Teleseismic P wave travel time residuals are used to detect lateral velocity heterogeneities in the upper mantle beneath Washington and northern Oregon. The results of an inversion for three-dimensional velocity variations resolves an east dipping high-velocity zone that we interpret as the subducting Juan de Fuca plate. The plate is characterized by 3–8% higher velocities than those in the surrounding upper mantle. Inversion of the travel time data and ray trace modeling indicate that the plate extends to a depth of 200–300 km. The plate dips at a moderate angle of 45° to the east-northeast beneath the central Washington Cascade Range north of Mount Rainier, with 5% faster velocities than the surrounding upper mantle. Beneath the North Cascade Range of Washington, the plate strikes to the northwest and has 6–8% faster velocities than the upper mantle to the west. South of 47°N, beneath the Cascade Range in southern Washington and northern Oregon, the plate dips steeply to the east and has 3–4% faster velocities than the surrounding upper mantle. Based on changes in the geometry and velocity structure of the subducted Juan de Fuca plate east of about 123°W, we propose that the subducted slab is segmented into three sections beneath Washington and northern Oregon.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB091iB02p02077","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Michaelson, C.A., and Weaver, C., 1986, Upper mantle structure from teleseismic P wave arrivals in Washington and northern Oregon: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 91, no. B2, p. 2077-2094, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB091iB02p02077.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"2077","endPage":"2094","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225331,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"91","issue":"B2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbd5ae4b08c986b328fa5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Michaelson, C. A.","contributorId":50900,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Michaelson","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369018,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Weaver, C.S.","contributorId":57874,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weaver","given":"C.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369019,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015637,"text":"70015637 - 1986 - Nonlinear-regression groundwater flow modeling of a deep regional aquifer system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-14T08:30:48","indexId":"70015637","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nonlinear-regression groundwater flow modeling of a deep regional aquifer system","docAbstract":"A nonlinear regression groundwater flow model, based on a Galerkin finite-element discretization, was used to analyze steady state two-dimensional groundwater flow in the areally extensive Madison aquifer in a 75,000 mi2 area of the Northern Great Plains. Regression parameters estimated include intrinsic permeabilities of the main aquifer and separate lineament zones, discharges from eight major springs surrounding the Black Hills, and specified heads on the model boundaries. Aquifer thickness and temperature variations were included as specified functions. The regression model was applied using sequential F testing so that the fewest number and simplest zonation of intrinsic permeabilities, combined with the simplest overall model, were evaluated initially; additional complexities (such as subdivisions of zones and variations in temperature and thickness) were added in stages to evaluate the subsequent degree of improvement in the model results. It was found that only the eight major springs, a single main aquifer intrinsic permeability, two separate lineament intrinsic permeabilities of much smaller values, and temperature variations are warranted by the observed data (hydraulic heads and prior information on some parameters) for inclusion in a model that attempts to explain significant controls on groundwater flow. Addition of thickness variations did not significantly improve model results; however, thickness variations were included in the final model because they are fairly well defined. Effects on the observed head distribution from other features, such as vertical leakage and regional variations in intrinsic permeability, apparently were overshadowed by measurement errors in the observed heads. Estimates of the parameters correspond well to estimates obtained from other independent sources.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR022i013p01759","usgsCitation":"Cooley, R.L., Konikow, L.F., and Naff, R.L., 1986, Nonlinear-regression groundwater flow modeling of a deep regional aquifer system: Water Resources Research, v. 22, no. 13, p. 1759-1778, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR022i013p01759.