A highly reproducible seeded growth technique was used to study calcite crystallization from calcium bicarbonate solutions at 25°C and fixed carbon dioxide partial pressures between 0.03 and 0.3 atm. The results are not consistent with empirical crystallization models that have successfully described calcite growth at low PCO2 (< 10−3 atm). Good agreement was found between observed crystallization rates and those calculated from the calcite dissolution rate law and mechanism proposed by Plummer et al. (1978).
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(81)90222-2","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Reddy, M.M., Plummer, N., and Busenberg, E., 1981, Crystal growth of calcite from calcium bicarbonate solutions at constant PCO2 and 25°C: a test of a calcite dissolution model: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 45, no. 8, p. 1281-1289, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(81)90222-2.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"1281","endPage":"1289","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220730,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"45","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fcfbe4b0c8380cd4e565","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reddy, Michael M. mmreddy@usgs.gov","contributorId":684,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reddy","given":"Michael","email":"mmreddy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":145,"text":"Branch of Regional Research-Central Region","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":362456,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Plummer, Niel 0000-0002-4020-1013 nplummer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4020-1013","contributorId":190100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plummer","given":"Niel","email":"nplummer@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":362458,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Busenberg, E.","contributorId":56796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Busenberg","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362457,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":10216,"text":"ofr8277 - 1981 - Simulative models for the analysis of ground-water flow in Vekol Valley, the Waterman Wash area, and the Bosque area, Maricopa and Pina Counties, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-08-24T21:48:23.367783","indexId":"ofr8277","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"82-77","title":"Simulative models for the analysis of ground-water flow in Vekol Valley, the Waterman Wash area, and the Bosque area, Maricopa and Pina Counties, Arizona","docAbstract":"Simulative ground-water flow models for Vekol Valley, the Waterman Wash area, and the Bosque area were developed for use in evaluating alternatives for developing a ground-water supply for the Ak-Chin Indian Community. The hydraulic properties of the basin-fill deposits used in the models were estimated primarily from aquifer tests made by the U.S. Geological Survey. Annual recharge to Vekol Valley and the Waterman Wash area is negligible in comparison to the quantity of water in storage and the quantity proposed to be pumped. The models are based on a three-dimensional, block-centered, finite-difference scheme. The Vekol Valley model was calibrated for steady-state onditions, and the Waterman Wash area model was calibrated for steady-state and transient conditions. The sensitivity of calibrated heads to changes in transmissivity was also investigated. An uncalibrated storage-depletion model was developed for the Bosque area. Simulated water levels for steady-state conditions average within 5 feet of measured values for Vekoi Valley and within 6 feet for the Waterman Wash area. Simulated water levels for transient conditions in the Waterman Wash area average within 8 feet of measured values for 15 years of analysis and within 15 feet for 24 years. Water-level declines simulated by the Waterman Wash area model average within 17 feet of those measured during the 24-year period, 1951-75.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr8277","usgsCitation":"Matlock, D.T., 1981, Simulative models for the analysis of ground-water flow in Vekol Valley, the Waterman Wash area, and the Bosque area, Maricopa and Pina Counties, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 82-77, Report: vi, 77 p.; 14 Plates: 9.997 x 17.03 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr8277.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 77 p.; 14 Plates: 9.997 x 17.03 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":420140,"rank":17,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_13824.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":38076,"rank":13,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0077/plate-11.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":38072,"rank":9,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0077/plate-07.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":38070,"rank":7,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0077/plate-05.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":38079,"rank":16,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0077/plate-14.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":38078,"rank":15,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0077/plate-13.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":38077,"rank":14,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0077/plate-12.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":38075,"rank":12,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0077/plate-10.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":38071,"rank":8,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0077/plate-06.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":38069,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0077/plate-04.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":38068,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0077/plate-03.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":38067,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0077/plate-02.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":38066,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0077/plate-01.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":142510,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0077/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":38080,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0077/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":38074,"rank":11,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0077/plate-09.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":38073,"rank":10,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0077/plate-08.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","county":"Maricopa County, Pinal County","otherGeospatial":"Bosque area, Vekol Valley, Waterman Wash","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -112,\n 33.467\n ],\n [\n -113,\n 33.467\n ],\n [\n -113,\n 32.5\n ],\n [\n -112,\n 32.5\n ],\n [\n -112,\n 33.467\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48d9e4b07f02db5496a7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Matlock, D. T.","contributorId":45315,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Matlock","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":161015,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70011768,"text":"70011768 - 1981 - Multiple asperity model for earthquake prediction","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:32","indexId":"70011768","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2840,"text":"Nature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Multiple asperity model for earthquake prediction","docAbstract":"Large earthquakes often occur as multiple ruptures reflecting strong variations of stress level along faults. Dense instrument networks with which the volcano Kilauea is monitored provided detailed data on changes of seismic velocity, strain accumulation and earthquake occurrence rate before the 1975 Hawaii 7.2-mag earthquake. During the ???4 yr of preparation time the mainshock source volume had separated into crustal volumes of high stress levels embedded in a larger low-stress volume, showing respectively high- and low-stress precursory anomalies. ?? 