The main fault along which the destructive Guatemala earthquake occurred was the Motagua fault. Ground breakage was observed in a continuous, well-defined line for 230 km. At its closest point, the fault is 25 km north of Guatemala City. Surface displacement across the fault was dominantly horizontal and sinistral (see back cover). The strike-slip component averaged 1.08m and was as high as 3.40m.
\nUnlike many other earhtquake-related strike-slip displacements in the world (such as the San Andreas system in California), subsidiary faults, splays, and an echelon offsets are relatively rare along the Motagua fault. Most of the fault trace is marked by linear stream valleys, minor scarps, shutter ridges (a fault-displaced ridge which \"shuts in\" the adjacent canyon), and sag ponds (fault-formed depressions which fill with water).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Plafker, G., 1977, The Guatemala earthquake and Caribbean Plate tectonics: Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS), v. 9, no. 2, p. 18-20.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"18","endPage":"20","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":318586,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Motagua fault","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -92.52685546875,\n 15.623036831528264\n ],\n [\n -89.84619140625,\n 14.689881366618762\n ],\n [\n -87.42919921875,\n 13.77406640805484\n ],\n [\n -84.638671875,\n 12.597454504832017\n ],\n [\n -83.78173828125,\n 12.039320557540584\n ],\n [\n -83.60595703125,\n 12.768946439455956\n ],\n [\n -92.35107421874999,\n 15.89794240102209\n ],\n [\n -92.52685546875,\n 15.623036831528264\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"9","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56dabff3e4b015c306f84d0a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Plafker, George 0000-0003-3972-0390","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3972-0390","contributorId":36603,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plafker","given":"George","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":621967,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":6534,"text":"pp1001 - 1976 - Numerical simulation analysis of the interaction of lakes and ground water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-13T12:10:03","indexId":"pp1001","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1001","title":"Numerical simulation analysis of the interaction of lakes and ground water","docAbstract":"Because the interrelationship of lakes and ground water is perhaps the least understood aspect of lake hydrology, vertical-section, steadystate, numerical-model simulations were run to evaluate the factors that control the interaction of lakes and ground water. The study is concerned only with lakes encircled by water-table mounds that are at a higher altitude than lake level. Simulations of one-lake and multiple-lake systems in vertical sections show that for many hydrogeologic settings, the line (divide) separating local from regional ground-water flow systems is continuous beneath individual lakes. If the divide is continuous, there exists a point along it at which the head is a minimum compared to all other points along the divide. This point of minimum head is always greater than the head represented by lake level, therefore in such a setting there can be no movement of lake water through the lake bed to the ground-water system. In a setting where the divide is not continuous, the lake loses water through part of its bed, but rarely in the littoral zone of the lake.
Factors that strongly influence the position, shape, and continuity of the flow-system divide beneath lakes are height of the water table on the downslope side of the lake relative to lake level, position and hydraulic conductivity of aquifers within the ground-water reservoir, ratio of horizontal to vertical hydraulic conductivity of the groundwater system, and lake depth.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/pp1001","usgsCitation":"Winter, T.C., 1976, Numerical simulation analysis of the interaction of lakes and ground water: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1001, iv, 45 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1001.","productDescription":"iv, 45 p.","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":34022,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1001/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":123992,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1001/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6adff0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Winter, Thomas C.","contributorId":84736,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winter","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":152885,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":9231,"text":"ofr76753 - 1976 - Volcanic rocks of the McDermitt Caldera, Nevada-Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-28T19:12:21.335316","indexId":"ofr76753","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"76-753","title":"Volcanic rocks of the McDermitt Caldera, Nevada-Oregon","docAbstract":"The McDermitt caldera, a major Miocene eruptive center is locatedin the northernmost Great Basin directly west of McDermitt, Nev. The alkali rhyolite of Jordan Meadow was erupted from the caldera and covered an area of about 60,000 sq km; the volume of rhyolite is about 960 cubic km.
Paleozoic and Mesozoic sedimentary rocks and Mesozoic granodiorite form the pre-Tertiary Basement in this area. Overlying these is a series of volcanic rocks, probably all of Miocene age. The lowest is a dacite welded tuff, a reddish-brown rock featuring abundant phenocrysts of plagioclase, hornblende, and biotite; next is a heterogeneous unit consisting of mocks ranging from basalt to dacite.
Overlying these is the basalt and andesite of Orevada View, over 700 m thick and consisting of a basal unit of cinder agglutinate overlain by basalt and andesite, much of which contains conspicuous large plagioclase phenocrysts.
Near Disaster Peak and Orevada View, the basalt and andesite are overlain by additional units of silicic volcanic rocks. The lower alkali rhyolite welded tuff contains abundant phenocrysts of alkali feldspar and has a vitric phase with obvious pumice and shard texture. The rhyolite of Little Peak consists of a wide variety of banded flows or welded ruffs and breccias, mostly containing abundant alkali feldspar phenocrysts. It extends south from Disaster Peak and apparently underlies the alkali rhyolite of Jordan Meadow. The quartz latite of Sage Creek lies north of Disaster Peak and consists mostly of finely mottled quartz latite with sparse minute plagioclase phenocrysts.
Volcanic rock units in the east part of the area near the Cordero mine include trachyandesite, quartz labile of McConnell Canyon, and rhyolite of McCormick Ranch. The trachyandesite is dark gray and contains less than 1 percent microphenocrysts plagioclase. It is the lowest unit exposed and may correlate with part of the basalt and andesite of Orevada View. The quartz latite of McConnell Canyon is olive gray and contains about 8 percent plagioclase phenocrysts. It has an upper phase of black vitrophyre which directly underlies The alkali rhyolite of Jordan Meadow. The rhyolite of McCormick Ranch is present farther north and consists of pinkish rhyolite with small amounts of phenocrysts of alkali feldspar, quartz, and plagioclase.
