the result of crust—mantle fractionation and does not require a special circumstance of core—mantle partitioning.

Abundances of moderately volatile elements Ni, Co and Ge are very uniform in all rocks, and are much higher than those of the highly siderophile elements Au, Ir, Pd, Os and Re. When normalized to Cl chondrites, abundances of Ni and Co are nearly identical, averaging 0.20 ± 0.02 and 0.22 ± 0.02, respectively; but Ge is only 0.027 ± 0.004. The low abundance of Ge relative to Ni and Co is apparently a reflection of the general depletion of volatile elements in the Earth. The moderately siderophile elements cannot be derived from the same source as the highly siderophile elements because of the marked difference in Cl chondrite-normalized abundances and patterns. We suggest that most of the Ni, Co and Ge were enriched in the silicate by the partial oxidation of pre-existing volatile-poor Fe-Ni, whereas the corresponding highly siderophile elements remained sequestered by the surviving metal. The highly siderophile elements may have been introduced by a population of ~103 large (~1022 g) planetisimals, similar to those forming the lunar mare basins.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0040-1951(81)90209-2","issn":"00401951","usgsCitation":"Morgan, J.W., Wandless, G., Petrie, R., and Irving, A., 1981, Composition of the earth's upper mantle-I. Siderophile trace elements in ultramafic nodules: Tectonophysics, v. 75, no. 1-2, p. 47-67, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(81)90209-2.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"47","endPage":"67","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221930,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"75","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f92ee4b0c8380cd4d4ab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morgan, J. W.","contributorId":92384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morgan","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362749,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wandless, G.A.","contributorId":107716,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wandless","given":"G.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362750,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Petrie, R.K.","contributorId":87266,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Petrie","given":"R.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362748,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Irving, A.J.","contributorId":51022,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Irving","given":"A.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362747,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70011790,"text":"70011790 - 1981 - A process-sedimentary framework for characterizing recent and ancient sabkhas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-24T15:36:24.299431","indexId":"70011790","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-04T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3368,"text":"Sedimentary Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A process-sedimentary framework for characterizing recent and ancient sabkhas","docAbstract":"

The discovery of sabkha environments during the 1960's, marked the beginning of Recent evaporite sedimentological studies and their perception as models for facies analysis. However, variation among Recent sabkhas, though recognized by the geologic community, has not been duly addressed, which has resulted in overuse of the Trucial Coast model in comparative sedimentological studies. Knowledge of the dominant physical processes which determine sabkha morphology, and of the sedimentary response to those processes, can lead to a fundamental understanding of a sabkha's origin and of how it differs from other sabkhas.

Physical processes thought to be most important (besides evaporation) include those operative under: (1) marine-; (2) fluvial-lacustrine-; and (3) eolian-dominated conditions. Dominance of one or more of these in the proper settings give rise to marine coastal sabkhas, continental playas, and interdune sabkhas.

Sedimentary responses to dominant physical processes lead to the development of sabkhas consisting of a combination of either: (1) terrigenous clastics; (2) carbonate-sulfate (anhydrite-gypsum) minerals; or (3) soluble salts (halite, sylvite, polyhalite, etc.). Sediment characterization can also allow discrimination of the range or compositional variety in, for example, coastal sabkhas.

Where applied to the stratigraphic record, this classification system may help unravel the sedimentary history of an ancient sabkha system, and a determination of the dominant physical processes that ruled its development.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0037-0738(81)90023-3","issn":"00370738","usgsCitation":"Handford, C., 1981, A process-sedimentary framework for characterizing recent and ancient sabkhas: Sedimentary Geology, v. 30, no. 4, p. 255-265, https://doi.org/10.1016/0037-0738(81)90023-3.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"255","endPage":"265","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220789,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"30","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e50de4b0c8380cd46acd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Handford, C.R.","contributorId":19705,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Handford","given":"C.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361965,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70011834,"text":"70011834 - 1981 - Lower Eocene alluvial paleosols (Willwood Formation, Northwest Wyoming, U.S.A.) and their significance for paleoecology, paleoclimatology, and basin analysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-16T22:59:15.637184","indexId":"70011834","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-04T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2996,"text":"Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology","printIssn":"0031-0182","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lower Eocene alluvial paleosols (Willwood Formation, Northwest Wyoming, U.S.A.) and their significance for paleoecology, paleoclimatology, and basin analysis","docAbstract":"

The lower Eocene Willwood Formation of northwest Wyoming is a 700 m thick accumulation of alluvial floodplain and channel mudstones and sandstones, nearly all of which show paleopedogenic modifications. Pedogenesis of Willwood sandstones is indicated by taproot and vertebrate and invertebrate bioturbation, early local cementation by calcium carbonate, and thin illuviation cutans on clastic grains. Pedogenesis in Willwood mudstones is indicated by plant bioturbation, insect and other invertebrate burrow casts and lebensspuren; free iron, aluminum, and manganese mobilization, including hydromorphic gleying; sesquioxide and calcareous glaebule formation in lower parts of the solum; presence of clay-rich and organic carbon-rich zones; and well differentiated epipedons and albic and spodic horizons. Probable A horizons are also locally well developed.

Occurrence of variegated paleosol units in thick floodplain mudstone deposits and their association with thin, lenticular, and unconnected fluvial sandstones in the Willwood Formation of the central and southeast Bighorn Basin suggest that these soils formed during times of rapid sediment accumulation. The tabular geometry and lateral persistence of soil units as well as the absence of catenization indicate that Willwood floodplains were broad and essentially featureless.

All Willwood paleosols were developed on alluvial parent materials and are complex in that B horizons of younger paleosols were commonly superimposed upon and mask properties of suspected A and B horizons of the next older paleosols. The soils appear to be wet varieties of the Spodosol and Entisol groups (aquods and ferrods, and aquents, respectively), though thick, superposed and less mottled red, purple, and yellow paleosols resemble some ultisols. Most Willwood paleosols resemble warm temperate to subtropical alluvial soils that form today under alternating wet and dry conditions and (or) fluctuating water tables. The up-section decrease in frequency of gley mottles, increase in numerical proportion and thickness of red versus orange coloration, and increase in abundance of calcrete glaebules indicate better drained soils and probably drier climate in late Willwood time. This drying is believed to be related to creation of rain shadows and spacing of rainfall (but not necessarily decrease in absolute rainfall) due to progressive tectonic structural elevation of the mountainous margins of the Bighorn Basin. 

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0031-0182(81)90056-0","issn":"00310182","usgsCitation":"Bown, T.M., and Kraus, M.J., 1981, Lower Eocene alluvial paleosols (Willwood Formation, Northwest Wyoming, U.S.A.) and their significance for paleoecology, paleoclimatology, and basin analysis: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 34, p. 1-30, https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(81)90056-0.","productDescription":"30 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"30","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221472,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"northwest Wyoming","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -109.27505184504837,\n 44.99057640111633\n ],\n [\n -109.27505184504837,\n 43.52185648052293\n ],\n [\n -107.05063593252248,\n 43.52185648052293\n ],\n [\n -107.05063593252248,\n 44.99057640111633\n ],\n [\n -109.27505184504837,\n 44.99057640111633\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"34","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4a6ae4b0c8380cd68d50","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bown, T. M.","contributorId":106858,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bown","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362069,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kraus, M. J.","contributorId":44605,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kraus","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362068,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70188678,"text":"70188678 - 1981 - Tonalites in crustal evolution","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-17T16:19:23.460931","indexId":"70188678","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3047,"text":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Tonalites in crustal evolution","docAbstract":"

Tonalites, including trondhjemite as a variety, played three roles through geological time in the generation of Earth’s crust. Before about 2.9 Ga ago they were produced largely by simple partial melting of metabasalt to give the dominant part of Archaean grey gneiss terranes. These terranes are notably bimodal; andesitic rocks are rare. Tonalites played a crucial role in the generation of this protocontinental and oldest crust 3.7- 2.9 Ga ago in that they were the only low-density, high-SiO2 rocks produced directly from basaltic crust. In the enormous event giving the greenstone-granite terranes, mostly 2.8-2.6 Ga ago, tonalites formed in lesser but still important proportions by partial melting of metabasalt in the lower regions of down-buckled greenstone belts and by remobilization of older grey gneisses. Tectonism in the Archaean (3.9- 2.5 Ga ago) perhaps was controlled by small-cell convection (McKenzie & Weiss 1975). Little or no ophiolite or eclogite formed, and only minor andesite. Plate tectonics of modern type (involving large, rigid plates) commenced in the early Proterozoic. Uniformitarianism thus goes back one-half of the age of the earth. Tonalites compose about 5-10 % of crust generated in Proterozoic and Phanerozoic time at convergent oceanic-continental margins. They occur here as minor to prominent members of the compositionally continuous continental-margin batholiths. A simple model of generation of these batholiths is offered: mantle-derived mafic magma pools in the lower crust above a subduction zone reacts with and incorporates wall-rock components (Bowen 1922), and breaches its roof rocks as an initial diapir. This mantle magma also develops a gradient of partial melting in its wall rocks. This wall-rock melt accretes in the collapsed chamber and moves up the conduit broached by the initial diapir, the higher, less siliceous fractions of melting first, the lower, more siliceous (and further removed) fractions of melting last. The process gives in the optimum case a mafic-to-siliceous sequence of diorite or quartz diorite through tonalite or quartz monzodiorite to granodiorite and granite. The model implies that great masses of cumulate phases and refractory wall rock form the roots of continentalmargin batholiths, and that migmatites overlie that residuum and underlie the batholiths.

","language":"English","publisher":"The Royal Society","doi":"10.1098/rsta.1981.0112","usgsCitation":"Barker, F., Arth, J.G., and Hudson, T., 1981, Tonalites in crustal evolution: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, v. 301, no. 1461, p. 293-303, https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.1981.0112.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"293","endPage":"303","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":342701,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"301","issue":"1461","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"594b85b9e4b062508e382bd4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barker, F.","contributorId":101368,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barker","given":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":698875,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Arth, Joseph G.","contributorId":104546,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arth","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":698876,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hudson, T.","contributorId":33446,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hudson","given":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":698877,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":37161,"text":"rp138 - 1981 - Waterfowl and their wintering grounds in Mexico, 1937-64","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-11-02T11:43:18","indexId":"rp138","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T07:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":79,"text":"Resource Publication","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"138","title":"Waterfowl and their wintering grounds in Mexico, 1937-64","docAbstract":"

The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has been interested in migratory birds, especially waterfowl, in Mexico for many years, An early period of cooperation in waterfowl administration was culminated in 1937 with the final ratification of the Convention Between the United States and the United Mexican States for the Protection of Migratory Birds and Game Mammals, usually referred to as the Migratory Bird Treat.

Management of waterfowl on this continent is primarily carried out by hunting regulations. Current information on the status of each species must be obtained each year to serve as a basis for any needed modifications in the regulations. In the United States and Canada, wildlife biologists of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the Canadian Wildlife Service annually make the surveys to obtain this basic information. But the Government of Mexico has made no comparable surveys. Mexicans are not interested in hunting waterfowl to the extent that citizens of the United States and Canada are. As a consequence, Mexico's Department of Game emphasizes activities other than waterfowl management.

Waterfowl, especially ducks, winter in or migrate through Mexico in large numbers, so it is obvious that and continental surveys of the winter population should include Mexico. Some general investigations of waterfowl distribution there were made in 1926 and earlier by E. A. Goldman. He was familiar with much of Mexico because he and E. W. Nelson studied mammals and biota there for many years. In the 1930's, because of the greater emphasis on waterfowl conservation and management, more detailed surveys were made of the continental breeding and wintering populations. One of these activities was designated as the midwinter, or January, inventory.

In the early 1940's the senior author, who had been the Central Flyaway Biologist since 1937, recommended that the waterfowl wintering grounds in Mexico be included in the coverage of the midwinter waterfowl inventory. This was arranged in 1947, and the first aerial coverage, which only included coastal localities, was made in January-February of that year. The information obtained confirmed the value and advisability of including the Mexican wintering grounds in the annual survey; beginning in 1951 the wintering grounds in the Mexican highlands also were included. The surveys of Mexico were continued, except in 1957, through 1965; after 1965 they were greatly reduced.