1981 Nature Publishing Group.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Nature","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1038/289231a0","issn":"00280836","usgsCitation":"Wyss, M., Johnston, A.C., and Klein, F.W., 1981, Multiple asperity model for earthquake prediction: Nature, v. 289, no. 5795, p. 231-234, https://doi.org/10.1038/289231a0.","startPage":"231","endPage":"234","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221470,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205126,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/289231a0"}],"volume":"289","issue":"5795","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6060e4b0c8380cd713ee","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wyss, M.","contributorId":68880,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wyss","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361915,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnston, A. C.","contributorId":85574,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnston","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361916,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Klein, F. W.","contributorId":88371,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klein","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361917,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70011773,"text":"70011773 - 1981 - Petrology and geochronology of metamorphosed volcanic rocks and a middle Cretaceous volcanic neck in the east-central Sierra Nevada, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-16T16:13:08.068344","indexId":"70011773","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":6453,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Petrology and geochronology of metamorphosed volcanic rocks and a middle Cretaceous volcanic neck in the east-central Sierra Nevada, California","docAbstract":"Metamorphosed Mesozoic volcanic rocks from the east-central Sierra Nevada range in composition from basalt to rhyolite and have ages, based on whole rock Rb-Sr and U-Pb zircon dating, of about 237–224, 185, 163, 134, and 100 m.y. The major plutons of the batholith in this area are of Triassic (215–200 m.y.) and Cretaceous (94–80 m.y.) ages. Initial 87Sr/86Sr values for the metamorphosed volcanic rocks of the area are in the range from 0.7042 to 0.7058 and are generally different from the values for the surrounding batholithic rocks (0.7056–0.7066). A circular, zoned granitic pluton, with an outcrop area of 2.5 km2, similar in appearance to a ring dike complex, was apparently a conduit for some or possibly all of the middle-Cretaceous metamorphosed volcanic rocks exposed about 5 km to the south in the western part of the Ritter Range. Samples from the metamorphosed volcanic rocks and the pluton yield a Rb-Sr whole rock isochron age of 99.9 ± 2.2 m.y. with an initial 87Sr/86Sr of 0.7048 ± 0.0001. Major element variation diagrams of the pluton and volcanic rocks define coincident compositional trends. The pluton, intruded into Early Jurassic metamorphosed volcanic rocks (Rb-Sr whole rock isochron age of 185 ± 6 m.y., initial 87/86Sr = 0.70474 ± 0.00009), is composed of a central body of granite that is intruded into and almost completely surrounded by a crescent-shaped outer rim of quartz monzodiorite. Contact relations between the granitic rocks, intrusive in some places and completely gradational at other places, indicate that the quartz monzodiorite was not completely crystallized prior to the intrusion of the granite. Modal minerology within the pluton is also consistent with this inferred crystallization history. The granitic rock textures are cataclastic, characterized by a groundmass of feldspar and quartz that surrounds larger grains of feldspar, hornblende, and biotite. Widely spaced aplite dikes from the granite intrude the quartz monzodiorite along the contact between the granitic rocks. The aplite dikes and interstitial alkali feldspar associated with myrmekite in the pluton, being undeformed, indicate crystallization of a small amount of silicate liquid after cataclasis. Aplite compositions suggest a minimum crystallization pressure of 0.5 kb (1–2 km); this depth is consistent with crystallization near the base of a large stratovolcano. The pluton is characterized by steep, linear features, defined by mineral clots and inclusions, that probably formed during the upward movement of the nearly crystallized magma in the volcanic conduit. The ages of volcanic events relative to the ages of the major intrusive epochs and the major element and isotopic compositions of the volcanic rocks relative to the major plutons indicate that the volcanic rocks are not simply or directly related to the major plutons in the Sierra Nevada.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB086iB11p10489","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Kistler, R.W., and Swanson, S., 1981, Petrology and geochronology of metamorphosed volcanic rocks and a middle Cretaceous volcanic neck in the east-central Sierra Nevada, California: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 86, no. B11, p. 10489-10501, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB086iB11p10489.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"10489","endPage":"10501","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221611,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"86","issue":"B11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7820e4b0c8380cd78641","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kistler, R. W.","contributorId":36112,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kistler","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361930,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Swanson, S.E.","contributorId":84505,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swanson","given":"S.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361931,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70012095,"text":"70012095 - 1981 - A transient laboratory method for determining the hydraulic properties of 'tight' rocks-I. Theory","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-09T19:57:17","indexId":"70012095","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2071,"text":"International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A transient laboratory method for determining the hydraulic properties of 'tight' rocks-I. Theory","docAbstract":"Transient pulse testing has been employed increasingly in the laboratory to measure the hydraulic properties of rock samples with low permeability. Several investigators have proposed a mathematical model in terms of an initial-boundary value problem to describe fluid flow in a transient pulse test. However, the solution of this problem has not been available. In analyzing data from the transient pulse test, previous investigators have either employed analytical solutions that are derived with the use of additional, restrictive assumptions, or have resorted to numerical methods. In Part I of this paper, a general, analytical solution for the transient pulse test is presented. This solution is graphically illustrated by plots of dimensionless variables for several cases of interest. The solution is shown to contain, as limiting cases, the more restrictive analytical solutions that the previous investigators have derived. A method of computing both the permeability and specific storage of the test sample from experimental data will be presented in Part II.