The alkali rhyolite of Jordan Meadow consists of interlayered aphyric, sparsely porphyritic, and abundantly porphyritic alkali rhyolites whose colors are predominantly light gray, greenish gray, and brown, respectively. Phenocrysts are alkali feldspar (to 15 percent) locally with quartz. Sections inside the caldera are as much as 360 m thick and consist of intimately interlayered gray, green, and brown alkali rhyolites commonly flow folded. Outside the caldera sections are equally thick in the south and southwest, but thinner to the north; in these places units of similar lithology are persistent for many kilometers, and flow folding is rare.
A basal green porphyritic unit north of the caldera contains definite shard texture, but elsewhere this feature is rare. Nevertheless, the great lateral extent and relative thinness of the alkali rhyolite of Jordan Meadow suggests that it is welded ash-flow tuff.
Overlying the alkali rhyolite of Jordan Meadow within the McDermitt caldera are four units of lavas. The rhyolite of Hoppin Peaks contains light-brownish-gray rhyolite and black vitophyre, all with sparse phenocrysts of alkali feldspar, quartz, and plagioclase. The rhyolite of McDermitt Creek is greenish or brownish gray and contains abundant phenocrysts of plagioclase. It .is in part structureless and in part flow banded. Alkali rhyolite of Washburn Creek is light gray and contains 0-5 percent phenocrysts alkali feldspar. Quartz labile of Black Mountain forms four isolated remnants of volcanoes in the south part of the caldera. It is brown where well crystallized and black where vitric and contains 5-15 percent plagioclase phenocrysts.
A unit of tuffaceous sedimentary rocks in part fills the caldera. A single occurrence of andesite is interbedded.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr76753","usgsCitation":"Greene, R.C., 1976, Volcanic rocks of the McDermitt Caldera, Nevada-Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 76-753, Report: v, 80 p.; 2 Plates: 15.01 × 11.06 inches and 11.12 × 14.10 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr76753.","productDescription":"Report: v, 80 p.; 2 Plates: 15.01 × 11.06 inches and 11.12 × 14.10 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":407535,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_15416.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":36875,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1976/0753/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":36874,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1976/0753/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":36873,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1976/0753/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":141755,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1976/0753/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada, Oregon","otherGeospatial":"McDermitt Caldera","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.5,\n 41.417\n ],\n [\n -117.75,\n 41.417\n ],\n [\n -117.75,\n 42.417\n ],\n [\n -118.5,\n 42.417\n ],\n [\n -118.5,\n 41.417\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0de4b07f02db5fd858","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Greene, Robert C.","contributorId":36108,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greene","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":159323,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":9064,"text":"ofr76710 - 1976 - Preliminary report on uranium-, thorium-, and rare-earth-bearing rocks near Golovin, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-07-17T18:26:05.766675","indexId":"ofr76710","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"76-710","title":"Preliminary report on uranium-, thorium-, and rare-earth-bearing rocks near Golovin, Alaska","docAbstract":"Uranium-, thorium-, and rare-earth bearing rocks were found by a U.S. Geological Survey field party 15 miles northeast of Golovin, Alaska, in the southeastern Seward Peninsula (fig. 1) in June 1976. The mineralized areas occur in syenite and appear to be concentrated along the margins of alkaline dikes, with allanite tentatively identified as the principal mineral containing the uranium-, thorium-, and rare-earths. Samples contain as much as 0.15 percent U308 and 1.05 percent Th02, and over 2 percent rare-earth elements. These mineralized rocks are closely associated with alkaline dikes which are part of a dike swarm that crops out over at least 250 km2 (100 mi2). This large dike swarm is thus of considerable economic interest.
These uranium-, thorium-, and rare-earth-rich rocks occur near the west end of the western Alaska uranium-thorium province (West, 1953; Clark and others, 1975; Miller, 3976) and were found during a regional investigation of this province by the Geological Survey. The alkaline dikes were known from previous mapping by the two senior authors (Miller and others, 1972) to be anomalously radioactive. The mineralized areas described in this report were found while making a brief study of (1) alteration and/or mineralization associated with these dikes and (2) their relation to similar dikes and rocks which occur elsewhere in the province (Miller, 1972).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr76710","usgsCitation":"Miller, T.P., Elliott, R.L., Finch, W.I., and Brooks, R.A., 1976, Preliminary report on uranium-, thorium-, and rare-earth-bearing rocks near Golovin, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 76-710, 13 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr76710.","productDescription":"13 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":419018,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1976/0710/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":143415,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1976/0710/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","city":"Golovin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -163.04503433922062,\n 64.55597714768643\n ],\n [\n -163.04503433922062,\n 64.53575301654521\n ],\n [\n -162.98275431696564,\n 64.53575301654521\n ],\n [\n -162.98275431696564,\n 64.55597714768643\n ],\n [\n -163.04503433922062,\n 64.55597714768643\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b06e4b07f02db69a150","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, Thomas P. tmiller@usgs.gov","contributorId":4183,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Thomas","email":"tmiller@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":121,"text":"Alaska Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":158950,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Elliott, Raymond L.","contributorId":82667,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elliott","given":"Raymond","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":158953,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Finch, Warren I.","contributorId":91923,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finch","given":"Warren","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":158952,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Brooks, Robert A.","contributorId":60645,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brooks","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":158951,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":5910,"text":"pp927 - 1976 - Effect of irrigation pumping on desert pupfish habitats in the Ash Meadows, Nye County, Nevada","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":13409,"text":"ofr74188 - 1974 - Effect of irrigation pumping on desert pupfish habitats in Ash Meadows, Nye County, Nevada","indexId":"ofr74188","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"title":"Effect of irrigation pumping on desert pupfish habitats in Ash Meadows, Nye County, Nevada"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":5910,"text":"pp927 - 1976 - Effect of irrigation pumping on desert pupfish habitats in the Ash Meadows, Nye County, Nevada","indexId":"pp927","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"title":"Effect of irrigation