Ground reconnaissance and surveys had begun in Mexico with the preliminary work of Goldman in 1926, but quantitative studies were not started until 1937. The ground surveys continued at intervals in various parts of the Republic until 1960. Ground surveys are invaluable for such purposes as securing ecological information, specimens of birds and plants, and historical data about the areas from local residents, but the only satisfactory method of obtaining accurate quantitative information on waterfowl populations and their distribution is by airplane. Consequently, the major emphasis since 1947 has been on the annual aerial surveys. Ground studies were made much less frequently and were carried out mainly to obtain correlative information on the waterfowl foods available, the ecology of habitats, and for liaison with wildlife officials and biologists in Mexico.

An important reason for the surveys of the waterfowl wintering grounds in Mexico was to determine their adequacy for the population of birds using them, and their potential to accommodate additional waterfowl if the wintering grounds in the United States became inadequate and larger flights entered Mexico. Other advantages included providing accurate information to hunters and other interested persons in the United States regarding the waterfowl shooting in Mexico, and determining the current status of these birds and their habitats in that country. Some of these findings were previously summarized by us (Saunders and Saunders 1949; Saunders 1964).

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Saunders, G.B., and Saunders, D.C., 1981, Waterfowl and their wintering grounds in Mexico, 1937-64: Resource Publication 138, vi, 151 p.","productDescription":"vi, 151 p.","numberOfPages":"160","temporalStart":"1937-01-01","temporalEnd":"1964-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":330651,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":290220,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/37161/report.pdf"}],"country":"Mexico","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e4ba6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Saunders, George B.","contributorId":56285,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saunders","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":511193,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Saunders, Dorothy Chapman","contributorId":82980,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saunders","given":"Dorothy","email":"","middleInitial":"Chapman","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":511194,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":9851,"text":"ofr81184 - 1981 - Seismic-reflection and sidescan-sonar data collected off eastern Cape Cod, Massachusetts, during April 1979","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-06-18T14:44:54","indexId":"ofr81184","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T01:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"81-184","title":"Seismic-reflection and sidescan-sonar data collected off eastern Cape Cod, Massachusetts, during April 1979","docAbstract":"

The U.S. Geological Survey collected 98 line kilometers of single-channel seismic-reflection profiles and sidescan sonar records on the inner shelf of eastern Cape Cod, Massachusetts, during April 1979. The data were obtained during cruise NE-1-79 of the R/V NEECHO. The purposes of the survey were: (1) to study the development of barrier islands; (2) to document the frequency and rate of migration of inlets that breach barrier islands; and (3) to define the characteristics of shoreface ridges on a barrier island.

he survey uti I ized two acoustic systems. Information about the bottom was obtained by using an EDO Western model 606 sidescan-sonar system (100 kHz). Profiles of the subbottom were collected by an EG&G Uni boom transducer (400-4,000 Hz) and a Del Norte streamer. Positional control for al I track! ines was provided by a shore-based Miniranger system and by LORAN-C.

The quality of the records generally is very good. However, subbottom penetration did vary somewhat from place to place during the survey due to the nature of the bottom sediments and to the presence or absence of buried channels.

The original records may be examined at the U.S. Geological Survey, Woods Hole, MA 02543. Microfilm copies of the data are avai I able for purchase from the National Geophysical pnd Solar-Terrestrial Data Center, NOAA/EDIS/NGSDC, Code D621, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 (303-497-6338).

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr81184","usgsCitation":"Knebel, H.J., 1981, Seismic-reflection and sidescan-sonar data collected off eastern Cape Cod, Massachusetts, during April 1979: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 81-184, 3 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr81184.","productDescription":"3 p.","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[{"id":680,"text":"Woods Hole Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":141851,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":259859,"rank":299,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0184/ofr1981184.pdf","text":"Report","size":"5.02 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 1998-184"}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -71.0,41.0 ], [ -71.0,42.0 ], [ -69.5,42.0 ], [ -69.5,41.0 ], [ -71.0,41.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","contact":"

Coastal and Marine Geology Program
U.S. Geological Survey
384 Woods Hole Road
Woods Hole, MA 02543

","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5fa965","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Knebel, Harley J.","contributorId":25930,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knebel","given":"Harley","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":160406,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":36638,"text":"fwsobs81_09 - 1981 - Surface mine reclamation for wildlife: a model reclamation plan for southern Appalachia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:57","indexId":"fwsobs81_09","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":20,"text":"FWS/OBS","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"81/09","title":"Surface mine reclamation for wildlife: a model reclamation plan for southern Appalachia","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Fowler, D.K., and Turner, L.J., 1981, Surface mine reclamation for wildlife: a model reclamation plan for southern Appalachia: FWS/OBS 81/09, viii, 30 p.","productDescription":"viii, 30 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":165117,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b00e4b07f02db698275","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fowler, Dale K.","contributorId":96738,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fowler","given":"Dale","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":216706,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Turner, Linda J.","contributorId":48610,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turner","given":"Linda","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":216705,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":53490,"text":"fwsobs81_15 - 1981 - The ecology of intertidal oyster reefs of the South Atlantic Coast: A community profile","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-15T14:44:33.438182","indexId":"fwsobs81_15","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":20,"text":"FWS/OBS","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"81/15","title":"The ecology of intertidal oyster reefs of the South Atlantic Coast: A community profile","docAbstract":"The functional role of the intertidal oyster reef community in the southeastern Atlantic coastal zone is described. This description is based on a compilation of published data, as well as some unpublished information presented as hypotheses.\r\n\r\nThe profile is organized in a hierarchical manner, such that relevant details of reef oyster biology (autecology) are presented, followed by a description of the reef community level of organization. Then the reef community is described as a subsystem of the coastal marsh-ecosystem (synecoloqy). This information is also synthesized in a series of nested conceptual models of oyster reefs at the regional level, the drainage basin level, and the individual reef level. The final chapter includes a summary overview and a section on management implications and guidelines.\r\n\r\n\r\nIntertidal oyster reefs are relatively persistent features of the salt marsh estuarine ecosystem in the southeastern Atlantic coastal zone. The average areal extent of the oyster reef subsystem in this larger ecosystem is relatively small (about 0.05%). This proportion does not reflect, however, the functional importance of the reef subsystem in stablizing the marsh, providing food for estuarine consumers, mineralizing organic matter, and providing firm substrates in this otherwise soft environment.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Bahr, L., and Lanier, W.P., 1981, The ecology of intertidal oyster reefs of the South Atlantic Coast: A community profile: FWS/OBS 81/15, x, 105 p.","productDescription":"x, 105 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":177206,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6de4b07f02db63f6c1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bahr, Leonard M.","contributorId":46603,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bahr","given":"Leonard M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":247694,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lanier, William P.","contributorId":73672,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lanier","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":247695,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":25041,"text":"pp1113 - 1981 - Metamorphic mineral assemblages of slightly calcic pelitic rocks in and around the Taconic Allochthon, southwestern Massachusetts and adjacent Connecticut and New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:28","indexId":"pp1113","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1113","title":"Metamorphic mineral assemblages of slightly calcic pelitic rocks in and around the Taconic Allochthon, southwestern Massachusetts and adjacent Connecticut and New York","docAbstract":"The mineral assemblages from metamorphosed slightly calcic pelitic rocks of the Taconic Range in southwestern Massachusetts and adjacent areas of Connecticut and New York were studied petrographically and chemically. These rocks vary in metamorphic grade from those below the chloritoid zone through the chloritoid and garnet zones into the kyanite-staurolite zone. Microprobe data on the ferromagnesian minerals show that the sequence of increasing Fe/ (Fe+Mg) value is, from the lowest, chlorite, biotite, hornblende, chloritoid, staurolite, garnet. Hornblende, epidote, garnet, and plagioclase are the most common minerals that carry significant calcium. Biotite is persistently deficient in alkali but is abnormally rich in octahedral aluminum to such an extent that the overall charge balance can be ascribed to an AI=K+ (Fe,Mg) diadochy. Muscovite contains small though persistent amounts of iron and magnesium in octahedral positions but has a variable K/Na ratio, which is potentially useful as a geothermometer. One low-grade muscovite is highly phengitic, but the white micas in rocks from metamorphic grades higher than chloritoid zone do not contain significant phengite components. Chlorite is persistently high in aluminum and so its ratio of divalent ions to aluminum is approximately that of garnet. Many garnets show pronounced zoning in manganese and less pronounced zoning in calcium. Garnet coexisting with hornblende contains a high proportion of the grossularitic component. The calcium content is significant in all the analyzed garnets, except those from a cummingtonite-bearing sample that is free of muscovite. This suggests that in slightly calcic pelitic rocks, calcium-free garnet cannot coexist with muscovite. \r\n\r\nMost of the mineral assemblages formed in the presence of excess quartz and muscovite. The phase-petrologic analysis, made with the aid of an eight-phase multisystematic model, shows the following major points: \r\n\r\n1. Chloritoid and staurolite coexist in a definite interval of prograde metamorphism. \r\n\r\n2. Biotite-chloritoid does not constitute an alternative assemblage to garnet-chlorite-muscovite, because the former combination is found predominantly in the presence of the latter combination. Because the garnet contains lime, all five phases are stable together in lowlime pelitic rocks. \r\n\r\n3. The first appearance of staurolite in the area does not correspond to the reaction leading to the first intrinsic stable existence of this phase. Inasmuch as the first appearanc,e of staurolite is always in chlorite-bearing as semblages, I suggest that the mapped staurolite zone marker corresponds to a reaction whereby staurolitechlorite becomes stable. The probable lower grade chemical equivalent, for example, chloritoid-aluminum silicate, however, has not been found in the area of study. Several staurolite-forming reactions discussed in the literature are ruled out because of the relative siderophility of the minerals. A second staurolite isograd involves the reaction, chloritoid+chlorite+muscovite= staurolite+biotite. A third isograd involves staurolite+ chlorite=biotite+kyanite; this reaction is postulated on the basis of the observed assemblage biotite-kyanitesta urolite-garnet-muscoviteplagioclase-quartzilmenite. \r\n\r\n4. In low-grade rocks, epidote is stable considerably before the first appearance of chloritoid. The nature of the high-aluminum phase in low-grade rocks that leads to the formation of chloritoid remains obscure. The epidote is always rich in ferric iron (pistacite content of about 1/ 4 to 1/3). Garnet-bearing assemblages (with or without epidote) are formed next as metamorphic grade increases. The next more calcium-rich silicate is hornblende, and despite the meager data on assemblages that include hornblende, the first intrinsic appearance of this phase has probably been recorded. At highstaurolite grade, the most calcium-rich assemblage in pelitic rocks is hornblende-garnet-biotite-plagioclase (bytownit","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/pp1113","usgsCitation":"Zen, E., 1981, Metamorphic mineral assemblages of slightly calcic pelitic rocks in and around the Taconic Allochthon, southwestern Massachusetts and adjacent Connecticut and New York: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1113, 128 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1113.","productDescription":"128 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":118856,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1113/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54046,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1113/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4fe4b07f02db6287d1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zen, E-an","contributorId":38564,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zen","given":"E-an","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193120,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":48684,"text":"ofr81219 - 1981 - Erosion and sedimentation in the Kenai River, Alaska","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":48684,"text":"ofr81219 - 1981 - Erosion and sedimentation in the Kenai River, Alaska","indexId":"ofr81219","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"title":"Erosion and sedimentation in the Kenai River, Alaska"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":6407,"text":"pp1235 - 1982 - Erosion and sedimentation in the Kenai River, Alaska","indexId":"pp1235","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"title":"Erosion and sedimentation in the Kenai River, Alaska"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":6407,"text":"pp1235 - 1982 - Erosion and sedimentation in the Kenai River, Alaska","indexId":"pp1235","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"title":"Erosion and sedimentation in the Kenai River, Alaska"},"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-31T19:13:49.253339","indexId":"ofr81219","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"81-219","title":"Erosion and sedimentation in the Kenai River, Alaska","docAbstract":"

The Kenai River system is the most important freshwater fishery in Alaska. The flow regime is characterized by high summer flow of glacial meltwater and periodic flooding caused by sudden releases of glacier-dammed lakes in the headwaters. Throughout most of its 50-mile course across the Kenai Peninsula Lowlands to Cook Inlet, the river meanders within coarse bed material with a median diameter typically in the range of 40-60 millimeters. Every nontidal section of the stream is a known or potential salmon-spawning site.