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0148-9062(81)90979-7","issn":"01489062","usgsCitation":"Hsieh, P.A., Tracy, J., Neuzil, C., Bredehoeft, J., and Silliman, S.E., 1981, A transient laboratory method for determining the hydraulic properties of 'tight' rocks-I. Theory: International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts, v. 18, no. 3, p. 245-252, https://doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(81)90979-7.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"245","endPage":"252","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":222764,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":265947,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(81)90979-7"}],"volume":"18","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e604e4b0c8380cd470d8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hsieh, P. A.","contributorId":40596,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hsieh","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362716,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tracy, J.V.","contributorId":56647,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tracy","given":"J.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362717,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Neuzil, C. E. 0000-0003-2022-4055","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2022-4055","contributorId":81078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neuzil","given":"C. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362719,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bredehoeft, J.D.","contributorId":12836,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bredehoeft","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362715,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Silliman, Stephen E.","contributorId":72130,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Silliman","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362718,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70012147,"text":"70012147 - 1981 - Determination of sub-microgram amounts of selenium in geological materials by atomic-absorption spectrophotometry with electrothermal atomisation after solvent extraction","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-29T15:42:45.58689","indexId":"70012147","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3541,"text":"The Analyst","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Determination of sub-microgram amounts of selenium in geological materials by atomic-absorption spectrophotometry with electrothermal atomisation after solvent extraction","docAbstract":"An atomic-absorption spectrophotometric method with electrothermal atomisation has been developed for the determination of selenium in geological materials. The sample is decomposed with a mixture of nitric, perchloric and hydrofluoric acids and heated with hydrochloric acid to reduce selenium to selenium(IV). Selenium is then extracted into toluene from a hydrochloric acid-hydrobromic acid medium containing iron. A few micro-litres of the toluene extract are injected into a carbon rod atomiser, using a nickel solution as a matrix modifier. The limits of determination are 0.2–200 p.p.m. of selenium in a geological sample. For concentrations between 0.05 and 0.2 p.p.m., back-extraction of the selenium into dilute hydrochloric acid is employed before atomisation.
Selenium values for reference samples obtained by replicate analysis are in general agreement with those reported by other workers, with relative standard deviations ranging from 4.1 to 8.8%. Recoveries of selenium spiked at two levels were 98–108%. Major and trace elements commonly encountered in geological materials do not interfere. Arsenic has a suppressing effect on the selenium signals, but only when its concentration is greater than 1 000 p.p.m. Nitric acid interferes seriously with the extraction of selenium and must be removed by evaporation in the sample-digestion step.
","language":"English","publisher":"Royal Society of Chemistry","doi":"10.1039/AN9810600647","issn":"00032654","usgsCitation":"Sanzolone, R.F., and Chao, T.T., 1981, Determination of sub-microgram amounts of selenium in geological materials by atomic-absorption spectrophotometry with electrothermal atomisation after solvent extraction: The Analyst, v. 106, no. 1263, p. 647-652, https://doi.org/10.1039/AN9810600647.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"647","endPage":"652","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222521,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"106","issue":"1263","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ffcbe4b0c8380cd4f3d6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sanzolone, R. F.","contributorId":64199,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sanzolone","given":"R.","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362852,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chao, T. T.","contributorId":31900,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chao","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362851,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70011716,"text":"70011716 - 1981 - Chemistry of rock-forming minerals of the Cretaceous-Paleocene batholith in southwestern Japan and implications for magma genesis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-16T16:26:01.668394","indexId":"70011716","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":6453,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chemistry of rock-forming minerals of the Cretaceous-Paleocene batholith in southwestern Japan and implications for magma genesis","docAbstract":"Petrographic descriptions and electron microprobe analyses of minerals are presented for 35 specimens from seven suites chosen to examine the transition from magnetite series to ilmenite series granitoids along two transects across the Cretaceous-Paleocene Inner Zone batholith of southwestern Japan. Regularities in chemical compositions of amphiboles, biotites, and feldspars suggest that fundamentally similar processes produced the magmas that formed the two series. Constant or decreasing Fe/(Fe+Mg) for biotites and amphiboles with increasing host rock silica content, coupled with the absence of early formed magnetite and sphene, suggest that magnetite series rocks may have become oxidized during crystallization near the level of intrusion, through the processes of second boiling and differential loss of hydrogen. For the Daito-Yokota, magnetite series suite, Fe/(Fe+Mg) for biotites decreased from 0.48 to 0.37 as SiO2 content of the host rock increased from 55.3 to 75.5 wt %; for an ilmenite series suite from the Takanawa Peninsula, Fe/(Fe+Mg) for biotites increased from 0.51 to 0.77 with an increase in host rock SiO2 from 53.4 to 75.5. Detailed consideration of amphibole chemistry shows predominance of edenitic and tschermakitic substitution schemes as well as coupling between substitutions of Ti in octahedral sites and AlIV. Interrelations between amphibole and biotite chemistry show that Fe/(Fe+Mg) and Mn contents can be interpreted in terms of equilibration, whereas Ti content cannot. The chemistry of chlorites correlates well with that of biotites; primary and secondary muscovites are distinct in composition. Plagioclase in all studied suites shows igneous zoning appropriate to host rock composition; perthitic alkali feldspars in all samples have lost albite component, and temperatures based on the two-feldspar geothermometer are low. The biotite-apatite geothermometer is also inoperative for this group of samples because fully fluorinated apatites typically occur in biotites of modest F content. Whereas magnetites have reequilibrated, analyses of ilmenites for the representative Daito-Yokota and Takanawa suites corroborate biotite compositional data and suggest that fO2 probably differed by 2 to 3 orders of magnitude during crystallization of silica-rich magnetite and ilmenite series granites. Whole-rock chemistry supports mineral chemistry in suggesting that the studied granitoids have crystallized from magmas generated in a lower crustal environment in which mantle-derived magmas partially melted source materials with igneous characteristics.