The consequences of groundwater contamination can remain long after a contaminant source has been removed. Documentation of natural aquifer recoveries and empirical tools to predict recovery time frames and associated geochemical changes are generally lacking. This study characterized the long-term natural attenuation of a groundwater contaminant plume in a sand and gravel aquifer on Cape Cod, Massachusetts, after the removal of the treated-wastewater source. Although concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and other soluble constituents have decreased substantially in the 15 years since the source was removed, the core of the plume remains anoxic and has sharp redox gradients and elevated concentrations of nitrate and ammonium. Aquifer sediment was collected from near the former disposal site at several points in time and space along a 0.5-km-long transect extending downgradient from the disposal site and analyses of the sediment was correlated with changes in plume composition. Total sediment carbon content was generally low (< 8 to 55.8 μmol (g dry wt)− 1) but was positively correlated with oxygen consumption rates in laboratory incubations, which ranged from 11.6 to 44.7 nmol (g dry wt)− 1 day− 1. Total water extractable organic carbon was < 10–50% of the total carbon content but was the most biodegradable portion of the carbon pool. Carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratios in the extracts increased more than 10-fold with time, suggesting that organic carbon degradation and oxygen consumption could become N-limited as the sorbed C and dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) pools produced by the degradation separate with time by differential transport. A 1-D model using total degradable organic carbon values was constructed to simulate oxygen consumption and transport and calibrated by using observed temporal changes in oxygen concentrations at selected wells. The simulated travel velocity of the oxygen gradient was 5–13% of the groundwater velocity. This suggests that the total sorbed carbon pool is large relative to the rate of oxygen entrainment and will be impacting groundwater geochemistry for many decades. This has implications for long-term oxidation of reduced constituents, such as ammonium, that are being transported downgradient away from the infiltration beds toward surface and coastal discharge zones.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"New York, NY","doi":"10.1016/j.chemgeo.2012.11.007","usgsCitation":"Smith, R.L., Repert, D.A., Barber, L.B., and LeBlanc, D.R., 2013, Long-term groundwater contamination after source removal—The role of sorbed carbon and nitrogen on the rate of reoxygenation of a treated-wastewater plume on Cape Cod, MA, USA: Chemical Geology, v. 337-338, p. 38-47, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2012.11.007.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"38","endPage":"47","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-038423","costCenters":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":326394,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","otherGeospatial":"Cape Cod","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -70.33447265624999,\n 41.59490508367679\n ],\n [\n -70.33447265624999,\n 42.10229818948117\n ],\n [\n -69.8455810546875,\n 42.10229818948117\n ],\n [\n -69.8455810546875,\n 41.59490508367679\n ],\n [\n -70.33447265624999,\n 41.59490508367679\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"337-338","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57ada1e5e4b0f412a62dfaa7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, Richard L. 0000-0002-3829-0125 rlsmith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3829-0125","contributorId":1592,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Richard","email":"rlsmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":38175,"text":"Toxics Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36183,"text":"Hydro-Ecological Interactions Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":645123,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Repert, Deborah A. 0000-0001-7284-1456 darepert@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7284-1456","contributorId":2578,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Repert","given":"Deborah","email":"darepert@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37464,"text":"WMA - Laboratory & Analytical Services Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36183,"text":"Hydro-Ecological Interactions Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":38175,"text":"Toxics Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":645120,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Barber, Larry B. 0000-0002-0561-0831 lbbarber@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0561-0831","contributorId":921,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barber","given":"Larry","email":"lbbarber@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":645122,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"LeBlanc, Denis R. 0000-0002-4646-2628 dleblanc@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4646-2628","contributorId":1696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LeBlanc","given":"Denis","email":"dleblanc@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":645121,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70042809,"text":"70042809 - 2013 - Prediction, time variance, and classification of hydraulic response to recharge in two karst aquifers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-14T11:21:43","indexId":"70042809","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-25T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1928,"text":"Hydrology and Earth System Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Prediction, time variance, and classification of hydraulic response to recharge in two karst aquifers","docAbstract":"Many karst aquifers are rapidly filled and depleted and therefore are likely to be susceptible to changes in short-term climate variability. Here we explore methods that could be applied to model site-specific hydraulic responses, with the intent of simulating these responses to different climate scenarios from high-resolution climate models. We compare hydraulic responses (spring flow, groundwater level, stream base flow, and cave drip) at several sites in two karst aquifers: the Edwards aquifer (Texas, USA) and the Madison aquifer (South Dakota, USA). A lumped-parameter model simulates nonlinear soil moisture changes for estimation of recharge, and a time-variant convolution model simulates the aquifer response to this recharge. Model fit to data is 2.4% better for calibration periods than for validation periods according to the Nash–Sutcliffe coefficient of efficiency, which ranges from 0.53 to 0.94 for validation periods. We use metrics that describe the shapes of the impulse-response functions (IRFs) obtained from convolution modeling to make comparisons in the distribution of response times among sites and between aquifers. Time-variant IRFs were applied to 62% of the sites. Principal component analysis (PCA) of metrics describing the shapes of the IRFs indicates three principal components that together account for 84% of the variability in IRF shape: the first is related to IRF skewness and temporal spread and accounts for 51% of the variability; the second and third largely are related to time-variant properties and together account for 33% of the variability. Sites with IRFs that dominantly comprise exponential curves are separated geographically from those dominantly comprising lognormal curves in both aquifers as a result of spatial heterogeneity. The use of multiple IRF metrics in PCA is a novel method to characterize, compare, and classify the way in which different sites and aquifers respond to recharge. As convolution models are developed for additional aquifers, they could contribute to an IRF database and a general classification system for karst aquifers.","language":"English","publisher":"European Geosciences Union","publisherLocation":"Munich, Germany","doi":"10.5194/hess-17-281-2013","usgsCitation":"Long, A.J., and Mahler, B., 2013, Prediction, time variance, and classification of hydraulic response to recharge in two karst aquifers: Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, v. 17, p. 281-294, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-281-2013.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"281","endPage":"294","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-039376","costCenters":[{"id":562,"text":"South Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":473970,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-281-2013","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":266470,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":266476,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci-discuss.net/9/9577/2012/hessd-9-9577-2012.html"},{"id":266473,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/17/281/2013/hess-17-281-2013-supplement.zip"}],"country":"United States","state":"South Dakota, Texas","otherGeospatial":"Edwards Aquifer, Madison Aquifer","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -104.5,28.9 ], [ -104.5,44.5 ], [ -97.25,44.5 ], [ -97.25,28.9 ], [ -104.5,28.9 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"17","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-01-24","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5103a968e4b0ce88de6409b7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Long, Andrew J. 0000-0001-7385-8081 ajlong@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7385-8081","contributorId":989,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Long","given":"Andrew","email":"ajlong@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":562,"text":"South Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":472317,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mahler, Barbara 0000-0002-9150-9552 bjmahler@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9150-9552","contributorId":1249,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mahler","given":"Barbara","email":"bjmahler@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":472318,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70042867,"text":"ofr20131026 - 2013 - Abstracts for the October 2012 meeting on Volcanism in the American Southwest, Flagstaff, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-29T16:29:22","indexId":"ofr20131026","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-25T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-1026","title":"Abstracts for the October 2012 meeting on Volcanism in the American Southwest, Flagstaff, Arizona","docAbstract":"Though volcanic eruptions are comparatively rare in the American Southwest, the States of Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, Nevada, and Utah host Holocene volcanic eruption deposits and are vulnerable to future volcanic activity. Compared with other parts of the western United States, comparatively little research has been focused on this area, and eruption probabilities are poorly constrained. Monitoring infrastructure consists of a variety of local seismic networks, and ”backbone“ geodetic networks with little integration. Emergency response planning for volcanic unrest has received little attention by either Federal or State agencies. On October 18–20, 2012, 90 people met at the U.S. Geological Survey campus in Flagstaff, Arizona, providing an opportunity for volcanologists, land managers, and emergency responders to meet, converse, and begin to plan protocols for any future activity. Geologists contributed data on recent findings of eruptive ages, eruption probabilities, and hazards extents (plume heights, ash dispersal). Geophysicists discussed evidence for magma intrusions from seismic, geodetic, and other geophysical techniques. Network operators publicized their recent work and the relevance of their equipment to volcanic regions. Land managers and emergency responders shared their experiences with emergency planning for earthquakes. The meeting was organized out of the recognition that little attention had been paid to planning for or mitigation of volcanic hazards in the American Southwest. Moreover, few geological meetings have hosted a session specifically devoted to this topic. This volume represents one official outcome of the meeting—a collection of abstracts related to talks and poster presentations shared during the first two days of the meeting. In addition, this report includes the meeting agenda as a record of the proceedings. One additional intended outcome will be greater discussion and coordination among emergency responders, geologists, geophysicists, and land managers regarding geologic hazards in the Southwest.