The stream is underfit, a condition attributed to regional glacial recession and hypothesized drainage changes, and locally is entrenched in response to geologically recent changes in base level. The coarseness of the bed material is explained by these characteristics, combined with the reservoir-like effects of two large moraine impounded lakes, Kenai and Skilak Lakes, that formed as lowland glaciers receded. Throughout the central section of the river the channel is effectively armored, a condition that may have important long-term implications for the ability of this section of channel to support the spawning and rearing of salmon.

The 3.8 river miles of channel below Skilak Lake contain submersed, crescentic gravel dunes with lengths in excess of 500 ft and heights of more than 15 ft. Such bed forms are highly unusual in streams with coarse bed material. The dunes were entirely stable from 1950 to at least 1977, so much so that small details of shape were unmodified by a major glacial-outburst flood in 1974. The features are the product of a flood greatly in excess of any recorded discharge.

The entrenched section of the channel has been stable since at least 1950-195, only negligible amounts of bank erosion are indicated by sequential aerial photos. Bank erosion is active both upstream and downstream from the entrenched channel, however, and erosion rates in those reaches are locally comparable to rates in streams of similar size. Although erosion rates have been generally constant since 1950-1951, evidence suggests a possible recent decrease in bank stability and an increase in erosion that could be related to changes in river use.

The high sustained flow of summer encourages a variety of recreation-related modifications to the bank and flood plain--canals, groins, boat ramps, slips, embankments, as well as commercial developments. As population and recreation use increase, development can pose a hazard to the productivity of the stream through increased suspended-sediment concentration resulting directly from construction and, with greater potential for long-term impact, indirectly from bank erosion. A short-term hazard, to both stream and developments is the cutoff of meander loops, the risk of which is increased by canals and boat slips cut in the surface layer of cohesive, erosion-resistant sediment on the flood plain within nonentrenched meander loops. A significant long-term hazard is an increase in bank erosion rates resulting from the loss of stabilizing vegetation on the high (up to 70 ft) cutbanks of entrenched and partially entrenched sections of channel. Potential root causes of erosion vegetation loss are river-use practices, meander cutoffs, and groin construction.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr81219","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Scott, K.M., 1981, Erosion and sedimentation in the Kenai River, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 81-219, vi, 116 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr81219.","productDescription":"vi, 116 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":408913,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0219/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":171586,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0219/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Kenai River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -153.336181640625,\n 59.62332522313024\n ],\n [\n -151.7431640625,\n 59.04620586244391\n ],\n [\n -148.96362304687497,\n 59.87239799228177\n ],\n [\n -147.667236328125,\n 59.65109171169264\n ],\n [\n -147.227783203125,\n 59.99898612060444\n ],\n [\n -149.43603515625,\n 61.554109444927185\n ],\n [\n -150.1611328125,\n 61.601171646037486\n ],\n [\n -151.962890625,\n 60.925093815014655\n ],\n [\n -153.45703125,\n 59.99349233206085\n ],\n [\n -153.336181640625,\n 59.62332522313024\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ee4b07f02db5fdf81","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Scott, Kevin M.","contributorId":88331,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"Kevin","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":238017,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":29724,"text":"wri8166 - 1981 - Effect of snowmelt on the quality of Filson Creek and Omaday Lake, northeastern Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-15T19:52:48.805066","indexId":"wri8166","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"81-66","title":"Effect of snowmelt on the quality of Filson Creek and Omaday Lake, northeastern Minnesota","docAbstract":"

Concentrations of major constituents were determined in the surface water, ground water, and precipitation in Filson Creek watershed to evaluate the effects of acid precipitation on surface-water quality during snowmelt. Concentrations of sulfate increased in Filson Creek and Omaday Lake during snowmelt from less than 2 to 12 milligrams per liter in 1977 and from less than 2 to 4 milligrams per liter in 1979. Hydrogen-ion activity increased from 10-6.5 to 10-5.0 during snowmelt in 1977 and from 10-6.5 to 10-6.0 in 1979. The magnitude of the increases of sulfate and hydrogen-ion concentrations depend on the (1) timing of the snowmelt, (2) concurrent precipitation, and (3) antecedent soil-moisture conditions. Alkalinity and concentrations of total calcium, magnesium, and sodium in the creek during snowmelt reflect the simple dilution of streamflow with more dilute precipitation. The mixing process is defined by hyperbolic curves of concentration versus discharge and can be modeled by use of a mass-balance equation. Concentrations of silica and total potassium in the creek during snowmelt are less than that at base flow because of dilution and uptake by diatoms and plants, respectively.

A quality-assurance study was made to determine the accuracy and precision of the turbidimetric, complexometric (methylthymol blue), and ion-chromatographic methods used to determine concentrations of sulfate in water. Results suggest that the ion-chromatographic method is more accurate and more precise in the detection of sulfate at concentrations of 5 milligrams per liter or less. To obtain accuracy with either the turbidimetric or the complexometric methylthymol blue method, color blanks and turbidity should be determined if concentrations of sulfate are expected to be low, such as in precipitation, or where water is colored by organic material. Interference by color and turbidity is not a factor in the ion-chromatographic method.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri8166","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"Siegel, D., Anderson, L.E., and Rogalla, J.A., 1981, Effect of snowmelt on the quality of Filson Creek and Omaday Lake, northeastern Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 81-66, v, 81 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri8166.","productDescription":"v, 81 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":395981,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_35495.htm"},{"id":394313,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1981/0066/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":159939,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1981/0066/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","otherGeospatial":"Filson Creek, Omaday Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.669921875,\n 47.80427725415423\n ],\n [\n -91.62254333496094,\n 47.80427725415423\n ],\n [\n -91.62254333496094,\n 47.831134971598395\n ],\n [\n -91.669921875,\n 47.831134971598395\n ],\n [\n -91.669921875,\n 47.80427725415423\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db625597","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Siegel, Donald I.","contributorId":97499,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Siegel","given":"Donald I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202019,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Anderson, L. E.","contributorId":69412,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202018,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rogalla, J. A.","contributorId":13860,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rogalla","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202017,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":9552,"text":"ofr811061 - 1981 - Flow model of Saginaw River near Saginaw, Michigan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-12T10:39:57","indexId":"ofr811061","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"81-1061","title":"Flow model of Saginaw River near Saginaw, Michigan","docAbstract":"

An unsteady-flow simulation model was applied to a 19.5-mile reach of Saginaw River. The model provides a method of determining instantaneous discharge for flows from -8,000 to 12,000 cubic feet per second. The currently used slope-rating method can be utilized to compute discharge only under steady and high-flow conditions. Unsteady flow frequently occurs in the Saginaw River as a result of lake seiching.

Model computations are based on solution of the continuity and momentum flow equations, on hydraulic characteristics of Saginaw River, and on time-dependent boundary conditions. An implicit, finite-difference technique is used to solve the one-dimensional flow equations. Channel storage and conveyance characteristics were obtained from data collected during a 1979 field survey and through model calibration. Boundary conditions are specified by stage or discharge data at the model extremities. Optionally, wind velocity data are incorporated in the flow simulations.

The model can simulate instantaneous stage and discharge data and summarize or plot the data. Simulations of low-flows are sensitive to small errors in stage data and to gentle breezes. Simulation of high flows for present channel conditions requires additional data and further study.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Lansing, MI","doi":"10.3133/ofr811061","usgsCitation":"Holtschlag, D.J., 1981, Flow model of Saginaw River near Saginaw, Michigan: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 81-1061, v, 20 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr811061.","productDescription":"v, 20 p.","numberOfPages":"30","costCenters":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":141685,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/1061/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":343667,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/1061/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan","otherGeospatial":"Saginaw River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -84.40521240234375,\n 43.29320031385282\n ],\n [\n -83.69384765625,\n 43.29320031385282\n ],\n [\n -83.69384765625,\n 43.79092385423618\n ],\n [\n -84.40521240234375,\n 43.79092385423618\n ],\n [\n -84.40521240234375,\n 43.29320031385282\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49d8e4b07f02db5df2d6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Holtschlag, David J. 0000-0001-5185-4928 dholtschlag@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5185-4928","contributorId":5447,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holtschlag","given":"David","email":"dholtschlag@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":159878,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":8070,"text":"ofr811314 - 1981 - Tabulation of the ostracode assemblages and associated organisms from selected bottom grab samples taken in the northeast Gulf of Alaska, F.R.S. Townsend Cromwell Cruise IGAL-75-KC, 1975","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-13T21:47:42.008958","indexId":"ofr811314","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"81-1314","title":"Tabulation of the ostracode assemblages and associated organisms from selected bottom grab samples taken in the northeast Gulf of Alaska, F.R.S. Townsend Cromwell Cruise IGAL-75-KC, 1975","docAbstract":"

The U.S. Geological Survey is conducting studies of the Alaskan continental shelf, identifying areas and processes of geological hazard that may affect resource development offshore. These hazards include areas of rapid accumulation of unconsolidated sediment, areas of intense erosional activity, and regions of submarine sliding and slumping; shallow faults are also being identified and classified.

The region of concern in this report is the continental shelf of the Northeast Gulf of Alaska, between Montague Island (longitude 148° W.) and Icy Bay (longitude 141° W.), figs. 2 and 3. During 1975, nearly 350 bottom grab samples were collected from this region by the Fisheries Research Ship Townsend Cromwell. These samples formed the basis for the initial characterization of the surface deposits.

Four major sedimentary units were defined on the basis of the bottom grab samples and seismic data (fig. 1) (Carlson and Molnia, 1977; Molnia and Carlson, 1978). These units are (1) Holocene glacial—marine sediments (normal marine deposition), (2) Holocene morainal deposits, (3) Quaternary glacial—marine sediments, and (4) Pleistocene and older lithified sediments. Each of these sedimentary units is in turn composed of various facies defined by lithological, structural, and biological parameters (Molnia and Carlson, 1980).