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB086iB11p10431","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Czamanske, G., Ishihara, S., and Atkin, S., 1981, Chemistry of rock-forming minerals of the Cretaceous-Paleocene batholith in southwestern Japan and implications for magma genesis: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 86, no. B11, p. 10431-10469, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB086iB11p10431.","productDescription":"39 p.","startPage":"10431","endPage":"10469","numberOfPages":"39","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221465,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"86","issue":"B11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f5abe4b0c8380cd4c360","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Czamanske, G.K.","contributorId":26300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Czamanske","given":"G.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361791,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ishihara, S.","contributorId":83269,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ishihara","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361793,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Atkin, S.A.","contributorId":79621,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Atkin","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361792,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70012106,"text":"70012106 - 1981 - Ne matrix spectra of the sym-C6Br3F3+ radical cation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-12T21:20:50","indexId":"70012106","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1215,"text":"Chemical Physics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ne matrix spectra of the sym-C6Br3F3+ radical cation","docAbstract":"The electronic absorption and laser excited, wavelength resolved fluorescence spectra of the title cation have been observed in solid Ne matrix and vibrationally analysed. The vibrational structure of the excited B2A2??? state shows close similarity to the parent compound. The X2E??? ground state structure is strongly perturbed and irregular owing to a large Jahn-Teller distortion. The data are analysed in terms of a recently developed, sophisticated multimode Jahn-Teller theoretical model. We have generated the sym-C6Br3F3+ cations in solid Ne matrix and obtained their wavelength resolved emission and absorption spectra. T ground electronic X2E??? state exhibits an irregular and strongly perturbed vibrational structure, which can be successfully modeled using sophisticated multimode Jahn-Teller theory. ?? 1981.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Chemical Physics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0301-0104(81)85043-4","issn":"03010104","usgsCitation":"Bondybey, V., Sears, T., Miller, T., Vaughn, C., English, J., and Shiley, R., 1981, Ne matrix spectra of the sym-C6Br3F3+ radical cation: Chemical Physics, v. 61, no. 1-2, p. 9-16, https://doi.org/10.1016/0301-0104(81)85043-4.","startPage":"9","endPage":"16","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221929,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":269232,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0301-0104(81)85043-4"}],"volume":"61","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a63c7e4b0c8380cd726b5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bondybey, V.E.","contributorId":74879,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bondybey","given":"V.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362746,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sears, T.J.","contributorId":51912,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sears","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362745,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Miller, T.A.","contributorId":49926,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"T.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362744,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Vaughn, C.","contributorId":23689,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vaughn","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362741,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"English, J.H.","contributorId":28746,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"English","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362742,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Shiley, R.S.","contributorId":37899,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shiley","given":"R.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362743,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70012152,"text":"70012152 - 1981 - Multiple-element semiquantitative analysis of one-milligram geochemical samples by D.C. arc emission spectrography","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-21T09:42:02","indexId":"70012152","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1213,"text":"Chemical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Multiple-element semiquantitative analysis of one-milligram geochemical samples by D.C. arc emission spectrography","docAbstract":"A modified method is described for a 1-mg sample multi-element semiquantitative spectrographic analysis. This method uses a direct-current arc source, carbon instead of graphite electrodes, and an 80% argon-20% oxygen atmosphere instead of air. Although this is a destructive method, an analysis can be made for 68 elements in all mineral and geochemical samples. Carbon electrodes have been an aid in improving the detection limits of many elements. The carbon has a greater resistance to heat conductance and develops a better tip, facilitating sample volatilization and counter balancing the cooling effect of a flow of the argon-oxygen mixture around the anode. Where such an argon-oxygen atmosphere is used instead of air, the cyanogen band lines are greatly diminished in intensity, and thus more spectral lines of analysis elements are available for use; the spectral background is also lower. The main advantage of using the carbon electrode and the 80% argon-20% oxygen atmosphere is the improved detection limits of 36 out of 68 elements. The detection limits remain the same for 23 elements, and are not as good for only nine elements. ?? 1981.