{"pageNumber":"1547","pageRowStart":"38650","pageSize":"25","recordCount":41032,"records":[{"id":70207694,"text":"70207694 - 1981 - Early evolution of the Bering Sea by collision of oceanic rises and North Pacific subduction zones","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-15T14:51:33.302372","indexId":"70207694","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-06T15:13:29","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1723,"text":"GSA Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Early evolution of the Bering Sea by collision of oceanic rises and North Pacific subduction zones","docAbstract":"<p>Three major bathymetric features exist in the Bering Sea: Shirshov Ridge, Bowers Ridge, and Umnak Plateau. New refraction data over Umnak Plateau and previous geophysical data across Bowers Ridge indicate that a thickened welt of crustal material is present beneath both features. The crustal structure is transitional between oceanic and continental types.</p><p>Various models for the origin of these features have been investigated. One that has not been proposed previously assumes that the protostructures of Bowers Ridge and Umnak Plateau could have formed outside of the present Bering Sea. According to this model, before formation of the Aleutian Ridge in late Mesozoic or earliest Tertiary time, these protostructures moved into their present Bering Sea positions.</p><p>Prior to the arrival of these two structures in the Bering Sea, oceanic crust was subducted along the Bering continental margin connecting Alaska and Siberia. The collision of the Umnak Plateau protostructure with the southeastern edge of the margin may have caused subduction to terminate here and move southward. The new southerly position of subduction beneath the Aleutian Ridge was therefore controlled by late Mesozoic or early Tertiary locations of Umnak Plateau, Bowers Ridge, and possibly, the north-trending Shirshov Ridge farther to the west.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"GSA","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1981)92<485:EEOTBS>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Ben-Avraham, Z., and Cooper, A.K., 1981, Early evolution of the Bering Sea by collision of oceanic rises and North Pacific subduction zones: GSA Bulletin, v. 92, no. 7, p. 485-495, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1981)92<485:EEOTBS>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"485","endPage":"495","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371023,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Pacific Basin","volume":"92","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ben-Avraham, Z.","contributorId":68459,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ben-Avraham","given":"Z.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778992,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cooper, Alan K. acooper@usgs.gov","contributorId":2854,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cooper","given":"Alan","email":"acooper@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":778993,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":36654,"text":"36654 - 1981 - Biological and economic impact of stream alteration in the Virginia Piedmont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-18T14:17:08","indexId":"36654","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T13:35:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":20,"text":"FWS/OBS","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"81/33","title":"Biological and economic impact of stream alteration in the Virginia Piedmont","docAbstract":"<p>A 31 month (September 1974 - March 1977) study was conducted on warmwater streams located in the Roanoke Creek watershed of the Piedmont Region of Virginia. The purpose of the study was to determine the effects of stream channelization on the aquatic/riparian wildlife resource and agricultural land-use patterns associated with the altered streams. Three streams, which were channelized 3, 6, and 10 years prior to initiation of the study, and teo unaltered streams, were selected as representative streams for the study.</p>\n<br>\n<p>Recently channelized streams lacked overstory cover but has an abundance of herbaceous and small woody plany cover, Conversely, control streams had significantly larger percentages of trees over 46 m tall. Plant species diversity, foliage height diversity, and evenness diversity increased as age since channelization increased.</p>\n<br>\n<p>No major differences in water quality parameters were found for either channelized or control streams, although channelized streams had greater deposits of sand and lesser amount of rock, rubble, and gravel. These changes in substrate composition did not significantly modify actual stream flow rates.</p>\n<br>\n<p>Fish species composition and species diversity among channelized and unchannelized streams were only slightly different, with most of the differences probably attributable to strays from adjacent habitats, However, evenness diversity for fish communities was lower in channelized streams.</p>\n<br>\n<p>The benthic population showed greater changes than did the fish populations with an increase in Chironominae tolerant of unstable sand substrates in channelized streams. Evenness diversity of benthic populations was also higher and showed more consistency in the control stream than in channelized streams. Evenness diversity of benthic communities in control stream averaged between 0.5 to 0.6 and was quite consistent; whereas, the average in the two youngest channelized streams was 0.3 to 0.4. These data seem to indicate decreased stability of the biota in altered streams.<p>\n<br>\n<p>In general, benthic macroinvertabrate and fish community parameters collected from channelized streams located 1200 m below a reservoir were either comparable  to, or intermediate between, upstream (unchannelized) and reservoir tailwater values. The shallow surface discharge impoundments associated with channelized streams appeared to have a highly localized impact on the downstream benthic marcoinvertabrate and fish communities.</p>\n<br>\n<p>During winter, bird species diversity (BSD) among channelized stream sites was not significantly different. During the breeding season, species richness (number of breeding species) and BSD increased with age since channelization. Breeding bird densities were 6.2 pairs/ha in the most recent (3 yr) channelized site and 13.3 pairs/ha on the control streams. Bird diversity and density, particularly for Parulids (warblers), during the breeding season were reduced significantly by removal of tree and shrub layers along channelized streams.</p>\n<br>\n<p>No significant differences were found among study sites for either total number of small mammals or their species diversity indices; although, there was a trend toward increasing diversity as age since channelization increased. Smaller differences in species diversity values for small mammals on channelized sites than for birds suggests that small mammal populations require less time for recovery following channelization than avian communities.</p>\n<br>\n<p>When streams are channelized: 1) vegetation should be removed from only one side of the stream, with minimal disturbance of top-soil; followed by plantings of herbaceous and woody vegetation, 2) hedgrow plantings should be maintained between agricultural fields and the stream for bank stabilization, 3) dead snags and large trees should be left for birds, 4) all channelization projects should be designed according to the most recent guidelines recommended by the SCS and other resources agencies.</p>\n<br>\n<p>In 1958, the Roanoke County Watershed Work Plan projected annual costs of the structured measures (mainly reservoirs and downstream channelization) to be $79,897 and the average annual monetary benefits to be $111,103. With this favorable benefit/cost ration of 1.4, work began in 1960. In 1970, the annual capital cost was 60,780 and operations/maintenance costs were 10,402, or a total annual project cost of $71, 182. High and low values of annual benefits from agricultural income, water supply, recreation, and non-agricultural flood damage were determined for 1970 and compared to annual project cost. The benefit/cost ratio obtained was between 0.25 and 0.58, considerably lower than the 1.4 estimate of the 1958. work plan. This unsatisfactory ratio for the project was due mainly to the failure of the project to encourage large scale cropping of bottomland area. Future projects should be planned with 1) a greater recognition of constraints on farm operator behavior which affect land use change, 2) conservative projection for land use changes in area where agriculture ids in overall decline, 3) increased use of sensitivity analysis to examine the consequences for project economic justification of alternative land use change projections.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","collaboration":"Performed for Eastern Energy and Land Use Team, National Water Resources Analysis Group, Office of Biological Services, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Department of the Interior","usgsCitation":"Whelan, J.B., 1981, Biological and economic impact of stream alteration in the Virginia Piedmont: FWS/OBS 81/33, x, 48 p.","productDescription":"x, 48 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":290475,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Virginia","county":"Charlotte County","otherGeospatial":"Roanoke Creek Watershed","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -78.904587,36.697909 ], [ -78.904587,37.248759 ], [ -78.443319,37.248759 ], [ -78.443319,36.697909 ], [ -78.904587,36.697909 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd4f71e4b0b290850f2b6f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Whelan, James B.","contributorId":39300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whelan","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":216742,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70120233,"text":"70120233 - 1981 - Predictive models of macroinvertebrate density for use in instream flow studies and regulated flow management","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-13T11:58:36","indexId":"70120233","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T11:57:48","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1169,"text":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Predictive models of macroinvertebrate density for use in instream flow studies and regulated flow management","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"National Research Council Canada","publisherLocation":"Ottawa","usgsCitation":"Gore, J., and Judy, R., 1981, Predictive models of macroinvertebrate density for use in instream flow studies and regulated flow management: Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, v. 38, no. 11, 1 p.","productDescription":"1 p.","numberOfPages":"1","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":292083,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"38","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53ec7bcfe4b02bf5a767408c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gore, J.A.","contributorId":32652,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gore","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498032,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Judy, R.D.","contributorId":58746,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Judy","given":"R.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498033,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70120217,"text":"70120217 - 1981 - Results of a modeling workshop concerning resource development and management in Jackson Hole, Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-13T10:58:29","indexId":"70120217","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T10:57:37","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"title":"Results of a modeling workshop concerning resource development and management in Jackson Hole, Wyoming","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Western Energy and Land Use Team","publisherLocation":"Fort Collins, CO","usgsCitation":"Andrews, A., Ellison, R., Hamilton, D.B., Roelle, J.E., and McNamee, P., 1981, Results of a modeling workshop concerning resource development and management in Jackson Hole, Wyoming, 74 p.","productDescription":"74 p.","numberOfPages":"74","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":292068,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53ec7bd1e4b02bf5a767409d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Andrews, A.K.","contributorId":44991,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andrews","given":"A.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498005,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ellison, R.A.","contributorId":82709,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellison","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498006,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hamilton, David B. hamiltond@usgs.gov","contributorId":193,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hamilton","given":"David","email":"hamiltond@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":498003,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Roelle, J. E.","contributorId":91066,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roelle","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498007,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"McNamee, P.J.","contributorId":30152,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McNamee","given":"P.