As part of the Northeast Gulf of Alaska project, I am examining the ostracode assemblages occurring in the Cromwell bottom grab samples. This report provides a tabulation of the fauna and flora contained in 102 selected bottom grab samples (figs. 2 and 3). A baseline datum is being established of the environmental factors that significantly control or contribute to the distributional patterns of modern ostracode species occurring in the Gulf of Alaska. The ostracode biofacies defined by characteristic assemblages of species, together with information on the sedimentary facies, provides a model of the environments presently occurring in the Gulf of Alaska, (Brouwers, 1981). This model forms a vital basis for the interpretation of Neogene and Quaternary glaciomarine environments in the Gulf of Alaska Tertiary Province.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr811314","usgsCitation":"Brouwers, E.M., 1981, Tabulation of the ostracode assemblages and associated organisms from selected bottom grab samples taken in the northeast Gulf of Alaska, F.R.S. Townsend Cromwell Cruise IGAL-75-KC, 1975: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 81-1314, 134 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr811314.","productDescription":"134 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":426610,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/1314/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":142283,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/1314/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Northeast Gulf of Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -148.4791393593821,\n 60.794252191579886\n ],\n [\n -148.4791393593821,\n 59.74908210057842\n ],\n [\n -141.16803731311612,\n 59.74908210057842\n ],\n [\n -141.16803731311612,\n 60.794252191579886\n ],\n [\n -148.4791393593821,\n 60.794252191579886\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adee4b07f02db6875ae","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brouwers, Elisabeth M. brouwers@usgs.gov","contributorId":190,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brouwers","given":"Elisabeth","email":"brouwers@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":501,"text":"Office of Science Quality and Integrity","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":157095,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":9261,"text":"ofr80565 - 1981 - A qualitative appraisal of the hydrology of the Yemen Arab Republic from Landsat images","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":9261,"text":"ofr80565 - 1981 - A qualitative appraisal of the hydrology of the Yemen Arab Republic from Landsat images","indexId":"ofr80565","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"title":"A qualitative appraisal of the hydrology of the Yemen Arab Republic from Landsat images"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":1726,"text":"wsp1757P - 1984 - A qualitative appraisal of the hydrology of the Yemen Arab Republic from Landsat images","indexId":"wsp1757P","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"chapter":"P","title":"A qualitative appraisal of the hydrology of the Yemen Arab Republic from Landsat images"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":1726,"text":"wsp1757P - 1984 - A qualitative appraisal of the hydrology of the Yemen Arab Republic from Landsat images","indexId":"wsp1757P","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"title":"A qualitative appraisal of the hydrology of the Yemen Arab Republic from Landsat images"},"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-02T18:34:12.527252","indexId":"ofr80565","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"80-565","title":"A qualitative appraisal of the hydrology of the Yemen Arab Republic from Landsat images","docAbstract":"

Landsat-1 and Landsat-2 images were analyzed in June 1976 to describe the flow regimens of streams and the regional distribution of vegetation in the Yemen Arab Republic (YAR). The findings provide a factual basis for planning a surface-water data collection program, and for preparing maps of plant distribution and agricultural land use. They lay the foundation for modernized water development, and for effecting a program of country-wide water management in the YAR. 

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr80565","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Yemen Arab Republic under the auspices of the U.S. Agency for International Development","usgsCitation":"Grolier, M.J., Tibbitts, G., and Ibrahim, M., 1981, A qualitative appraisal of the hydrology of the Yemen Arab Republic from Landsat images: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 80-565, Report: viii, 103 p.; 1 Plate: 35.38 x 50.43 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr80565.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 103 p.; 1 Plate: 35.38 x 50.43 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":404682,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1980/0565/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":143585,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1980/0565/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":404680,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1980/0565/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"Yemen Arab Republic","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 41.748046875,\n 12.382928338487396\n ],\n [\n 54.228515625,\n 12.382928338487396\n ],\n [\n 54.228515625,\n 18.22935133838668\n ],\n [\n 41.748046875,\n 18.22935133838668\n ],\n [\n 41.748046875,\n 12.382928338487396\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a875d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grolier, Maurice J.","contributorId":98292,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grolier","given":"Maurice","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":159378,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tibbitts, G. Chase","contributorId":79453,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tibbitts","given":"G. Chase","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":159377,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ibrahim, M.M.","contributorId":33339,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ibrahim","given":"M.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":159376,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":30583,"text":"wri8164 - 1981 - Modeled impacts of surface coal mining on dissolved solids in the Tongue River, southeastern Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-01T11:35:37","indexId":"wri8164","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"81-64","title":"Modeled impacts of surface coal mining on dissolved solids in the Tongue River, southeastern Montana","docAbstract":"A computer model has been developed for spatial and temporal simulation of streamflow and dissolved solids in the Tongue River from the Tongue River Dam to Miles City, Montana. User-defined plans of surface coal mining and agricultural development permit evaluation of potential changes in dissolved solids resulting from leaching of overburden material used to backfill mine pits and from withdrawal and return flow of irrigation water. Provision is made for simulation runs using increased streamflow from a proposed larger reservoir intended to replace the present Tongue River Reservoir. Simulations at mean streamflow indicated that mining 119,600 acres of federally leased coal tracts may increase by 4.8 percent the present annual dissolved-solids concentration in the Tongue River at Miles City. Simulations using the proposed Tongue River reservoir show substantial reductions in dissolved-solids concentration when paired with similar simulations using the present Tongue River Reservoir. When compared on a per-acre basis for the study area, the dewatering caused by irrigation increases dissolved-solids concentration more than the input of leachates from surface coal-mining operations. (USGS)","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri8164","usgsCitation":"Woods, P.F., 1981, Modeled impacts of surface coal mining on dissolved solids in the Tongue River, southeastern Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 81-64, v, 73 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri8164.","productDescription":"v, 73 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":160278,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1981/0064/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":368884,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1981/0064/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","otherGeospatial":"Tongue River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -106.92993164062499,\n 44.999767019181284\n ],\n [\n -105.919189453125,\n 44.999767019181284\n ],\n [\n -105.919189453125,\n 46.255846818480315\n ],\n [\n -106.92993164062499,\n 46.255846818480315\n ],\n [\n -106.92993164062499,\n 44.999767019181284\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db6999fd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Woods, Paul F.","contributorId":82273,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woods","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203491,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":8198,"text":"ofr81852 - 1981 - An archeological sample survey in the Cache Creek-Little Granite Creek area of the Bridger-Teton National Forest, western Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-15T17:36:03.892711","indexId":"ofr81852","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"81-852","title":"An archeological sample survey in the Cache Creek-Little Granite Creek area of the Bridger-Teton National Forest, western Wyoming","docAbstract":"

Archeological Services of Laramie, Wyoming, undertook a Class II archeological reconnaissance of a large tract of land in a proposed wilderness area in the Bridger-Teton National Forest. The findings were to be submitted for inclusion in an Environmental Impact Statement being assembled by Land Management Services of Jackson, Wyoming. The study area is being considered for possible drilling sites in the near future.

The project area lies on the southwest slope of the Gros Ventre Mountain Range in the Cache Creek-Little Granite Creek area in Teton County, north-western Wyoming. A total of 16 prehistoric sites and isolated finds were recorded within or immediately adjacent to the study area boundaries. The total surface area covered amounted to 1857 acres (or 5.7%) of the 32,580 acres included in the study. An intensive surface evaluation was completed of all staked projects (well locations and access roads) in the survey area. Exploratory or evaluative testing is recommended for the Getty Reserve well location and in one area on the NCRA well access route. Some form of further evaluation is recommended at thirteen other localities.

Fieldwork was conducted during September, 1980, by archeologists from Archeological Services. Subsequent analysis included the application of a model of site predictability based on the statistical analysis of environmental factors, such as slope, aspect, vegetation, soils, fauna and proximity to water.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr81852","usgsCitation":"Caraveo, C.F., and Lau, S., 1981, An archeological sample survey in the Cache Creek-Little Granite Creek area of the Bridger-Teton National Forest, western Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 81-852, Report: 158 p.; 2 Figures: 35.83 x 50.85 inches and 13.82 x 19.99 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr81852.","productDescription":"Report: 158 p.; 2 Figures: 35.83 x 50.85 inches and 13.82 x 19.99 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":140214,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0852/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":495522,"rank":4,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0852/figure-11.pdf","text":"Figure 11","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":495521,"rank":3,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0852/figure-2.pdf","text":"Figure 2","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":495520,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0852/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Cache Creek-Little Granite Creek area, Bridger-Teton National Forest","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-110.048476,40.997555],[-110.121639,40.997101],[-110.125709,40.99655],[-110.237848,40.995427],[-110.250709,40.996089],[-110.375714,40.994947],[-110.500718,40.994746],[-110.539819,40.996346],[-110.715026,40.996347],[-110.750727,40.996847],[-111.046723,40.997959],[-111.046551,41.251716],[-111.0466,41.360692],[-111.046264,41.377731],[-111.045789,41.565571],[-111.045818,41.579845],[-111.046689,42.001567],[-111.047109,42.142497],[-111.047107,42.148971],[-111.047058,42.182672],[-111.047097,42.194773],[-111.047074,42.280787],[-111.04708,42.34942],[-111.046801,42.504946],[-111.046719,42.513118],[-111.046017,42.582723],[-111.043564,42.722624],[-111.044135,42.874924],[-111.043959,42.96445],[-111.043957,42.969482],[-111.043924,42.975063],[-111.044129,43.018702],[-111.044156,43.020052],[-111.044206,43.022614],[-111.044034,43.024581],[-111.044034,43.024844],[-111.044033,43.026411],[-111.044094,43.02927],[-111.043997,43.041415],[-111.044058,43.04464],[-111.044063,43.046302],[-111.044086,43.054819],[-111.044117,43.060309],[-111.04415,43.066172],[-111.044162,43.068222],[-111.044143,43.072364],[-111.044235,43.177121],[-111.044266,43.177236],[-111.044232,43.18444],[-111.044168,43.189244],[-111.044229,43.195579],[-111.044617,43.31572],[-111.045205,43.501136],[-111.045706,43.659112],[-111.04588,43.681033],[-111.046118,43.684902],[-111.046051,43.685812],[-111.04611,43.687848],[-111.046421,43.722059],[-111.046435,43.726545],[-111.04634,43.726957],[-111.046715,43.815832],[-111.046515,43.908376],[-111.046917,43.974978],[-111.047064,43.983467],[-111.047349,43.999921],[-111.049077,44.020072],[-111.048751,44.060403],[-111.048751,44.060838],[-111.048633,44.062903],[-111.048452,44.114831],[-111.049119,44.124923],[-111.049695,44.353626],[-111.049148,44.374925],[-111.049216,44.435811],[-111.049194,44.438058],[-111.048974,44.474072],[-111.055208,44.624927],[-111.055333,44.666263],[-111.055511,44.725343],[-111.056416,44.749928],[-111.056888,44.866658],[-111.055629,44.933578],[-111.056207,44.935901],[-111.055199,45.001321],[-111.044275,45.001345],[-110.785008,45.002952],[-110.761554,44.999934],[-110.750767,44.997948],[-110.705272,44.992324],[-110.552433,44.992237],[-110.547165,44.992459],[-110.48807,44.992361],[-110.402927,44.99381],[-110.362698,45.000593],[-110.342131,44.999053],[-110.324441,44.999156],[-110.28677,44.99685],[-110.199503,44.996188],[-110.110103,45.003905],[-110.026347,45.003665],[-110.025544,45.003602],[-109.99505,45.003174],[-109.875735,45.003275],[-109.798687,45.002188],[-109.75073,45.001605],[-109.663673,45.002536],[-109.574321,45.002631],[-109.386432,45.004887],[-109.375713,45.00461],[-109.269294,45.005283],[-109.263431,45.005345],[-109.103445,45.005904],[-109.08301,44.99961],[-109.062262,44.999623],[-108.621313,45.000408],[-108.578484,45.000484],[-108.565921,45.000578],[-108.500679,44.999691],[-108.271201,45.000251],[-108.249345,44.999458],[-108.238139,45.000206],[-108.218479,45.000541],[-108.14939,45.001062],[-108.000663,45.001223],[-107.997353,45.001565],[-107.911743,45.001292],[-107.750654,45.000778],[-107.608854,45.00086],[-107.607824,45.000929],[-107.49205,45.00148],[-107.351441,45.001407],[-107.13418,45.000109],[-107.125633,44.999388],[-107.105685,44.998734],[-107.084939,44.996599],[-107.074996,44.997004],[-107.050801,44.996424],[-106.892875,44.995947],[-106.888773,44.995885],[-106.263586,44.993788],[-106.024814,44.993688],[-105.928184,44.993647],[-105.914258,44.999986],[-105.913382,45.000941],[-105.848065,45.000396],[-105.076607,45.000347],[-105.038405,45.000345],[-105.025266,45.00029],[-105.019284,45.000329],[-105.01824,45.000437],[-104.765063,44.999183],[-104.759855,44.999066],[-104.72637,44.999518],[-104.665171,44.998618],[-104.663882,44.998869],[-104.470422,44.998453],[-104.470117,44.998453],[-104.250145,44.99822],[-104.057698,44.997431],[-104.055914,44.874986],[-104.056496,44.867034],[-104.055963,44.768236],[-104.055963,44.767962],[-104.055934,44.72372],[-104.05587,44.723422],[-104.055777,44.700466],[-104.055938,44.693881],[-104.05581,44.691343],[-104.055877,44.571016],[-104.055892,44.543341],[-104.055927,44.51773],[-104.055389,44.249983],[-104.054487,44.180381],[-104.054562,44.141081],[-104.05495,43.93809],[-104.055077,43.936535],[-104.055488,43.853477],[-104.055488,43.853476],[-104.055138,43.750421],[-104.055133,43.747105],[-104.054902,43.583852],[-104.054885,43.583512],[-104.05484,43.579368],[-104.055032,43.558603],[-104.054787,43.503328],[-104.054786,43.503072],[-104.054779,43.477815],[-104.054766,43.428914],[-104.054614,43.390949],[-104.054403,43.325914],[-104.054218,43.30437],[-104.053884,43.297047],[-104.053876,43.289801],[-104.053127,43.000585],[-104.052863,42.754569],[-104.052809,42.749966],[-104.052583,42.650062],[-104.052741,42.633982],[-104.052586,42.630917],[-104.052773,42.611766],[-104.052775,42.61159],[-104.052775,42.610813],[-104.053107,42.499964],[-104.052776,42.25822],[-104.052793,42.249962],[-104.053125,42.249962],[-104.052761,42.170278],[-104.052547,42.166801],[-104.053001,42.137254],[-104.052738,42.133769],[-104.0526,42.124963],[-104.052954,42.089077],[-104.052967,42.075004],[-104.05288,42.021761],[-104.052729,42.016318],[-104.052704,42.001718],[-104.052699,41.998673],[-104.052761,41.994967],[-104.05283,41.9946],[-104.052856,41.975958],[-104.052734,41.973007],[-104.052991,41.914973],[-104.052931,41.906143],[-104.053026,41.885464],[-104.052774,41.733401],[-104.05283,41.697954],[-104.052913,41.64519],[-104.052945,41.638167],[-104.052975,41.622931],[-104.052735,41.613676],[-104.052859,41.592254],[-104.05254,41.564274],[-104.052531,41.552723],[-104.052584,41.55265],[-104.052692,41.541154],[-104.052686,41.539111],[-104.052476,41.522343],[-104.052478,41.515754],[-104.05234,41.417865],[-104.05216,41.407662],[-104.052287,41.393307],[-104.052288,41.393214],[-104.052687,41.330569],[-104.052324,41.321144],[-104.052476,41.320961],[-104.052568,41.316202],[-104.052453,41.278202],[-104.052574,41.278019],[-104.052666,41.275251],[-104.053514,41.157257],[-104.053142,41.114457],[-104.053083,41.104985],[-104.053025,41.090274],[-104.053177,41.089725],[-104.053097,41.018045],[-104.053158,41.016809],[-104.053249,41.001406],[-104.066961,41.001504],[-104.086068,41.001563],[-104.10459,41.001543],[-104.123586,41.001626],[-104.211473,41.001591],[-104.214191,41.001568],[-104.214692,41.001657],[-104.467672,41.001473],[-104.497058,41.001805],[-104.497149,41.001828],[-104.675999,41.000957],[-104.829504,40.99927],[-104.855273,40.998048],[-104.943371,40.998084],[-105.254779,40.99821],[-105.256527,40.998191],[-105.27686,40.998173],[-105.277138,40.998173],[-105.724804,40.99691],[-105.730421,40.996886],[-106.061181,40.996999],[-106.190554,40.997607],[-106.217573,40.997734],[-106.321165,40.999123],[-106.386356,41.001144],[-106.391852,41.001176],[-106.43095,41.001752],[-106.437419,41.001795],[-106.439563,41.001978],[-106.453859,41.002057],[-106.857773,41.002663],[-107.000606,41.003444],[-107.241194,41.002804],[-107.317794,41.002967],[-107.367443,41.003073],[-107.625624,41.002124],[-107.918421,41.002036],[-108.046539,41.002064],[-108.181227,41.000455],[-108.250649,41.000114],[-108.500659,41.000112],[-108.526667,40.999608],[-108.631108,41.000156],[-108.884138,41.000094],[-109.050076,41.000659],[-109.173682,41.000859],[-109.231985,41.002059],[-109.250735,41.001009],[-109.500694,40.999127],[-109.534926,40.998143],[-109.676421,40.998395],[-109.713877,40.998266],[-109.715409,40.998191],[-109.854302,40.997661],[-109.855299,40.997614],[-109.97553,40.997912],[-109.999838,40.99733],[-110.000708,40.997352],[-110.006495,40.997815],[-110.048476,40.997555]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Wyoming\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad9e4b07f02db68521b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Caraveo, Carlos F.","contributorId":54987,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Caraveo","given":"Carlos","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":157327,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lau, Stephen","contributorId":80269,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lau","given":"Stephen","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":157328,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":8780,"text":"ofr8166 - 1981 - Ground-water-level monitoring network, Hollister and San Juan Valleys, San Benito County, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-17T20:22:47.059946","indexId":"ofr8166","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"81-66","title":"Ground-water-level monitoring network, Hollister and San Juan Valleys, San Benito County, California","docAbstract":"