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Chemical Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0009-2541(81)90152-2","issn":"00092541","usgsCitation":"Rait, N., 1981, Multiple-element semiquantitative analysis of one-milligram geochemical samples by D.C. arc emission spectrography: Chemical Geology, v. 32, no. 1-4, p. 317-333, https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(81)90152-2.","startPage":"317","endPage":"333","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222578,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":266125,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(81)90152-2"}],"volume":"32","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6089e4b0c8380cd71514","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rait, N.","contributorId":95521,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rait","given":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362868,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70011900,"text":"70011900 - 1981 - Historical review of and current progress in coal-resource estimation in the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-04T01:54:46.820439","indexId":"70011900","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Historical review of and current progress in coal-resource estimation in the United States","docAbstract":"Nine estimates of the coal resources of the United States have been published in the past 71 years. Although many details of these estimates differ markedly, the 1913, 1922, and 1974 estimates are surprisingly similar. Some differences are due to increased geologic data, others reflect changes in terminology, definitions, criteria, guidelines, and methodologies used for estimating coal resources and reserves during the last 100 years. Because of the increased data and changes, many of the early estimates are not particularly useful in modern resource assessments.
Preliminary definitions that are being prepared in 1980 by the U.S. Geological Survey are compared with those published in 1976 and currently in use. Anticipated results of the new definitions are to lessen existing confusion about estimation procedures, to make such procedures easier and more precise, and to promote use of a commonly accepted terminology accompanied by standardized definitions, criteria, guidelines, and methodologies for estimating coal resources.
A random model of fault motion in an earthquake is formulated by assuming that the slip velocity is a random function of position and time truncated at zero, so that it does not have negative values. This random function is chosen to be self-affine; that is, on change of length scale, the function is multiplied by a scale factor but is otherwise unchanged statistically. A snapshot of slip velocity at a given time resembles a cluster of islands with rough topography; the final slip function is a smoother island or cluster of islands. In the Fourier transform domain, shear traction on the fault equals the slip velocity times an impedance function. The fact that this impedance function has a pole at zero frequency implies that traction and slip velocity cannot have the same spectral dependence in space and time. To describe stress fluctuations of the order of 100 bars when smoothed over a length of kilometers and of the order of kilobars at the grain size, shear traction must have a one-dimensional power spectrum is space proportional to the reciprocal wave number. Then the one-dimensional power spectrum for the slip velocity is proportional to the reciprocal wave number squared and for slip to its cube. If slip velocity has the same power law spectrum in time as in space, then the spectrum of ground acceleration will be flat (white noise) both on the fault and in the far field.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB086iB11p10821","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Andrews, D., 1981, A stochastic fault model. 2. Time-dependent case: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 86, no. B11, p. 10821-10834, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB086iB11p10821.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"10821","endPage":"10834","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221313,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"86","issue":"B11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e5b2e4b0c8380cd46f13","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Andrews, D.J.","contributorId":7416,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andrews","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361896,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70011944,"text":"70011944 - 1981 - Cretaceous Arctic silicoflagellates","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:29","indexId":"70011944","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1742,"text":"Geo-Marine Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Cretaceous Arctic silicoflagellates","docAbstract":"Cretaceous silicoflagellate assemblages from Arctic Ocean USGS Core 437 show Vallacerta siderea the most abundant species; most species of Lyramula disappear halfway up the core; only L. burchardae, n. sp., persists into the upper sections. These occurrences are untypical of the few documented Cretaceous assemblages from other areas. A Campanian or Maestrichtian age is suggested by correlation, but the uniquely high abundance of V. siderea and lack of Corbisema suggests that a difference in both age and general environment could be involved. If Core 437 is latest Maestrichtian, then the evidence from this core would constrain the timing of the ocean-freshening model for the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary extinctions. ?? 1981 A.M. Dowden, Inc.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geo-Marine Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF02463303","issn":"02760460","usgsCitation":"Bukry, D., 1981, Cretaceous Arctic silicoflagellates: Geo-Marine Letters, v. 1, no. 1, p. 57-63, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02463303.","startPage":"57","endPage":"63","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221143,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205092,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02463303"}],"volume":"1","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fca5e4b0c8380cd4e36d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bukry, D.","contributorId":15338,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bukry","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362363,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70011946,"text":"70011946 - 1981 - 13C 12C exchange between calcite and graphite: A possible thermometer in Grenville marbles","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-14T16:02:34.074509","indexId":"70011946","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"13C 12C exchange between calcite and graphite: A possible thermometer in Grenville marbles","title":"13C 12C exchange between calcite and graphite: A possible thermometer in Grenville marbles","docAbstract":"The fractionation of 13C between calcite and graphite, Δ(Cc-Gr). is consistently small (2.6–4.8 permil) in 34 assemblages from upper amphibolite- and granulite-facies marbles of the Grenville Province. In 25 samples from the Adirondack Mountains, New York, it decreases regularly with increasing metamorphic temperature. The fractionations are independent of absolute δ13C values of calcite (−2.9 to +5.0). For T = 600–800°C, the Adirondack data are described by Δ(Cc-Gr) = −0.00748T (°C) + 8.68. This good correlation between Δ and T suggests that carbon isotope equilibrium was attained in these high-grade marbles and that the theoretical calculations of this fractionation by Bottinga are approximately 2 permil too large in this temperature range. Because of the relatively high temperature sensitivity suggested by these results and by Bottinga's calculations, and the pressure independence of isotope fractionation, Δ(Cc-Gr) may provide a very good thermometer for high-grade marbles.