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"1759","endPage":"1778","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223946,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Great Plains, Madison aquifer","volume":"22","issue":"13","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a616ae4b0c8380cd71950","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cooley, Richard L.","contributorId":8831,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cooley","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371419,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Konikow, Leonard F. 0000-0002-0940-3856 lkonikow@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0940-3856","contributorId":158,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Konikow","given":"Leonard","email":"lkonikow@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":371418,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Naff, Richard L.","contributorId":79867,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Naff","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371420,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70015641,"text":"70015641 - 1986 - Recalibration and predictive reliability of a solute-transport model of an irrigated stream-aquifer system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-18T12:02:05","indexId":"70015641","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Recalibration and predictive reliability of a solute-transport model of an irrigated stream-aquifer system","docAbstract":"A solute-transport model of an irrigated stream-aquifer system was recalibrated because of discrepancies between prior predictions of ground-water salinity trends during 1971-1982 and the observed outcome in February 1982. The original model was calibrated with a 1-year record of data collected during 1971-1972 in an 18-km reach of the Arkansas River Valley in southeastern Colorado. The model is improved by incorporating additional hydrologic processes (salt transport through the unsaturated zone) and through reexamination of the reliability of some input data (regression relationship used to estimate salinity from specific conductance data). Extended simulations using the recalibrated model are made to investigate the usefulness of the model for predicting long-term trends of salinity and water levels within the study area. Predicted ground-water levels during 1971-1982 are in good agreement with the observed, indicating that the original 1971-1972 study period was sufficient to calibrate the flow model. However, long-term simulations using the recalibrated model based on recycling the 1971-1972 data alone yield an average ground-water salinity for 1982 that is too low by about 10%. Simulations that incorporate observed surface-water salinity variations yield better results, in that the calculated average ground-water salinity for 1982 is within 3% of the observed value. Statistical analysis of temporal salinity variations of the applied surface water indicates that at least a 4-year sampling period is needed to accurately calibrate the transport model.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(86)90120-4","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Person, M., and Konikow, L.F., 1986, Recalibration and predictive reliability of a solute-transport model of an irrigated stream-aquifer system: Journal of Hydrology, v. 87, no. 1-2, p. 145-165, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(86)90120-4.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"145","endPage":"165","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":224050,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -105.99609375,\n 36.96744946416934\n ],\n [\n -101.9970703125,\n 36.96744946416934\n ],\n [\n -101.9970703125,\n 39.70718665682654\n ],\n [\n -105.99609375,\n 39.70718665682654\n ],\n [\n -105.99609375,\n 36.96744946416934\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"87","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a95cae4b0c8380cd81c2d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Person, M.","contributorId":20876,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Person","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371428,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Konikow, Leonard F. 0000-0002-0940-3856 lkonikow@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0940-3856","contributorId":158,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Konikow","given":"Leonard","email":"lkonikow@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":371429,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014617,"text":"70014617 - 1986 - Interpretation of broad-band seismograms from central Aleutian earthquakes.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:30","indexId":"70014617","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":781,"text":"Annales Geophysicae, Series B","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Interpretation of broad-band seismograms from central Aleutian earthquakes.","docAbstract":"Broad-band Graefenberg (GRF) array data from 11 moderate-size shallow-depth earthquakes in the central Aleutians have been used to study the effects of focal depth and structure across the arc on observed waveforms. The theoretical results, primarily phase arrival times, suggest that arc structure is responsible for many of the complicated features seen on vertical-component summation seismograms simulated with different instrument responses from the broad-band array data. Except for one trench event, all the earthquakes studied occurred along the plate interface zone, had similar thrust focal mechanisms, and differed only in depth. As a result, the effects of depth phases on observed GRF waveforms across the arc were found to be systematically related to the increase in focal depth along the shallow-dipping seismic zone. -from Authors","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Annales Geophysicae, Series B","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Engdahl, E., and Kind, R., 1986, Interpretation of broad-band seismograms from central Aleutian earthquakes.: Annales Geophysicae, Series B, v. 4 B, no. 3, p. 233-240.","startPage":"233","endPage":"240","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226165,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"4 B","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3d6ae4b0c8380cd63556","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Engdahl, E.R.","contributorId":22906,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Engdahl","given":"E.