The addition of 17 wells to the existing 86-well network is proposed to improve the ground-water monitoring in the Hollister and San Juan Valleys in California. The new wells were selected on the basis of well-construction data, availability, location, accessibility, use, and condition, either to replace wells that are no longer accessible or to furnish needed additional data for planning artificial recharge, preparing water-level-contour maps, and digital ground-water modeling. 

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr8166","usgsCitation":"Farrar, C.D., 1981, Ground-water-level monitoring network, Hollister and San Juan Valleys, San Benito County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 81-66, Report: iii, 9 p.; 1 Plate: 33.26 × 26.49 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr8166.","productDescription":"Report: iii, 9 p.; 1 Plate: 33.26 × 26.49 inches","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":321512,"rank":301,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0066/plate-1.pdf","text":"Plate 1","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":36346,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0066/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":143420,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0066/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":408420,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_12109.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"San Benito County","otherGeospatial":"Hollister and San Juan Valleys","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.582,\n 36.75\n ],\n [\n -121.251,\n 36.75\n ],\n [\n -121.251,\n 37\n ],\n [\n -121.582,\n 37\n ],\n [\n -121.582,\n 36.75\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a96e4b07f02db65a196","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Farrar, C. D.","contributorId":71978,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farrar","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":158316,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":31054,"text":"ofr81270 - 1981 - Seismic refraction studies of the Imperial Valley region, California— Profile models, a traveltime contour map, and a gravity model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-09T21:32:50.831148","indexId":"ofr81270","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"81-270","title":"Seismic refraction studies of the Imperial Valley region, California— Profile models, a traveltime contour map, and a gravity model","docAbstract":"

No abstract available.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr81270","usgsCitation":"Fuis, G.S., Mooney, W.D., Healy, J.H., McMechan, G.A., and Lutter, W.J., 1981, Seismic refraction studies of the Imperial Valley region, California— Profile models, a traveltime contour map, and a gravity model: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 81-270, iii, 83 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr81270.","productDescription":"iii, 83 p.","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":392700,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_11996.htm"},{"id":59610,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0270/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":164070,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0270/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"25000","country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Imperial Valley region","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.25732421875,\n 32.676372772089834\n ],\n [\n -114.41162109375,\n 32.676372772089834\n ],\n [\n -114.41162109375,\n 33.37641235124676\n ],\n [\n -116.25732421875,\n 33.37641235124676\n ],\n [\n -116.25732421875,\n 32.676372772089834\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ae4b07f02db5fb665","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fuis, Gary S. 0000-0002-3078-1544 fuis@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3078-1544","contributorId":2639,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fuis","given":"Gary","email":"fuis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":204735,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mooney, W. D.","contributorId":72376,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mooney","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":204738,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Healy, J. H.","contributorId":48968,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Healy","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":204736,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McMechan, G. A.","contributorId":54647,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McMechan","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":204737,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lutter, W. J.","contributorId":90361,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lutter","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":204739,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":8062,"text":"ofr81476 - 1981 - Alluvial aquifer of the Cache and St. Francis River basins, northeastern Arkansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-05T18:41:56.708604","indexId":"ofr81476","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"81-476","title":"Alluvial aquifer of the Cache and St. Francis River basins, northeastern Arkansas","docAbstract":"

The alluvial aquifer underlies about 9,000 square miles of the study area. Well yields from the aquifer commonly are from 1,000 to 2,000 gallons per minute. Flow toward the main area of pumping stress is eastward from the Cache River and westward from the St. Francis River. The Memphis aquifer acts as a conduit through Crowleys Ridge for induced flow from the St. Francis River basin to the Cache River basn. Water use from the alluvial aquifer since the early 1900 's has been mostly for rice irrigation. Total pumpage for rice in 1978 was about 1,650 ,000 acre-feet, of which about 88 percent was pumped from the aquifer west of Crowleys Ridge. Water levels in wells west of the ridge in parts of Poinsett, Cross, and Craighead Counties in 1978 were 75 feet below land surface and declining about 2 feet per year. Digital-model analysis indicated that at the end of 1978 water was being removed from aquifer storage at the rate of 540,000 acre-feet per year, and streamflow, mostly from the Cache River and Bayou DeView, was being captured at the rate of 430,000 acre-feet per year. Projecting the 1978 pumping rate of 1,460,000 acre-feet per year, the pumping rate would have to be reduced by about 110,000 acre-feet per year by 1990 to sustain sufficient aquifer saturation for water needs through the year 2000 in all parts of Poinsett, Craighead, and Cross Counties west of Crowleys Ridge.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr81476","usgsCitation":"Broom, M.E., and Lyford, F.P., 1981, Alluvial aquifer of the Cache and St. Francis River basins, northeastern Arkansas: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 81-476, vii, 55 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr81476.","productDescription":"vii, 55 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":35635,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0476/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":404886,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_75496.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":142195,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0476/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arkansas, Mississippi, Missouri, Tennessee","otherGeospatial":"Cache and St. Francis River basins","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -92,\n 33.5\n ],\n [\n -89.6483,\n 33.5\n ],\n [\n -89.6483,\n 36.5\n ],\n [\n -92,\n 36.5\n ],\n [\n -92,\n 33.5\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adee4b07f02db6875c0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Broom, Matthew E.","contributorId":101668,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Broom","given":"Matthew","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":157081,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lyford, Forest P.","contributorId":43334,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lyford","given":"Forest","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":157080,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":29725,"text":"wri8124 - 1981 - Hydrogeologic setting of the Glacial Lake Agassiz Peatlands, northern Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-02T10:35:56","indexId":"wri8124","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"81-24","title":"Hydrogeologic setting of the Glacial Lake Agassiz Peatlands, northern Minnesota","docAbstract":"

Seven test holes drilled in the Glacial Lake Agassiz Peatlands indicate that the thickness of surficial materials along a north-south traverse parallel to Minnesota Highway 72 ranges from 163 feet near Blackduck, Minnesota to 57 feet about 3 miles south of Upper Red Lake. Lenses of sand and gravel occur immediately above bedrock on the Itasca moraine and are interbedded with lake clay and till under the peatlands. Vertical head gradients measured in a piezometer nest near Blackduck on the moraine are downward, indicative of recharge to the regional ground-water-flow system. Vertical head gradients are upward in a piezometer nest on a sand beach ridge in the peatlands 12 miles north of Upper Red Lake. Numerical sectional models indicate that this discharge probably comes from local flow systems recharged from ground-water mounds located under large raised bogs.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"St. Paul, MN","doi":"10.3133/wri8124","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, Division of Minerals","usgsCitation":"Siegel, D., 1981, Hydrogeologic setting of the Glacial Lake Agassiz Peatlands, northern Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 81-24, iii, 30 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri8124.","productDescription":"iii, 30 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":95779,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1981/0024/report.pdf","size":"2564","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":159940,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1981/0024/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","otherGeospatial":"Glacial Lake Agassiz Peatlands","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ee4b07f02db6278c7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Siegel, Donald I.","contributorId":97499,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Siegel","given":"Donald I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202020,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":60603,"text":"mf1161B - 1981 - Interpretation of an aerial radiometric survey of the San Gorgonio Wilderness Area and vicinity, San Bernardino County, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-23T08:34:26","indexId":"mf1161B","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1161","chapter":"B","title":"Interpretation of an aerial radiometric survey of the San Gorgonio Wilderness Area and vicinity, San Bernardino County, California","docAbstract":"

The aerial radiometric data for the San Gorgonio Wilderness Area show slight correlation with mapped geology and contain no information of economic significance. Precambrian and modified Precambrian crystalline rocks have more eTh compared to Mesozoic plutonic rocks and one rock unit mapped as a pluton has slightly more K. These rocks have essentially uniform ratios of eU/eTh and eU/K despite their different origins. The ratios and also show that part of the granodiorite of Manzanita Springs could be somewhat deficient in eTh and K. It is concluded that the mapped radioelement distributions are within reasonable limits for the rock types involved, and there is no immediate evidence on any anomalous concentrations of radioactive minerals within the Wilderness Area. 