Comparison of this field calibration for Δ(Cc-Gr) vs temperature with results from other terranes supports the utility of Δ(Cc-Gr) for geothermometry and suggests that graphite is much more sluggish to exchange than calcite, that exchange between calcite and graphite occurs at temperatures as low as 300°C, and that equilibrium may normally be attained only when peak metamorphic temperatures are greater than 500–600°C.
Because 13C exchange is an unavoidable metamorphic process at temperatures above 300°C, high values of δ13C(Gr) in moderate- to high-grade carbonate-bearing rocks do not provide a sufficient criterion to infer an abiogenic origin for the graphite.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(81)90249-0","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Valley, J., and O’Neil, J.R., 1981, 13C 12C exchange between calcite and graphite: A possible thermometer in Grenville marbles: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 45, no. 3, p. 411-419, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(81)90249-0.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"411","endPage":"419","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":480581,"rank":2,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/24452>","text":"External Repository"},{"id":221204,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"45","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e224e4b0c8380cd459ba","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Valley, J.W.","contributorId":28741,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Valley","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362367,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"O’Neil, J. R.","contributorId":69633,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Neil","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362368,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70011933,"text":"70011933 - 1981 - Chrysophyte cysts as potential environmental indicators","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-04T01:50:16.705788","indexId":"70011933","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chrysophyte cysts as potential environmental indicators","docAbstract":"Many Chrysophyte algae produce morphologically distinctive, siliceous, microscopic cysts during a resting stage of their life cycles; these cysts are often preserved in sediments. Scanning electron microscopy and Nomarski optics permit much more detailed observation of these cysts than was heretofore possible. We have used an ecologic and biogeographic approach to study the distribution of cyst forms in sediments and have established that many cyst types are found only in specific habitats, such as montane lakes, wet meadows, ephemeral ponds, and Sphagnum bogs. In the samples we have studied, cysts seem to be most common in fluctuating fresh-water habitats of low to moderate pH and some winter freezing. Numerous taxonomic problems have yet to be resolved. We believe that chrysophyte cysts have the potential to become a useful tool for both modern environmental assessments and paleoecological studies of Cenozoic fresh-water lacustrine deposits.
We have measured Rb and Sr concentrations and Sr isotopic compositions in 41 whole-rock samples and 12 mineral separates from units of the Samail ophiolite, including peridotite, gabbro, plagiogranite, diabase dikes, and gabbro and websterite dikes within the metamorphic peridotite. Ten samples of cumulate gabbro from the Wadir Kadir section and nine samples from the Wadi Khafifah section have mean 87Sr/86Sr ratios and standard deviations of 0.70314 ± 0.00030 and 0.70306 ± 0.00034, respectively. The dispersion in Sr isotopic composition may reflect real heterogeneities in the magma source region. The average Sr isotopic composition of cumulate gabbro falls in the range of isotopic compositions of modern midocean ridge basalt. The 87Sr/86Sr ratios of noncumulate gabbro, plagiogranite, and diabase dikes range from 0.7034 to 0.7047, 0.7038 to 0.7046, and 0.7037 to 0.7061, respectively. These higher 87Sr/86Sr ratios are due to alteration of initial magmatic compositions by hydrothermal exchange with seawater. Mineral separates from dikes that cut harzburgite tectonite have Sr isotopic compositions which agree with that of cumulate gabbro. These data indicate that the cumulate gabbro and the different dikes were derived from partial melting of source regions that had similar long-term histories and chemical compositions.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB086iB04p02709","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Lanphere, M.A., Coleman, R.G., and Hopson, C., 1981, Sr isotopic tracer study of the Samail ophiolite, Oman: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 86, no. B4, p. 2709-2720, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB086iB04p02709.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"2709","endPage":"2720","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221058,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"86","issue":"B4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b963de4b08c986b31b3b2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lanphere, M. A.","contributorId":35298,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lanphere","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361722,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Coleman, R. G.","contributorId":75170,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coleman","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361723,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hopson, C.A.","contributorId":13244,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hopson","given":"C.