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20131026","usgsCitation":"Lowenstern, J.B., 2013, Abstracts for the October 2012 meeting on Volcanism in the American Southwest, Flagstaff, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2013-1026, vii, 39 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20131026.","productDescription":"vii, 39 p.","startPage":"i","endPage":"39","numberOfPages":"49","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":619,"text":"Volcano Science Center-Menlo Park","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":266544,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2013_1026.gif"},{"id":266542,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1026/of2013-1026.pdf"},{"id":266543,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1026/"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 172.5,18.9 ], [ 172.5,71.4 ], [ -66.9,71.4 ], [ -66.9,18.9 ], [ 172.5,18.9 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5104fae2e4b091226576e996","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lowenstern, Jacob B. 0000-0003-0464-7779 jlwnstrn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0464-7779","contributorId":2755,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lowenstern","given":"Jacob","email":"jlwnstrn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":472445,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70042845,"text":"70042845 - 2013 - Hydrogeomorphology influences soil nitrogen and phosphorus mineralization in floodplain wetlands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-25T14:01:30","indexId":"70042845","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-25T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1478,"text":"Ecosystems","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydrogeomorphology influences soil nitrogen and phosphorus mineralization in floodplain wetlands","docAbstract":"Conceptual models of river–floodplain systems and biogeochemical theory predict that floodplain soil nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) mineralization should increase with hydrologic connectivity to the river and thus increase with distance downstream (longitudinal dimension) and in lower geomorphic units within the floodplain (lateral dimension). We measured rates of in situ soil net ammonification, nitrification, N, and P mineralization using monthly incubations of modified resin cores for a year in the forested floodplain wetlands of Difficult Run, a fifth order urban Piedmont river in Virginia, USA. Mineralization rates were then related to potentially controlling ecosystem attributes associated with hydrologic connectivity, soil characteristics, and vegetative inputs. Ammonification and P mineralization were greatest in the wet backswamps, nitrification was greatest in the dry levees, and net N mineralization was greatest in the intermediately wet toe-slopes. Nitrification also was greater in the headwater sites than downstream sites, whereas ammonification was greater in downstream sites. Annual net N mineralization increased with spatial gradients of greater ammonium loading to the soil surface associated with flooding, soil organic and nutrient content, and herbaceous nutrient inputs. Annual net P mineralization was associated negatively with soil pH and coarser soil texture, and positively with ammonium and phosphate loading to the soil surface associated with flooding. Within an intensively sampled low elevation flowpath at one site, sediment deposition during individual incubations stimulated mineralization of N and P. However, the amount of N and P mineralized in soil was substantially less than the amount deposited with sedimentation. In summary, greater inputs of nutrients and water and storage of soil nutrients along gradients of river–floodplain hydrologic connectivity increased floodplain soil nutrient mineralization rates.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecosystems","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1007/s10021-012-9597-0","issn":"1432-9840","usgsCitation":"Noe, G., Hupp, C.R., and Rybicki, N.B., 2013, Hydrogeomorphology influences soil nitrogen and phosphorus mineralization in floodplain wetlands: Ecosystems, v. 16, no. 1, p. 75-94, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-012-9597-0.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"75","endPage":"94","ipdsId":"IP-030280","costCenters":[{"id":146,"text":"Branch of Regional Research-Eastern Region","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":266450,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10021-012-9597-0"},{"id":266455,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":266488,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10021-012-9597-0"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maryl;Virginia","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -78.2,38.6 ], [ -78.2,39.7 ], [ -76.3,39.7 ], [ -76.3,38.6 ], [ -78.2,38.6 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"16","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-25","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5103a960e4b0ce88de6409b3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Noe, Gregory B.","contributorId":77805,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Noe","given":"Gregory B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472378,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hupp, Cliff R. 0000-0003-1853-9197 crhupp@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1853-9197","contributorId":2344,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hupp","given":"Cliff","email":"crhupp@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":472377,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rybicki, Nancy B. 0000-0002-2205-7927 nrybicki@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2205-7927","contributorId":2142,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rybicki","given":"Nancy","email":"nrybicki@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":472376,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70042979,"text":"70042979 - 2013 - Structure and development of old-growth, unmanaged second-growth, and extended rotation Pinus resinosa forests in Minnesota, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-31T11:14:34","indexId":"70042979","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-25T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1687,"text":"Forest Ecology and Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Structure and development of old-growth, unmanaged second-growth, and extended rotation Pinus resinosa forests in Minnesota, USA","docAbstract":"The structure and developmental dynamics of old-growth forests often serve as important baselines for restoration prescriptions aimed at promoting more complex structural conditions in managed forest landscapes. Nonetheless, long-term information on natural patterns of development is rare for many commercially important and ecologically widespread forest types. Moreover, the effectiveness of approaches recommended for restoring old-growth structural conditions to managed forests, such as the application of extended rotation forestry, has been little studied. This study uses several long-term datasets from old growth, extended rotation, and unmanaged second growth Pinus resinosa (red pine) forests in northern Minnesota, USA, to quantify the range of variation in structural conditions for this forest type and to evaluate the effectiveness of extended rotation forestry at promoting the development of late-successional structural conditions. Long-term tree population data from permanent plots for one of the old-growth stands and the extended rotation stands (87 and 61 years, respectively) also allowed for an examination of the long-term structural dynamics of these systems. Old-growth forests were more structurally complex than unmanaged second-growth and extended rotation red pine stands, due in large part to the significantly higher volumes of coarse woody debris (70.7 vs. 11.5 and 4.7 m3/ha, respectively) and higher snag basal area (6.9 vs. 2.9 and 0.5 m2/ha, respectively). In addition, old-growth forests, although red pine-dominated, contained a greater abundance of other species, including Pinus strobus, Abies balsamea, and Picea glauca relative to the other stand types examined. These differences between stand types largely reflect historic gap-scale disturbances within the old-growth systems and their corresponding structural and compositional legacies. Nonetheless, extended rotation thinning treatments, by accelerating advancement to larger tree diameter classes, generated diameter distributions more closely approximating those found in old growth within a shorter time frame than depicted in long-term examinations of old-growth structural development. These results suggest that extended rotation treatments may accelerate the development of old-growth structural characteristics, provided that coarse woody debris and snags are deliberately retained and created on site. These and other developmental characteristics of old-growth systems can inform forest management when objectives include the restoration of structural conditions found in late-successional forests.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Forest Ecology and Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/j.foreco.2012.11.033","usgsCitation":"Silver, E.J., D’Amato, A.W., Fraver, S., Palik, B.J., and Bradford, J.B., 2013, Structure and development of old-growth, unmanaged second-growth, and extended rotation Pinus resinosa forests in Minnesota, USA: Forest Ecology and Management, v. 291, p. 110-118, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2012.11.033.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"110","endPage":"118","numberOfPages":"9","ipdsId":"IP-041114","costCenters":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":266801,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":266727,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2012.11.033"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","otherGeospatial":"Chippewa National Forest;Itasca State Park;Scenic State Park;Superior National Forest","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -97.24,46.36 ], [ -97.24,48.02 ], [ -89.49,48.02 ], [ -89.49,46.36 ], [ -97.24,46.36 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"291","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"510ba09ae4b0947afa3c860c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Silver, Emily J.","contributorId":29288,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Silver","given":"Emily","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472721,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"D’Amato, Anthony W.","contributorId":28140,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"D’Amato","given":"Anthony","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":6735,"text":"University of Vermont, Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":13478,"text":"Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota (Correspondence to: russellm@umn.edu)","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":472720,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fraver, Shawn","contributorId":91379,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fraver","given":"Shawn","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7063,"text":"University of Maine","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":472723,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Palik, Brian J.","contributorId":78619,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Palik","given":"Brian","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472722,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bradford, John B. 0000-0001-9257-6303 jbradford@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9257-6303","contributorId":611,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradford","given":"John","email":"jbradford@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":472719,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70042983,"text":"70042983 - 2013 - Strategies for minimizing sample size for use in airborne LiDAR-based forest inventory","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-31T10:58:59","indexId":"70042983","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-25T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1687,"text":"Forest Ecology and Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Strategies for minimizing sample size for use in airborne LiDAR-based forest inventory","docAbstract":"Recently airborne Light Detection And Ranging (LiDAR) has emerged as a highly accurate remote sensing modality to be used in operational scale forest inventories. Inventories conducted with the help of LiDAR are most often model-based, i.e. they use variables derived from LiDAR point clouds as the predictive variables that are to be calibrated using field plots. The measurement of the necessary field plots is a time-consuming and statistically sensitive process. Because of this, current practice often presumes hundreds of plots to be collected. But since these plots are only used to calibrate regression models, it should be possible to minimize the number of plots needed by carefully selecting the plots to be measured. In the current study, we compare several systematic and random methods for calibration plot selection, with the specific aim that they be used in LiDAR based regression models for forest parameters, especially above-ground biomass. The primary criteria compared are based on both spatial representativity as well as on their coverage of the variability of the forest features measured. In the former case, it is important also to take into account spatial auto-correlation between the plots. The results indicate that choosing the plots in a way that ensures ample coverage of both spatial and feature space variability improves the performance of the corresponding models, and that adequate coverage of the variability in the feature space is the most important condition that should be met by the set of plots collected.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Forest Ecology and Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/j.foreco.2012.12.019","usgsCitation":"Junttila, V., Finley, A., Bradford, J.B., and Kauranne, T., 2013, Strategies for minimizing sample size for use in airborne LiDAR-based forest inventory: Forest Ecology and Management, v. 292, p. 75-85, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2012.12.019.