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368831,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kind, R.","contributorId":63545,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kind","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368832,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015652,"text":"70015652 - 1986 - Development of labd cover and terrain databases for the Innoko National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska, using LANDSAT and digital terrain data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-20T19:34:54","indexId":"70015652","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Development of labd cover and terrain databases for the Innoko National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska, using LANDSAT and digital terrain data","docAbstract":"Landsat-derived land cover maps and associated elevation, slope, and aspect class maps were produced for the Innoko National Wildlife Refuge (3,850,000 acres; 1,555,095 hectares) in northwestern Alaska. These maps and associated digital data products are being used by the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service for wildlife management, research, and comprehensive conservation planning. Portions of two Landsat Multispectral Scanner (MSS) scenes and digital terrain data were used to produce 1:250,000 scale land cover and terrain maps. Prints of summer and winter Landsat MSS scenes were used to manually interpret broad physiographic strata. These strata were transferred to U. S. Geological Survey 1:250,000-scale topographic maps and digitized. Seven major land cover classes and 23 subclasses were identified. The major land cover classes include: forest, scrub, dwarf scrub and related types, herbaceous, scarcely vegetated areas, water, and shadow.","largerWorkTitle":"Technical Papers of the American Society of Photogrammetry, Fall Technical Meeting","conferenceTitle":"1986 ASPRS-ACSM Fall Convention - ASPRS Technical Papers.","conferenceLocation":"Anchorage, AK, USA","language":"English","publisher":"American Soc for Photogrammetry & Remote Sensing","publisherLocation":"Falls Church, VA, USA","issn":"02714043","isbn":"0937294764","usgsCitation":"Markon, C.J., and Talbot, S., 1986, Development of labd cover and terrain databases for the Innoko National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska, using LANDSAT and digital terrain data, in Technical Papers of the American Society of Photogrammetry, Fall Technical Meeting, Anchorage, AK, USA, p. 367-368.","startPage":"367","endPage":"368","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224167,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fd44e4b0c8380cd4e721","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Markon, Carl J. markon@usgs.gov","contributorId":2499,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Markon","given":"Carl","email":"markon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371453,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Talbot, Stephen S.","contributorId":73266,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Talbot","given":"Stephen S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371454,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014616,"text":"70014616 - 1986 - Platinum-group element resources in podiform chromitites from California and Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-05T17:55:33.228454","indexId":"70014616","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Platinum-group element resources in podiform chromitites from California and Oregon","docAbstract":"Rock samples from about 280 podiform chromite deposits in California and Oregon were analyzed for Pt, Pd, Rh, and Ir by fire assay-atomic absorption and spectrographic techniques to estimate by-product platinum-group element potential of chromite mining. These deposits include ophiolites from the Sierra Nevada, Klamath Mountains, Coast Ranges, and the Canyon Mountain Complex; the deposits vary from Paleozoic to Mesozoic age and vary in size, shape, texture, and degree of metamorphism. The maximum platinum-group element contents (in ppm) measured for chromitites are: Pt, 2.53; Pd, 0.2; Rh, 0.14; Ru, 4.93; and Ir, 2.93.Correlations between Pt and Rh (0.60), Rh and Ir (0.64), Rh and Ru (0.71), and Ir and Ru (0.85) are significant at the 1 percent level. Relatively small but significant differences in platinum-group element content exist between geologic terranes. Chromite production from California and Oregon amounts to about 692,000 metric tons (1914-1985); the mean contained platinum-group element amounts in troy ounces are: Pt, 850; Pd, 100; Rh, 260; Ru, 4200; and Ir, 1,700, using estimated grades. Previous investigators have suggested that relatively few samples can represent the platinum-group element content of a podiform chromite deposit; therefore, these analyses are assumed to approximate \"grades.\" Total world resources of platinum-group elements in podiform chromite deposits are estimated in troy ounces to be: Pt, 210,000; Pd, 25,000; Rh, 64,000; Ru, 1,000,000; and Ir, 420,000.