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498004,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70120213,"text":"70120213 - 1981 - Results of a modeling workshop concerning preservation and protection of wetlands in North Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-13T10:30:00","indexId":"70120213","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T10:04:25","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"title":"Results of a modeling workshop concerning preservation and protection of wetlands in North Dakota","docAbstract":"<p>In a recently signed letter, the Governor of North Dakota and the Assistant Secretary of the Interior for Fish and Wildlife and Parks charged a joint state-federal study group with examination of two separate questions: 1) mitigation for the Garrison Diversion Project; and 2) planning for long-range protection and preservation of fish and wildlife habitat in North Dakota.  The cochair for this study group (the Secretary of the Interior's Field Representative, Denver, Colorado, and the Natural Resources Coordinator for North Dakota) further articulated the charge concerning the second of these two questions to include three steps: 1) development of a general plan for preservation and protection of migratory waterfowl and their associated wetland habitat; 2) a comprehensive analysis of alternative strategies, including opportunities and constraints, for achieving the goals articulated in Step 1; and 3) design of a coordinated state-federal public information program to assist in plan implementation.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>In order to obtain input from a variety of interests, the joint study group initiated step 2 activities with a five-day workshop in Bismarck, N. D.; December 8-12, 1980.  The objectives of the workshop were: 1) to identify alternative strategies for preserving and enhancing waterfowl production habitat in North Dakota; 2) to identify opportunities and constraints associated with those alternatives; and 3) to promote communication and understanding of the implications of those alternatives for all affected parties.  To achieve these objectives, the workshop utilized a group of concepts and techniques collectively known as Adaptive Environmental Assessment (AEA).</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Developed by Dr. C. S. Holling and his co-workers at the University of British Columbia, the AEA process involves planners, managers, scientists, and other interested parties in a structures atmosphere whose focus is the construction and examination of a computerized simulation model of the resource system under consideration.  The modeling process is used to promote communication, identify pertinent issues, identify key data gaps and uncertainties, direct research efforts to fill those gaps, and explore the possible consequences of various management alternatives.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>The workshop, which was facilitated by the AEA Group of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS), was attended by approximately 25 invited participants representing a variety of interests concerned with the wetlands protection issue in North Dakota.  During the week workshop participants conceptualized and constructed a computerized simulation model incorporating many of the hydrologic, agricultural, and wildlife aspects of the wetlands issue.  During the process of constructing this model and examining its behavior, participants identified several interesting alternative strategies that may prove useful in an overall wetland protection program, along with a variety of constraints associated with each.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Perhaps the most interesting of these alternatives revolve around the idea that there may be a variety of cases in which water can be retained on the land, with concommitant benefits both for wildlife and flood control, without detriment to agricultural productivity.  Examples of this kind of activity include flooding of previously drained Type I wetlands in summer fallow areas, installation of smaller drains in Type I and III wetlands to reduce the rate at which water runs off in the spring, and use of strategically located gates in drainage channels associated with the state highway system to slow runoff and create wetland habitat.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Several other alternatives discussed at the workshop are related to the notion of using available, uncommitted water supplied to enhance or create wetlands.  Several cases were cited in which more certain water supplies would be useful in increasing waterfowl production or reducing disease problems, especially in dry years.  Water for such purposes might come from a variety of current of proposed water development projects, both large and small scale.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Finally, the potential for re-establishment of \"unsuccessfully\" drained (i.e., not consistently usable for agricultural purposes) wetlands was discussed at some length.  There are apparently substantial acreages of such wetlands in North Dakota and a program to acquire and rehabilitate them might be of considerable utility.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>The workshop was thus successful in accomplishing its first two objectives--identification of alternative strategies, opportunities, and constraints.  However, it would be naive to suppose that any of the alternatives discussed offers a complete, simple solution to the wetlands issue in North Dakota.  The most important result of the workshop may therefore be that which was accomplished relative to the third objective--promotion of communication and understanding.  It was gratifying and encouraging to see the spirit of communication and cooperation that developed by the end of the workshop.  The fact that representatives of many of the interests concerned with the wetlands issue participated in an open exchange of ideas and information marks an important step forward.  We believe that it is imperative that this cooperative attitude be maintained, and that there are a variety of ways in which this might be accomplished.  Perhaps the simplest would be a small-scale pilot project and research effort to determine the effects of wetland maintenance on summer fallow areas.  Such a research program would provide not only useful information, but an opportunity for many of the affected interests to begin working toward mutually acceptable solutions to the overall wetlands issue.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Western Energy and Land Use Team","publisherLocation":"Fort Collins, CO","usgsCitation":"Andrews, A.K., Auble, G.T., Ellison, R.A., Hamilton, D.B., and Roelle, J.E., 1981, Results of a modeling workshop concerning preservation and protection of wetlands in North Dakota, 61 p.","productDescription":"61 p.","numberOfPages":"61","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":292064,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Dakota","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -104.05,45.9351 ], [ -104.05,49.0007 ], [ -96.5545,49.0007 ], [ -96.5545,45.9351 ], [ -104.05,45.9351 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53ec7bd1e4b02bf5a767409a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Andrews, Austin K.","contributorId":85516,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andrews","given":"Austin","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498001,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Auble, Gregor T. 0000-0002-0843-2751 aubleg@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0843-2751","contributorId":2187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Auble","given":"Gregor","email":"aubleg@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":497998,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ellison, Richard A.","contributorId":19087,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellison","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498000,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hamilton, David B. hamiltond@usgs.gov","contributorId":193,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hamilton","given":"David","email":"hamiltond@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":497997,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Roelle, James E. roelleb@usgs.gov","contributorId":2330,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roelle","given":"James","email":"roelleb@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":497999,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70120212,"text":"70120212 - 1981 - Results of a modeling workshop concerning acid precipitation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-13T10:00:04","indexId":"70120212","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T09:58:09","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"title":"Results of a modeling workshop concerning acid precipitation","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Western Energy and Land Use Team","publisherLocation":"Fort Collins, CO","usgsCitation":"Andrews, A., Ellison, R., Hamilton, D.B., Roelle, J.E., and Marmorek, D., 1981, Results of a modeling workshop concerning acid precipitation.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":292062,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53ec7bd0e4b02bf5a7674093","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Andrews, A.K.","contributorId":44991,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andrews","given":"A.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":497992,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ellison, R.A.","contributorId":82709,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellison","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":497995,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hamilton, D. B.","contributorId":79553,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hamilton","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":497994,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Roelle, J. E.","contributorId":91066,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roelle","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":497996,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Marmorek, D.","contributorId":66187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marmorek","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":497993,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70011949,"text":"70011949 - 1981 - Estimation of surface temperature variations due to changes in sky and solar flux with elevation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-15T01:16:26.948532","indexId":"70011949","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimation of surface temperature variations due to changes in sky and solar flux with elevation","docAbstract":"<div class=\"\"><div class=\"article-section__content en main\"><p>Sky and solar radiance are of major importance in determining the ground temperature. Knowledge of their behavior is a fundamental part of surface temperature models. These two fluxes vary with elevation and this variation produces temperature changes. Therefore, when using thermal-property differences to discriminate geologic materials, these flux variations with elevation need to be considered. From a representative set of field observations, it was found that flux variations with elevation can cause changes in the mean diurnal temperature gradient from −4° to −14°C per km evaluated at 2000 m. Changes in the temperature-difference gradient of 1°-2°C per km are also produced which is equivalent to an effective thermal-inertia gradient of 100 W s<sup>1/2</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>m<sup>−2</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>K<sup>−1</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>per km. Thus, exposed bedrock on topographic ridges will appear to have a lower thermal inertia due to the additional effect.</p></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/GL008i006p00595","issn":"00948276","usgsCitation":"Hummer-Miller, S., 1981, Estimation of surface temperature variations due to changes in sky and solar flux with elevation: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 8, no. 6, p. 595-598, https://doi.org/10.1029/GL008i006p00595.