pumping on desert pupfish habitats in the Ash Meadows, Nye County, Nevada"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:41","indexId":"pp927","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"927","title":"Effect of irrigation pumping on desert pupfish habitats in the Ash Meadows, Nye County, Nevada","docAbstract":"The Ash Meadows area, at the southern tip of the Amargosa Desert in southern Nevada, discharges ground water collected over several thousand square miles of a regional flow system developed in Paleozoic carbonate rocks. Water moves westward across fault contacts from the bedrock into poorly interconnected gravel, sand, and terrestrial-limestone aquifers in the upper few hundred feet of the basin sediments at Ash Meadows. A small pool in Devils Hole, which is a collapse depression in Cambrian limestone, and numerous springs in the adjacent desert valley contain rare fish species of the genus Cyprinodon, faunal remnants of Pleistocene lakes. The Devils Hole pupfish, C. diabolis, is the most endangered of the several surviving species that have evolved since the post-pluvial isolation of their ancestors. This population feeds and reproduces on a slightly submerged rock ledge. Recent irrigation pumping has nearly exposed this ledge. Correlation of pumping histories with the stage in Devils Hole allows identification of several wells that affect the pool level most severly. Some springs that are habitats for other species of Cyprinodon have reduced discharge because of pumping. Hydraulic testing, long-term water-level monitoring, water quality, and geologic evidence aid in defining the principal flow paths and hydraulic interconnections in the Ash Meadows area. (Woodard-USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/pp927","usgsCitation":"Dudley, W.W., and Larson, J.D., 1976, Effect of irrigation pumping on desert pupfish habitats in the Ash Meadows, Nye County, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 927, 52 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp927.","productDescription":"52 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123990,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0927/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":32795,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0927/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db6255ce","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dudley, William W. Jr.","contributorId":107270,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dudley","given":"William","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":151796,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Larson, J. D.","contributorId":83084,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larson","given":"J.","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":151795,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":60407,"text":"mf786 - 1976 - Preliminary overview map of volcanic hazards in the 48 conterminous United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-20T09:54:07","indexId":"mf786","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"786","title":"Preliminary overview map of volcanic hazards in the 48 conterminous United States","docAbstract":"Volcanic eruptions and related phenomena can be expected to occur in the Western United States, and in some places are potentially hazardous enough to be considered in longe-range land-use planning. But the immediate risk from volcanic hazards is low because eruptions are so infrequent in the conterminous United States that few, if any, occur during any one person 1s lifetime. Furthermore, severely destructive effects of eruptions, other than extremely rare ones of catastrophic scale, probably would be limited to areas within a few tens of kilometers downvalley or downwind from a volcano. Thus, the area seriously endangered by any one eruption would be only a very small part of the Western United States.
\nThe accompanying map identifies areas in which volcanic hazards pose some degree of risk, and shows that the problem is virtually limited to the far western States. The map also shows the possible areal distribution of several kinds of dangerous eruptive events and indicates the relative likelihood of their occurrence at various volcanoes. The kinds of events described here as hazards are those that can occur suddenly and with little or no warning; they do not include long-term geologic processes. Table 1 summarizes the origin and some characteristics of potentially hazardous volcanic phenomena.
\nThe map is diagrammatic. It does not show the specific location of the next expected eruption , because such an event cannot be reliably predicted . Instead, the map shows general areas or zones that, over a long period of time, are relatively likely to be affected in one or more places by various kinds of hazardous volcanic events. However, only a small part of one of these areas would be affected by any single eruption.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/mf786","usgsCitation":"Mullineaux, D.R., 1976, Preliminary overview map of volcanic hazards in the 48 conterminous United States: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 786, 38.41 x 28.66 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/mf786.","productDescription":"38.41 x 28.66 inches","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":183335,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/mf786.jpg"},{"id":288952,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/0786/"},{"id":288953,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/0786/pdf/MF786.pdf"}],"scale":"7500000","country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -125.84,23.68 ], [ -125.84,51.97 ], [ -63.33,51.97 ], [ -63.33,23.68 ], [ -125.84,23.68 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aafe4b07f02db66cd4f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mullineaux, D. R.","contributorId":64248,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mullineaux","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":263695,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70207630,"text":"70207630 - 1976 - Trace-element variations at Summer Coon volcano, San Juan Mountains, Colorado, and the origin of continental-interior andesite","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-04T14:48:43.64956","indexId":"70207630","displayToPublicDate":"1976-12-31T11:03:30","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1723,"text":"GSA Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Trace-element variations at Summer Coon volcano, San Juan Mountains, Colorado, and the origin of continental-interior andesite","docAbstract":"The Oligocene Summer Coon center, an eroded continental-interior volcano of the eastern San Juan Mountains, Colorado, was the source of magmas ranging in composition from basaltic andesite to rhyolite. Previous Pb and Sr isotope studies indicate derivation of the magmas from an isotopically homogeneous source. This study presents new data for rare-earth elements (REE), U, Th, Ba, Sr, Rb, and Ni from 10 samples of the Summer Coon sequence. Alkali elements are high in all rocks; as SiO2 increases, Ba increases from 900 to 2,000 ppm, Rb increases from 35 to 90 ppm, Sr decreases from 900 to 350 ppm, K/Rb decreases slightly, Ba/Sr increases, U increases from 0.5 to 2.5 ppm, and Th increases from 2 to 7 ppm. Chondrite-normalized REE patterns are strongly fractionated in comparison with oceanic-arc andesite-dacite sequences. La is 80 to 120 times chondritic abundance, but Yb and Lu are less than 10 times chondritic abundance. Small negative Eu anomalies characterize the rhyolites. Nickel in the andesites is 40 to 70 ppm.
The origin of the andesite is interpreted in terms of nonmodal partial melting of a trace-element—enriched garnet-bearing source, possibly subducted crust that has converted to eclogite. Rhyodacite and rhyolite are interpreted as low-pressure crystal-fractionation products of silicic andesite, in which crystallizing phases are hornblende rich in REE and plagioclase.