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Gelogical Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/mf1161B","isbn":"0607806494","usgsCitation":"Pitkin, J.A., and Duval, J.S., 1981, Interpretation of an aerial radiometric survey of the San Gorgonio Wilderness Area and vicinity, San Bernardino County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 1161, 43.40 x 35.02 in and 43.95 x 33.51 in, https://doi.org/10.3133/mf1161B.","productDescription":"43.40 x 35.02 in and 43.95 x 33.51 in","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":182940,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/mf1161B.PNG"},{"id":327395,"rank":1,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/1161-B/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":327396,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/1161-B/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"62500","country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Bernardino","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -117,34.0175 ], [ -117,34.18388888888889 ], [ -116.66666666666667,34.18388888888889 ], [ -116.66666666666667,34.0175 ], [ -117,34.0175 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dae4b07f02db5e0587","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pitkin, James A.","contributorId":96651,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pitkin","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":264068,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Duval, Joseph S.","contributorId":22314,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duval","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":264067,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":27144,"text":"wri8168 - 1981 - Floods in Maine, April-May 1979","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-13T09:54:13","indexId":"wri8168","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"81-68","title":"Floods in Maine, April-May 1979","docAbstract":"Heavy rainfall during April 27-30, 1979, resulted in moderate to record flooding in much of northern and western Maine. During this period, rainfall totals of as much as 6 inches were measured. This period was preceded by up to 10 days of seasonally warm temperatures and snowmelt, which helped create conditions favorable to flooding later in the month. Flood peaks having recurrence intervals greater than 30 years were recorded at several sites, and a few sites experienced maximum recorded flood peaks with recurrence intervals in excess of 50 years. There was no loss of life, but local damage to homes and commercial and industrial establishments was significant. This report describes the flooding. A tabulation of peak gage heights and discharges is included for 42 sites. Daily and storm precipitation values are tabulated for 58 sites. (USGS)","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri8168","usgsCitation":"Fontaine, R.A., and Haskell, C.R., 1981, Floods in Maine, April-May 1979: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 81-68, iv, 65 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/wri8168.","productDescription":"iv, 65 p. ","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":157981,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maine","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[-70.152589,43.746794],[-70.158456,43.751616],[-70.147646,43.758585],[-70.145911,43.772119],[-70.128271,43.774009],[-70.14089,43.753204],[-70.152589,43.746794]]],[[[-70.135957,43.753219],[-70.129721,43.76408],[-70.117688,43.765693],[-70.135957,43.753219]]],[[[-70.171245,43.663498],[-70.205934,43.633633],[-70.211062,43.641842],[-70.200116,43.662978],[-70.188047,43.673762],[-70.171245,43.663498]]],[[[-70.186213,43.682655],[-70.210825,43.661695],[-70.213948,43.666161],[-70.201893,43.685483],[-70.191041,43.689071],[-70.186213,43.682655]]],[[[-70.163884,43.692404],[-70.146115,43.701635],[-70.135563,43.700658],[-70.154503,43.680933],[-70.168227,43.675136],[-70.173571,43.683734],[-70.163884,43.692404]]],[[[-70.087621,43.699913],[-70.093704,43.6918],[-70.099594,43.695366],[-70.115908,43.682978],[-70.118174,43.686375],[-70.093113,43.710524],[-70.097184,43.700929],[-70.087621,43.699913]]],[[[-70.119671,43.748621],[-70.097318,43.757292],[-70.094986,43.753211],[-70.107812,43.734555],[-70.108978,43.722312],[-70.129383,43.70832],[-70.138128,43.718231],[-70.138711,43.727559],[-70.119671,43.748621]]],[[[-68.499465,44.12419],[-68.491521,44.109833],[-68.502942,44.099722],[-68.51706,44.10341],[-68.518703,44.113222],[-68.511266,44.125082],[-68.499465,44.12419]]],[[[-68.358388,44.125082],[-68.346724,44.127749],[-68.331032,44.10758],[-68.338012,44.101473],[-68.365176,44.101464],[-68.375382,44.11646],[-68.358388,44.125082]]],[[[-68.453236,44.189998],[-68.416434,44.187047],[-68.384903,44.154955],[-68.396634,44.14069],[-68.438518,44.11618],[-68.448646,44.125581],[-68.447505,44.133493],[-68.456813,44.145268],[-68.496639,44.146855],[-68.502096,44.152388],[-68.500817,44.160026],[-68.474365,44.181875],[-68.453236,44.189998]]],[[[-68.680773,44.279242],[-68.623554,44.255622],[-68.605906,44.230772],[-68.612749,44.207722],[-68.624994,44.197637],[-68.618872,44.18107],[-68.643002,44.15766],[-68.670014,44.151537],[-68.675056,44.137131],[-68.681899,44.138212],[-68.692343,44.153698],[-68.713232,44.160541],[-68.720435,44.169185],[-68.714313,44.20376],[-68.722956,44.219607],[-68.718635,44.228611],[-68.700627,44.234013],[-68.680458,44.262105],[-68.680773,44.279242]]],[[[-68.355279,44.199096],[-68.333227,44.207308],[-68.314789,44.197157],[-68.321178,44.199032],[-68.332639,44.192131],[-68.339029,44.171839],[-68.347416,44.169459],[-68.378872,44.184222],[-68.364469,44.197534],[-68.355279,44.199096]]],[[[-68.472831,44.219767],[-68.453843,44.201683],[-68.459182,44.197681],[-68.48452,44.202886],[-68.482726,44.227058],[-68.470323,44.22832],[-68.472831,44.219767]]],[[[-68.792139,44.237819],[-68.769833,44.222787],[-68.769047,44.213351],[-68.780055,44.203129],[-68.829593,44.21689],[-68.839422,44.236547],[-68.827627,44.242838],[-68.792139,44.237819]]],[[[-68.23638,44.266254],[-68.214641,44.263156],[-68.211329,44.257074],[-68.24031,44.251622],[-68.240806,44.239723],[-68.248913,44.235443],[-68.274427,44.237099],[-68.274719,44.258675],[-68.246598,44.257836],[-68.23638,44.266254]]],[[[-68.498637,44.369686],[-68.478785,44.319563],[-68.489641,44.313705],[-68.530394,44.333583],[-68.518573,44.381022],[-68.501364,44.382281],[-68.498637,44.369686]]],[[[-68.618212,44.012367],[-68.635315,44.018886],[-68.657031,44.003823],[-68.659874,44.022758],[-68.650767,44.039908],[-68.661594,44.075837],[-68.627893,44.088128],[-68.6181,44.096706],[-68.609722,44.094674],[-68.584074,44.070578],[-68.590792,44.058662],[-68.601099,44.058362],[-68.610703,44.013422],[-68.618212,44.012367]]],[[[-68.785601,44.053503],[-68.818441,44.032046],[-68.874139,44.025359],[-68.889717,44.032516],[-68.899997,44.06696],[-68.913406,44.08519],[-68.908984,44.110001],[-68.944597,44.11284],[-68.917286,44.148239],[-68.847249,44.183017],[-68.825067,44.186338],[-68.819156,44.180462],[-68.82284,44.173693],[-68.818423,44.160978],[-68.782375,44.14531],[-68.792065,44.136759],[-68.818039,44.136852],[-68.820515,44.130198],[-68.815562,44.115836],[-68.806832,44.116339],[-68.790525,44.09292],[-68.772639,44.078439],[-68.77029,44.069566],[-68.785601,44.053503]]],[[[-67.619761,44.519754],[-67.582113,44.513459],[-67.590627,44.49415],[-67.562651,44.472104],[-67.571774,44.453403],[-67.588346,44.449754],[-67.604919,44.502056],[-67.619211,44.506009],[-67.619761,44.519754]]],[[[-68.942826,44.281073],[-68.919301,44.309872],[-68.919325,44.335392],[-68.90353,44.378613],[-68.87894,44.386584],[-68.868444,44.38144],[-68.860649,44.364425],[-68.87169,44.344662],[-68.89285,44.334653],[-68.896587,44.321986],[-68.88746,44.303094],[-68.904255,44.279889],[-68.916872,44.242866],[-68.95189,44.218719],[-68.94709,44.226792],[-68.955332,44.243873],[-68.965896,44.249754],[-68.965264,44.259332],[-68.942826,44.281073]]],[[[-70.353392,43.535405],[-70.379123,43.507202],[-70.385615,43.487031],[-70.380233,43.46423],[-70.349684,43.442032],[-70.370514,43.434133],[-70.384949,43.418839],[-70.39089,43.402607],[-70.421282,43.395777],[-70.427672,43.389254],[-70.424986,43.375928],[-70.460717,43.34325],[-70.517695,43.344037],[-70.553854,43.321886],[-70.593907,43.249295],[-70.576692,43.217651],[-70.618973,43.163625],[-70.638355,43.114182],[-70.655322,43.098008],[-70.665958,43.076234],[-70.703818,43.059825],[-70.708896,43.074989],[-70.737897,43.073488],[-70.756397,43.079988],[-70.766398,43.092688],[-70.779098,43.095887],[-70.8268,43.127086],[-70.8338,43.146886],[-70.823501,43.174585],[-70.828301,43.186685],[-70.819146,43.195157],[-70.811852,43.228306],[-70.817773,43.237408],[-70.837274,43.242321],[-70.843302,43.254321],[-70.858207,43.256286],[-70.861384,43.263143],[-70.881704,43.272483],[-70.886504,43.282783],[-70.906005,43.291682],[-70.900386,43.301358],[-70.91246,43.308289],[-70.912004,43.319821],[-70.93711,43.337367],[-70.956528,43.334691],[-70.967229,43.343777],[-70.985965,43.380023],[-70.98739,43.393457],[-70.982565,43.39778],[-70.987249,43.411863],[-70.96115,43.438321],[-70.9669,43.450458],[-70.961428,43.469696],[-70.974245,43.47742],[-70.967968,43.480783],[-70.954755,43.509802],[-70.954066,43.52261],[-70.963281,43.538929],[-70.950838,43.551026],[-70.972716,43.570255],[-70.989037,43.792154],[-71.031039,44.655455],[-71.084334,45.305293],[-71.059265,45.313753],[-71.030565,45.312652],[-71.00905,45.319022],[-71.002563,45.327819],[-71.011144,45.334679],[-71.01081,45.34725],[-70.985595,45.332188],[-70.950824,45.33453],[-70.939188,45.320177],[-70.917904,45.311924],[-70.912111,45.296197],[-70.9217,45.279445],[-70.898565,45.258502],[-70.898482,45.244088],[-70.885029,45.234873],[-70.857042,45.22916],[-70.83877,45.237555],[-70.848319,45.244707],[-70.848554,45.263325],[-70.839042,45.269132],[-70.829661,45.290369],[-70.812338,45.302006],[-70.808613,45.311606],[-70.808322,45.325824],[-70.816585,45.330554],[-70.819828,45.340109],[-70.81445,45.356544],[-70.803848,45.364247],[-70.806244,45.376558],[-70.826033,45.398408],[-70.795009,45.428145],[-70.755567,45.428361],[-70.744077,45.421091],[-70.743775,45.411925],[-70.729972,45.399359],[-70.712286,45.390611],[-70.677995,45.394362],[-70.66116,45.386039],[-70.660775,45.378176],[-70.651175,45.377123],[-70.634661,45.383608],[-70.631354,45.41634],[-70.635498,45.427817],[-70.649739,45.442771],[-70.674903,45.452399],[-70.691762,45.471233],[-70.717047,45.487732],[-70.721611,45.515058],[-70.687605,45.549099],[-70.688214,45.563981],[-70.659286,45.58688],[-70.644687,45.607083],[-70.592252,45.629865],[-70.5584,45.666671],[-70.525831,45.666551],[-70.469869,45.701639],[-70.438878,45.704387],[-70.400404,45.719834],[-70.383552,45.734869],[-70.388501,45.749717],[-70.406548,45.761813],[-70.417641,45.79377],[-70.395907,45.798885],[-70.39662,45.808486],[-70.387916,45.819043],[-70.34244,45.852192],[-70.306162,45.85974],[-70.259117,45.890755],[-70.253897,45.906524],[-70.263313,45.923832],[-70.240177,45.943729],[-70.26541,45.962692],[-70.31628,45.963113],[-70.307463,45.982541],[-70.284571,45.995384],[-70.303034,45.998976],[-70.317629,46.01908],[-70.278334,46.057019],[-70.284176,46.062758],[-70.310609,46.064544],[-70.284554,46.098713],[-70.254021,46.0996],[-70.255038,46.108348],[-70.237947,46.147378],[-70.278034,46.175001],[-70.292736,46.191599],[-70.272054,46.209833],[-70.248421,46.267072],[-70.232682,46.284428],[-70.205719,46.299865],[-70.203119,46.31438],[-70.208733,46.328961],[-70.191412,46.348072],[-70.174709,46.358472],[-70.148529,46.358923],[-70.129734,46.369384],[-70.125459,46.381352],[-70.11044,46.38611],[-70.096286,46.40943],[-70.057061,46.415036],[-69.997086,46.69523],[-69.22442,47.459686],[-69.203886,47.452203],[-69.178412,47.456615],[-69.146439,47.44886],[-69.082508,47.423976],[-69.061192,47.433052],[-69.043947,47.427634],[-69.036882,47.407977],[-69.045403,47.39191],[-69.039818,47.386309],[-69.053885,47.377878],[-69.054628,47.315911],[-69.049118,47.306471],[-69.052748,47.294403],[-69.047076,47.267089],[-69.050334,47.256621],[-69.033456,47.240984],[-68.966433,47.212712],[-68.96113,47.205582],[-68.942484,47.206386],[-68.920253,47.195048],[-68.919752,47.189859],[-68.902425,47.178839],[-68.857519,47.19095],[-68.812157,47.215461],[-68.764487,47.222331],[-68.717867,47.240919],[-68.705314,47.238066],[-68.687662,47.244215],[-68.664071,47.236762],[-68.619749,47.243218],[-68.595427,47.257698],[-68.59688,47.271731],[-68.578551,47.287551],[-68.553896,47.28225],[-68.517982,47.296092],[-68.474851,47.297534],[-68.448844,47.282547],[-68.378678,47.287561],[-68.376319,47.294257],[-68.384706,47.305094],[-68.380334,47.340242],[-68.355171,47.35707],[-68.329879,47.36023],[-68.303778,47.355524],[-68.284101,47.360389],[-68.265138,47.352543],[-68.234604,47.355035],[-68.214551,47.339637],[-68.15515,47.32542],[-68.152302,47.309878],[-68.137059,47.296068],[-68.082896,47.271921],[-68.074061,47.259764],[-68.019724,47.238036],[-67.991871,47.212042],[-67.955669,47.199542],[-67.935868,47.164843],[-67.893266,47.129943],[-67.881302,47.103913],[-67.790515,47.067921],[-67.781095,45.943032],[-67.777626,45.934207],[-67.750422,45.917898],[-67.763725,45.91043],[-67.767827,45.898568],[-67.803318,45.883718],[-67.803678,45.869379],[-67.796514,45.859961],[-67.755068,45.82367],[-67.780507,45.817622],[-67.801989,45.803546],[-67.806598,45.794723],[-67.806308,45.755405],[-67.793083,45.750559],[-67.781892,45.731189],[-67.809833,45.729274],[-67.803148,45.696127],[