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"75","endPage":"85","numberOfPages":"11","ipdsId":"IP-038983","costCenters":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":266795,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":266729,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2012.12.019"}],"country":"United States","volume":"292","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"510ba09ae4b0947afa3c8608","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Junttila, Virpi","contributorId":103547,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Junttila","given":"Virpi","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472736,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Finley, Andrew O.","contributorId":70666,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finley","given":"Andrew O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472734,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bradford, John B. 0000-0001-9257-6303 jbradford@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9257-6303","contributorId":611,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradford","given":"John","email":"jbradford@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":472733,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kauranne, Tuomo","contributorId":75037,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kauranne","given":"Tuomo","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472735,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70042982,"text":"70042982 - 2013 - Impacts of post-harvest slash and live-tree retention on biomass and nutrient stocks in Populus tremuloides Michx.-dominated forests, northern Minnesota, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-31T10:21:40","indexId":"70042982","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-25T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1687,"text":"Forest Ecology and Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Impacts of post-harvest slash and live-tree retention on biomass and nutrient stocks in Populus tremuloides Michx.-dominated forests, northern Minnesota, USA","docAbstract":"Globally, there is widespread interest in using forest-derived biomass as a source of bioenergy. While conventional timber harvesting generally removes only merchantable tree boles, harvesting biomass feedstock can remove all forms of woody biomass (i.e., live and dead standing woody vegetation, downed woody debris, and stumps) resulting in a greater loss of biomass and nutrients as well as more severe habitat alteration. To investigate the potential impacts of this practice, this study examined the initial impacts (pre- and post-harvest) of various levels of slash and live-tree retention on biomass and nutrient stocks, including carbon (C), nitrogen (N), calcium (Ca), potassium (K), and phosphorus (P), in Populus tremuloides Michx.-dominated forests of northern Minnesota, USA. Treatments examined included three levels of slash retention, whole-tree harvest (WTH), 20% slash retention (20SR), and stem-only harvest (SOH), factored with three levels of green-tree retention, no trees retained (NONE), dispersed retention (DISP), and aggregate retention (AGR). Slash retention was the primary factor affecting post-harvest biomass and nutrient stocks, including woody debris pools. Compared to the unharvested control, stocks of biomass, carbon, and nutrients, including N, Ca, K, and P, in woody debris were higher in all treatments. Stem-only harvests typically contained greater biomass and nutrient stocks than WTH, although biomass and nutrients within 20SR, a level recommended by biomass harvesting guidelines in the US and worldwide, generally did not differ from WTH or SOH. Biomass in smaller-diameter slash material (typically 2.5-22.5 cm in diameter) dominated the woody debris pool following harvest regardless of slash retention level. Trends among treatments in this diameter range were generally similar to those in the total woody debris pool. Specifically, SOH contained significantly greater amounts of biomass than WTH while 20SR was not different from either WTH or SOH. Within P. tremuloides systems, we observed high stocks of smaller diameter slash material for all prescribed slash retention treatments. Most notably, WTH retains much more material than anticipated, up to 50% of available slash. These results reflect the high levels of breakage during winter harvest operations in these stands and, consequently, warrant consideration when anticipating the impacts of biomass harvesting on woody debris pools. Further investigation is necessary to understand how deliberate slash retention levels and season-of-harvest impact woody debris in other forest systems.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Forest Ecology and Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/j.foreco.2012.11.001","usgsCitation":"Klockow, P.A., D’Amato, A.W., and Bradford, J.B., 2013, Impacts of post-harvest slash and live-tree retention on biomass and nutrient stocks in Populus tremuloides Michx.-dominated forests, northern Minnesota, USA: Forest Ecology and Management, v. 291, p. 278-288, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2012.11.001.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"278","endPage":"288","numberOfPages":"11","ipdsId":"IP-040893","costCenters":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":266792,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":266728,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2012.11.001"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","county":"St. Louis","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -92,0.0011111111111111111 ], [ -92,0.0011111111111111111 ], [ -91,0.0011111111111111111 ], [ -91,0.0011111111111111111 ], [ -92,0.0011111111111111111 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"291","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"510ba08de4b0947afa3c85bf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Klockow, Paul A.","contributorId":78222,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klockow","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472732,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"D’Amato, Anthony W.","contributorId":28140,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"D’Amato","given":"Anthony","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":6735,"text":"University of Vermont, Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":13478,"text":"Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota (Correspondence to: russellm@umn.edu)","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":472731,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bradford, John B. 0000-0001-9257-6303 jbradford@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9257-6303","contributorId":611,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradford","given":"John","email":"jbradford@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":472730,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70042981,"text":"70042981 - 2013 - Persistence and changes in bioavailability of dieldrin, DDE and heptachlor epoxide in earthworms over 45 years","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-23T13:15:20","indexId":"70042981","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-25T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":698,"text":"Ambio","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Persistence and changes in bioavailability of dieldrin, DDE and heptachlor epoxide in earthworms over 45 years","docAbstract":"The finding of dieldrin (88 ng/g), DDE (52 ng/g), and heptachlor epoxide (19 ng/g) in earthworms from experimental plots after a single moderate application (9 kg/ha) 45 years earlier attests to the remarkable persistence of these compounds in soil and their continued uptake by soil organisms. Half-lives (with 95 % confidence intervals) in earthworms, estimated from exponential decay equations, were as follows: dieldrin 4.9 (4.3-5.7) years, DDE 5.3 (4.7-6.1) years, and heptachlor epoxide 4.3 (3.8-4.9) years. These half-lives were not significantly different from those estimated after 20 years. Concentration factors (dry weight earthworm tissue/dry weight soil) were initially high and decreased mainly during the first 11 years after application. By the end of the study, average concentration factors were 1.5 (dieldrin), 4.0 (DDE), and 1.8 (heptachlor epoxide), respectively.","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1007/s13280-012-0340-z","usgsCitation":"Beyer, W.N., and Gale, R.W., 2013, Persistence and changes in bioavailability of dieldrin, DDE and heptachlor epoxide in earthworms over 45 years: Ambio, v. 42, no. 1, p. 83-89, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-012-0340-z.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"83","endPage":"89","numberOfPages":"7","ipdsId":"IP-041189","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":473971,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-012-0340-z","text":"External Repository"},{"id":266794,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":266793,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13280-012-0340-z"}],"country":"United States","volume":"42","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-22","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"510ba093e4b0947afa3c85e1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Beyer, W. Nelson 0000-0002-8911-9141 nbeyer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8911-9141","contributorId":3301,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beyer","given":"W.","email":"nbeyer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Nelson","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":472729,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gale, Robert W. 0000-0002-8533-141X rgale@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8533-141X","contributorId":2808,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gale","given":"Robert","email":"rgale@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":472728,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70042848,"text":"70042848 - 2013 - Molecular techniques to distinguish morphologically similar Hydrilla verticillata, Egeria densa, Elodea nuttallii, and Elodea canadensis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-28T17:01:07","indexId":"70042848","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-25T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2180,"text":"Journal of Aquatic Plant Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Molecular techniques to distinguish morphologically similar Hydrilla verticillata, Egeria densa, Elodea nuttallii, and Elodea canadensis","docAbstract":"The four submerged aquatic species, hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata [monoecious and dioecious]), Brazilian waterweed (Egeria densa), Canadian waterweed (Elodea canadensis), and western waterweed (Elodea nuttallii), are difficult to positively identify because of their morphological similarity to each other, resulting in possible misidentification. This limits our ability to understand their past and present distribution, which is important in aquatic plant management. We investigated a molecular technique to identify these species, which are problematic because of their invasive nature on multiple continents. Approximately 100 samples of these species, ranging in age from 40-yr-old herbarium samples to recently collected plants, were collected from regions across the United States. The distribution and range of the samples collected in this research were compared to those reported in the literature. We confirmed information on the current wide distribution of both hydrilla biotypes in the United States and discovered that hydrilla had actually invaded the waterways near Washington, DC 6 yr earlier than originally reported. In addition, we found evidence of the confusion, dating back to the 1980s, between Canadian waterweed and western waterweed in the mid-Atlantic region of the United States. Canadian waterweed was previously reported as common and western waterweed as rare; however, our samples indicate the opposite is true. This information indicates there is a need for investigators to anticipate the spread of hydrilla populations to northern U.S. waterways, where it will compete with existing plant species, including Canadian and western waterweeds. Our ability to confirm distribution and pace of spread of invasive and noninvasive species will improve with increased application of molecular techniques.