","language":"English","publisher":"GSA","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1976)87<1477:TVASCV>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Zielinski, R.A., and Lipman, P.W., 1976, Trace-element variations at Summer Coon volcano, San Juan Mountains, Colorado, and the origin of continental-interior andesite: GSA Bulletin, v. 87, no. 10, p. 1477-1485, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1976)87<1477:TVASCV>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"1477","endPage":"1485","costCenters":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":370899,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Summer Coon volcanic center","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -106.4794921875,\n 37.37015718405753\n ],\n [\n -105.6005859375,\n 37.37015718405753\n ],\n [\n -105.6005859375,\n 38.496593518947584\n ],\n [\n -106.4794921875,\n 38.496593518947584\n ],\n [\n -106.4794921875,\n 37.37015718405753\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"87","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zielinski, Robert A. 0000-0002-4047-5129 rzielinski@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4047-5129","contributorId":1593,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zielinski","given":"Robert","email":"rzielinski@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":778681,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lipman, Peter W. 0000-0001-9175-6118 plipman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9175-6118","contributorId":3486,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lipman","given":"Peter","email":"plipman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":778682,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70156642,"text":"70156642 - 1976 - Brown, yellow, orange, and greenish-black thorites from the Seerie pegmatite, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-08-25T13:43:53","indexId":"70156642","displayToPublicDate":"1976-10-26T17:15:00","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Brown, yellow, orange, and greenish-black thorites from the Seerie pegmatite, Colorado","docAbstract":"Four types of thorite - brown, yellow, orange, and greenish-black - occur together in narrow fracture fillings rich in brown fluorite near the outer edge of the Seerie pegmatite. The brown thorite is by far the most abundant. The thorites are remarkably similar in composition except for their Fe2O3 and UO2 contents. The common brown thorite contains about 5 percent Fe2O3, but the other types have only about 0.3 percent. The greenish-black thorite contains about 15 percent UO2; the yellow and orange, about 7 percent; and the brown, about 3 percent. All four thorites have high total rare-earth oxide contents, which vary from 17.3 to 20 percent. The rare-earth assemblage is unusual in that the heavy rare earths predominate, ytterbium being the most abundant lanthanide. Unheated brown and yellow thorites gave thorite X-ray patterns, but the orange and greenish-black types are metamict. All the thorites gave a ThO2-UO2 X-ray pattern as well as a thorite pattern after heating in air for 1- and 2-hour periods at 1,000°C. In addition, the pattern of the greenish-black thorite contained peaks which we ascribe to a second UO2 compound. Minute black inclusions present in the greenish-black thorite were identified as uraninite by microprobe analysis.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Staatz, M.H., Adams, J.W., and Wahlberg, J.S., 1976, Brown, yellow, orange, and greenish-black thorites from the Seerie pegmatite, Colorado: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 4, no. 5, p. 575-582.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"575","endPage":"582","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":307421,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":307420,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1976/vol4issue5/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"29.18 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","county":"Jefferson County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -105.46806335449219,\n 39.2758527440647\n ],\n [\n -105.46806335449219,\n 39.51675478434244\n ],\n [\n -105.16799926757811,\n 39.51675478434244\n ],\n [\n -105.16799926757811,\n 39.2758527440647\n ],\n [\n -105.46806335449219,\n 39.2758527440647\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"4","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55dd91aee4b0518e354dd130","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Staatz, Mortimer H.","contributorId":55494,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Staatz","given":"Mortimer","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":569780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Adams, John W.","contributorId":76226,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adams","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":569781,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wahlberg, James S.","contributorId":10481,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wahlberg","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":569782,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70156638,"text":"70156638 - 1976 - Prehnite in plutonic and metamorphic rocks of the northern Santa Lucia Range, Salinian block, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-08-25T13:10:30","indexId":"70156638","displayToPublicDate":"1976-10-26T17:15:00","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Prehnite in plutonic and metamorphic rocks of the northern Santa Lucia Range, Salinian block, California","docAbstract":"Prehnite is abundant as monomineralic veins, as lenses in biotite, and as discrete patches and apparent primary crystals in both plutonic and metamorphic rocks along the west edge of the Salinian block in the northern Santa Lucia Range. The prehnite appears to be concentrated near the Sur fault zone but is very rare in Franciscan rocks west of the fault zone. The prehnite does not appear to have been derived by local alteration of minerals in the country rocks (either plutonic or metamorphic). I suggest that solutions, derived from a \"substratum\" (possibly Franciscan graywacke) beneath the tectonically thinned west margin of the Salinian block, migrated through the fractured rocks of the Salinian block near the Sur fault zone and that the chemical and physical nature of these rocks favored selective prehnite deposition.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Ross, D.C., 1976, Prehnite in plutonic and metamorphic rocks of the northern Santa Lucia Range, Salinian block, California: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 4, no. 5, p. 561-568.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"561","endPage":"568","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":307415,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":307414,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1976/vol4issue5/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"29.18 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Santa Lucia Range","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122,\n 36\n ],\n [\n -122,\n 37\n ],\n [\n -121,\n 37\n ],\n [\n -121,\n 36\n ],\n [\n -122,\n 36\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"4","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55dd91bde4b0518e354dd1ad","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ross, Donald C.","contributorId":146987,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ross","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":569756,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70119575,"text":"70119575 - 1976 - Home range, social behavior, and dominance relationships in the African unstriped ground squirrel, Xerus rutilus","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-07T14:07:25","indexId":"70119575","displayToPublicDate":"1976-08-01T14:02:10","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2373,"text":"Journal of Mammalogy","onlineIssn":"1545-1542","printIssn":"0022-2372","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Home range, social behavior, and dominance relationships in the African unstriped ground squirrel, Xerus rutilus","docAbstract":"A field study of home range, social behavior, and dominance relationships in the African unstriped ground squirrel, Xerus rutilus, was conducted in semi-arid bushland near Kibwezi, Kenya. Ground squirrels lived alone or in small groups in isolated burrow systems and had broadly overlapping home ranges. They were neither territorial or colonial. Home ranges were estimated by visual observation of marked animals and those of males were considerably larger (mean=7.01 hectares (ha); n=4) than those of females (mean=1.37 ha; n-6). A continuum of agonistic behavior ranging from threat to combat is described, although actual combat was rarely observed. Sexual behavior includes a stereotypical tail display by adult males. Dominance relationships, based on 542 observed encounters between marked individuals, include a consistent male dominance over females and a fairly constant linear hierarchy among all individuals with shared home ranges. Similarities in the behavior of African ground squirrels and tree squirrels (Sciurus) are discussed.