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361721,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70011984,"text":"70011984 - 1981 - Computer-assisted photogrammetric mapping systems for geologic studies-A progress report","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-20T19:48:14","indexId":"70011984","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3050,"text":"Photogrammetria","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Computer-assisted photogrammetric mapping systems for geologic studies-A progress report","docAbstract":"Photogrammetry has played an important role in geologic mapping for many years; however, only recently have attempts been made to automate mapping functions for geology. Computer-assisted photogrammetric mapping systems for geologic studies have been developed and are currently in use in offices of the Geological Survey of Greenland at Copenhagen, Denmark, and the U.S. Geological Survey at Denver, Colorado. Though differing somewhat, the systems are similar in that they integrate Kern PG-2 photogrammetric plotting instruments and small desk-top computers that are programmed to perform special geologic functions and operate flat-bed plotters by means of specially designed hardware and software. A z-drive capability, in which stepping motors control the z-motions of the PG-2 plotters, is an integral part of both systems. This feature enables the computer to automatically position the floating mark on computer-calculated, previously defined geologic planes, such as contacts or the base of coal beds, throughout the stereoscopic model in order to improve the mapping capabilities of the instrument and to aid in correlation and tracing of geologic units. The common goal is to enhance the capabilities of the PG-2 plotter and provide a means by which geologists can make conventional geologic maps more efficiently and explore ways to apply computer technology to geologic studies. ?? 1981.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Photogrammetria","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/0031-8663(81)90012-0","issn":"00318663","usgsCitation":"Pillmore, C.L., Dueholm, K., Jepsen, H., and Schuch, C., 1981, Computer-assisted photogrammetric mapping systems for geologic studies-A progress report: Photogrammetria, v. 36, no. 5, p. 159-171, https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-8663(81)90012-0.","startPage":"159","endPage":"171","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221783,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":269812,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-8663(81)90012-0"}],"volume":"36","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f96fe4b0c8380cd4d5e6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pillmore, C. L.","contributorId":46093,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pillmore","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362441,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dueholm, K.S.","contributorId":98338,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dueholm","given":"K.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362443,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jepsen, H.S.","contributorId":105856,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jepsen","given":"H.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362444,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schuch, C.H.","contributorId":96419,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schuch","given":"C.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362442,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70011720,"text":"70011720 - 1981 - Electrolytic oxidation of anthracite","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-02T17:17:10.933691","indexId":"70011720","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1709,"text":"Fuel","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Electrolytic oxidation of anthracite","docAbstract":"An anthracite slurry can be oxidized only with difficulty by electrolytic methods in which aqueous electrolytes are used if the slurry is confined to the region of the anode by a porous pot or diaphragm. However, it can be easily oxidized if the anthracite itself is used as the anode. No porous pot or diaphragm is needed. Oxidative consumption of the coal to alkali-soluble compounds is found to proceed preferentially at the edges of the aromatic planes. An oxidation model is proposed in which the chief oxidants are molecular and radical species formed by the electrolytic decomposition of water at the coal surface-electrolyte interface. The oxidation reactions proposed account for the opening of the aromatic rings and the subsequent formation of carboxylic acids. The model also explains the observed anisotropic oxidation and the need for the porous pot or diaphragm used in previous studies of the oxidation of coal slurries.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-2361(81)90066-1","issn":"00162361","usgsCitation":"Senftle, F.E., Patton, K., and Heard, I., 1981, Electrolytic oxidation of anthracite: Fuel, v. 60, no. 12, p. 1131-1136, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-2361(81)90066-1.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"1131","endPage":"1136","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221542,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"60","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a08a3e4b0c8380cd51bdd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Senftle, F. E.","contributorId":47788,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Senftle","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361802,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Patton, K.M.","contributorId":43914,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Patton","given":"K.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361801,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Heard, I. Jr.","contributorId":95199,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heard","given":"I.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361803,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70011780,"text":"70011780 - 1981 - Estimation of accumulation parameters for urban runoff quality modeling","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-05T12:31:37","indexId":"70011780","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimation of accumulation parameters for urban runoff quality modeling","docAbstract":"Many recently developed watershed models utilize accumulation and washoff equations to simulate the quality of runofffrom urban impervious areas. These models often have been calibrated by trial and error and with little understanding of model sensitivity to the various parameters. Methodologies for estimating best fit values of the washoff parameters commonly used in these models have been presented previously. In this paper, parameter identification techniques for estimating the accumulation parameters from measured runoff quality data are presented along with a sensitivity analysis of the parameters. Results from application of the techniques and the sensitivity analysis suggest a need for data quantifying the magnitude and identifying the shape of constituent accumulation curves. An exponential accumulation curve is shown to be more general than the linear accumulation curves used in most urban runoff quality models. When determining accumulation rates, attention needs to be given to the effects of residual amounts of constituents remaining after the previous period of storm runoff or street sweeping.