Detailed organic geochemistry has been performed on a large number of Lower Mississippian-Upper Devonian Bakken shales from the North Dakota portion of the Williston Basin, and 28 oils mainly from Mississippian Madison Group rocks from different basinal areas. Here we report results of Rock-Eval pyrolysis and vitrinite reflectance (Ro) analyses. Variable paleoheat flows in the Williston Basin caused the threshold of intense hydrocarbon generation to occur at different depths in different basinal areas. In higher paleogeothermal gradient basinal areas, this event occurred at depths of 7,650-8,000 ft, and at 10,000 ft or deeper in lower paleogeothermal gradient areas of the Basin. Distinct organic metamorphic imprints in Williston Basin sediments were also caused by extreme, but variable, paleoheat flows in the basin, as well as secondary migration of crude oils from deep basinal source areas. The high paleoheat flows are postulated as being due to a Late Cretaceous - Paleocene aborted rift event. Only a small volume of Bakken shales in restricted areas of the Williston Basin was responsible for the oil found reservoired in Mississippian Madison Group rocks. However, this small shale volume has been responsible for a relatively large amount of crude oil.
Ro profiles in the Tertiary through Middle Jurassic rocks in the Williston Basin had steep, linear Ro versus depth gradients, with strong reversals of Ro values occurring in the Lower Jurassic rocks. The lower Mesozoic through Paleozoic rocks of the Basin had strongly suppressed Ro values compared to the values in the Tertiary through Middle Jurassic rocks. This was especially true of the Ro values in the Bakken shales. This Ro suppression was due to a change in organic matter (OM) type from oxygen-rich terrestrially derived OM in the younger rocks, to a hydrogen-rich marine derived OM in the deeper, older rocks. The threshold of intense oil generation (TIHG) occurred in the Bakken shales of the Williston Basin at Ro values somewhere between 0.9 and 1.7% (best estimate 0.9), as would be read in oxygen-rich OM. Much higher burial temperatures (and consequently Ro values) than usually held to be necessary were required for both the TIHG as well as mainstage hydrocarbon generation in the Bakken shales. These results are most likely applicable in general to source rocks with hydrogen-rich OM. The data of this study have major implications to petroleum exploration as well as to petroleum resource assessment.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1747-5457.1986.tb00378.x","issn":"01416421","usgsCitation":"Price, L., Daws, T., and Pawlewicz, M., 1986, Organic metamorphism in the Lower Mississippian-Upper Devonian Bakken shales. Part 1: Rock-Eval pyrolysis and vitrinite reflectance: Journal of Petroleum Geology, v. 9, no. 2, p. 125-162, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-5457.1986.tb00378.x.","productDescription":"38 p.","startPage":"125","endPage":"162","numberOfPages":"38","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224074,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-12-18","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6fd0e4b0c8380cd75caa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Price, L.C.","contributorId":48575,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Price","given":"L.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370102,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Daws, T.","contributorId":43919,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Daws","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370101,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pawlewicz, M.","contributorId":68886,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pawlewicz","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370103,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70014611,"text":"70014611 - 1986 - Planning for optical disk technology with digital cartography.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:31","indexId":"70014611","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3052,"text":"Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Planning for optical disk technology with digital cartography.","docAbstract":"A major shortfall that still exists in digital systems is the need for very large mass storage capacity. The decade of the 1980s has introduced laser optical disk storage technology, which may be the breakthrough needed for mass storage. This paper addresses system concepts for digital cartography during the transition period. Emphasis will be placed on determining USGS mass storage requirements and introducing laser optical disk technology for handling storage problems for digital data in this decade.-from Author","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Light, D., 1986, Planning for optical disk technology with digital cartography.: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, v. 52, no. 4, p. 551-557.","startPage":"551","endPage":"557","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226035,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"52","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7bd5e4b0c8380cd79658","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Light, D.L.","contributorId":57606,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Light","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368804,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70014605,"text":"70014605 - 1986 - STORM-SEWER FLOW MEASUREMENT AND RECORDING SYSTEM.