","language":"English","publisher":"Aquatic Plant Management Society","usgsCitation":"Rybicki, N.B., Kirshtein, J.D., and Voytek, M.A., 2013, Molecular techniques to distinguish morphologically similar Hydrilla verticillata, Egeria densa, Elodea nuttallii, and Elodea canadensis: Journal of Aquatic Plant Management, v. 51, p. 94-102.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"94","endPage":"102","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-027435","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":324578,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":297318,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://apms.org/2015/01/journal-of-aquatic-plant-management-volume-51-2013/"}],"country":"UNITED STATES","volume":"51","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57739fb3e4b07657d1a90cef","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rybicki, Nancy B. 0000-0002-2205-7927 nrybicki@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2205-7927","contributorId":2142,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rybicki","given":"Nancy","email":"nrybicki@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":641180,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kirshtein, Julie D.","contributorId":26033,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirshtein","given":"Julie","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":641181,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Voytek, Mary A.","contributorId":91943,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Voytek","given":"Mary","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":641182,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70042825,"text":"ofr20131010 - 2013 - Development of a database-driven system for simulating water temperature in the lower Yakima River main stem, Washington, for various climate scenarios","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-24T15:54:30","indexId":"ofr20131010","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-24T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-1010","title":"Development of a database-driven system for simulating water temperature in the lower Yakima River main stem, Washington, for various climate scenarios","docAbstract":"A model for simulating daily maximum and mean water temperatures was developed by linking two existing models: one developed by the U.S. Geological Survey and one developed by the Bureau of Reclamation. The study area included the lower Yakima River main stem between the Roza Dam and West Richland, Washington. To automate execution of the labor-intensive models, a database-driven model automation program was developed to decrease operation costs, to reduce user error, and to provide the capability to perform simulations quickly for multiple management and climate change scenarios. Microsoft© SQL Server 2008 R2 Integration Services packages were developed to (1) integrate climate, flow, and stream geometry data from diverse sources (such as weather stations, a hydrologic model, and field measurements) into a single relational database; (2) programmatically generate heavily formatted model input files; (3) iteratively run water temperature simulations; (4) process simulation results for export to other models; and (5) create a database-driven infrastructure that facilitated experimentation with a variety of scenarios, node permutations, weather data, and hydrologic conditions while minimizing costs of running the model with various model configurations. As a proof-of-concept exercise, water temperatures were simulated for a \"Current Conditions\" scenario, where local weather data from 1980 through 2005 were used as input, and for \"Plus 1\" and \"Plus 2\" climate warming scenarios, where the average annual air temperatures used in the Current Conditions scenario were increased by 1degree Celsius (°C) and by 2°C, respectively. Average monthly mean daily water temperatures simulated for the Current Conditions scenario were compared to measured values at the Bureau of Reclamation Hydromet gage at Kiona, Washington, for 2002-05. Differences ranged between 1.9° and 1.1°C for February, March, May, and June, and were less than 0.8°C for the remaining months of the year. The difference between current conditions and measured monthly values for the two warmest months (July and August) were 0.5°C and 0.2°C, respectively. The model predicted that water temperature generally becomes less sensitive to air temperature increases as the distance from the mouth of the river decreases. As a consequence, the difference between climate warming scenarios also decreased. The pattern of decreasing sensitivity is most pronounced from August to October. Interactive graphing tools were developed to explore the relative sensitivity of average monthly and mean daily water temperature to increases in air temperature for model output locations along the lower Yakima River main stem.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20131010","usgsCitation":"Voss, F., and Maule, A., 2013, Development of a database-driven system for simulating water temperature in the lower Yakima River main stem, Washington, for various climate scenarios: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2013-1010, iv, 20 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20131010.","productDescription":"iv, 20 p.","numberOfPages":"28","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":266437,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2013_1010.jpg"},{"id":266435,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1010/"},{"id":266436,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1010/pdf/ofr20131010.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Yakima River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -120.67,46.00 ], [ -120.67,47.00 ], [ -119.00,47.00 ], [ -119.00,46.00 ], [ -120.67,46.00 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5102660ee4b0d4f5ea817bcb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Voss, Frank","contributorId":71848,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Voss","given":"Frank","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472340,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Maule, Alec","contributorId":50614,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maule","given":"Alec","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472339,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70042806,"text":"ofr20121170 - 2013 - Quaternary geologic map of the Shelby 1° x 2° quadrangle, Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-24T11:41:10","indexId":"ofr20121170","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-24T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-1170","title":"Quaternary geologic map of the Shelby 1° x 2° quadrangle, Montana","docAbstract":"The Shelby quadrangle encompasses approximately 16,084 km2 (6,210 mi2). The northern boundary is the Montana/Saskatchewan (U.S./Canada) boundary. The quadrangle is in the Northern Plains physiographic province and it includes the Sweet Grass Hills. The primary river is the Marias River. The ancestral Missouri River was diverted south of the Bearpaw Mountains by a Laurentide ice sheet. The fill in the buried ancestral valleys of the Missouri River and Marias River in the southeast quarter of the quadrangle contains a complex stratigraphy of fluvial, glaciofluvial, ice-contact, glacial, lacustrine, and eolian deposits. The map units are surficial deposits and materials, not landforms. Deposits that comprise some constructional landforms (for example, ground-moraine deposits, end-moraine deposits, stagnation-moraine deposits, all composed of till) are distinguished for purposes of reconstruction of glacial history. Surficial deposits and materials are assigned to 21 map units on the basis of genesis, age, lithology or composition, texture or particle size, and other physical, chemical, and engineering characteristics. It is not a map of soils that are recognized in pedology or agronomy. Rather, it is a generalized map of soils recognized in engineering geology, or of substrata or parent materials in which pedologic or agronomic soils are formed. Glaciotectonic (ice-thrust) structures and deposits are mapped separately, represented by a symbol. On the glaciated plains, the surficial deposits are glacial, ice-contact, glaciofluvial, alluvial, lacustrine, eolian, colluvial, and mass-movement deposits. In the Sweet Grass Hills, beyond the limit of Quaternary glaciation they are fluvial, colluvial, and mass-movement deposits. Till of late Wisconsin age is represented by three map units. Tills of Illinoian and pre-Illinoian glaciations are not mapped, but are widespread in the subsurface. Linear ice-molded landforms (primarily drumlins) indicate directions of ice flow during late Wisconsin glaciation.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20121170","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology","usgsCitation":"Fullerton, D.S., Colton, R.B., and Bush, C.A., 2013, Quaternary geologic map of the Shelby 1° x 2° quadrangle, Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2012-1170, Map: 1 Sheet: 47.74 x 36.22 inches; Downloads Directory, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20121170.","productDescription":"Map: 1 Sheet: 47.74 x 36.22 inches; Downloads Directory","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":266408,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2012_1170.jpg"},{"id":266406,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1170/OFR12_1170_map.pdf"},{"id":266407,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1170/downloads/"},{"id":266405,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1170/"}],"scale":"250000","projection":"Transverse Mercator","datum":"North American Datum 1927","country":"United States","state":"Montana","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -112.0,48.0 ], [ -112.0,49.0 ], [ -110.0,49.0 ], [ -110.0,48.0 ], [ -112.0,48.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51026627e4b0d4f5ea817c4a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fullerton, David S. fullerton@usgs.gov","contributorId":448,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fullerton","given":"David","email":"fullerton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":472307,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Colton, Roger B.","contributorId":17967,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colton","given":"Roger","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472309,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bush, Charles A. cbush@usgs.gov","contributorId":1258,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bush","given":"Charles","email":"cbush@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":472308,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70042813,"text":"sir20125253 - 2013 - Groundwater quality and the relation between pH values and occurrence of trace elements and radionuclides in water samples collected from private wells in part of the Kickapoo Tribe of Oklahoma Jurisdictional Area, central Oklahoma, 2011","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-24T13:52:51","indexId":"sir20125253","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-24T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-5253","title":"Groundwater quality and the relation between pH values and occurrence of trace elements and radionuclides in water samples collected from private wells in part of the Kickapoo Tribe of Oklahoma Jurisdictional Area, central Oklahoma, 2011","docAbstract":"From 1999 to 2007, the Indian Health Service reported that gross alpha-particle activities and concentrations of uranium exceeded the Maximum Contaminant Levels for public drinking-water supplies in water samples from six private wells and two test wells in a rural residential neighborhood in the Kickapoo Tribe of Oklahoma Jurisdictional Area, in central Oklahoma. Residents in this rural area use groundwater from Quaternary-aged terrace deposits and the Permian-aged Garber-Wellington aquifer for domestic purposes. Uranium and other trace elements, specifically arsenic, chromium, and selenium, occur naturally in rocks composing the Garber-Wellington aquifer and in low concentrations in groundwater throughout its extent. Previous studies have shown that pH values above 8.0 from cation-exchange processes in the aquifer cause selected metals such as arsenic, chromium, selenium, and uranium to desorb (if present) from mineral surfaces and become mobile in water. On the basis of this information, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Kickapoo Tribe of Oklahoma, conducted a study in 2011 to describe the occurrence of selected trace elements and radionuclides in groundwater and to determine if pH could be used as a surrogate for laboratory analysis to quickly and inexpensively identify wells that might contain high concentrations of uranium and other trace elements. The pH and specific conductance of groundwater from 59 private wells were measured in the field in an area of about 18 square miles in Lincoln and Pottawatomie Counties. Twenty of the 59 wells also were sampled for dissolved concentrations of major ions, trace elements, gross alpha-particle and gross beta-particle activities, uranium, radium-226, radium-228, and radon-222 gas. Arsenic concentrations exceeded the Maximum Contaminant Level of 10 micrograms per liter in one sample having a concentration of 24.7 micrograms per liter. Selenium concentrations exceeded the Maximum Contaminant Level of 50 micrograms per liter in one sample having a concentration of 147 micrograms per liter. Both samples had alkaline pH values, 8.0 and 8.4, respectively. Uranium concentrations ranged from 0.02 to 383 micrograms per liter with 5 of 20 samples exceeding the Maximum Contaminant Level of 30 micrograms per liter; the five wells with uranium concentrations exceeding 30 micrograms per liter had pH values ranging from 8.0 to 8.5. Concentrations of uranium and radon-222 and gross alpha-particle activity showed a positive relation to pH, with the highest concentrations and activity in samples having pH values of 8.0 or above. The groundwater samples contained dissolved oxygen and high concentrations of bicarbonate; these characteristics are also factors in increasing uranium solubility. Concentrations of radium-226 and radium-228 (combined) ranged from 0.03 to 1.7 picocuries per liter, with a median concentration of 0.45 picocuries per liter for all samples. Radon-222 concentrations ranged from 95 to 3,600 picocuries per liter with a median concentration of 261 picocuries per liter. Eight samples having pH values ranging from 8.0 to 8.7 exceeded the proposed Maximum Contaminant Level of 300 picocuries per liter for radon-222. Eight samples exceeded the 15 picocuries per liter Maximum Contaminant Level for gross alpha-particle activity at 72 hours (after sample collection) and at 30 days (after the initial count); those samples had pH values ranging from 8.0 to 8.5. Gross beta-particle activity increased in 15 of 21 samples during the interval from 72 hours to 30 days. The increase in gross beta-particle activity over time probably was caused by the ingrowth and decay of uranium daughter products that emit beta particles. Water-quality data collected for this study indicate that pH values above 8.0 are associated with potentially high concentrations of uranium and radon-222 and high gross alpha-particle activity in the study area. High pH values also are associated with potentially high concentrations of arsenic, chromium, and selenium in groundwater when these elements occur in the aquifer matrix along groundwater-flow paths.