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"595","endPage":"598","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":480580,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/gl008i006p00595","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":221207,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"8","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-12-07","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0bb1e4b0c8380cd52828","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hummer-Miller, S.","contributorId":53088,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hummer-Miller","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362374,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":1001490,"text":"1001490 - 1981 - Grazing intensity effects on the breeding avifauna of North Dakota native grasslands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-15T01:31:09.140636","indexId":"1001490","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1163,"text":"Canadian Field-Naturalist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Grazing intensity effects on the breeding avifauna of North Dakota native grasslands","docAbstract":"A breeding bird census and plant survey was conducted on 180 samples of lightly, moderately, and heavily grazed and hayed native grasslands in North Dakota in 1974. The ten most important cover plants on each of eight major physiographic landforms in three of the four regions (the Agassiz Lake Plain excluded) overlapped so extensively that only 19 species were involved: 13 grasses or sedges, four forbs, one shrub, and one clubmoss. Bird densities were generally highest in (i) regions and landforms containing numerous natural basin wetlands, (ii) flatter, glaciated landforms containing more fertile soils, and (iii) landforms of greater relief and high habitat heterogeneity. Avian species richness tended to decrease with increased grazing intensity, but total bird density increased due to higher populations of a few species, and hayland that had been mowed and raked during the previous growing season was highly attractive to some species.","language":"English","publisher":"Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club","usgsCitation":"Kantrud, H., 1981, Grazing intensity effects on the breeding avifauna of North Dakota native grasslands: Canadian Field-Naturalist, v. 95, no. 4, p. 404-417.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"404","endPage":"417","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":422585,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/352420"},{"id":133817,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"95","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b0fe4b07f02db6a0371","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kantrud, H.A.","contributorId":28553,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kantrud","given":"H.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311127,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70011906,"text":"70011906 - 1981 - Gravity model and structural implications of the Goddard Pendant, Sierra Nevada, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-16T16:06:39.471729","indexId":"70011906","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":6453,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Gravity model and structural implications of the Goddard Pendant, Sierra Nevada, California","docAbstract":"<p><span>A subsurface model for the Goddard pendant is constructed from a residual gravity high of about 7 mGal over the pendant. The model, which is the simplest and most geologically reasonable possibility, shows a metamorphic block that tapers with depth and extends about 3.5 km below the surface. The structures in the Goddard pendant are similar in style and orientation to those in other Sierra Nevada pendants, indicating that the country rock was neither deformed nor rotated during pluton emplacement. Consequently, emplacement must have been a passive rather than a forceful process. The pendant itself represents a piece of country rock trapped between plutons which are dome shaped in cross section.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB086iB10p09279","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Bray, D., and Oliver, H.W., 1981, Gravity model and structural implications of the Goddard Pendant, Sierra Nevada, California: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 86, no. B10, p. 9279-9286, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB086iB10p09279.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"9279","endPage":"9286","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221553,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"86","issue":"B10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2a25e4b0c8380cd5af18","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bray, du","contributorId":28749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bray","given":"du","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362255,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Oliver, H. W.","contributorId":85570,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oliver","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362256,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70010322,"text":"70010322 - 1981 - Significant results from using earth observation satellites for mineral and energy resource exploration","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-18T15:02:50","indexId":"70010322","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":661,"text":"Advances in Space Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Significant results from using earth observation satellites for mineral and energy resource exploration","docAbstract":"<p>A large number of Earth-observation satellites orbit our world several times each day, providing new information about the land and sea surfaces and the overlying thin layer of atmosphere that makes our planet unique. Meteorological satellites have had the longest history of experimental use and most are now considered operational. The geologic information collected by the Landsat, Polar Orbiting Geophysical Observatory (POGO), Magsat, Heat Capacity Mapping Mission (HCMM) and Seasat land and ocean observation systems is being thoroughly tested, and some of these systems are now approaching operational use.</p>\n<p>Landsat multispectral images provide views of large areas of the Earth under uniform lighting conditions and can be obtained at a variety of scales and formats. Not only do the Landsat data provide highly useful images showing surficial materials and structures such as folds and faults, but also measurements and computer-derived ratios of the brightness of different rock types, alteration zones, and mineral associations. These data have led to the finding of a variety of new ore deposits. In addition, the combination of Landsat digital data and aeromagnetic data has extended the use of Landsat as an exploration tool which can be used to readily relate surface features to subsurface anomalies.</p>\n<p>Magsat data, now being collected, are helping refine information on major crustal anomalies that were first recognized during the analysis of POGO data. The more nearly circular orbit, lower altitude, and increased sophistication of its vector magnetometer enable Magsat to provide more precise information than POGO. Information of this type is required to develop crustal models. Although Magsat is designed to operate for only 4&ndash;8 months, the number of orbits that it should be able to make will be sufficient to accomplish its mission and to record a major magnetic storm expected in 1980.</p>\n<p>HCMM is a two-band visible to near-IR (0.55&ndash;1.1 &mu;m) and thermal infrared (10.2&ndash;12.5 &mu;m) system designed to measure reflected solar energy, determine the heat capacity of rocks and to monitor soil moisture, thermal effluents, plant canopy temperatures and snow cover. Launched in April 1978, it is in sun-synchronous, circular orbit at an altitude of 620 km. It is a relatively low-resolution system with an instantaneous field of view (IFOV) of 500&ndash;600 m and a swath width of 716 km. However, the system is designed to detect objects in the range of 260&deg;&ndash;340&deg; K with a sensitivity (NE&delta;T) of 0.4&deg;K at 280&deg;. Recording the thermal radiation of urban heat islands and high thermal inertia of quartzite strata in the Appalachian region are two examples of its land applications.</p>\n<p>Launched in June 1978, Seasat operated for only 100 days, but successfully acquired much information over both sea and land. The collection of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery and radar altimetry was particularly important to geologists. Although there are difficulties in processing and distributing these data in a timely manner, initial evaluations indicate that the radar imagery supplements Landsat data by increasing the spectral range and offering a different look angle. The radar altimeter provides accurate profiles over narrow strips of land (1 km wide) and has demonstrated usefulness in measuring icecap surfaces (Greenland, Iceland, and Antarctica). The Salar of Uyuni in southern Bolivia served as a calibration site for the altimeter and has enabled investigators to develop a land-based smoothing algorithm that is believed to increase the accuracy of the system to 10 cm. Data from the altimeter are currently being used to measure subsidence resulting from ground water withdrawal in the Phoenix-Tucson area.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0273-1177(81)90402-6","issn":"02731177","usgsCitation":"Carter, W.D., 1981, Significant results from using earth observation satellites for mineral and energy resource exploration: Advances in Space Research, v. 1, no. 10, p. 261-269, https://doi.org/10.1016/0273-1177(81)90402-6.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"261","endPage":"269","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":218640,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":266021,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0273-1177(81)90402-6"}],"volume":"1","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8f2de4b08c986b318d89","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carter, William D.","contributorId":64567,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carter","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358640,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70011923,"text":"70011923 - 1981 - The origin and isotopic composition of dissolved sulfide in groundwater from carbonate aquifers in Florida and Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-06T07:05:00","indexId":"70011923","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The origin and isotopic composition of dissolved sulfide in groundwater from carbonate aquifers in Florida and Texas","docAbstract":"<p>The<span>&nbsp;</span><i>δ</i><sup>34</sup><i>S</i><span>&nbsp;</span>values of dissolved sulfide and the sulfur isotope fractionations between dissolved sulfide and sulfate species in Floridan ground water generally correlate with dissolved sulfate concentrations which are related to flow patterns and residence time within the aquifer. The dissolved sulfide derives from the slow<span>&nbsp;</span><i>in situ</i><span>&nbsp;</span>biogenic reduction of sulfate dissolved from sedimentary gypsum in the aquifer. In areas where the water is oldest, the dissolved sulfide has apparently attained isotopic equilibrium with the dissolved sulfate (<i>Δ</i><sup>34</sup><i>S</i><span>&nbsp;</span>= 65 per mil) at the temperature (28°C) of the system. This approach to equilibrium reflects an extremely slow reduction rate of the dissolved sulfate by bacteria; this slow rate probably results from very low concentrations of organic matter in the aquifer.</p><p>In the reducing part of the Edwards aquifer, Texas, there is a general down-gradient increase in both dissolved sulfide and sulfate concentrations, but neither the<span>&nbsp;</span><i>δ</i><sup>34</sup><i>S</i><span>&nbsp;</span>values of sulfide nor the sulfide-sulfate isotope fractionation correlates with the ground-water flow pattern. The dissolved sulfide species appear to be derived primarily from biogenic reduction of sulfate ions whose source is gypsum dissolution although upgradient diffusion of H<sub>2</sub>S gas from deeper oil field brines may be important in places. The sulfur isotope fractionation for sulfide-sulfate (about 38 per mil) is similar to that observed for modern oceanic sediments and probably reflects moderate sulfate reduction in the reducing part of the aquifer owing to the higher temperature and significant amount of organic matter present; contributions of isotopically heavy H<sub>2</sub>S from oil field brines are also possible.