-67.817892,45.693705],[-67.803313,45.677886],[-67.768648,45.677581],[-67.754245,45.667791],[-67.720401,45.662522],[-67.71799,45.665243],[-67.73372,45.684233],[-67.734605,45.688987],[-67.729908,45.689012],[-67.710464,45.679372],[-67.675417,45.630959],[-67.64581,45.613597],[-67.640238,45.616178],[-67.644206,45.62322],[-67.639741,45.624771],[-67.606172,45.606533],[-67.499444,45.587014],[-67.488452,45.594643],[-67.491061,45.598917],[-67.455406,45.604665],[-67.429716,45.583773],[-67.420976,45.550029],[-67.425399,45.540795],[-67.432236,45.541023],[-67.435275,45.530781],[-67.432207,45.519996],[-67.416416,45.503515],[-67.462882,45.508691],[-67.470732,45.500067],[-67.503088,45.489688],[-67.499767,45.47805],[-67.482353,45.460825],[-67.484328,45.451955],[-67.473366,45.425328],[-67.430001,45.392965],[-67.418747,45.37726],[-67.434281,45.365438],[-67.427797,45.355471],[-67.434996,45.340133],[-67.456288,45.32644],[-67.452267,45.316839],[-67.460554,45.300379],[-67.466091,45.29416],[-67.485683,45.291433],[-67.489464,45.282653],[-67.46357,45.244097],[-67.453473,45.241127],[-67.43998,45.227047],[-67.428889,45.193213],[-67.407139,45.179425],[-67.404629,45.159926],[-67.383635,45.152259],[-67.345585,45.126392],[-67.294881,45.149666],[-67.302568,45.161348],[-67.291417,45.17145],[-67.290603,45.187589],[-67.283619,45.192022],[-67.246697,45.180765],[-67.242293,45.17224],[-67.227324,45.163652],[-67.203933,45.171407],[-67.157919,45.161004],[-67.112414,45.112323],[-67.090786,45.068721],[-67.105899,45.065786],[-67.117688,45.05673],[-67.082074,45.029608],[-67.068274,45.001014],[-67.05461,44.986764],[-67.033474,44.939923],[-66.984466,44.912557],[-66.990351,44.882551],[-66.978142,44.856963],[-66.996523,44.844654],[-66.986318,44.820657],[-66.975009,44.815495],[-66.952112,44.82007],[-66.950569,44.814539],[-66.961068,44.807269],[-66.979708,44.80736],[-67.02615,44.768199],[-67.04335,44.765071],[-67.05516,44.771442],[-67.062239,44.769543],[-67.073439,44.741957],[-67.098931,44.741311],[-67.103957,44.717444],[-67.128792,44.695421],[-67.139209,44.693849],[-67.155119,44.66944],[-67.169857,44.662105],[-67.186612,44.66265],[-67.192068,44.655515],[-67.189427,44.645533],[-67.234275,44.637201],[-67.251247,44.640825],[-67.274122,44.626345],[-67.27706,44.61795],[-67.273076,44.610873],[-67.293403,44.599265],[-67.314938,44.598215],[-67.32297,44.609394],[-67.310745,44.613212],[-67.293665,44.634316],[-67.292462,44.648455],[-67.309627,44.659316],[-67.307909,44.691295],[-67.300144,44.696752],[-67.299176,44.705705],[-67.308538,44.707454],[-67.355966,44.69906],[-67.376742,44.681852],[-67.381149,44.66947],[-67.367298,44.652472],[-67.363158,44.631825],[-67.377554,44.619757],[-67.386605,44.626974],[-67.405492,44.594236],[-67.428367,44.609136],[-67.457747,44.598014],[-67.492373,44.61795],[-67.493632,44.628863],[-67.505804,44.636837],[-67.522802,44.63306],[-67.530777,44.621938],[-67.543368,44.626554],[-67.551133,44.621938],[-67.575056,44.560659],[-67.562321,44.539435],[-67.568159,44.531117],[-67.648506,44.525403],[-67.660678,44.537575],[-67.685861,44.537155],[-67.702649,44.527922],[-67.698872,44.51575],[-67.71419,44.495238],[-67.733986,44.496252],[-67.743353,44.497418],[-67.742942,44.526453],[-67.753854,44.543661],[-67.774001,44.547438],[-67.779457,44.543661],[-67.781556,44.520577],[-67.79726,44.520685],[-67.808837,44.544081],[-67.839896,44.558771],[-67.845772,44.551636],[-67.843254,44.542822],[-67.856684,44.523934],[-67.851648,44.484901],[-67.868774,44.465272],[-67.868875,44.456881],[-67.851764,44.428695],[-67.855108,44.419434],[-67.868856,44.424672],[-67.878509,44.435585],[-67.887323,44.433066],[-67.899571,44.394078],[-67.913346,44.430128],[-67.926357,44.431807],[-67.931453,44.411848],[-67.955737,44.416278],[-67.961613,44.4125],[-67.961613,44.39907],[-67.978876,44.387034],[-67.985668,44.386917],[-68.000646,44.406624],[-68.010719,44.407464],[-68.019533,44.396971],[-68.01399,44.390255],[-68.034223,44.360456],[-68.044296,44.357938],[-68.043037,44.343667],[-68.049334,44.33073],[-68.067047,44.335692],[-68.076066,44.347925],[-68.077873,44.373047],[-68.086268,44.376405],[-68.092983,44.370949],[-68.11229,44.401588],[-68.119845,44.445658],[-68.117746,44.475038],[-68.150904,44.482383],[-68.17105,44.470211],[-68.194554,44.47189],[-68.189517,44.478605],[-68.192036,44.487419],[-68.213861,44.492456],[-68.223934,44.487],[-68.224354,44.464335],[-68.22939,44.463496],[-68.2445,44.471051],[-68.252474,44.483222],[-68.261708,44.484062],[-68.270522,44.459718],[-68.281015,44.451324],[-68.298223,44.449225],[-68.299063,44.437893],[-68.294865,44.432857],[-68.268423,44.440411],[-68.247438,44.433276],[-68.24366,44.420685],[-68.249956,44.414809],[-68.21554,44.390466],[-68.20354,44.392365],[-68.184532,44.369145],[-68.173608,44.328397],[-68.191924,44.306675],[-68.233435,44.288578],[-68.275139,44.288895],[-68.289409,44.283858],[-68.298223,44.276303],[-68.298643,44.26665],[-68.290818,44.247673],[-68.317588,44.225101],[-68.339498,44.222893],[-68.343132,44.229505],[-68.377982,44.247563],[-68.401268,44.252244],[-68.430946,44.298624],[-68.430853,44.312609],[-68.409027,44.32562],[-68.421619,44.336113],[-68.409867,44.356259],[-68.396552,44.363941],[-68.398035,44.376191],[-68.3581,44.392337],[-68.359082,44.402847],[-68.3791,44.430049],[-68.387678,44.430936],[-68.392559,44.41807],[-68.416412,44.397973],[-68.427874,44.3968],[-68.433901,44.401534],[-68.429648,44.439136],[-68.439281,44.448043],[-68.455095,44.447498],[-68.46382,44.436592],[-68.458849,44.412141],[-68.464106,44.398078],[-68.461072,44.378504],[-68.466109,44.377245],[-68.47828,44.378084],[-68.483317,44.388157],[-68.472824,44.404106],[-68.480379,44.432647],[-68.485415,44.434326],[-68.494649,44.429709],[-68.499686,44.414179],[-68.51452,44.41334],[-68.529905,44.39907],[-68.555088,44.403687],[-68.565161,44.39907],[-68.564741,44.385219],[-68.559285,44.374307],[-68.550051,44.371788],[-68.545434,44.355],[-68.563209,44.333039],[-68.566203,44.313007],[-68.556236,44.300819],[-68.538595,44.299902],[-68.531532,44.290388],[-68.528611,44.276117],[-68.519516,44.265046],[-68.529802,44.249594],[-68.525302,44.227554],[-68.550802,44.236534],[-68.603385,44.27471],[-68.682979,44.299201],[-68.733004,44.328388],[-68.762021,44.329597],[-68.795063,44.30786],[-68.827197,44.31216],[-68.825419,44.334547],[-68.814811,44.362194],[-68.821767,44.40894],[-68.815325,44.42808],[-68.801634,44.434803],[-68.783679,44.473879],[-68.829153,44.462242],[-68.880271,44.428112],[-68.897104,44.450643],[-68.927452,44.448039],[-68.931934,44.43869],[-68.946582,44.429108],[-68.982449,44.426195],[-68.990767,44.415033],[-68.978815,44.38634],[-68.961111,44.375076],[-68.948164,44.355882],[-68.954465,44.32405],[-68.979005,44.296327],[-69.003682,44.294582],[-69.005071,44.274071],[-69.040193,44.233673],[-69.054546,44.171542],[-69.079835,44.160953],[-69.075667,44.129991],[-69.080331,44.117824],[-69.100863,44.104529],[-69.101107,44.093601],[-69.092,44.085734],[-69.050814,44.094888],[-69.031878,44.079036],[-69.048917,44.062506],[-69.056093,44.06949],[-69.067876,44.067596],[-69.079805,44.055256],[-69.073767,44.046135],[-69.125738,44.019623],[-69.124475,44.007419],[-69.170345,43.995637],[-69.193805,43.975543],[-69.19633,43.950504],[-69.203668,43.941806],[-69.259838,43.921427],[-69.267515,43.943667],[-69.280498,43.95744],[-69.31427,43.942951],[-69.319751,43.94487],[-69.304301,43.962068],[-69.331411,43.974311],[-69.351961,43.974748],[-69.366702,43.964755],[-69.388059,43.96434],[-69.398455,43.971804],[-69.421072,43.938261],[-69.423324,43.915507],[-69.459637,43.903316],[-69.483498,43.88028],[-69.50329,43.837673],[-69.514889,43.831298],[-69.513267,43.84479],[-69.520301,43.868498],[-69.524673,43.875639],[-69.543912,43.881615],[-69.54945,43.880012],[-69.545028,43.861241],[-69.552606,43.841347],[-69.572697,43.844012],[-69.578527,43.823316],[-69.588551,43.81836],[-69.604179,43.813551],[-69.604616,43.825793],[-69.592373,43.830895],[-69.589167,43.851299],[-69.594705,43.858878],[-69.604616,43.858004],[-69.621086,43.826814],[-69.634932,43.845907],[-69.649798,43.836287],[-69.653337,43.79103],[-69.664922,43.791033],[-69.685579,43.820546],[-69.705838,43.823024],[-69.714873,43.810264],[-69.719723,43.786685],[-69.752801,43.75594],[-69.780097,43.755397],[-69.778494,43.747089],[-69.835323,43.721125],[-69.838689,43.70514],[-69.851297,43.703581],[-69.855081,43.704746],[-69.858947,43.740531],[-69.868673,43.742701],[-69.862155,43.758962],[-69.869732,43.775656],[-69.884066,43.778035],[-69.903164,43.77239],[-69.927011,43.780174],[-69.948539,43.765948],[-69.958056,43.767786],[-69.982574,43.750801],[-69.992615,43.724793],[-70.001645,43.717666],[-70.006954,43.717065],[-69.998793,43.740385],[-70.001708,43.744466],[-70.041351,43.738053],[-70.034355,43.759041],[-69.99821,43.798684],[-70.002874,43.812093],[-70.011035,43.810927],[-70.026193,43.822587],[-70.023278,43.834247],[-70.002874,43.848239],[-70.009869,43.859315],[-70.019197,43.858733],[-70.064671,43.813259],[-70.06642,43.819672],[-70.080995,43.819672],[-70.107229,43.809178],[-70.142792,43.791688],[-70.153869,43.781194],[-70.153869,43.774781],[-70.176023,43.76079],[-70.17544,43.777113],[-70.190014,43.771866],[-70.197593,43.753211],[-70.194678,43.742134],[-70.217998,43.71998],[-70.216832,43.704822],[-70.23199,43.704822],[-70.251812,43.683251],[-70.254144,43.676839],[-70.242289,43.669544],[-70.240987,43.659132],[-70.211204,43.625765],[-70.217087,43.596717],[-70.214369,43.590445],[-70.20112,43.586515],[-70.196911,43.565146],[-70.206123,43.557627],[-70.231963,43.561118],[-70.244331,43.551849],[-70.261917,43.553687],[-70.272497,43.562616],[-70.307764,43.544315],[-70.353392,43.535405]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Maine\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48d3e4b07f02db548b59","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fontaine, Richard A. rfontain@usgs.gov","contributorId":2379,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fontaine","given":"Richard","email":"rfontain@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":197631,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Haskell, C. Richard","contributorId":20361,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haskell","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"Richard","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197632,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":28430,"text":"wri8112 - 1981 - Digital model of the unconsolidated aquifer system in the Modesto area, Stanislaus and San Joaquin Counties, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-06T15:29:51","indexId":"wri8112","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"81-12","title":"Digital model of the unconsolidated aquifer system in the Modesto area, Stanislaus and San Joaquin Counties, California","docAbstract":"A digital mathematical model of the unconsolidated alluvial aquifer system in the Modesto area, Calif., has been developed which can be used to determine the effects of increased pumping and water use of future water levels in the aquifer system. The model is divided into two units. The lower unit is confined in the western part of the study area by a confining clay bed; elsewhere in this unit the aquifer is unconfined. The upper unit represents an unconfined aquifer and lies above the clay bed or its extension. Where the clay bed is absent the upper and lower units are considered as a single aquifer. The model, as calibrated, can evaluate with reasonable accuracy the effects on water levels of changing stresses and stress patterns only within the area of primary interest for the upper unit. In other areas of the upper unit and for the lower unit, predicted changes should be looked upon as, at best, representing only general trends. (USGS)","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri8112","usgsCitation":"Londquist, C.J., 1981, Digital model of the unconsolidated aquifer system in the Modesto area, Stanislaus and San Joaquin Counties, California: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 81-12, iv, 36 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/wri8112.","productDescription":"iv, 36 p. ","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":369021,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1981/0012/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":159251,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1981/0012/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"San Joaquin County, Stanislaus County ","city":"Modesto","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.1572265625,\n 37.51190453731693\n ],\n [\n -120.80291748046874,\n 37.51190453731693\n ],\n [\n -120.80291748046874,\n 37.73379707124429\n ],\n [\n -121.1572265625,\n 37.73379707124429\n ],\n [\n -121.1572265625,\n 37.51190453731693\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a96e4b07f02db65ab19","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Londquist, Clark J.","contributorId":44149,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Londquist","given":"Clark","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199781,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":10485,"text":"ofr81644 - 1981 - Selected biological characteristics of streams in the southeastern Uinta Basin, Utah and Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-09T20:13:12.230065","indexId":"ofr81644","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"81-644","title":"Selected biological characteristics of streams in the southeastern Uinta Basin, Utah and Colorado","docAbstract":"