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:31","indexId":"70014605","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3647,"text":"Transportation Research Record","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"STORM-SEWER FLOW MEASUREMENT AND RECORDING SYSTEM.","docAbstract":"A comprehensive study and development of instruments and techniques for measuring all components of flow in a storm-sewer drainage system were undertaken by the U. S. Geological Survey under the sponsorship of FHWA. The study involved laboratory and field calibration and testing of measuring flumes, pipe insert meters, weirs, and electromagnetic velocity meters as well as the development and calibration of pneumatic bubbler and pressure transducer head-measuring systems. Tracer dilution and acoustic-flowmeter measurements were used in field verification tests. A single micrologger was used to record data from all the instruments and also to activate on command the electromagnetic velocity meter and tracer dilution systems.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Transportation Research Record","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"03611981","usgsCitation":"Kilpatrick, F.A., and Kaehrle, W.R., 1986, STORM-SEWER FLOW MEASUREMENT AND RECORDING SYSTEM.: Transportation Research Record, p. 1-9.","startPage":"1","endPage":"9","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225966,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aaf91e4b0c8380cd87673","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kilpatrick, Frederick A.","contributorId":19306,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kilpatrick","given":"Frederick","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368790,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kaehrle, William R.","contributorId":68044,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kaehrle","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368791,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014656,"text":"70014656 - 1986 - Application of seismic refraction methods in groundwater modeling studies in New England (USA)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-15T07:59:33","indexId":"70014656","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1808,"text":"Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Application of seismic refraction methods in groundwater modeling studies in New England (USA)","docAbstract":"Seismic refraction studies were conducted over unconfined glacial aquifers in New England to determine: 1) depth of the underlying bedrock; 2) depth of the water table; 3) saturated thickness of the aquifer in areas not accessible to heavy drilling equipment; 4) areas where thick, unsaturated sediments overlie thickly saturated parts of the aquifer; and 5) locations of test holes and type of drilling equipment needed. These data were used in groundwater models and provided parameter values that required few adjustments during calibration. -from Author","language":"English","publisher":"GeoScienceWorld","doi":"10.1190/1.1442083","issn":"00168033","usgsCitation":"Haeni, F., 1986, Application of seismic refraction methods in groundwater modeling studies in New England (USA): Geophysics, v. 51, no. 2, p. 236-249, https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1442083.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"236","endPage":"249","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":225720,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"New England","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.6943359375,\n 41.80407814427234\n ],\n [\n -81.9140625,\n 41.86956082699455\n ],\n [\n -75.1904296875,\n 37.16031654673677\n ],\n [\n -66.5771484375,\n 44.55916341529182\n ],\n [\n -67.5,\n 47.27922900257082\n ],\n [\n -69.3896484375,\n 47.57652571374621\n ],\n [\n -81.6943359375,\n 41.80407814427234\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"51","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ecaee4b0c8380cd49419","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Haeni, F.P.","contributorId":87105,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haeni","given":"F.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368924,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70014660,"text":"70014660 - 1986 - Structure of the North American Atlantic Continental Margin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-07T16:32:06.716782","indexId":"70014660","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2307,"text":"Journal of Geological Education","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Structure of the North American Atlantic Continental Margin","docAbstract":"The use of multichannel seismic-reflection profiles to study oceanic areas has advanced our understanding of deep crustal structure and the history of its development. Off eastern North America, where the structure of the continental margin is essentially constructional, seismic profiles have approximated geologic cross sections up to 10–15 km below the sea floor and revealed major structural and stratigraphic features that have regional hydrocarbon potential. These features include (a) a block-faulted basement hinge zone; (b) a deep, broad, rifted basement filled with clastic sediment and salt; and (c) a buried paleoshelf-edge complex that has many forms. The mapping of seismo-stratigraphic units over the continental shelf, slope, and rise has shown that the margin's developmental state included infilling of a rifted margin, buildup of a carbonate platform, and construction of an onlapping continental-rise wedge that was accompanied by eroison of the slope.