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(81)90024-7","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Rye, R.O., Back, W., Hanshaw, B., Rightmire, C., and Pearson, F.J., 1981, The origin and isotopic composition of dissolved sulfide in groundwater from carbonate aquifers in Florida and Texas: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 45, no. 10, p. 1941-1950, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(81)90024-7.","productDescription":"10 p. ","startPage":"1941","endPage":"1950","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220865,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States ","state":"Florida, Texas ","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[-81.582923,24.658732],[-81.562917,24.692912],[-81.535323,24.67954],[-81.490962,24.710105],[-81.459043,24.707355],[-81.451267,24.747464],[-81.432032,24.722908],[-81.431009,24.751761],[-81.319282,24.701238],[-81.298028,24.656774],[-81.395096,24.621062],[-81.414187,24.647167],[-81.470411,24.641985],[-81.49858,24.66498],[-81.511165,24.625135],[-81.602998,24.586444],[-81.810333,24.544701],[-81.794057,24.586],[-81.687017,24.592534],[-81.582923,24.658732]]],[[[-82.15068,24.576331],[-82.125268,24.597426],[-82.099417,24.572522],[-82.116787,24.549144],[-82.159439,24.548212],[-82.15068,24.576331]]],[[[-80.909954,24.781154],[-80.912042,24.76505],[-81.078716,24.696557],[-81.108041,24.688592],[-81.124094,24.704873],[-80.909954,24.781154]]],[[[-81.317673,24.75729],[-81.288259,24.720881],[-81.357417,24.756834],[-81.317673,24.75729]]],[[[-80.788263,24.824218],[-80.846191,24.802968],[-80.79278,24.843918],[-80.788263,24.824218]]],[[[-80.729275,24.865361],[-80.691762,24.885759],[-80.766966,24.836158],[-80.729275,24.865361]]],[[[-84.777208,29.707398],[-84.696726,29.76993],[-84.776954,29.692191],[-84.957779,29.612635],[-85.051033,29.586928],[-85.09519,29.62249],[-85.023501,29.597073],[-84.777208,29.707398]]],[[[-85.156415,29.679628],[-85.114268,29.688658],[-85.077237,29.670862],[-85.097218,29.633004],[-85.124913,29.628433],[-85.222546,29.678039],[-85.156415,29.679628]]],[[[-82.255777,26.703437],[-82.166042,26.489679],[-82.088423,26.455182],[-82.062551,26.470131],[-82.015607,26.454858],[-82.082915,26.422059],[-82.177017,26.471558],[-82.268007,26.682791],[-82.255777,26.703437]]],[[[-80.250581,25.34193],[-80.377084,25.130487],[-80.659395,24.897433],[-80.621658,24.944265],[-80.558785,24.971505],[-80.545971,25.01477],[-80.460652,25.078904],[-80.494715,25.102269],[-80.450399,25.088751],[-80.433575,25.106317],[-80.447659,25.147729],[-80.395467,25.150694],[-80.391909,25.19221],[-80.337345,25.231353],[-80.336159,25.261601],[-80.368186,25.282359],[-80.292567,25.314385],[-80.246307,25.398603],[-80.21428,25.416988],[-80.179288,25.518999],[-80.173951,25.482821],[-80.250581,25.34193]]],[[[-83.309455,30.634417],[-82.214839,30.568591],[-82.23582,30.537187],[-82.201416,30.485164],[-82.210291,30.42459],[-82.19294,30.378779],[-82.165192,30.358035],[-82.068533,30.359184],[-82.036825,30.377884],[-82.005477,30.563495],[-82.049507,30.655548],[-82.039634,30.747727],[-82.01266,30.761289],[-82.017051,30.791657],[-81.973856,30.778487],[-81.949787,30.827493],[-81.719927,30.744634],[-81.540923,30.713343],[-81.489537,30.7261],[-81.42742,30.69802],[-81.447087,30.503679],[-81.410809,30.482039],[-81.385505,30.273841],[-81.240924,29.739218],[-80.966176,29.14796],[-80.709725,28.756692],[-80.574868,28.585166],[-80.525094,28.459454],[-80.587813,28.410856],[-80.606874,28.336484],[-80.566432,28.09563],[-80.383695,27.740045],[-80.253665,27.37979],[-80.093909,27.018587],[-80.031362,26.796339],[-80.038863,26.569347],[-80.108995,26.088372],[-80.127987,25.772245],[-80.154972,25.66549],[-80.176916,25.685062],[-80.166241,25.72895],[-80.197674,25.74437],[-80.240376,25.724206],[-80.296719,25.622195],[-80.302057,25.567632],[-80.339421,25.499427],[-80.31036,25.3731],[-80.374116,25.31735],[-80.418872,25.235532],[-80.669236,25.137837],[-80.777499,25.135047],[-80.858167,25.176576],[-80.899459,25.162337],[-80.900559,25.139755],[-81.079859,25.118797],[-81.141024,25.163868],[-81.171978,25.223648],[-81.151916,25.324766],[-81.117265,25.354953],[-81.208201,25.504937],[-81.203175,25.53416],[-81.253951,25.638181],[-81.346078,25.721473],[-81.352731,25.822015],[-81.527665,25.901531],[-81.654493,25.893579],[-81.678287,25.845301],[-81.68954,25.85271],[-81.801663,26.088227],[-81.833142,26.294518],[-81.868983,26.378648],[-82.024604,26.512677],[-82.06715,26.513252],[-82.07175,26.492554],[-82.105672,26.48393],[-82.137869,26.637441],[-82.181565,26.681712],[-82.173516,26.701836],[-82.139019,26.702986],[-82.093023,26.665614],[-82.055076,26.802452],[-82.059101,26.876621],[-82.093023,26.906518],[-82.063126,26.950214],[-82.107972,26.957688],[-82.175241,26.916867],[-82.147068,26.789803],[-82.17869,26.772555],[-82.232193,26.78288],[-82.259867,26.717398],[-82.289086,26.827784],[-82.445718,27.060634],[-82.539719,27.254326],[-82.691821,27.437218],[-82.745748,27.538834],[-82.690421,27.496415],[-82.65072,27.523115],[-82.514265,27.705588],[-82.477638,27.723004],[-82.482305,27.742649],[-82.434635,27.764355],[-82.393383,27.837519],[-82.413915,27.901401],[-82.478063,27.92768],[-82.488057,27.863566],[-82.47244,27.822559],[-82.553946,27.848462],[-82.529918,27.877501],[-82.553918,27.966998],[-82.62959,27.998474],[-82.678606,27.993715],[-82.720122,27.936399],[-82.628063,27.910397],[-82.61002,27.873501],[-82.567919,27.883701],[-82.566819,27.858002],[-82.598443,27.857582],[-82.586519,27.816703],[-82.622723,27.779868],[-82.63362,27.710607],[-82.718822,27.692007],[-82.721622,27.663908],[-82.698091,27.638858],[-82.733076,27.612972],[-82.746223,27.731306],[-82.846526,27.854301],[-82.840882,27.937162],[-82.824875,27.960201],[-82.838484,27.909111],[-82.782724,28.055894],[-82.781324,28.127591],[-82.805097,28.172181],[-82.762643,28.219013],[-82.706322,28.401325],[-82.674787,28.441956],[-82.654138,28.590837],[-82.668889,28.694302],[-82.712373,28.720921],[-82.698281,28.75701],[-82.730245,28.850155],[-82.688864,28.905609],[-82.737872,28.995703],[-82.764055,28.999707],[-82.759704,29.054192],[-82.816925,29.076215],[-82.804736,29.146624],[-82.987162,29.180094],[-83.053207,29.130839],[-83.087839,29.21642],[-83.077265,29.255331],[-83.166091,29.28888],[-83.218075,29.420492],[-83.294747,29.437923],[-83.311546,29.475666],[-83.400252,29.517242],[-83.412278,29.666922],[-83.537645,29.72306],[-83.584716,29.77608],[-83.595493,29.827984],[-83.679219,29.918513],[-83.93151,30.039068],[-84.000716,30.096209],[-84.06299,30.101378],[-84.167881,30.071422],[-84.256439,30.103791],[-84.277168,30.060263],[-84.358923,30.058224],[-84.361962,29.987739],[-84.333746,29.923721],[-84.349066,29.896812],[-84.423834,29.902996],[-84.451705,29.929085],[-84.511996,29.916574],[-84.888031,29.722406],[-84.901781,29.735723],[-84.877111,29.772888],[-84.90413,29.786279],[-84.993264,29.714961],[-85.121473,29.715854],[-85.319215,29.681494],[-85.344768,29.654793],[-85.397871,29.740498],[-85.413575,29.85294],[-85.392469,29.870914],[-85.405907,29.80193],[-85.353885,29.684765],[-85.31139,29.697557],[-85.302591,29.808094],[-85.405052,29.938487],[-85.509148,29.971466],[-85.588242,30.055543],[-85.69681,30.09689],[-85.9226,30.238024],[-86.222561,30.343585],[-86.412076,30.380346],[-86.750906,30.391881],[-87.518324,30.280435],[-87.452378,30.300201],[-87.50278,30.307301],[-87.502572,30.327405],[-87.459978,30.3363],[-87.431778,30.403198],[-87.366591,30.436648],[-87.425078,30.465596],[-87.447305,30.512629],[-87.397308,30.608728],[-87.396177,30.650454],[-87.406561,30.674019],[-87.532607,30.743489],[-87.545044,30.778666],[-87.634938,30.865886],[-87.592055,30.951492],[-87.599172,30.995722],[-87.571281,30.99787],[-85.002368,31.000682],[-84.983627,30.936986],[-84.936828,30.884683],[-84.914322,30.753591],[-84.864693,30.711542],[-83.309455,30.634417]]],[[[-97.240849,26.411504],[-97.276425,26.521729],[-97.31073,26.556558],[-97.387459,26.820789],[-97.390078,27.156512],[-97.361796,27.359988],[-97.231383,27.632336],[-97.200743,27.650144],[-97.203474,27.684533],[-97.103326,27.789068],[-97.098874,27.82285],[-97.134489,27.825206],[-97.056713,27.842294],[-96.985745,27.954048],[-96.967807,28.020041],[-96.886233,28.084396],[-96.879424,28.131402],[-96.83003,28.111842],[-96.81042,28.126034],[-96.818656,28.17228],[-96.791958,28.188687],[-96.703838,28.198246],[-96.592934,28.296972],[-96.450998,28.337039],[-96.403206,28.371475],[-96.4137,28.327343],[-96.694666,28.18212],[-96.966996,27.950531],[-97.166682,27.676583],[-97.30447,27.407734],[-97.370941,27.161166],[-97.370731,26.909706],[-97.194644,26.306513],[-97.154271,26.066841],[-97.240849,26.411504]]],[[[-97.868235,26.056656],[-98.028759,26.06647],[-98.039239,26.041275],[-98.084755,26.070808],[-98.146622,26.049412],[-98.177897,26.074672],[-98.197046,26.056153],[-98.264514,26.085507],[-98.265698,26.12037],[-98.323828,26.121249],[-98.336837,26.166432],[-98.386694,26.157872],[-98.450976,26.219904],[-98.496684,26.212853],[-98.599154,26.257612],[-98.669397,26.23632],[-98.749054,26.321662],[-98.789822,26.331575],[-98.807348,26.369421],[-98.890965,26.357569],[-99.032316,26.412082],[-99.082002,26.39651],[-99.110855,26.426278],[-99.091635,26.476977],[-99.127782,26.525199],[-99.170704,26.540316],[-99.208907,26.724761],[-99.240023,26.745851],[-99.268613,26.843213],[-99.316753,26.865831],[-99.324684,26.915973],[-99.379149,26.93449],[-99.393748,26.96073],[-99.378435,26.980034],[-99.446524,27.023008],[-99.426348,27.176262],[-99.441549,27.24992],[-99.463309,27.268437],[-99.48791,27.260721],[-99.494604,27.303542],[-99.536443,27.312538],[-99.504837,27.338289],[-99.480419,27.481596],[-99.52582,27.496696],[-99.515978,27.572131],[-99.55495,27.614454],[-99.585148,27.606398],[-99.594038,27.638573],[-99.638929,27.626758],[-99.665948,27.635968],[-99.668942,27.659974],[-99.711511,27.658365],[-99.813086,27.773952],[-99.841708,27.766464],[-99.850877,27.793974],[-99.877677,27.799427],[-99.90008,27.912142],[-99.937142,27.940537],[-99.931812,27.980967],[-99.991447,27.99456],[-100.017914,28.064787],[-100.053123,28.08473],[-100.083393,28.144035],[-100.208059,28.190383],[-100.220284,28.23221],[-100.251634,28.236177],[-100.293468,28.278475],[-100.286471,28.312296],[-100.341869,28.384953],[-100.337797,28.44296],[-100.368288,28.477196],[-100.333814,28.499252],[-100.38886,28.515748],[-100.411414,28.551899],[-100.398385,28.584884],[-100.44732,28.609325],[-100.445529,28.637144],[-100.500354,28.66196],[-100.53583,28.805888],[-100.57051,28.826317],[-100.602054,28.901944],[-100.640568,28.914212],[-100.674656,29.099777],[-100.772649,29.168492],[-100.767059,29.195287],[-100.797671,29.246943],[-101.010614,29.368669],[-101.060151,29.458661],[-101.144337,29.473246],[-101.173821,29.514566],[-101.254895,29.520342],[-101.242023,29.592512],[-101.265347,29.607284],[-101.307332,29.587847],[-101.311219,29.648491],[-101.361756,29.657821],[-101.415402,29.756561],[-101.446502,29.755006],[-101.475269,29.780663],[-101.522695,29.759671],[-101.546797,29.796991],[-101.646418,29.754304],[-101.662453,29.77128],[-101.706636,29.762737],[-101.852604,29.801895],[-102.115682,29.79239],[-102.181894,29.846034],[-102.227553,29.843534],[-102.315389,29.87992],[-102.364542,29.845387],[-102.386678,29.76688],[-102.508313,29.783219],[-102.539417,29.751629],[-102.670971,29.741954],[-102.693466,29.676507],[-102.742031,29.632142],[-102.739991,29.599041],[-102.768341,29.594734],[-102.771429,29.548546],[-102.808692,29.522319],[-102.843021,29.357988],[-102.883722,29.348059],[-102.906296,29.260011],[-102.866846,29.225015],[-102.915866,29.215878],[-102.917805,29.190697],[-102.953475,29.176308],[-102.994653,29.17962],[-103.015028,29.12577],[-103.100266,29.0577],[-103.113922,28.988547],[-103.163865,28.972099],[-103.227801,28.991532],[-103.28119,28.982138],[-103.334819,29.039801],[-103.361998,29.018914],[-103.427754,29.042334],[-103.558679,29.154962],[-103.71377,29.185008],[-103.816642,29.270927],[-104.038282,29.320156],[-104.166563,29.399352],[-104.264155,29.514001],[-104.334811,29.519463],[-104.507568,29.639624],[-104.539761,29.676074],[-104.565688,29.770462],[-104.679772,29.924659],[-104.706874,30.050685],[-104.685003,30.085643],[-104.687296,30.179464],[-104.761634,30.301148],[-104.859521,30.390413],[-104.876787,30.511004],[-104.924796,30.604832],[-104.967167,30.608107],[-105.006801,30.686039],[-105.062334,30.686303],[-105.110682,30.743366],[-105.15764,30.754008],[-105.195144,30.792138],[-105.261361,30.798078],[-105.394242,30.852979],[-105.399609,30.888941],[-105.55743,30.990229],[-105.60333,31.082625],[-105.773257,31.166897],[-105.869353,31.288634],[-105.938452,31.318735],[-105.953943,31.364749],[-106.004926,31.392458],[-106.080258,31.398702],[-106.203969,31.465378],[-106.378039,31.72831],[-106.451541,31.764808],[-106.484642,31.747809],[-106.635926,31.866235],[-106.645296,31.894859],[-106.614346,31.918003],[-106.629747,31.92657],[-106.614702,31.956],[-106.638186,31.97682],[-106.618486,32.000495],[-103.064423,32.000518],[-103.041924,36.500439],[-100.003762,36.499699],[-100.000381,34.560509],[-99.923211,34.574552],[-99.754248,34.421289],[-99.665992,34.374185],[-99.600026,34.374688],[-99.574367,34.418281],[-99.40296,34.373481],[-99.394956,34.442099],[-99.358795,34.455863],[-99.319606,34.408869],[-99.264167,34.405149],[-99.271281,34.381604],[-99.213135,34.340369],[-99.189511,34.214312],[-99.048792,34.198209],[-98.990852,34.221633],[-98.868116,34.149635],[-98.812954,34.158444],[-98.749291,34.124238],[-98.690072,34.133155],[-98.650583,34.163113],[-98.603978,34.160249],[-98.486328,34.062598],[-98.414426,34.085074],[-98.367494,34.156191],[-98.16912,34.114171],[-98.114506,34.154727],[-98.09066,34.12198],[-98.120208,34.072127],[-98.088203,34.005481],[-97.946473,33.990732],[-97.972662,33.944527],[-97.957155,33.914454],[-97.983552,33.904002],[-97.967777,33.88243],[-97.871447,33.849001],[-97.834333,33.857671],[-97.671772,33.99137],[-97.589598,33.953554],[-97.582744,33.900785],[-97.50096,33.919643],[-97.460376,33.903948],[-97.462857,33.841772],[-97.426493,33.819398],[-97.365507,33.823763],[-97.336524,33.872827],[-97.256625,33.863286],[-97.242092,33.906277],[-97.210921,33.916064],[-97.180845,33.895204],[-97.166629,33.847311],[-97.205431,33.801488],[-97.172192,33.737545],[-97.126102,33.716941],[-97.086195,33.743933],[-97.092112,33.804097],[-96.985567,33.886522],[-96.996183,33.941728],[-96.981337,33.956378],[-96.973807,33.935697],[-96.918618,33.958926],[-96.875281,33.860505],[-96.850593,33.847211],[-96.832157,33.874835],[-96.794276,33.868886],[-96.766235,33.825458],[-96.699574,33.839049],[-96.670618,33.914914],[-96.592948,33.895616],[-96.623155,33.841483],[-96.526655,33.820891],[-96.502286,33.77346],[-96.422643,33.776041],[-96.348306,33.686379],[-96.316925,33.698997],[-96.294867,33.764771],[-96.220521,33.74739],[-96.178059,33.760518],[-96.162123,33.79614],[-96.178