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Mammalogy","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Mammalogists","publisherLocation":"Provo, UT","doi":"10.2307/1379295","usgsCitation":"O'Shea, T., 1976, Home range, social behavior, and dominance relationships in the African unstriped ground squirrel, Xerus rutilus: Journal of Mammalogy, v. 57, no. 3, p. 450-460, https://doi.org/10.2307/1379295.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"450","endPage":"460","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":291851,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":291850,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1379295"}],"volume":"57","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53e492cce4b0fff40428a58b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"O'Shea, Thomas J. 0000-0002-0758-9730","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0758-9730","contributorId":78071,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O'Shea","given":"Thomas J.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":497722,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70011156,"text":"70011156 - 1976 - Qal’eh hasan ali maars, central Iran","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-08-31T15:27:51.8006","indexId":"70011156","displayToPublicDate":"1976-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1093,"text":"Bulletin Volcanologique","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Qal’eh hasan ali maars, central Iran","docAbstract":"A group of craters 120 km southeast of Kerman, the largest 1200 m across and 300 m deep, are typical maars, excavated depression with rims of bedded pyroclastic debris. Most of the crater rims are composed entirely of country rock clasts, but the largest crater yields tephrite, composed of phenocrysts of phlogopite, clinopyroxene, and olivine in a groundmass of anorthoclase, analcime, hauyne, clinopyroxene and magnetite, and a cumulate of phlogopite and clinopyroxene with highly potassic glass. The occurrence of hauyne as a ground mass mineral is a rare or unique feature. The maar field lies in the projection to the south of the Nayband fault and, with some flows near that fault, represents a province of Quaternary alkali basalt volcanism.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF02597000","usgsCitation":"Milton, D., 1976, Qal’eh hasan ali maars, central Iran: Bulletin Volcanologique, v. 40, no. 3, p. 201-208, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02597000.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"201","endPage":"208","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220962,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Iran","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 57.5,\n 29.5\n ],\n [\n 57.5,\n 29.333\n ],\n [\n 57.666,\n 29.333\n ],\n [\n 57.666,\n 29.5\n ],\n [\n 57.5,\n 29.5\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"40","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a9072e4b0c8380cd7fd45","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Milton, D.J.","contributorId":44121,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Milton","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360418,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70007056,"text":"70007056 - 1975 - Polypodium sp. (Coelenterata) infection of paddlefish (Polyodon spathula) eggs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-07-13T01:01:54","indexId":"70007056","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T10:42:59","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2414,"text":"Journal of Parasitology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Polypodium sp. (Coelenterata) infection of paddlefish (Polyodon spathula) eggs","docAbstract":"Parasitism of fish by coelenterates is rare and the first North American infection was reported in sturgeon (Hoffman et al., 1974, J Parasitol 60: 548-550). In the USSR parasitism of sturgeon (Acipenser sp.) eggs by the coelenterate Polypodium hydriforme Ussov 1885 has long been reported and investigated [Raikova, 1959, in Parasites of Freshwater Fish and the Biological Basis for their Control. Bull State Sci Res Inst Lake and River Fish. XLIX. Eng. transl. No. TT61-31056, O. T. S., U. S. Dep. Commerce, Washington, D. C., 1962, 235 p.: Raikova, 1973, (Proc Second Internat Symp on Cnidaria), Seto Marine Biological Laboratory 20: 165-173]. This report represents the first known infection of Polypodium in the paddlefish (Polyodon spathula).","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Parasitology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Parasitologists","publisherLocation":"http://amsocparasit.org/","doi":"10.2307/3279486","collaboration":"None","usgsCitation":"Suppes, V., and Meyer, F.P., 1975, Polypodium sp. (Coelenterata) infection of paddlefish (Polyodon spathula) eggs: Journal of Parasitology, v. 61, no. 4, p. 772-775, https://doi.org/10.2307/3279486.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"772","endPage":"775","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":487992,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3279486","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":258453,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":258438,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3279486","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"volume":"61","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7d0de4b0c8380cd79d13","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Suppes, V. Charles","contributorId":102325,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Suppes","given":"V. Charles","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":355751,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Meyer, Fred P.","contributorId":28642,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyer","given":"Fred","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":355750,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70010147,"text":"70010147 - 1975 - Garnet peridotite xenoliths in a Montana, U.S.A., kimberlite","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-09T16:00:37.465035","indexId":"70010147","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3067,"text":"Physics and Chemistry of the Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Garnet peridotite xenoliths in a Montana, U.S.A., kimberlite","docAbstract":"Within a swarm of late middle Eocene subsilicic-alkalic diatremes, one diatreme 270 by 370 m and an associated dike contain common xenoliths of granulite and rare xenoliths of spinel peridotite and garnet peridotite. Six garnet lherzolite xenoliths have been found and these show a range of textures. Four are granular, and two are intensely sheared. Phlogopite is absent from the intensely sheared xenoliths and is thought to be primary in part in the granular xenoliths. Estimated temperatures and depths of equilibration of xenolith pyroxenes range from 920°C, 106 km (32 kbar) to 1315°C, 148 km (47 kbar). The xenoliths show increasing amounts of deformation with greater inferred depths of origin. The temperature-depth points suggest a segment of an Eocene geotherm for Montana which is similar in slope to the steep portion of the pyroxene-determined Lesotho geotherm (BOYD and NIXON, this volume) and is considerably steeper than typical calculated shield and continental geotherms at present. The steep trend could be a result of plate-tectonic shearing and magma ascension within an Eocene low-velocity zone. Preservation of intensely sheared textures requires rapid transport of material from about 150 km depth during active deformation of relatively dry rock. The occurrence of monticellite peridotite in this kimberlite diatreme suggests that magmas which crystallized to monticellite peridotite at relatively shallow depth could be one of the primitive types of kimberlite magma.