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20125253","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Kickapoo Tribe of Oklahoma","usgsCitation":"Becker, C., 2013, Groundwater quality and the relation between pH values and occurrence of trace elements and radionuclides in water samples collected from private wells in part of the Kickapoo Tribe of Oklahoma Jurisdictional Area, central Oklahoma, 2011: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2012-5253, vii, 47 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20125253.","productDescription":"vii, 47 p.","numberOfPages":"60","costCenters":[{"id":516,"text":"Oklahoma Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":266417,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2012_5253.gif"},{"id":266416,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5253/SIR2012-5253.pdf"},{"id":266415,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5253/"}],"scale":"100000","projection":"Albers Equal Area Conic projection","datum":"North American Datum, 1983","country":"United States","state":"Oklahoma","otherGeospatial":"Kickapoo Tribe Of Oklahoma Jurisdictional Area","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -98.00,35.83 ], [ -98.00,36.16 ], [ -95.67,36.16 ], [ -95.67,35.83 ], [ -98.00,35.83 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51026617e4b0d4f5ea817bf9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Becker, Carol 0000-0001-6652-4542 cjbecker@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6652-4542","contributorId":2489,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Becker","given":"Carol","email":"cjbecker@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":516,"text":"Oklahoma Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":472319,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70042804,"text":"ds737 - 2013 - Electron donor concentrations in sediments and sediment properties at the agricultural chemicals team research site near New Providence, Iowa, 2006-07","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-24T09:45:02","indexId":"ds737","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-24T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"737","title":"Electron donor concentrations in sediments and sediment properties at the agricultural chemicals team research site near New Providence, Iowa, 2006-07","docAbstract":"The concentrations of electron donors in aquifer sediments are important to the understanding of the fate and transport of redox-sensitive constituents in groundwater, such as nitrate. For a study by the U.S. Geological Survey National Water-Quality Assessment Program, 50 sediment samples were collected from below the water table from 11 boreholes at the U.S. Geological Survey Agricultural Chemicals Team research site near New Providence, Iowa, during 2006-07. All samples were analyzed for gravel, sand (coarse, medium, and fine), silt, clay, Munsell soil color, inorganic carbon content, and for the following electron donors: organic carbon, ferrous iron, and inorganic sulfide. A subset of 14 sediment samples also was analyzed for organic sulfur, but all of these samples had concentrations less than the method detection limit; therefore, the presence of this potential electron donor was not considered further. X-ray diffraction analyses provided important semi-quantitative information of well-crystallized dominant minerals within the sediments that might be contributing electron donors.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ds737","collaboration":"National Water-Quality Assessment Program","usgsCitation":"Maharjan, B., Korom, S.F., and Smith, E.A., 2013, Electron donor concentrations in sediments and sediment properties at the agricultural chemicals team research site near New Providence, Iowa, 2006-07: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 737, vi, 17 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ds737.","productDescription":"vi, 17 p.","numberOfPages":"28","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-025991","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":266360,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ds_737.gif"},{"id":266358,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/737/"},{"id":266359,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/737/ds737.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa","city":"New Providence","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -93.83,42.25 ], [ -93.83,42.58 ], [ -93.00,42.58 ], [ -93.00,42.25 ], [ -93.83,42.25 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5102660fe4b0d4f5ea817bd2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Maharjan, Bijesh","contributorId":99444,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maharjan","given":"Bijesh","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472302,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Korom, Scott F.","contributorId":27759,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Korom","given":"Scott","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472301,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smith, Erik A. 0000-0001-8434-0798 easmith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8434-0798","contributorId":1405,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Erik","email":"easmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":472300,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70207150,"text":"70207150 - 2013 - Impacts of climate, lake size, and supra- and sub-permafrost groundwater flow on lake-talik evolution, Yukon Flats, Alaska (USA)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-09T14:01:35","indexId":"70207150","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-23T13:52:18","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1923,"text":"Hydrogeology Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Impacts of climate, lake size, and supra- and sub-permafrost groundwater flow on lake-talik evolution, Yukon Flats, Alaska (USA)","docAbstract":"In cold regions, hydrologic systems possess seasonal and perennial ice-free zones (taliks) within areas of permafrost that control and are enhanced by groundwater flow. Simulation of talik development that follows lake formation in watersheds modeled after those in the Yukon Flats of interior Alaska (USA) provides insight on the coupled interaction between groundwater flow and ice distribution. The SUTRA groundwater simulator with freeze–thaw physics is used to examine the effect of climate, lake size, and lake–groundwater relations on talik formation. Considering a range of these factors, simulated times for a through-going sub-lake talik to form through 90 m of permafrost range from ∼200 to > 1,000 years (vertical thaw rates < 0.1–0.5 m yr−1). Seasonal temperature cycles along lake margins impact supra-permafrost flow and late-stage cryologic processes. Warmer climate accelerates complete permafrost thaw and enhances seasonal flow within the supra-permafrost layer. Prior to open talik formation, sub-lake permafrost thaw is dominated by heat conduction. When hydraulic conditions induce upward or downward flow between the lake and sub-permafrost aquifer, thaw rates are greatly increased. The complexity of ground-ice and water-flow interplay, together with anticipated warming in the arctic, underscores the utility of coupled groundwater-energy transport models in evaluating hydrologic systems impacted by permafrost.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s10040-012-0941-4","usgsCitation":"Wellman, T., Voss, C.I., and Walvoord, M.A., 2013, Impacts of climate, lake size, and supra- and sub-permafrost groundwater flow on lake-talik evolution, Yukon Flats, Alaska (USA): Hydrogeology Journal, v. 21, no. 1, p. 281-298, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-012-0941-4.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"281","endPage":"298","ipdsId":"IP-041642","costCenters":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":370114,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Yukon Flats National Wildlife Refuge","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -148.20556640625,\n 65.7509390575002\n ],\n [\n -143.9703369140625,\n 65.7509390575002\n ],\n [\n -143.9703369140625,\n 66.7116848761489\n ],\n [\n -148.20556640625,\n 66.7116848761489\n ],\n [\n -148.20556640625,\n 65.7509390575002\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"21","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-01-23","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wellman, Tristan 0000-0003-3049-6214 twellman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3049-6214","contributorId":2166,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wellman","given":"Tristan","email":"twellman@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":776979,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Voss, Clifford I. 0000-0001-5923-2752 cvoss@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5923-2752","contributorId":1559,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Voss","given":"Clifford","email":"cvoss@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":776980,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Walvoord, Michelle Ann 0000-0003-4269-8366 walvoord@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4269-8366","contributorId":147211,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walvoord","given":"Michelle","email":"walvoord@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Ann","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":776981,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70074096,"text":"70074096 - 2013 - Controls on the deposition and preservation of the Cretaceous Mowry Shale and Frontier Formation and equivalents, Rocky Mountain region, Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-01-28T11:11:29","indexId":"70074096","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-23T11:02:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":605,"text":"AAPG Bulletin","printIssn":"0149-1423","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Controls on the deposition and preservation of the Cretaceous Mowry Shale and Frontier Formation and equivalents, Rocky Mountain region, Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming","docAbstract":"Regional variations in thickness and facies of clastic sediments are controlled by geographic location within a foreland basin. Preservation of facies is dependent on the original accommodation space available during deposition and ultimately by tectonic modification of the foreland in its postthrusting stages. The preservation of facies within the foreland basin and during the modification stage affects the kinds of hydrocarbon reservoirs that are present.\n\nThis is the case for the Cretaceous Mowry Shale and Frontier Formation and equivalent strata in the Rocky Mountain region of Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming. Biostratigraphically constrained isopach maps of three intervals within these formations provide a control on eustatic variations in sea level, which allow depositional patterns across dip and along strike to be interpreted in terms of relationship to thrust progression and depositional topography.\n\nThe most highly subsiding parts of the Rocky Mountain foreland basin, near the fold and thrust belt to the west, typically contain a low number of coarse-grained sandstone channels but limited sandstone reservoirs. However, where subsidence is greater than sediment supply, the foredeep contains stacked deltaic sandstones, coal, and preserved transgressive marine shales in mainly conformable successions. The main exploration play in this area is currently coalbed gas, but the enhanced coal thickness combined with a Mowry marine shale source rock indicates that a low-permeability, basin-centered play may exist somewhere along strike in a deep part of the basin.\n\nIn the slower subsiding parts of the foreland basin, marginal marine and fluvial sandstones are amalgamated and compartmentalized by unconformities, providing conditions for the development of stratigraphic and combination traps, especially in areas of repeated reactivation. Areas of medium accommodation in the most distal parts of the foreland contain isolated marginal marine shoreface and deltaic sandstones that were deposited at or near sea level lowstand and were reworked landward by ravinement and longshore currents by storms creating stratigraphic or combination traps enclosed with marine shale seals.\n\nPaleogeographic reconstructions are used to show exploration fairways of the different play types present in the Laramide-modified, Cretaceous foreland basin. Existing oil and gas fields from these plays show a relatively consistent volume of hydrocarbons, which results from the partitioning of facies within the different parts of the foreland basin.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"AAPG Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists","doi":"10.1306/10011212090","usgsCitation":"Kirschbaum, M.A., and Mercier, T.J., 2013, Controls on the deposition and preservation of the Cretaceous Mowry Shale and Frontier Formation and equivalents, Rocky Mountain region, Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming: AAPG Bulletin, v. 97, no. 6, p. 899-921, https://doi.org/10.1306/10011212090.