964,33.810553],[-96.150765,33.816987],[-96.14807,33.837799],[-96.019599,33.840566],[-95.993624,33.866211],[-95.944284,33.859811],[-95.937202,33.884652],[-95.831948,33.835161],[-95.805149,33.861304],[-95.758016,33.85008],[-95.747335,33.895756],[-95.696962,33.885218],[-95.599678,33.934247],[-95.556915,33.92702],[-95.53979,33.879904],[-95.287865,33.874946],[-95.219358,33.961567],[-95.1247,33.934675],[-95.090441,33.89328],[-95.065492,33.899585],[-95.049025,33.86409],[-94.968895,33.860916],[-94.944302,33.812138],[-94.921902,33.811811],[-94.919614,33.786305],[-94.8693,33.745871],[-94.768057,33.753446],[-94.732384,33.700254],[-94.652265,33.690979],[-94.64289,33.668421],[-94.57962,33.677623],[-94.520725,33.616567],[-94.448637,33.642766],[-94.471152,33.601588],[-94.413155,33.569368],[-94.379649,33.580607],[-94.399227,33.559903],[-94.386086,33.544923],[-94.355945,33.54318],[-94.345513,33.567313],[-94.309582,33.551673],[-94.287025,33.58241],[-94.27909,33.557026],[-94.240179,33.589536],[-94.251569,33.558188],[-94.196395,33.555123],[-94.214431,33.583187],[-94.183913,33.594682],[-94.14216,33.58139],[-94.128658,33.550952],[-94.082641,33.575492],[-94.04345,33.552253],[-94.041833,31.992402],[-94.018664,31.990843],[-93.971712,31.920384],[-93.901173,31.885958],[-93.874761,31.821661],[-93.822598,31.773559],[-93.830647,31.745811],[-93.802452,31.693186],[-93.826462,31.666919],[-93.816838,31.622509],[-93.834924,31.586211],[-93.798087,31.534044],[-93.726736,31.5116],[-93.749476,31.46869],[-93.674117,31.397681],[-93.664665,31.357698],[-93.687851,31.309835],[-93.620343,31.271025],[-93.600308,31.176158],[-93.531744,31.180817],[-93.551693,31.097258],[-93.516943,31.032584],[-93.571906,30.987614],[-93.526245,30.939411],[-93.567788,30.888302],[-93.561666,30.807739],[-93.619129,30.742002],[-93.629904,30.67994],[-93.6831,30.640763],[-93.681235,30.596102],[-93.727844,30.57407],[-93.740253,30.539569],[-93.714322,30.518562],[-93.697828,30.443838],[-93.757654,30.390423],[-93.765822,30.333318],[-93.706608,30.281187],[-93.720946,30.209852],[-93.688212,30.141376],[-93.732485,30.088914],[-93.699396,30.05925],[-93.786935,29.99058],[-93.838374,29.882855],[-93.927992,29.80964],[-93.837971,29.690619],[-93.866981,29.673085],[-94.001406,29.681486],[-94.132577,29.646217],[-94.594853,29.467903],[-94.694158,29.415632],[-94.731047,29.369141],[-94.778691,29.361483],[-94.766848,29.393489],[-94.6724,29.476843],[-94.608557,29.483345],[-94.566674,29.531988],[-94.495025,29.525031],[-94.553988,29.573882],[-94.779674,29.530533],[-94.78954,29.546494],[-94.708741,29.625226],[-94.693154,29.694453],[-94.740919,29.787081],[-94.816085,29.75671],[-94.872551,29.67125],[-94.921318,29.658178],[-94.936089,29.692704],[-94.965963,29.70033],[-95.011025,29.650803],[-94.984831,29.604361],[-95.015165,29.539989],[-94.981916,29.511141],[-94.909898,29.49691],[-94.930861,29.450504],[-94.8908,29.433432],[-94.893994,29.30817],[-94.921593,29.281556],[-94.952526,29.290122],[-95.151925,29.151162],[-95.16525,29.113566],[-95.136221,29.084537],[-94.879239,29.285839],[-94.824953,29.306005],[-94.810696,29.353435],[-94.72253,29.331446],[-95.081773,29.111222],[-95.38239,28.866348],[-95.439594,28.859022],[-95.812504,28.664942],[-96.220376,28.491966],[-96.378616,28.383909],[-96.335119,28.437795],[-96.21505,28.509679],[-95.98616,28.606319],[-95.978526,28.650594],[-96.047737,28.649067],[-96.228909,28.580873],[-96.212624,28.622604],[-96.230944,28.641433],[-96.19125,28.69436],[-96.222802,28.698431],[-96.287942,28.683164],[-96.303718,28.644996],[-96.487943,28.569677],[-96.485907,28.607845],[-96.510844,28.61497],[-96.499648,28.635835],[-96.563262,28.644487],[-96.561226,28.696395],[-96.584091,28.722798],[-96.664534,28.696904],[-96.61059,28.638889],[-96.611099,28.585962],[-96.526111,28.557972],[-96.403973,28.44245],[-96.672677,28.335579],[-96.705247,28.348811],[-96.710336,28.406827],[-96.768352,28.410389],[-96.809573,28.290287],[-96.787181,28.255681],[-96.800413,28.224128],[-96.934765,28.123873],[-97.007539,28.136087],[-97.037008,28.185528],[-97.214039,28.087494],[-97.137421,28.057037],[-97.025693,28.11216],[-97.025859,28.041939],[-97.186709,27.825453],[-97.225176,27.825723],[-97.250797,27.876035],[-97.272253,27.881427],[-97.379042,27.837867],[-97.393291,27.782905],[-97.368355,27.741683],[-97.253955,27.696696],[-97.294054,27.5941],[-97.321535,27.571199],[-97.401942,27.335574],[-97.508304,27.275014],[-97.532223,27.278577],[-97.546981,27.290791],[-97.498126,27.308602],[-97.483877,27.338628],[-97.501688,27.366618],[-97.640111,27.270943],[-97.628916,27.242953],[-97.54291,27.229213],[-97.42408,27.264073],[-97.443673,27.116235],[-97.495836,27.094098],[-97.477515,27.066108],[-97.478533,26.999186],[-97.555378,26.99028],[-97.540874,26.90631],[-97.563266,26.842188],[-97.471663,26.758727],[-97.445708,26.609362],[-97.416955,26.553637],[-97.441383,26.455418],[-97.411612,26.447275],[-97.42179,26.417249],[-97.369627,26.394603],[-97.391001,26.332262],[-97.358176,26.356435],[-97.330441,26.350582],[-97.352833,26.318521],[-97.343927,26.267376],[-97.311866,26.273737],[-97.32128,26.228699],[-97.296598,26.200709],[-97.306776,26.159487],[-97.282094,26.120301],[-97.295072,26.108342],[-97.270898,26.086459],[-97.199651,26.077044],[-97.195071,26.04193],[-97.224842,26.027426],[-97.208557,25.991802],[-97.167208,26.007069],[-97.18273,26.053126],[-97.152009,26.062108],[-97.146294,25.955606],[-97.276707,25.952147],[-97.277163,25.935438],[-97.350398,25.925241],[-97.37443,25.907444],[-97.360082,25.868874],[-97.372864,25.840117],[-97.422636,25.840378],[-97.454727,25.879337],[-97.521762,25.886458],[-97.546421,25.934077],[-97.582565,25.937857],[-97.649176,26.021499],[-97.758838,26.032131],[-97.801344,26.060017],[-97.868235,26.056656]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Florida\",\"nation\":\"USA  \"}}]}","volume":"45","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bae63e4b08c986b32406d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rye, R. O.","contributorId":66208,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rye","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362301,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Back, W.","contributorId":33839,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Back","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362299,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hanshaw, B.B.","contributorId":25928,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanshaw","given":"B.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362298,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rightmire, C.T.","contributorId":63822,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rightmire","given":"C.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362300,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Pearson, F. J. Jr.","contributorId":7696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pearson","given":"F.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362297,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70011927,"text":"70011927 - 1981 - First manned submersible dives on the East Pacific Rise at 21°N (project RITA): general results","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-06-10T13:27:10","indexId":"70011927","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2668,"text":"Marine Geophysical Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"First manned submersible dives on the East Pacific Rise at 21°N (project RITA): general results","docAbstract":"<p><span>A submersible study has been conducted in February&ndash;March 1978 at the axis of the East Pacific Rise near 21&deg;N. The expedition CYAMEX, the first submersible program to be conducted on the East Pacific Rise, is part of the French-American-Mexican project RITA (Rivera-Tamayo), a 3-year study devoted to detailed geological and geophysical investigations of the East Pacific Rise Crest. On the basis of the 15 dives made by CYANA in the axial area of the Rise, a morphological and tectonic zonation can be established for this moderately-fast spreading center. A narrow, 0.6 to 1.2 km wide zone of extrusion (zone 1), dominated by young lava flows, is flanked by a highly fissured and faulted zone of extension (zone 2) with a width of 1 to 2 km. Further out, zone 3 is dominated by outward tilted blocks bounded by inward-facing fault scarps. Active or recent faults extend up to 12 km from the axis of extrusion of the East Pacific Rise. This represents the first determination from direct field evidence of the width of active tectonism associated with an accreting plate boundary. Massive sulfide deposits, made principally of zinc, copper and iron, were found close to the axis of the Rise. Other signs of the intense hydrothermal activity included the discovery of benthic fauna of gian size similar to that found at the axis of the Galapagos Rift. We emphasize the cyclic character of the volcanicity. The main characteristics of the geology of this segment of the East Pacific Rise can be explained by the thermal structure at depth below this moderately-fast spreading center. The geological observations are compatible with the existence of a shallow magma reservoir centered at the axis of the Rise with a half-width of the order of 10 km.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1007/BF00286034","issn":"00253235","usgsCitation":"Francheteau, J., Needham, H., Choukroune, P., Juteau, T., Seguret, M., Ballard, R.D., Fox, P., Normark, W.R., Carranza, A., Cordoba, D., Guerrero, J., and Rangin, C., 1981, First manned submersible dives on the East Pacific Rise at 21°N (project RITA): general results: Marine Geophysical Research, v. 4, no. 4, p. 345-379, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00286034.","productDescription":"35 p.","startPage":"345","endPage":"379","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220941,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205076,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00286034"}],"volume":"4","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1058e4b0c8380cd53c27","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Francheteau, Jean","contributorId":34262,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Francheteau","given":"Jean","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362305,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Needham, H.D.","contributorId":53947,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Needham","given":"H.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362309,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Choukroune, P.","contributorId":68458,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Choukroune","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362310,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Juteau, Tierre","contributorId":43496,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Juteau","given":"Tierre","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362307,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Seguret, M.","contributorId":74514,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seguret","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362311,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Ballard, Richard D.","contributorId":40729,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ballard","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362306,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Fox, P.J.","contributorId":79233,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fox","given":"P.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362312,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Normark, W. R.","contributorId":87137,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Normark","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362315,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Carranza, A.","contributorId":84076,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carranza","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362314,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Cordoba, D.","contributorId":47522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cordoba","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362308,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Guerrero, J.","contributorId":81248,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guerrero","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362313,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Rangin, C.","contributorId":105853,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rangin","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362316,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12}]}}