Thirty-six test holes were augered by the U.S. Geological Survey in the vicinity of Sol,,r Creek, Rosebud Indian Reservation, Todd County, South Dakota. Wells prcducing more than S gallons per minute (0.32 litre per second) from the Tertiary deposits are rare. However, as much as 20 feet (6.1 metres) of permeable alluvial deposits were penetrated in several test holes. One test ell was pumped for hours at a rate of 10 gallons per minute (0.63 litre per second).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr75355","usgsCitation":"Adolphson, D.G., 1975, Test drilling at Soldier Creek, Rosebud Indian Reservation, Todd County, South Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 75-355, iii, 28 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr75355.","productDescription":"iii, 28 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":562,"text":"South Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":144810,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1975/0355/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":359566,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1975/0355/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"South Dakota","county":"Todd County","otherGeospatial":"Rosebud Indian Reservation, Soldier Creek","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad9e4b07f02db684c5c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Adolphson, D. G.","contributorId":106081,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adolphson","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":166071,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":8993,"text":"ofr75150 - 1975 - Age and tectonic significance of volcanic rocks on St. Matthew Island, Bering Sea, Alaska","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":8993,"text":"ofr75150 - 1975 - Age and tectonic significance of volcanic rocks on St. Matthew Island, Bering Sea, Alaska","indexId":"ofr75150","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"title":"Age and tectonic significance of volcanic rocks on St. Matthew Island, Bering Sea, Alaska"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":58767,"text":"mf642 - 1975 - Reconnaissance geologic map of St. Matthew Island, Bering Sea, Alaska","indexId":"mf642","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"title":"Reconnaissance geologic map of St. Matthew Island, Bering Sea, Alaska"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":58767,"text":"mf642 - 1975 - Reconnaissance geologic map of St. Matthew Island, Bering Sea, Alaska","indexId":"mf642","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"title":"Reconnaissance geologic map of St. Matthew Island, Bering Sea, Alaska"},"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-08T18:44:52.063774","indexId":"ofr75150","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"75-150","title":"Age and tectonic significance of volcanic rocks on St. Matthew Island, Bering Sea, Alaska","docAbstract":"Reconnaissance investigations of the heretofore little known volcanic assemblage on St. Matthew Island provide significant information on the tectonic history of the Bering Sea shelf. St. Matthew Island is made up of approximately 500 m of subaerial calc-alkaline volcanic rocks ranging in composition from high-alumina basalt to rhyolite. Four K-Ar analyses of samples from this volcanic sequence give Late Cretaceous ages of 65-77 m.y., and intercalated carbonaceous tuff layers yield Cretaceous pollen assemblages. Along the northeast coast of St. Matthew Island the volcanic rocks are intruded by granodiorite that gives an early Tertiary K-Ar age of 61 m.y.
Correlations with on-land geology in northeast Siberia and marine geophysical data from the western Bering Sea strongly suggest that St. Matthew Island represents a southeastward extension of the Okhotsk-Chukotsk belt, a Late Cretaceous and early Tertiary volcanic arc that borders the Pacific margin of Siberia for 3,000 km. The apparent continuation of this volcanic arc along the margin of the Bering shelf at least as far east as St. Matthew Island supports suggestions by Burk and by Scholl and others that in late Mesozoic time the Pacific plate margin coincided with the present-day Bering shelf margin and did not shift to the Aleutian trench until the end of Cretaceous or the beginning of Tertiary time.
During the summer of 1971 the U.S. Geological Survey conducted a reconnaissance expedition to St. Matthew Island in the central Bering Sea aboard the Survey research vessel Don J. Miller II. The purpose of the expedition was to obtain basic geologic information on the age and lithologic character of the volcanic rocks on St. Matthew as part of a broad program of onshore and offshore investigations of the energy and mineral resources of the Bering Sea shelf. St. Matthew Island had not been mapped previously and available geologic information was confined to brief notes from early exploratory surveys of the Bering Sea region published more than 50 years ago (Dawson, 1894; Emerson, 1910).
St. Matthew Island together with two small neighboring islands, Hall and Pinnacle, is situated 400 km west of mainland Alaska on the broad continental shelf that connects Alaska and Siberia (fig. 1). Although these islands have a combined area of only 3502 km, they are important because they provide a rare subaerial exposure of the geology of the shelf and furnish new information on the tectonic history of the Bering Sea region.
This report briefly describes the geology of the island and suggests how the island fits into the tectonic framework of the Bering Sea region.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr75150","usgsCitation":"Patton, W.W., Lanphere, M.A., Miller, T.P., and Scott, R., 1975, Age and tectonic significance of volcanic rocks on St. Matthew Island, Bering Sea, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 75-150, 18 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr75150.","productDescription":"18 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":423344,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1975/0150/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":144105,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1975/0150/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Bering Sea, St. Matthew Island","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -173.19656898891907,\n 60.72952223911312\n ],\n [\n -173.19656898891907,\n 60.248433293048976\n ],\n [\n -172.1421533581664,\n 60.248433293048976\n ],\n [\n -172.1421533581664,\n 60.72952223911312\n ],\n [\n -173.19656898891907,\n 60.72952223911312\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae3e4b07f02db6896f3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Patton, William Wallace Jr.","contributorId":72346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Patton","given":"William","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"Wallace","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":158681,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lanphere, Marvin A. alder@usgs.gov","contributorId":2696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lanphere","given":"Marvin","email":"alder@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":158678,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Miller, Thomas P. tmiller@usgs.gov","contributorId":4183,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Thomas","email":"tmiller@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":121,"text":"Alaska Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":158679,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Scott, Richard A.","contributorId":14414,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"Richard A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":158680,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":14743,"text":"ofr75667 - 1975 - Heavy-mineral trends in the Beaufort Sea","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-21T16:29:28.908682","indexId":"ofr75667","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"75-667","title":"Heavy-mineral trends in the Beaufort Sea","docAbstract":"Sediments of the Beaufort Sea, off the North Slope of Alaska contain a great variety of heavy minerals. These include garnet, chrome spinel, augite, pigeonite, diopside, hornblende, enstatite, hypersthene, epidote, clinozoisite, zoisite, apatite, tourmaline, chloritoid, sphene, zircon, and opaque minerals. Much rarer constituents are glaucophane, lamprobolite, rutile, kyanite, staurolite, and riebeckite.