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"899","endPage":"921","ipdsId":"IP-037662","costCenters":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":281604,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":281603,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1306/10011212090"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado;Utah;Wyoming","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -113.95,37.09 ], [ -113.95,44.96 ], [ 101.91,44.96 ], [ 101.91,37.09 ], [ -113.95,37.09 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"97","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd532de4b0b290850f4fc6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kirschbaum, Mark A.","contributorId":25112,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirschbaum","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489393,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mercier, Tracey J. 0000-0002-8232-525X tmercier@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8232-525X","contributorId":2847,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mercier","given":"Tracey","email":"tmercier@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":489392,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70042781,"text":"ofr20121268 - 2013 - Concentrations of elements in fish fillets, fish muscle plugs, and crayfish from the 2011 Missouri Department of Conservation general contaminant monitoring program","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-23T14:34:33","indexId":"ofr20121268","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-23T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-1268","title":"Concentrations of elements in fish fillets, fish muscle plugs, and crayfish from the 2011 Missouri Department of Conservation general contaminant monitoring program","docAbstract":"This report presents the results of a contaminant monitoring survey conducted annually by the Missouri Department of Conservation to examine the levels of selected elemental contaminants in fish fillets, fish muscle plugs, and crayfish. Fillet samples of yellow bullhead (Ameiurus natalis), golden redhorse (Moxostoma erythrurum), longear sunfish (Lepomis megalotis), and channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) were collected from six sites as part of the Missouri Department of Conservation’s Fish Contaminant Monitoring Program. Fish dorsal muscle plugs were collected from largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) at eight of the sites, and crayfish from two sites. Following preparation and analysis of the samples, highlights of the data were as follows: cadmium and lead residues were most elevated in crayfish tissue samples from the Big River at Cherokee Landing, with 1 to 8 micrograms per gram dry weight and 22 to 45 micrograms per gram dry weight, respectively. Some dorsal muscle plugs from largemouth bass collected from Clearwater Lake, Lake St. Louis, Noblett Lake, Hazel Creek Lake, and Harrison County Lake contained mercury residues (1.7 to 4.7 micrograms per gram dry weight) that exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Water Quality Criterion of 1.5 micrograms per gram dry weight of fish tissue (equivalent to 0.30 micrograms per gram wet weight).","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20121268","collaboration":"Prepared in collaboration with the Missouri Department of Conservation","usgsCitation":"May, T.W., Walther, M., Brumbaugh, W.G., and McKee, M., 2013, Concentrations of elements in fish fillets, fish muscle plugs, and crayfish from the 2011 Missouri Department of Conservation general contaminant monitoring program: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2012-1268, iv, 12 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20121268.","productDescription":"iv, 12 p.","numberOfPages":"20","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":266316,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2012_1268.gif"},{"id":266314,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1268/"},{"id":266315,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1268/of12-1268.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Missouri","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -95.78,36.0 ], [ -95.78,40.6 ], [ -89.0,40.6 ], [ -89.0,36.0 ], [ -95.78,36.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51010683e4b033b1feeb2bcd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"May, Thomas W. tmay@usgs.gov","contributorId":2598,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"May","given":"Thomas","email":"tmay@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":472249,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Walther, Michael J. mwalther@usgs.gov","contributorId":2852,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walther","given":"Michael J.","email":"mwalther@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":472250,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brumbaugh, William G. 0000-0003-0081-375X bbrumbaugh@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0081-375X","contributorId":493,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brumbaugh","given":"William","email":"bbrumbaugh@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":472248,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McKee, Michael J.","contributorId":59527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKee","given":"Michael J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472251,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70042776,"text":"tm6A43 - 2013 - Description of input and examples for PHREEQC version 3: A computer program for speciation, batch-reaction, one-dimensional transport, and inverse geochemical calculations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-15T13:50:03.749337","indexId":"tm6A43","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-23T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":335,"text":"Techniques and Methods","code":"TM","onlineIssn":"2328-7055","printIssn":"2328-7047","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"6-A43","title":"Description of input and examples for PHREEQC version 3: A computer program for speciation, batch-reaction, one-dimensional transport, and inverse geochemical calculations","docAbstract":"PHREEQC version 3 is a computer program written in the C and C++ programming languages that is designed to perform a wide variety of aqueous geochemical calculations. PHREEQC implements several types of aqueous models: two ion-association aqueous models (the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory model and WATEQ4F), a Pitzer specific-ion-interaction aqueous model, and the SIT (Specific ion Interaction Theory) aqueous model. Using any of these aqueous models, PHREEQC has capabilities for (1) speciation and saturation-index calculations; (2) batch-reaction and one-dimensional (1D) transport calculations with reversible and irreversible reactions, which include aqueous, mineral, gas, solid-solution, surface-complexation, and ion-exchange equilibria, and specified mole transfers of reactants, kinetically controlled reactions, mixing of solutions, and pressure and temperature changes; and (3) inverse modeling, which finds sets of mineral and gas mole transfers that account for differences in composition between waters within specified compositional uncertainty limits. Many new modeling features were added to PHREEQC version 3 relative to version 2. The Pitzer aqueous model (pitzer.dat database, with keyword PITZER) can be used for high-salinity waters that are beyond the range of application for the Debye-Hückel theory. The Peng-Robinson equation of state has been implemented for calculating the solubility of gases at high pressure. Specific volumes of aqueous species are calculated as a function of the dielectric properties of water and the ionic strength of the solution, which allows calculation of pressure effects on chemical reactions and the density of a solution. The specific conductance and the density of a solution are calculated and printed in the output file. In addition to Runge-Kutta integration, a stiff ordinary differential equation solver (CVODE) has been included for kinetic calculations with multiple rates that occur at widely different time scales. Surface complexation can be calculated with the CD-MUSIC (Charge Distribution MUltiSIte Complexation) triple-layer model in addition to the diffuse-layer model. The composition of the electrical double layer of a surface can be estimated by using the Donnan approach, which is more robust and faster than the alternative Borkovec-Westall integration. Multicomponent diffusion, diffusion in the electrostatic double layer on a surface, and transport of colloids with simultaneous surface complexation have been added to the transport module. A series of keyword data blocks has been added for isotope calculations—ISOTOPES, CALCULATE_VALUES, ISOTOPE_ALPHAS, ISOTOPE_RATIOS, and NAMED_EXPRESSIONS. Solution isotopic data can be input in conventional units (for example, permil, percent modern carbon, or tritium units) and the numbers are converted to moles of isotope by PHREEQC. The isotopes are treated as individual components (they must be defined as individual master species) so that each isotope has its own set of aqueous species, gases, and solids. The isotope-related keywords allow calculating equilibrium fractionation of isotopes among the species and phases of a system. The calculated isotopic compositions are printed in easily readable conventional units. New keywords and options facilitate the setup of input files and the interpretation of the results. Keyword data blocks can be copied (keyword COPY) and deleted (keyword DELETE). Keyword data items can be altered by using the keyword data blocks with the _MODIFY extension and a simulation can be run with all reactants of a given index number (keyword RUN_CELLS). The definition of the complete chemical state of all reactants of PHREEQC can be saved in a file in a raw data format ( DUMP and _RAW keywords). The file can be read as part of another input file with the INCLUDE$ keyword. These keywords facilitate the use of IPhreeqc, which is a module implementing all PHREEQC version 3 capabilities; the module is designed to be used in other programs that need to implement geochemical calculations; for example, transport codes. Charting capabilities have been added to some versions of PHREEQC. Charting capabilities have been added to Windows distributions of PHREEQC version 3. (Charting on Linux requires installation of Wine.) The keyword data block USER_GRAPH allows selection of data for plotting and manipulation of chart appearance. Almost any results from geochemical simulations (for example, concentrations, activities, or saturation indices) can be retrieved by using Basic language functions and specified as data for plotting in USER_GRAPH. Results of transport simulations can be plotted against distance or time. Data can be added to a chart from tab-separated-values files. All input for PHREEQC version 3 is defined in keyword data blocks, each of which may have a series of identifiers for specific types of data. This report provides a complete description of each keyword data block and its associated identifiers. Input files for 22 examples that demonstrate most of the capabilities of PHREEQC version 3 are described and the results of the example simulations are presented and discussed.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Section A: Groundwater in Book 6 Modeling Techniques","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/tm6A43","collaboration":"This report is Chapter 43 of Section A: Groundwater in Book 6 Modeling Techniques.","usgsCitation":"Parkhurst, D.L., and Appelo, C., 2013, Description of input and examples for PHREEQC version 3: A computer program for speciation, batch-reaction, one-dimensional transport, and inverse geochemical calculations: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods 6-A43, xx, 497 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/tm6A43.","productDescription":"xx, 497 p.","numberOfPages":"519","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":434,"text":"National Research Program","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":485934,"rank":4,"type":{"id":35,"text":"Software Release"},"url":"https://www.usgs.gov/software/phreeqc-version-3","text":"PHREEQC Version 3"},{"id":266311,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/06/a43/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":266313,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/tm_6_a43.gif"},{"id":266312,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/06/a43/pdf/tm6-A43.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51010684e4b033b1feeb2bd1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Parkhurst, David L. 0000-0003-3348-1544 dlpark@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3348-1544","contributorId":1088,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parkhurst","given":"David","email":"dlpark@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":472233,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Appelo, C.A.J.","contributorId":106539,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Appelo","given":"C.A.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472234,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70042742,"text":"70042742 - 2013 - Implications for future survival of delta smelt from four climate change scenarios for the Sacramento–San Joaquin Delta, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-06-17T08:54:21","indexId":"70042742","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-23T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1584,"text":"Estuaries and Coasts","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Implications for future survival of delta smelt from four climate change scenarios for the Sacramento–San Joaquin Delta, California","docAbstract":"Changes in the position of the low salinity zone, a habitat suitability index, turbidity, and water temperature modeled from four 100-year scenarios of climate change were evaluated for possible effects on delta smelt Hypomesus transpacificus, which is endemic to the Sacramento–San Joaquin Delta. The persistence of delta smelt in much of its current habitat into the next century appears uncertain. By mid-century, the position of the low salinity zone in the fall and the habitat suitability index converged on values only observed during the worst droughts of the baseline period (1969–2000). Projected higher water temperatures would render waters historically inhabited by delta smelt near the confluence of the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers largely uninhabitable. However, the scenarios of climate change are based on assumptions that require caution in the interpretation of the results. Projections like these provide managers with a useful tool for anticipating long-term challenges to managing fish populations and possibly adapting water management to ameliorate those challenges.