,{"id":70011934,"text":"70011934 - 1981 - Geodetic strain measurements in Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-16T15:59:43.157487","indexId":"70011934","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":6453,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geodetic strain measurements in Washington","docAbstract":"<p><span>Two new geodetic measurements of strain accumulation in the state of Washington for the interval 1972–1979 are reported. Near Seattle the average principal strain rates are 0.07 ± 0.03 μstrain/yr N 19°W and −0.13 ± 0.02 μstrain/yr N71°E, and near Richland (south central Washington) the average principal strain rates are −0.02 ± 0.01 μstrain/yr N36°W and −0.04 ± 0.01 μstrain/yr N54°E. Extension is taken as positive, and the uncertainties quoted are standard deviations. A measurement of shear strain accumulation (dilatation not determined) in the epoch 1914–1966 along the north coast of Vancouver Island by the Geodetic Survey of Canada indicates a marginally significant accumulation of right-lateral shear (0.06 ± 0.03 μrad/yr) across the plate boundary (N40°W strike). Although there are significant differences in detail, these strain measurements are roughly consistent with a crude dislocation model that represents subduction of the Juan de Fuca plate. The observed accumulation of strain implies that large, shallow, thrust earthquakes should be expected off the coast of Washington and British Columbia. However, this conclusion is not easily reconciled with either observations of elevation change along the Washington coast or the focal mechanism solutions for shallow earthquakes in Washington.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB086iB06p04929","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Savage, J., Lisowski, M., and Prescott, W., 1981, Geodetic strain measurements in Washington: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 86, no. B6, p. 4929-4940, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB086iB06p04929.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"4929","endPage":"4940","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221007,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"86","issue":"B6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a173fe4b0c8380cd5544a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Savage, J.C. 0000-0002-5114-7673","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5114-7673","contributorId":102876,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savage","given":"J.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362333,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lisowski, M.","contributorId":70381,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lisowski","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362331,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Prescott, W.H.","contributorId":96337,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prescott","given":"W.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362332,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70012099,"text":"70012099 - 1981 - The Galapagos Spreading Centre at 86° W: A detailed geothermal field study","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-16T16:54:00.922554","indexId":"70012099","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":6453,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Galapagos Spreading Centre at 86° W: A detailed geothermal field study","docAbstract":"<p><span>We report here measurements of the heat flow field of the Galapagos Spreading Center on crust of age less than 1.0 m.y. The 443 measurements in an area of about 570 km</span><sup>2</sup><span>&nbsp;reveal the general planform of the geothermal flux and permit the first truly areal estimate of the near-axis conductive heat flux. The intrusion process and associated hydrothermal circulation dominate the surface heat flow pattern, with circulation apparently continuing beyond the limits of our survey. The areal average of the conductive heat flux is 7.1 ± 0.8 HFU (295 ± 33 mW/m</span><sup>2</sup><span>), about one-third the heat flux predicted by plate models. The remaining heat is apparently removed by venting of hydrothermal waters at the spreading axis and through basalt outcrops and hydrothermal mounds off axis. The pattern of surface heat flux is lineated parallel to the axis and the strongly lineated topography. Sharp lateral gradients in the heat flow, greater than 10 HFU/km near escarpments and commonly expressed as high heat flow at the tops of the scarps and lower heat flow in the valleys, may indicate a local concentration of the circulation by surface fault systems and/or variable sediment thickness.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB086iB02p00979","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Green, K., Von Herzen, R.P., and Williams, D., 1981, The Galapagos Spreading Centre at 86° W: A detailed geothermal field study: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 86, no. B2, p. 979-986, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB086iB02p00979.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"979","endPage":"986","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221802,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"86","issue":"B2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba740e4b08c986b32146a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Green, K.E.","contributorId":88487,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Green","given":"K.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362728,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Von Herzen, R. P.","contributorId":87662,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Von Herzen","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362727,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Williams, D.L.","contributorId":7681,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362726,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70012071,"text":"70012071 - 1981 - Geodetic analysis of reservoir depletion at the Geyser steam field in northern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-16T15:30:01.841029","indexId":"70012071","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":6453,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geodetic analysis of reservoir depletion at the Geyser steam field in northern California","docAbstract":"<p><span>Reservoir depletion at the Geysers from 1974 to 1977 is evident in measured changes in gravity, surface strain, and pore pressure drainage. The drainage area increased about 20%, the maximum gravity decrease was about −120 μGal, and the maximum elevation change was about 6 cm during this period. Since the net mass withdrawal is known, it may be combined with the gravity change to estimate a drainage volume. The maximum drainage volume is 25 km</span><sup>3</sup><span>. Because the depth of the caprock and extent of the pore pressure drainage is known, this volume limit implies that no significant mass withdrawal occurs below a depth of 4 km. The ratios of surface elevation changes to horizontal contraction coinciding with the drainage area imply an equant drainage geometry, assuming that fluid production produces negative dilatation. Using the same cylindrical geometry used to model the gravity, negative dilatational strain rates of 4 to 5 × 10</span><sup>−5</sup><span>/yr were found to produce the observed surface displacements. The likelihood of boiling in the system to produce steam combined with apparent large bulk moduli (from seismic velocities) and small pore pressure declines suggest that most of the reservoir contraction is due to cooling.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB086iB07p06091","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Denlinger, R., Isherwood, W., and Kovach, R.L., 1981, Geodetic analysis of reservoir depletion at the Geyser steam field in northern California: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 86, no. B7, p. 6091-6096, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB086iB07p06091.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"6091","endPage":"6096","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222459,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"86","issue":"B7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1739e4b0c8380cd5542f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Denlinger, R.P.","contributorId":49367,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Denlinger","given":"R.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362659,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Isherwood, W.F.","contributorId":100123,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Isherwood","given":"W.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362660,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kovach, R. L.","contributorId":21165,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kovach","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362658,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70012072,"text":"70012072 - 1981 - Paleoclimatic implications of Late Pleistocene marine ostracodes from the St. Lawrence lowlands.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-27T15:23:06","indexId":"70012072","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2735,"text":"Micropaleontology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Paleoclimatic implications of Late Pleistocene marine ostracodes from the St. Lawrence lowlands.","docAbstract":"Using modern zoogeographic data and inferred temperature ranges for Champlain Sea ostracode species, bottom water paleotemperatures were estimated for three phases of deposition of this inland sea. The temporal distribution of these and other environmentally diagnostic species in Champlain Sea deposits reveals a significant local climatic change in the Champlain Valley from frigid/subfrigid to cold-temperate marine conditions about 11 000 to 10 600 yr BP. Oceanographic changes in the Champlain Sea are correlated with major deglaciation events recorded in the North Atlantic.-from Author","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Micropaleontology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"GeoScienceWorld","issn":"00262803","usgsCitation":"Cronin, T.M., 1981, Paleoclimatic implications of Late Pleistocene marine ostracodes from the St. Lawrence lowlands.: Micropaleontology, v. 27, no. 4, p. 384-418.","startPage":"384","endPage":"418","numberOfPages":"35","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222515,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":268481,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://micropal.geoscienceworld.org/content/27/4/384.full.pdf+html"}],"volume":"27","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a73c9e4b0c8380cd77246","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cronin, T. M. 0000-0002-2643-0979","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2643-0979","contributorId":42613,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cronin","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":362661,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70012086,"text":"70012086 - 1981 - The accommodation of relative motion at depth on the San Andreas fault system in California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-16T16:53:34.171108","indexId":"70012086","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":6453,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The accommodation of relative motion at depth on the San Andreas fault system in California","docAbstract":"<p><span>Plate motion below the seismogenic layer along the San Andreas fault system in California is generally assumed to occur by aseismic slip along a deeper extension of the fault. It is also possible that below the seismogenic layer, deformation is distributed laterally over a zone. Several observed features of the San Andreas fault in California have implications about the mode of accommodation of relative motion along the plate boundary beneath the seismogenic zone: the shallow depth of all earthquakes in California, the depth to which coseismic slip occurred during the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, the broad zone of strain accumulation, the broad heat flow anomaly, and the existence of widely separated parallel faults. The observations strongly imply that below the seismogenic zone, relative motion is distributed over a zone and occurs by inelastic flow rather than by aseismic slip on discrete fault planes. The existence of multiple faults further suggests that tractions at the base of the brittle layer are significant over time periods of years to hundreds of years.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB086iB02p00999","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Prescott, W., and Nur, A., 1981, The accommodation of relative motion at depth on the San Andreas fault system in California: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 86, no. B2, p. 999-1004, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB086iB02p00999.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"999","endPage":"1004","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222639,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"86","issue":"B2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba99be4b08c986b3223a0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Prescott, W.H.","contributorId":96337,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prescott","given":"W.