Correlation of seismic stratigraphy with well-log biostratigraphy reveals that the area experienced a gradual rise in sea level during the Mesozoic and an episodic sea-level fall during the Cenozoic. These long-term changes formed a subdued continental shelf-slope-rise transition in the early Tertiary and a steepened one in the Quaternary. Comparison of seismic and drill-hole data has also shown margin-wide unconformities similar to those shown by the Vail curve of coastal onlap and eustatic sea-level change, i.e., unconformities that provide markers to subdivide the sequences of reflections on the seismic-reflection profiles. Further, the termination of older key reflectors against oceanic basement gives us a corroborative check on the age of oceanic crust as determined from the magnetic anomalies produced by sea-floor-spreading.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.5408/0022-1368-34.2.72","issn":"00221368","usgsCitation":"Schlee, J.S., and Klitgord, K., 1986, Structure of the North American Atlantic Continental Margin: Journal of Geological Education, v. 34, no. 2, p. 72-89, https://doi.org/10.5408/0022-1368-34.2.72.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"72","endPage":"89","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":480141,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5408/0022-1368-34.2.72","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":225790,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"34","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2018-02-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9c5ee4b08c986b31d3c7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schlee, J. S.","contributorId":68337,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schlee","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368935,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Klitgord, K.K.","contributorId":41152,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klitgord","given":"K.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368934,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015689,"text":"70015689 - 1986 - Manganese biogeochemistry in a small Adirondack forested lake watershed","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-14T08:18:30","indexId":"70015689","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Manganese biogeochemistry in a small Adirondack forested lake watershed","docAbstract":"In September and October 1981, manganese (Mn) concentrations and pH were intensively monitored in a small forested lake watershed in the west-central Adirondack Mountains, New York, during two large acidic storms (each ∼5 cm rainfall, pH 4.61 and 4.15). The data were evaluated to identify biogeochemical pathways of Mn and to assess how these pathways are altered by acidic atmospheric inputs. Concentrations of Mn averaged 1.1 μg/L in precipitation and increased to 107 μg/L in canopy throughfall, the enrichment reflecting active biological cycling of Mn. Rain pH and throughfall Mn were negatively correlated, suggesting that foliar leaching of Mn was enhanced by rainfall acidity. The pulselike input of Mn to the forest floor in the high initial concentrations in throughfall (∼1000 μg/L) did not affect Mn concentrations in soil water (< 20 μg/L) or groundwater (usually < 40 μg/L), which varied little with time. In the inlet stream, Mn concentrations remained constant at 48 μg/L as discharge varied from 1.1 to 96 L/s. Manganese was retained in the vegetative cycle and regulated in the stream by adsorption in the soil organic horizon. The higher Mn levels in the stream may be linked to its high acidity (pH 4.2–4.3). Mixing of Mn-rich stream water with neutral lake water (pH 7.0) caused precipitation of Mn and deposition in lake sediment.
The heat capacity of a natural monticellite (Ca1.00Mg.09Fe.91Mn.01Si0.99O3.99) measured between 9.6 and 343 K using intermittent-heating, adiabatic calorimetry yields Cp0(298) and S2980 of 123.64 ± 0.18 and 109.44 ± 0.16 J · mol−1K−1 respectively. Extrapolation of this entropy value to end-member monticellite results in an S0298 = 108.1 ± 0.2 J · mol−1K−1. High-temperature heat-capacity data were measured between 340–1000 K with a differential scanning calorimeter. The high-temperature data were combined with the 290–350 K adiabatic values, extrapolated to 1700 K, and integrated to yield the following entropy equation for end-member monticellite (298–1700 K): ST0(J · mol−1K−1) = S2980 + 164.79 In T + 15.337 · 10−3T + 22.791 · 105T−2 − 968.94. Phase equilibria in the CaO-MgO-SiO2 system were calculated from 973 to 1673 K and 0 to 12 kbar with these new data combined with existing data for akermanite (Ak), diopside (Di), forsterite (Fo), merwinite (Me) and wollastonite (Wo). The location of the calculated reactions involving the phases Mo and Fo is affected by their mutual solid solution. A best fit of the thermodynamically generated curves to all experiments is made when the S0298 of Me is 250.2 J · mol−1 K−1 less than the measured value of 253.2 J · mol−1 K−1.