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Estuaries and Coasts","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s12237-013-9585-4","usgsCitation":"Brown, L.R., Bennett, W.A., Wagner, R.W., Morgan-King, T., Knowles, N., Feyrer, F., Schoellhamer, D., Stacey, M., and Dettinger, M., 2013, Implications for future survival of delta smelt from four climate change scenarios for the Sacramento–San Joaquin Delta, California: Estuaries and Coasts, v. 36, no. 4, p. 754-774, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12237-013-9585-4.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"754","endPage":"774","ipdsId":"IP-030485","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":266275,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":266274,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12237-013-9585-4"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Antioch;Rio Vista","otherGeospatial":"Sacramento River;San Joaquin River;Suisun Bay","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.0,37.75 ], [ -122.0,38.5 ], [ -121.25,38.5 ], [ -121.25,37.75 ], [ -122.0,37.75 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"36","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-01-17","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51010685e4b033b1feeb2bd5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brown, Larry R. 0000-0001-6702-4531 lrbrown@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6702-4531","contributorId":1717,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"Larry","email":"lrbrown@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":472146,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bennett, William A.","contributorId":88988,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bennett","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472150,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wagner, R. Wayne","contributorId":40339,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wagner","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"Wayne","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472149,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Morgan-King, Tara 0000-0001-5632-5232","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5632-5232","contributorId":32804,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morgan-King","given":"Tara","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472148,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Knowles, Noah 0000-0001-5652-1049 nknowles@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5652-1049","contributorId":1380,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knowles","given":"Noah","email":"nknowles@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":472145,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Feyrer, Frederick 0000-0003-1253-2349","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1253-2349","contributorId":106736,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Feyrer","given":"Frederick","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472151,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Schoellhamer, David H. 0000-0001-9488-7340 dschoell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9488-7340","contributorId":631,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schoellhamer","given":"David H.","email":"dschoell@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":472143,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Stacey, Mark T.","contributorId":13367,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stacey","given":"Mark T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472147,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Dettinger, Mike 0000-0002-7509-7332 mddettin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7509-7332","contributorId":859,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dettinger","given":"Mike","email":"mddettin@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":472144,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70042782,"text":"sir20135004 - 2013 - Simulated effects of Lower Floridan aquifer pumping on the Upper Floridan aquifer at Pooler, Chatham County, Georgia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-17T20:36:07","indexId":"sir20135004","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-23T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-5004","title":"Simulated effects of Lower Floridan aquifer pumping on the Upper Floridan aquifer at Pooler, Chatham County, Georgia","docAbstract":"A revised regional groundwater-flow model was used to assess the potential effects on the Upper Floridan aquifer (UFA) of pumping the Lower Floridan aquifer (LFA) from a new well (35Q069) located at the City of Pooler in coastal Georgia near Savannah. The spatial resolution of the original regional, steady-state, groundwater-flow model was increased to incorporate detailed hydrogeologic information resulting from field investigations at Pooler and existing wells in the area. Simulation results using the U.S. Geological Survey finite-difference code MODFLOW indicated that long-term pumping at a rate of 780 gallons per minute (gal/min) from the LFA well 35Q069 would cause a maximum drawdown of about 2.52 feet (ft) in the UFA (scenario A). This maximum drawdown in the UFA was greater than the observed draw-down of 0.9 ft in the 72-hour aquifer test, but this is expected because the steady-state simulated drawdown represents long-term pumping conditions. Model results for scenario A indicate that drawdown in the UFA exceeded 1 ft over a 163-square-mile (mi2) area. Induced vertical leakage from the UFA provided about 98 percent of the water to the LFA; the area within 1 mile of the pumped well contributed about 81 percent of the water pumped. Simulated pumping changed regional water-budget components slightly and redistributed flow among model layers, namely increasing downward leakage in all layers, decreasing upward leakage in all layers above the LFA, increasing inflow to and decreasing outflow from lateral specified-head boundaries in the UA and LFA, and increasing the volume of induced recharge from the general head boundary to outcrop units. An additional two groundwater-pumping scenarios were run to establish that a linear relation exists between pumping rates of the LFA well 35Q069 (varied from 390 to 1,042 gal/min) and amount of drawdown in the UFA and LFA. Three groundwater-pumping scenarios were run to evaluate the amount of UFA pumping (128 to 340 gal/min) that would produce maximum drawdown in the UFA equivalent to that induced by pumping the LFA well 35Q069 at rates specified in scenarios A, B, and C (390 to 1,042 gal/min). Scenarios in which the LFA well 35Q069 was pumped produced a larger drawdown area in the UFA than scenarios in which the UFA well was pumped to offset the maximum UFA drawdown simulated by scenarios A, B, and C. Three additional groundwater-pumping scenarios were run to evaluate the combination of pumping reductions at existing Pooler UFA public-supply wells with the addition of pumping from the new LFA well. For each scenario, LFA well 35Q069 was pumped at different rates, and pumping at existing Pooler supply wells, located about 3.7 miles northward, was reduced according to UFA drawdown offsets (128 to 340 gal/min) established by scenarios D, E, and F. Decreases in the magnitude and areal extent of drawdown in the UFA in response to pumping the LFA well were realized for scenarios that simulated drawdown offsets (reductions) for the existing UFA wells at Pooler when compared with the magnitude and extent of drawdown resulting from scenarios that did not simulate drawdown offsets for the existing UFA wells at Pooler (scenarios A, B, and C). The revised model was evaluated for sensitivity by altering horizontal and vertical hydraulic conductivity in layers 5 through 7 (Floridan aquifer system) for newly established hydraulic-property zones by factors of 0.1, 0.5, 2.0, and 10.0. Results of the sensitivity analysis indicate that horizontal and vertical hydraulic conductivity of the UFA and LFA are the most important parameters in model simulations. The least sensitive parameters were the horizontal and vertical hydraulic conductivity of the Lower Floridan confining unit; changes to these parameters had little effect on simulated leakage and groundwater levels. The revised model reasonably depicts changes in groundwater levels resulting from pumping the LFA at Pooler at a rate of 780 gal/min. However, results are limited by the same model assumptions and design as the original model and placement of boundaries and type of boundary used exert the greatest control on overall groundwater flow and interaquifer leakage in the system. Simulation results have improved regional characterization of the Floridan aquifer system, which could be used by State officials in evaluating requests for groundwater withdrawal from the LFA.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20135004","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the City of Pooler, Georgia","usgsCitation":"Cherry, G.S., and Clarke, J.S., 2013, Simulated effects of Lower Floridan aquifer pumping on the Upper Floridan aquifer at Pooler, Chatham County, Georgia: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2013-5004, viii, 46 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20135004.","productDescription":"viii, 46 p.","numberOfPages":"58","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":266324,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2013_5004.gif"},{"id":266318,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5004/pdf/sir2013-5004.pdf"},{"id":266317,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5004/"}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia","county":"Beaufort County, Bryan County, Bulloch County, Chatham County, Effingham County, Evans County, Jasper County, Liberty County, Long County","city":"Pooler","otherGeospatial":"Upper Floridan aquifer","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -81.75,31.75 ], [ -81.75,32.25 ], [ -80.75,32.25 ], [ -80.75,31.75 ], [ -81.75,31.75 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51010686e4b033b1feeb2bd9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cherry, Gregory S. 0000-0002-5567-1587 gccherry@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5567-1587","contributorId":1567,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cherry","given":"Gregory","email":"gccherry@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":316,"text":"Georgia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":472253,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Clarke, John S. jsclarke@usgs.gov","contributorId":400,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clarke","given":"John","email":"jsclarke@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":316,"text":"Georgia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":472252,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70042759,"text":"sim3233 - 2013 - Bedrock topography of western Cape Cod, Massachusetts, based on bedrock altitudes from geologic borings and analysis of ambient seismic noise by the horizontal-to-vertical spectral-ratio method","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-23T11:30:27","indexId":"sim3233","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-23T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":333,"text":"Scientific Investigations Map","code":"SIM","onlineIssn":"2329-132X","printIssn":"2329-1311","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"3233","title":"Bedrock topography of western Cape Cod, Massachusetts, based on bedrock altitudes from geologic borings and analysis of ambient seismic noise by the horizontal-to-vertical spectral-ratio method","docAbstract":"This report presents a topographic map of the bedrock surface beneath western Cape Cod, Massachusetts, that was prepared for use in groundwater-flow models of the Sagamore lens of the Cape Cod aquifer. The bedrock surface of western Cape Cod had been characterized previously through seismic refraction surveys and borings drilled to bedrock. The borings were mostly on and near the Massachusetts Military Reservation (MMR). The bedrock surface was first mapped by Oldale (1969), and mapping was updated in 2006 by the Air Force Center for Environmental Excellence (AFCEE, 2006). This report updates the bedrock-surface map with new data points collected by using a passive seismic technique based on the horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio (HVSR) of ambient seismic noise (Lane and others, 2008) and from borings drilled to bedrock since the 2006 map was prepared. The HVSR method is based on a relationship between the resonance frequency of ambient seismic noise as measured at land surface and the thickness of the unconsolidated sediments that overlie consolidated bedrock. The HVSR method was shown by Lane and others (2008) to be an effective method for determining sediment thickness on Cape Cod owing to the distinct difference in the acoustic impedance between the sediments and the underlying bedrock. The HVSR data for 164 sites were combined with data from 559 borings to bedrock in the study area to create a spatially distributed dataset that was manually contoured to prepare a topographic map of the bedrock surface. The interpreted bedrock surface generally slopes downward to the southeast as was shown on the earlier maps by Oldale (1969) and AFCEE (2006). The surface also has complex small-scale topography characteristic of a glacially eroded surface. More information about the methods used to prepare the map is given in the pamphlet that accompanies this plate.