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362696,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nur, A.","contributorId":31114,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nur","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362695,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70010353,"text":"70010353 - 1981 - Role of solute-transport models in the analysis of groundwater salinity problems in agricultural areas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-26T10:08:17","indexId":"70010353","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":680,"text":"Agricultural Water Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Role of solute-transport models in the analysis of groundwater salinity problems in agricultural areas","docAbstract":"<p>Undesirable salinity increases occur in both groundwater and surface water and are commonly related to agricultural practices. Groundwater recharge from precipitation or irrigation will transport and disperse residual salts concentrated by evapotranspiration, salts leached from soil and aquifer materials, as well as some dissolved fertilizers and pesticides. Where stream salinity is affected by agricultural practices, the increases in salt load usually are attributable mostly to a groundwater component of flow. Thus, efforts to predict, manage, or control stream salinity increases should consider the role of groundwater in salt transport. Two examples of groundwater salinity problems in Colorado, U.S.A., illustrate that a model which simulates accurately the transport and dispersion of solutes in flowing groundwater can be (1) a valuable investigative tool to help understand the processes and parameters controlling the movement and fate of the salt, and (2) a valuable management tool for predicting responses and optimizing the development and use of the total water resource.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0378-3774(81)90050-0","issn":"03783774","usgsCitation":"Konikow, L.F., 1981, Role of solute-transport models in the analysis of groundwater salinity problems in agricultural areas: Agricultural Water Management, v. 4, no. 1-3, p. 187-205, https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-3774(81)90050-0.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"187","endPage":"205","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":219369,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -109.16015624999999,\n              37.055177106660814\n            ],\n            [\n              -101.9970703125,\n              37.055177106660814\n            ],\n            [\n              -101.9970703125,\n              41.11246878918088\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.16015624999999,\n              41.11246878918088\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.16015624999999,\n              37.055177106660814\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"4","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aae6de4b0c8380cd870c8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Konikow, Leonard F. 0000-0002-0940-3856 lkonikow@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0940-3856","contributorId":158,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Konikow","given":"Leonard","email":"lkonikow@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":358700,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70010351,"text":"70010351 - 1981 - Design of exploration and minerals-data-collection programs in developing areas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-12T17:16:27.217638","indexId":"70010351","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3414,"text":"Socio-Economic Planning Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Design of exploration and minerals-data-collection programs in developing areas","docAbstract":"<p><span>This paper considers the practical problem of applying economic analysis to designing minerals exploration and data collection strategies for developing countries. Formal decision rules for the design of government exploration and minerals-data-collection programs are derived by using a minerals-industry planning model that has been extended to include an exploration function. Rules derived are applicable to centrally planned minerals industries as well as market-oriented minerals sectors. They pertain to the spatial allocation of exploration effort and to the allocation of activities between government and private concerns for market-oriented economies. Programs characterized by uniform expenditures, uniform information coverage across regions, or uniform-density grid drilling progrmas are shown to be inferior to the strategy derived. Moreover, for market-oriented economies, the economically optimal mix in exploration activities between private and government data collection would require that only private firms assess local sites and that government agencies carry out regional surveys.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0038-0121(81)90037-9","issn":"00380121","usgsCitation":"Attanasi, E.D., 1981, Design of exploration and minerals-data-collection programs in developing areas: Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, v. 15, no. 6, p. 347-352, https://doi.org/10.1016/0038-0121(81)90037-9.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"347","endPage":"352","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219367,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"15","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ff3fe4b0c8380cd4f0c4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Attanasi, E. D. 0000-0001-6845-7160","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6845-7160","contributorId":107672,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Attanasi","given":"E.","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358698,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70012091,"text":"70012091 - 1981 - Petroleum geology of Cook Inlet basin: An exploration model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-11T17:48:45.999881","indexId":"70012091","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":701,"text":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Petroleum geology of Cook Inlet basin: An exploration model","docAbstract":"<p>Oil exploration commenced onshore adjacent to lower Cook Inlet on the Iniskin Peninsula in 1900, shifted with considerable success to upper Cook Inlet from 1957 through 1965, then returned to lower Cook Inlet in 1977 with the COST well and Federal OCS sale. Lower Cook Inlet COST No. 1 well, drilled to a total depth of 3,775.6 m, penetrated basinwide unconformities at the tops of Upper Cretaceous, Lower Cretaceous, and Upper Jurassic strata at 797.1, 1,540.8, and 2,112.3 m, respectively. Sandstone of potential reservoir quality is present in the Cretaceous and lower Tertiary rocks. All siltstones and shales analyzed are low (0 to 0.5 wt. %) in oil-prone organic matter, and only coals are high in humic organic matter. At total depth, vitrinite readings reached a maximum ave age reflectance of 0.65. Several indications of hydrocarbons were present.</p><p>Oil analyses suggest that oils from the major fields of the Cook Inlet region, most of which produce from the Tertiary Hemlock Conglomerate, have a common source. More detailed work on stable carbon isotope ratios and the distribution of gasoline-range and heavy (C<sub>12<sup>+</sup></sub>) hydrocarbons confirms this genetic relation among the major fields. In addition, oils from Jurassic rocks under the Iniskin Peninsula and from the Hemlock Conglomerate at the southwestern tip of the Kenai lowland are members of the same or a very similar oil family. The Middle Jurassic strata of the Iniskin Peninsula are moderately rich in organic carbon (0.5 to 1.5 wt. %) and yield shows of oil and of gas in wells and in surface seeps. Extractable hydrocarbons from this strata are similar in chemi al and isotopic composition to the Cook Inlet oils. Organic matter in Cretaceous and Tertiary rocks is thermally immature in all wells analyzed.</p><p>Oil reservoirs in the major producing fields are of Tertiary age and unconformably overlie Jurassic rocks; the pre-Tertiary unconformity may be significant in exploration for new oil reserves. The unconformable relation between reservoir rocks and likely Middle Jurassic source rocks also implies a delay in the generation and expulsion of oil from Jurassic until late Tertiary when localized basin subsidence and thick sedimentary fill brought older, deeper rocks to the temperature required for petroleum generation. Reservoir porosities, crude oil properties, the type of oil field traps, and the tectonic framework of the oil fields on the west flank of the basin provide evidence used to reconstruct an oil migration route. The route is inferred to commence deep in the truncated Middle Jur ssic rocks and pass through the porous West Foreland Formation in the McArthur River field area to a stratigraphic trap in the Oligocene Hemlock Conglomerate and the Oligocene part of the Tyonek Formation at the end of Miocene time. Pliocene deformation shut off this route and created localized structural traps, into which the oil moved by secondary migration to form the Middle Ground Shoal, McArthur River, and Trading Bay oil fields. Oil generation continued into the Pliocene, but this higher API gravity oil migrated along a different route to the Granite Point field.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists","publisherLocation":"Tulsa, OK","doi":"10.1306/03B59454-16D1-11D7-8645000102C1865D","usgsCitation":"Magoon, L.B., and Claypool, G.E., 1981, Petroleum geology of Cook Inlet basin: An exploration model: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 65, no. 6, p. 1043-1061, https://doi.org/10.1306/03B59454-16D1-11D7-8645000102C1865D.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"1043","endPage":"1061","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222699,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Cook Inlet basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -148.92146829940893,\n              61.57910808828149\n            ],\n            [\n              -154.38862154156922,\n              61.57910808828149\n            ],\n            [\n              -154.38862154156922,\n              59.23558526268536\n            ],\n            [\n              -148.92146829940893,\n              59.23558526268536\n            ],\n            [\n              -148.92146829940893,\n              61.57910808828149\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"65","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a77d4e4b0c8380cd785a7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Magoon, Leslie B. lmagoon@usgs.gov","contributorId":2383,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Magoon","given":"Leslie","email":"lmagoon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":362708,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Claypool, George E.","contributorId":76312,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Claypool","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362707,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70012098,"text":"70012098 - 1981 - Strain accumulation across the Denali fault in the Delta River canyon, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-16T15:34:22.644074","indexId":"70012098","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":6453,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Strain accumulation across the Denali fault in the Delta River canyon, Alaska","docAbstract":"<p><span>Deformation along the Denali fault in the Delta River canyon was determined from geodetic surveys in 1941/1942, 1970, 1975, and 1979. The data were best for the 1975–1979 interval; in that period the average strain accumulation was essentially pure right lateral shear at a rate of 0.6 ± 0.1 μrad/a (a is years) (engineering shear) across a vertical plane striking N87°E. The plane of maximum shear is rotated about 30° counterclockwise from the local strike of the Denali fault but closely coincides with the strike of a major linear segment of the fault that begins 50 km farther west. The deformation between 1941/1942 and 1970 is consistent with a similar rate of strain accumulation if one removes the coseismic strain step contributed by the 1964 Alaska earthquake. The 1970–1975 deformation is poorly defined owing to uncertainties in the 1970 survey, but the strain accumulation during that period is certainly much less than during the 1975–1979 interval. The 1975–1979 strain accumulation is interpreted by means of a dislocation model which suggests that the Denali fault in the vicinity of the Delta River Canyon behaves as a leaky transform fault (i.e., a source of spreading as well as lateral slip). The block south of the Denali fault appears to be moving westward (parallel to the strike of the Denali fault west of the 147th meridian) at the rate of about 20 mm/a relative to the North American plate. Because the linear segment of the Denali fault east of the 147th meridian (along which the geodetic network is located) strikes N63°W, accommodation of the westward motion of the southern block requires some spreading within the fault zone as well as right lateral slip on the fault.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB086iB02p01005","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Savage, J., Lisowski, M., and Prescott, W., 1981, Strain accumulation across the Denali fault in the Delta River canyon, Alaska: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 86, no. B2, p. 1005-1014, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB086iB02p01005.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"1005","endPage":"1014","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221801,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"86","issue":"B2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b988fe4b08c986b31c099","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Savage, J.C. 0000-0002-5114-7673","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5114-7673","contributorId":102876,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savage","given":"J.