The heavy-mineral fractions that were not treated with hydrochloric acid contain \"iron-stained aggregates\", grains of unidentifiable material encrusted with limonite. Samples containing relatively high percentages of iron-stained aggregates and altered opaque minerals occur in depths less than 10 m and within 16 km from shore.
Garnet increases in abundance from east to west, which corresponds to a similar increase in garnet abundance in coastal outcrops of the Gubik Formation sands. Only garnet and iron-stained aggregates appear to have source-related distribution patterns. The other heavy minerals lack distinct distributive provinces, reflecting an environment dominated by intense mixing by ice-gouging and bioturbation and a homogenous source area. Waves and currents are not strong enough to sort sediments at depths greater than 10 m except during summer storms.
The source of the Beaufort Sea heavy minerals is dominated by contributions from the Alaskan North Slope deposits of Tertiary and younger age. The Colville River, largest in the region, is probably the most influential in transporting sediments, but because of wave and current—mixing of sediments on the shelf, exact contributions from each river drainage cannot be ascertained. Coastal erosion of the Gubik Formation is probably at least as important as the Colville River in supplying heavy minerals to the Beaufort Sea.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr75667","usgsCitation":"Luepke, G., 1975, Heavy-mineral trends in the Beaufort Sea: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 75-667, Report: 38 p.; 8 Plates: 35.57 x 23.70 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr75667.","productDescription":"Report: 38 p.; 8 Plates: 35.57 x 23.70 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":429124,"rank":10,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1975/0667/figure-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":429123,"rank":9,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1975/0667/figure-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":429122,"rank":8,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1975/0667/figure-4A.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":429121,"rank":7,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1975/0667/figure-4B.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":429120,"rank":6,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1975/0667/figure-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":429119,"rank":5,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1975/0667/figure-6-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":429118,"rank":4,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1975/0667/figure-6.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":429117,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1975/0667/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":429116,"rank":2,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1975/0667/Table-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":148924,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1975/0667/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Beaufort Sea","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -162.01067630655163,\n 71.33220429155887\n ],\n [\n -162.01067630655163,\n 69.2681279384339\n ],\n [\n -141.02032464064888,\n 69.2681279384339\n ],\n [\n -141.02032464064888,\n 71.33220429155887\n ],\n [\n -162.01067630655163,\n 71.33220429155887\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a61e4b07f02db635d3a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Luepke, Gretchen","contributorId":91827,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luepke","given":"Gretchen","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":169936,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":6419,"text":"pp907A - 1975 - Grade and Tonnage Relationships Among Copper Deposits","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:54","indexId":"pp907A","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"907","chapter":"A","title":"Grade and Tonnage Relationships Among Copper Deposits","docAbstract":"Three types of copper deposits-porphyry, strata-bound, and massive sulfide-are described, and the distributions of tonnages and grades for 267 deposits are compared with normal and lognormal frequency distributions. The relationships between grades and tonnages are analyzed by examining the correlation coefficients of these variables. Conclusions reached include the following: (1) Geologic factors influencing tonnage of a particular deposit type are probably distinct from those influencing grade; (2) frequency distributions of tonnages and grades approximate lognormality, making it possible to predict probability of various tonnage-grade classes and to test correlation between variables; (3) no significant correlation was found between tonnage and grade for porphyry or strata-bound deposits; ( 4) significant negative correlation between tonnage and grade was found for the massive sulfide subset, probably reflecting a mixture of high-grade low-tonnage massive ores, low-grade high-tonnage stockwork, and disseminated ores characteristic of some massive sulfide deposits; (5) significant negative correlation was found between tonnage and grade for the mixture of deposit types in the whole sample.\r\n\r\nExtrapolation on the basis of the negative grade-tonnage correlation shown for the mixed population seems to imply the occurrence of large-tonnage very low grade deposits, which could be important in supplying future copper needs. This extrapolation is misleading, however, for both statistical and geological reasons. Furthermore, large-tonnage very low grade deposits in the porphyry class of the population are found to be very rare occurrences.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp907A","usgsCitation":"Singer, D., Cox, D.P., and Drew, L.J., 1975, Grade and Tonnage Relationships Among Copper Deposits: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 907, viii, 11 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp907A.","productDescription":"viii, 11 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":118184,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0907a/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":33821,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0907a/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48cee4b07f02db5455a3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Singer, D.A.","contributorId":69128,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Singer","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":152690,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cox, Dennis P. dcox@usgs.gov","contributorId":2766,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cox","given":"Dennis","email":"dcox@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":152689,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Drew, Lawrence J. ldrew@usgs.gov","contributorId":2635,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drew","given":"Lawrence","email":"ldrew@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":152688,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70232741,"text":"70232741 - 1975 - Progressive metamorphism of schists recovered from a deep drill hole near Fairbanks, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-12T14:05:06.696481","indexId":"70232741","displayToPublicDate":"1975-11-01T08:55:00","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Progressive metamorphism of schists recovered from a deep drill hole near Fairbanks, Alaska","docAbstract":"In 