A best fit to the reversals for the solid-solid and decarbonation reactions in the CaO-MgO-SiO2-CO2 system was obtained with the ΔG0298 (kJ · mole−1) for the phases Ak(−3667), Di(−3025), Fo(−2051), Me(−4317) and Mo(−2133). The two invariant points − Wo and −Fo for the solid-solid reactions are located at 1008 ± 5 K and 6.3 ± 0.1 kbar, and 1361 ± 10 K and 10.2 ± 0.2 kbar respectively. The location of the thermodynamically generated curves is in excellent agreement with most experimental data on decarbonation equilibria involving these phases.
Bed shear stress was estimated using wave and current measurements obtained with the GEOPROBE bottom-tripod system during resuspension events in Norton Sound, Alaska, and on the northern California shelf. The boundary-layer model of Grant and Madsen (1979, Journal of Geophysical Research, 84, 1797-1808) was used to compute the bed shear stress under combined wave-generated and quasi-steady currents. Resuspension events were identified by sudden, large increases in light scattering at 1.9 m above the sea floor. The shear-stress values were used to compute the Shields parameter (??). The results for Norton Sound are in excellent agreement with the Shields threshold criterion; the data for the California shelf plot somewhat above the Shields threshold curve, though generally within the scatter envelope. Although the surface sediments in each area contain substantial fine-grained fractions (mean diameters were 0.007 cm in Norton Sound and 0.002 cm on the California shelf), the results do not indicate significant cohesion, because the sediment was entrained at bed shear-stress values close to those predicted by the modified Shields curve for cohesionless fine-grained particles. We suspect that frequent wave stirring and observed plowing of the surface sediment by benthonic animals maintain a high water content and contribute to the ease with which these materials are resuspended.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0278-4343(86)90081-6","issn":"02784343","usgsCitation":"Drake, D., and Cacchione, D., 1986, Field observations of bed shear stress and sediment resuspension on continental shelves, Alaska and California: Continental Shelf Research, v. 6, no. 3, p. 415-429, https://doi.org/10.1016/0278-4343(86)90081-6.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"415","endPage":"429","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226162,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska, California","volume":"6","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0fcbe4b0c8380cd53a07","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Drake, D.E.","contributorId":48150,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drake","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368654,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cacchione, D.A.","contributorId":65448,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cacchione","given":"D.A.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":368655,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014548,"text":"70014548 - 1986 - Mass storage estimates for the digital mapping era.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:30","indexId":"70014548","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3052,"text":"Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mass storage estimates for the digital mapping era.","docAbstract":"Proponents of the digital era recognize that a break-through in mass storage technology may be required to attain a reasonable degree of computerization of the cartographic mapping and data management process. This paper provides the rationale for estimating that about 1014 bits of digital mass storage are needed for developing a digital 1:24 000-scale topographic data base of the US. Also, it will discuss the optical disk as a leading candidate for handling the mass storage dilemma.-from Author","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Light, D., 1986, Mass storage estimates for the digital mapping era.: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, v. 52, no. 3, p. 419-425.","startPage":"419","endPage":"425","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226094,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"52","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5257e4b0c8380cd6c337","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Light, D.L.","contributorId":57606,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Light","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368650,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}