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362725,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lisowski, M.","contributorId":70381,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lisowski","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362723,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Prescott, W.H.","contributorId":96337,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prescott","given":"W.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362724,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70012048,"text":"70012048 - 1981 - Flow through fractures","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-05T12:34:17","indexId":"70012048","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Flow through fractures","docAbstract":"<p><span>Flow through fractures is often idealized as flow between two parallel plates (plane Poiseuille flow). The opening or aperture between parallel plates is unambiguous and its relation to flowrate is well known. However, fractures in rock have uneven walls and a variable aperture. A model for flow in a fracture is proposed wherein the fracture is represented by a set of parallel plate openings with different apertures. The model leads to a modified Poiseuille equation for flow which includes an aperture frequency distribution for the fracture. Any arbitrary aperture distribution can be used; in order to simplify computation and demonstrate the properties of the model a log normal form of distribution is assumed. Even when an analytical form of the distribution is assumed, two parameters, rather than a single value representing ‘aperture size’ are required to determine flowrate. Models of aperture change for a fracture undergoing compression (fracture walls deforming) and extension (fracture walls separating) are developed which constrain the additional parameter and allow calculation of flowrate as a function of mean aperture. The theoretical relationships developed between mean aperture and flowrate can be used to interpret published laboratory data for single fractures.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR017i001p00191","usgsCitation":"Neuzil, C., and Tracy, J.V., 1981, Flow through fractures: Water Resources Research, v. 17, no. 1, p. 191-199, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR017i001p00191.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"191","endPage":"199","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222694,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1255e4b0c8380cd5427d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Neuzil, C. E. 0000-0003-2022-4055","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2022-4055","contributorId":81078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neuzil","given":"C. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362611,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tracy, James V.","contributorId":52585,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tracy","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362610,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70011998,"text":"70011998 - 1981 - Seawater sulfate reduction and sulfur isotope fractionation in basaltic systems: interaction of seawater with fayalite and magnetite at 200–350°C","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-06-10T14:04:41","indexId":"70011998","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seawater sulfate reduction and sulfur isotope fractionation in basaltic systems: interaction of seawater with fayalite and magnetite at 200–350°C","docAbstract":"<p id=\"\">Sulfate reduction during seawater reaction with fayalite and with magnetite was rapid at 350&deg;C, producing equilibrium assemblages of talc-pyrite-hematite-magnetite at low water/rock ratios and talc-pyrite-hematite-anhydrite at higher water/rock ratios. At 250&deg;C, seawater reacting with fayalite produced detectable amounts of dissolved H<sub>2</sub>S, but extent of reaction of solid phases was minor after 150 days. At 200&deg;C, dissolved H<sub>2</sub>S was not detected, even after 219 days, but mass balance calculations suggest a small amount of pyrite may have formed. Reaction stoichiometry indicates that sulfate reduction requires large amounts of H<sup>+</sup>, which, in subseafloor hydrothermal systems is provided by Mg metasomatism. Seawater contains sufficient Mg to supply all the H<sup>+</sup>&nbsp;necessary for quantitative reduction of seawater sulfate.</p>\n<p id=\"\">Systematics of sulfur isotopes in the 250 and 350&deg;C experiments indicate that isotopic equilibrium is reached, and can be modeled as a Rayleigh distillation process. Isotopic composition of hydrothermally produced H<sub>2</sub>S in natural systems is strongly dependent upon the seawater/basalt ratio in the geothermal system, which controls the relative sulfide contributions from the two important sulfur sources, seawater sulfate and sulfide phases in basalt. Anhydrite precipitation during geothermal heating severely limits sulfate ingress into high temperature interaction zones. Quantitative sulfate reduction can thus be accomplished without producing strongly oxidized rocks and resultant sulfide sulfur isotope values represent a mixture of seawater and basaltic sulfur.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(81)90054-5","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Shanks, W.C., Bischoff, J.L., and Rosenbauer, R.J., 1981, Seawater sulfate reduction and sulfur isotope fractionation in basaltic systems: interaction of seawater with fayalite and magnetite at 200–350°C: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 45, no. 11, p. 1977-1995, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(81)90054-5.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"1977","endPage":"1995","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220870,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"45","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8902e4b08c986b316cb3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shanks, Wayne C. III","contributorId":100527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shanks","given":"Wayne","suffix":"III","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362478,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bischoff, James L. jbischoff@usgs.gov","contributorId":1389,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bischoff","given":"James","email":"jbischoff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":362476,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rosenbauer, Robert J. brosenbauer@usgs.gov","contributorId":204,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosenbauer","given":"Robert","email":"brosenbauer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":362477,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70012007,"text":"70012007 - 1981 - Aeromagnetic and radio echo ice-sounding measurements over the Dufek intrusion, Antarctica","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-16T15:37:43.971318","indexId":"70012007","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":6453,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Aeromagnetic and radio echo ice-sounding measurements over the Dufek intrusion, Antarctica","docAbstract":"<p><span>A combined aeromagnetic and radio echo ice-sounding survey (4200 km of traverse) made in 1978 in Antarctica over the Dufek layered mafic intrusion of Jurassic age suggests a minimum area of about 50,000 km</span><sup>2</sup><span>, making it comparable in size with the Bushveld Complex of Africa. Comparisons of the magnetic and subglacial topographic profiles illustrate the usefulness of this combination of methods in studying bedrock geology beneath ice-covered areas. Rocks are exposed in only 3% of the inferred area of the intrusion. Magnetic anomalies measured a few hundred meters above outcrops of the intrusion range in peak-to-trough amplitude from ∼50 nT over the lowermost exposed portion of the section in the Dufek Massif to ∼3600 nT over the uppermost part of the section in the Forrestal Range. Theoretical magnetic anomalies, computed from models based on the subice topography fitted to the highest-amplitude observed magnetic anomalies, required normal and reversed magnetizations ranging from 10</span><sup>−4</sup><span>&nbsp;to 10</span><sup>−2</sup><span>&nbsp;emu/cm</span><sup>3</sup><span>&nbsp;having directions and magnetizations consistent with measurements previously made on oriented samples. This result is interpreted as indicating that the Dufek intrusion cooled through the Curie isotherm during one or more reversals of the earth's magnetic field.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB086iB04p03014","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Behrendt, J.C., Drewry, D., Jankowski, E., and Grim, M.S., 1981, Aeromagnetic and radio echo ice-sounding measurements over the Dufek intrusion, Antarctica: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 86, no. B4, p. 3014-3020, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB086iB04p03014.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"3014","endPage":"3020","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":480578,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/jb086ib04p03014","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":222177,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"86","issue":"B4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e72ee4b0c8380cd478b2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Behrendt, John C. jbehrendt@usgs.gov","contributorId":25945,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Behrendt","given":"John","email":"jbehrendt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":213,"text":"Crustal Imaging and Characterization Team","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":362505,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Drewry, D.J.","contributorId":41968,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drewry","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362506,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jankowski, E.","contributorId":7420,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jankowski","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362504,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Grim, M. S.","contributorId":102884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grim","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362507,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70011758,"text":"70011758 - 1981 - A stochastic fault model. 2. Time-dependent case","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-16T16:17:12.569402","indexId":"70011758","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":6453,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A stochastic fault model. 2. Time-dependent case","docAbstract":"<p><span>A random model of fault motion in an earthquake is formulated by assuming that the slip velocity is a random function of position and time truncated at zero, so that it does not have negative values. This random function is chosen to be self-affine; that is, on change of length scale, the function is multiplied by a scale factor but is otherwise unchanged statistically. A snapshot of slip velocity at a given time resembles a cluster of islands with rough topography; the final slip function is a smoother island or cluster of islands. In the Fourier transform domain, shear traction on the fault equals the slip velocity times an impedance function. The fact that this impedance function has a pole at zero frequency implies that traction and slip velocity cannot have the same spectral dependence in space and time. To describe stress fluctuations of the order of 100 bars when smoothed over a length of kilometers and of the order of kilobars at the grain size, shear traction must have a one-dimensional power spectrum is space proportional to the reciprocal wave number. Then the one-dimensional power spectrum for the slip velocity is proportional to the reciprocal wave number squared and for slip to its cube. If slip velocity has the same power law spectrum in time as in space, then the spectrum of ground acceleration will be flat (white noise) both on the fault and in the far field.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB086iB11p10821","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Andrews, D., 1981, A stochastic fault model. 2. Time-dependent case: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 86, no. B11, p. 10821-10834, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB086iB11p10821.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"10821","endPage":"10834","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221313,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"86","issue":"B11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e5b2e4b0c8380cd46f13","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Andrews, D.J.","contributorId":7416,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andrews","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361896,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
]}