Biological sampling was carried out during 1976-78 in five streams in the southeastern Uinta Basin, Utah and Colorado, in order to provide baseline water-quality data for an area of potential oil-shale development. The biological activity in the streams sampled generally is limited by physical factors more so than by chemical constituents and plant nutrients. Characteristics of streamflow, such as high turbidity, fluctuating water levels, and moderate to high salinity, limit production of flora and fauna biomass.

Samples were collected for the determination of bacterial and periphyton concentrations and benthic-invertebrate communities. Bacterial concentrations were generally small, with some fecal contamination, primarily from livestock and wildlife. Members of the order Chlorophyta (green algae) were the major periphytic algae present in three of the streams sampled. Bitter Creek was dominated by members of the order Cyanphyta (blue-green algae), and pennate diatoms were the predominant algae in Willow Creek. The benthic-invertebrate communities generally reflect a nonpolluted environment. Shannon-Weiner diversity indices ranged from 1.14 to 3.08.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr81644","usgsCitation":"Naten, R.W., and Fuller, R.H., 1981, Selected biological characteristics of streams in the southeastern Uinta Basin, Utah and Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 81-644, iv, 27 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr81644.","productDescription":"iv, 27 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":143894,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0644/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":425541,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0644/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado, Utah","otherGeospatial":"southeastern Uinta Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -110.36159250817046,\n 40.37509813483038\n ],\n [\n -110.36159250817046,\n 39.7904165885285\n ],\n [\n -108.9790264886742,\n 39.7904165885285\n ],\n [\n -108.9790264886742,\n 40.37509813483038\n ],\n [\n -110.36159250817046,\n 40.37509813483038\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9be4b07f02db65de83","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Naten, Ronald W.","contributorId":83535,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Naten","given":"Ronald","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":161478,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fuller, Richard H.","contributorId":66236,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fuller","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":161477,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":26420,"text":"wri80119 - 1981 - Simulated interactions between the proposed Narrows Reservoir and the water-table aquifer along the South Platte River, Morgan County, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-01-27T19:49:04.524036","indexId":"wri80119","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"80-119","title":"Simulated interactions between the proposed Narrows Reservoir and the water-table aquifer along the South Platte River, Morgan County, Colorado","docAbstract":"A computer model, including a ground-water-flow component and a mass balance reservoir-operations component, was developed to simulate the proposed Narrows Reservoir and the adjacent alluvial aquifer of the South Platte River, Morgan County, Colo. This model, using a weekly time step, simulated the transient interactions of these two systems for an initial-fill condition and general-operational condition. A sensitivity analysis was made to test the effects of possible errors in the description of aquifer characteristics on the model results. The initial-fill simulation indicated that to fill the reservoir when hydraulic connection between the surface-water system and the aquifer is simulated would take 2 additional years than if no connection was assumed. Simulated ground-water return flow to the river downstream of the proposed dam was about 85 percent of the estimated maximum values, computed under steady-state conditions in an earlier study. The general operation simulation indicated that during the period of lowest reservoir contents the aquifer provided about 80,000 acre-feet of recoverable storage to the reservoir 's capacity. Average return flow was only about 70 percent of the estimated maximum values computed in the earlier, steady-state analysis. Monthly ground-water outflow from the reservoir to the aquifer ranged from 55,200 to -10,400 acre-feet. Parameters tested for sensitivity, in order of decreasing sensitivity, were: Hydraulic conductivity, specific yield, hydraulic connection between reservoir and aquifer, local recharge, boundary conditions, and dam permeability. The probable error in the parameters tested would not seem to warrant significant new data collection. (USGS)","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri80119","usgsCitation":"Burns, A.W., 1981, Simulated interactions between the proposed Narrows Reservoir and the water-table aquifer along the South Platte River, Morgan County, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 80-119, v, 61 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri80119.","productDescription":"v, 61 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":382720,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1980/0119/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":158443,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1980/0119/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","county":"Morgan County","otherGeospatial":"Narrows Reservoir","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -109.05029296875,\n 36.96744946416934\n ],\n [\n -101.97509765625,\n 36.96744946416934\n ],\n [\n -101.97509765625,\n 41.02964338716638\n ],\n [\n -109.05029296875,\n 41.02964338716638\n ],\n [\n -109.05029296875,\n 36.96744946416934\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f9e4b07f02db5f31f1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burns, Alan W.","contributorId":41419,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burns","given":"Alan","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196353,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}