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sim3233","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Army National Guard and the Air Forice Center for Engineering and the Environment. This report is available online and in CD-ROM format, please contact the Office Chief for ordering information.","usgsCitation":"Fairchild, G.M., Lane, J.W., Voytek, E.B., and LeBlanc, D.R., 2013, Bedrock topography of western Cape Cod, Massachusetts, based on bedrock altitudes from geologic borings and analysis of ambient seismic noise by the horizontal-to-vertical spectral-ratio method: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 3233, Pamphlet: iv, 17 p.; 1 Sheet: 48 x 36 inches; GIS materials; GIS instructions; 3 Tables; CD-ROM, https://doi.org/10.3133/sim3233.","productDescription":"Pamphlet: iv, 17 p.; 1 Sheet: 48 x 36 inches; GIS materials; GIS instructions; 3 Tables; CD-ROM","numberOfPages":"22","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":266291,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sim_3233.jpg"},{"id":266278,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3233/plates_pdfs/fairchild_ARCH_E_01-04-13_web_508.pdf"},{"id":266276,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3233/"},{"id":266277,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3233/pdf/sim3233_fairchild_pamphlet_508_01-10-13.pdf"},{"id":266279,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3233/gis_pack/gis.zip"},{"id":266280,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3233/pdf/GIS_file_guide_01-07-13_n.pdf"},{"id":266281,"type":{"id":2,"text":"Additional Report Piece"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3233/excel/fairchild_table1-1_20121203.xlsx"},{"id":266282,"type":{"id":2,"text":"Additional Report Piece"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3233/excel/fairchild_table1-2_20121203.xlsx"},{"id":266283,"type":{"id":2,"text":"Additional Report Piece"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3233/excel/fairchild_table1-3_20121203.xlsx"},{"id":266284,"type":{"id":25,"text":"Version History"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3233/versionHist.txt"},{"id":266285,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3233/sim3233_selector.htm"}],"scale":"24000","projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator projection, Zone 19","datum":"North American Datum of 1983","country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","county":"Bourne;Falmouth;Mashper;Sandwich","otherGeospatial":"Cape Cod","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -70.708333,41.5 ], [ -70.708333,41.791667 ], [ -70.375,41.791667 ], [ -70.375,41.5 ], [ -70.708333,41.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51010660e4b033b1feeb2bc9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fairchild, Gillian M. gfairchi@usgs.gov","contributorId":4418,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fairchild","given":"Gillian","email":"gfairchi@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":472186,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lane, John W. Jr. jwlane@usgs.gov","contributorId":1738,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lane","given":"John","suffix":"Jr.","email":"jwlane@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":486,"text":"OGW Branch of Geophysics","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":472184,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Voytek, Emily B. 0000-0003-0981-453X ebvoytek@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0981-453X","contributorId":3575,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Voytek","given":"Emily","email":"ebvoytek@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":486,"text":"OGW Branch of Geophysics","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":472185,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"LeBlanc, Denis R. 0000-0002-4646-2628 dleblanc@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4646-2628","contributorId":1696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LeBlanc","given":"Denis","email":"dleblanc@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":472183,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70047077,"text":"70047077 - 2013 - The Greenville Fault: preliminary estimates of its long-term creep rate and seismic potential","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-01-13T16:09:31","indexId":"70047077","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-22T15:51:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Greenville Fault: preliminary estimates of its long-term creep rate and seismic potential","docAbstract":"Once assumed locked, we show that the northern third of the Greenville fault (GF) creeps at 2 mm/yr, based on 47 yr of trilateration net data. This northern GF creep rate equals its 11-ka slip rate, suggesting a low strain accumulation rate. In 1980, the GF, easternmost strand of the San Andreas fault system east of San Francisco Bay, produced a Mw5.8 earthquake with a 6-km surface rupture and dextral slip growing to ≥2 cm on cracks over a few weeks. Trilateration shows a 10-cm post-1980 transient slip ending in 1984. Analysis of 2000-2012 crustal velocities on continuous global positioning system stations, allows creep rates of ~2 mm/yr on the northern GF, 0-1 mm/yr on the central GF, and ~0 mm/yr on its southern third. Modeled depth ranges of creep along the GF allow 5-25% aseismic release. Greater locking in the southern two thirds of the GF is consistent with paleoseismic evidence there for large late Holocene ruptures. Because the GF lacks large (>1 km) discontinuities likely to arrest higher (~1 m) slip ruptures, we expect full-length (54-km) ruptures to occur that include the northern creeping zone. We estimate sufficient strain accumulation on the entire GF to produce Mw6.9 earthquakes with a mean recurrence of ~575 yr. While the creeping 16-km northern part has the potential to produce a Mw6.2 event in 240 yr, it may rupture in both moderate (1980) and large events. These two-dimensional-model estimates of creep rate along the southern GF need verification with small aperture surveys.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/0120120169","usgsCitation":"Lienkaemper, J.J., Barry, R., Smith, F.E., Mello, J.D., and McFarland, F., 2013, The Greenville Fault: preliminary estimates of its long-term creep rate and seismic potential: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 103, no. 5, p. 2729-2738, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120120169.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"2729","endPage":"2738","ipdsId":"IP-036882","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":280928,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":280918,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120120169"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.510053,37.445189 ], [ -122.510053,38.144186 ], [ -122.036543,38.144186 ], [ -122.036543,37.445189 ], [ -122.510053,37.445189 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"103","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-09-30","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd76f3e4b0b2908510b3d4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lienkaemper, James J. 0000-0002-7578-7042 jlienk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7578-7042","contributorId":1941,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lienkaemper","given":"James","email":"jlienk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":481008,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barry, Robert G.","contributorId":87857,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barry","given":"Robert G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":481012,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smith, Forrest E.","contributorId":41735,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Forrest","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":481011,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mello, Joseph D.","contributorId":25862,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mello","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":481009,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"McFarland, Forrest S.","contributorId":26775,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McFarland","given":"Forrest S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":481010,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70073367,"text":"70073367 - 2013 - Nutrient cycling, connectivity, and free-floating plant abundance in backwater lakes of the Upper Mississippi River","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-01-21T14:59:43","indexId":"70073367","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-22T14:49:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3302,"text":"River Systems","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nutrient cycling, connectivity, and free-floating plant abundance in backwater lakes of the Upper Mississippi River","docAbstract":"River eutrophication may cause the formation of dense surface mats of free floating plants (FFP; e.g., duckweeds and filamentous algae) which may adversely affect the ecosystem. We investigated associations among hydraulic connectivity to the channel, nutrient cycling, FFP, submersed aquatic vegetation (SAV), and dissolved oxygen concentration (DO) in ten backwater lakes of the Upper Mississippi River (UMR) that varied in connectivity to the channel. Greater connectivity was associated with higher water column nitrate (NO3-N) concentration, higher rates of sediment phosphorus (P) release, and higher rates of NO3-N flux to the sediments. Rates of sediment P and N (as NH4-N) release were similar to those of eutrophic lakes. Water column nutrient concentrations were high, and FFP tissue was nutrient rich suggesting that the eutrophic condition of the UMR often facilitated abundant FFP. However, tissue nutrient concentrations, and the associations between FFP biomass and water column nutrient concentrations, suggested that nutrients constrained FFP abundance at some sites. FFP abundance was positively associated with SAV abundance and negatively associated with dissolved oxygen concentration. These results illustrate important connections among hydraulic connectivity, nutrient cycling, FFP, SAV, and DO in the backwaters of a large, floodplain river.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"River Systems","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Schweizerbart and Borntraeger science publishers","doi":"10.1127/1868-5749/2013/0080","usgsCitation":"Houser, J.N., Giblin, S.M., James, W., Langrehr, H., Rogala, J.T., Sullivan, J.F., and Gray, B.R., 2013, Nutrient cycling, connectivity, and free-floating plant abundance in backwater lakes of the Upper Mississippi River: River Systems, v. 21, no. 1, p. 71-89, https://doi.org/10.1127/1868-5749/2013/0080.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"71","endPage":"89","numberOfPages":"19","ipdsId":"IP-030913","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":281344,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":281343,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1127/1868-5749/2013/0080"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Upper Mississippi River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -95.25,37.19 ], [ -95.25,47.50 ], [ -89.09,47.50 ], [ -89.09,37.19 ], [ -95.25,37.19 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"21","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd696ae4b0b29085102aa5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Houser, Jeffrey N. 0000-0003-3295-3132 jhouser@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3295-3132","contributorId":2769,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Houser","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jhouser@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":488645,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Giblin, Shawn M.","contributorId":99889,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Giblin","given":"Shawn","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":488649,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"James, William F.","contributorId":75472,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"James","given":"William F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":488648,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Langrehr, H.A.","contributorId":32082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langrehr","given":"H.A.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":488647,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Rogala, James T. 0000-0002-1954-4097 jrogala@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1954-4097","contributorId":2651,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rogala","given":"James","email":"jrogala@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":488644,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Sullivan, John F.","contributorId":21067,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sullivan","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":6913,"text":"Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":488646,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Gray, Brian R. 0000-0001-7682-9550 brgray@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7682-9550","contributorId":2615,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gray","given":"Brian","email":"brgray@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":488643,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ]}