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR017i006p01657","usgsCitation":"Alley, W.M., and Smith, P.E., 1981, Estimation of accumulation parameters for urban runoff quality modeling: Water Resources Research, v. 17, no. 6, p. 1657-1664, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR017i006p01657.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"1657","endPage":"1664","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221694,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0b6fe4b0c8380cd5270c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Alley, William M. walley@usgs.gov","contributorId":1661,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alley","given":"William","email":"walley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":361944,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, Peter E.","contributorId":50609,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361945,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70011739,"text":"70011739 - 1981 - Thermal modeling of cometary nuclei","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-20T13:21:04.145178","indexId":"70011739","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1963,"text":"Icarus","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Thermal modeling of cometary nuclei","docAbstract":"A new model of the sublimation of volatile ices from a cometary nucleus has been developed which includes the effects of diurnal heating and cooling, rotation period and pole orientation, and thermal properties of the ice and subsurface layers. The model also includes the contribution from coma opacity, scattering, and thermal emission, where the properties of the coma are derived from the integrated rate of volatile production by the nucleus. The model is applied to the specific case of the 1986 apparition of Halley's comet. It is found that the generation of a cometary dust coma actually increases the total energy reaching the Halley nucleus. This results because of the significantly greater geometrical cross section of the coma as compared with the bare nucleus, and because the coma provides an essentially isotropic source of multiply scattered sunlight and thermal emission over the entire nucleus surface. For Halley, the calculated coma opacity is approximately 0.2 at 1 AU from the Sun, and 1.2 at perihelion (0.587 AU). At 1 AU this has little effect on dayside temperatures (maximum ≈200°K) but raises nightside temperatures (minimum ≈150°K) by about 40°K. At perihelion the higher opacity results in a nearly isothermal nucleus with only small diurnal and latitudinal temperature variations. The general surface temperature is 205°K with a maximum of 209°K at local noon on the equator. Some possible consequences of the results with respect to the generation of nongravitational forces, observed volatile production rates for comets, and cometary lifetimes against sublimation are discussed.
Emerged Pliocene and Pleistocene shorelines and associated marine deposits were used to determine the magnitude and rate of vertical crustal movement during the past 3 m.y. in the United States Atlantic Coastal Plain of South and North Carolina. On the basis of a new regional ostracode assemblage zonation, planktic biostratigraphic data, and radiometric data, emerged marine deposits were determined to be primarily interglacial and can tentatively be correlated with hemispheric warm intervals in evidence from deep-sea data.
The paleontologic evidence indicates a primary glacio-eustatic component to the local sea-level record and a secondary tectonic component. Net vertical uplift rates averaging 1 to 3 cm/1,000 yr, but perhaps as high as 5 to 10 cm/1,000 yr, are in evidence for the emerged Coastal Plain. Although details of the timing of regional rheological events remain obscure, the trend of net uplift contrasts with general subsidence rates of about 2 to 4 cm/1,000 yr since the Cretaceous in submerged parts of the continental margin near subsiding sedimentary troughs. Hydro-isostatic crustal response to multiple deglaciation events may have periodically uplifted the coast, but long-term lithospheric flexural upwarping in response to sediment loading offshore is a more plausible mechanism to explain the present positions of shorelines above present mean sea level. A eustatic sea-level model is proposed for interglacial high stands of the past 3.0 m.y.
Equipment has been designed and tested for ground-based and airborne sounding of temperate glaciers. The transmitter is a free-running pulse generator that uses avalanche-mode transistor breakdown to create high-voltage pulses. The transmit and receive antennas are resistively loaded dipoles; for the airborne system, a twin-lead transmit element and a three-layer coaxial receive element are used on the inboard end of the respective antennas. The sounders are broadband systems; oscilloscopes are used for receivers. The oscilloscope trace is recorded photographically in the ground-based systems. A sampling oscilloscope is used in the airborne system—the sampling process strobes the waveform to audio frequencies so that it can be recorded on magnetic tape. Echoes have been obtained from ice depths of 550 m using the airborne system and about 1 000 m using the ground-based system.
A swampy very low-relief drift terrain along the medial zone of the northern Long Range Mountains passes outward into fresh glacially eroded bed rock of low to moderate relief. Striations, crescentic gouges, lunate fractures, streamlined stoss-and-ice surfaces, erratics, and other evidence in the upland abundantly reveal radial outflow from a late-glacial icecap that was centered over the Long Range and discharged through peripheral fjord-like valleys to coastal lowlands. A discontinuous belt of moraines and concentrated boulders delineates a still-stand or readvance after the icecap had retreated entirely to the upland and was about 50 km broad. Relatively thick till and an abundance of boulders in the medial low-relief zone suggest that after further contraction to 10 to 15 km wide, the icecap contracted rather slowly. These upland moraines may correlate with cool intervals 11,000 to 9,000 yr ago in the oxygen-isotope record of the ice core from Camp Century, Greenland, or with glacier advances 9,000 to 8,000 yr ago in Greenland and the Canadian Arctic.