1965, a deep test hole drilled near Eielson Air Force Base, Fairbanks district, Alaska, penetrated 9,774 ft (2,979.1 m) into schists of the metamorphic complex of the Yukon-Tanana Upland. Cores recovered from the test hole show that the section is dominated by calc-magnesian rocks with subordinate pelitic schists. Pelitic mineral assemblages define a progressive increase in metamorphic grade with depth, from the garnet to the kyanite isograd. Diopside first appears in the calc-magnesian schists that were cored at a depth of 9,766 ft (2,976.5 m), indicating the onset of the reaction: Tremolite + 3 calcite -f- 2 quartz→5 diopside + 3CO2 +H2O. Ubiquitous staurolite and rare andalusite occur in the kyanite-bearing pelitic schists. Andalusite appears to have crystallized under postkinematic conditions, and the staurolite is apparently of both synkinematic and postkinematic origin. Hornblende and biotite from calc-magnesian schists sampled at depths of 7,142½ ft (2,176.9 m) and 9,766 ft (2,976.5 m) gave 40K/40Ar ages of 140±8 and 57.3±1.9 m.y., respectively. The hornblende age is believed to represent the age of the latest synkinematic metamorphism, and the biotite age appears to be an anomalously young one related to the outgassing of argon from biotite at greater depth in the section. Recent experimental data on andalusite-kyanite-sillimanite and staurolite equilibria and the stability field of calcite+quartz+tremolite versus diopside in calc-magnesian rocks suggest that the rocks recovered from the 8,218- to 9,770-ft (2,504.7- to 2,977.7-m) interval were synkinematieally recrystallized at crustal depths of 17 to 19 km and at temperatures of 515° to 580°C; the present thermal gradient (31.5°C/km) is similar to that which accompanied metamorphism in Jurassic time.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Forbes, R., and Weber, F.R., 1975, Progressive metamorphism of schists recovered from a deep drill hole near Fairbanks, Alaska: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 3, no. 6, p. 647-657.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"647","endPage":"657","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":403483,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":403482,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1975/vol3issue6/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","city":"Fairbanks","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -147.1234130859375,\n 64.33515002176769\n ],\n [\n -145.810546875,\n 64.33515002176769\n ],\n [\n -145.810546875,\n 64.8885966973514\n ],\n [\n -147.1234130859375,\n 64.8885966973514\n ],\n [\n -147.1234130859375,\n 64.33515002176769\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"3","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Forbes, Robert B.","contributorId":48984,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Forbes","given":"Robert B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846370,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Weber, Florence R.","contributorId":17621,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weber","given":"Florence","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846371,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1001329,"text":"1001329 - 1975 - Home range defense in the red fox, Vulpes vulpes L.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-10T15:41:42.439559","indexId":"1001329","displayToPublicDate":"1975-08-29T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2373,"text":"Journal of Mammalogy","onlineIssn":"1545-1542","printIssn":"0022-2372","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Home range defense in the red fox, Vulpes vulpes L.","docAbstract":"This paper describes the home range defense behavior observed when nonresident male red foxes were introduced into established home ranges of resident male-female pairs. In 12 observation periods, four intruders were introduced to each of three mated pairs which had been given three weeks to acclimate to a 4.05-hectare, fenced enclosure. The residents centered their activities around a natural den and the frequency of intruder-resident encounters decreased rapidly with increasing distance from the den. The primary home range defense was continual harassment of the intruders by the resident males through agonistic displays and chases. Physical contact was rare. Even though the resident males were dominant in less than a majority of the interactions observed, they were usually successful in displacing the intruders within a few hours. The resident females seldom interacted with the intruders.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.2307/1379477","usgsCitation":"Preston, E., 1975, Home range defense in the red fox, Vulpes vulpes L.: Journal of Mammalogy, v. 56, no. 3, p. 645-652, https://doi.org/10.2307/1379477.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"645","endPage":"652","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133733,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"56","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a86eb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Preston, E.M.","contributorId":104009,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Preston","given":"E.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310883,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70232587,"text":"70232587 - 1975 - Geology, geochemistry, and fluid-inclusion petrography of the Sapo Alegre porphyry copper prospect and its metavolcanic wallrocks, west-central Puerto Rico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-07T16:24:31.352711","indexId":"70232587","displayToPublicDate":"1975-05-01T11:02:53","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geology, geochemistry, and fluid-inclusion petrography of the Sapo Alegre porphyry copper prospect and its metavolcanic wallrocks, west-central Puerto Rico","docAbstract":"The Sapo Alegre prospect, a small porphyry copper-molybdenum occurrence in west-central Puerto Rico, is characterized by distinct zones of alteration and mineralization of quartz diorite porphyry. A biotite-chlorite zone in the porphyry near its contact with surrounding metavolcanic rocks contains copper, molybdenum, gold, silver, selenium, and tellurium. A quartz-sericite-pyrite zone within the porphyry contains abundant sulfur and traces of selenium, but metals of the biotite-chlorite zone are nearly absent and zinc, manganese, nickel, sodium, calcium, and magnesium contents are very low. Quartz grains in the biotite-chlorite zone contain abundant fluid inclusions in which halite crystals are common, whereas in the quartz-sericite-pyrite zone inclusions are less abundant and rarely contain halite inclusions. Metavolcanic rocks northwest of the mineralized porphyry are altered to amphibolitic hornfels near the contact. Biotitic alteration is strong outward from the hornfels and grades into chlorite alteration. The hornfels has very low sulfide content, and the biotite zone has moderate amounts of copper and sulfur, decreasing outward. The chlorite zone is characterized by an abrupt increase in zinc and manganese content. Fluid-inclusion data suggest temperatures between 300° and 400°C for hydrothermal fluids in the biotite-chlorite zone of the porphyry and 250° to 300°C for fluids in the quartz-sericite-pyrite zone. Pressures equivalent to about 1.5 km of burial are indicated.
","language":"English","publisher":"U. S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Cox, D.P., Gonzalez, I.P., and Nash, J.T., 1975, Geology, geochemistry, and fluid-inclusion petrography of the Sapo Alegre porphyry copper prospect and its metavolcanic wallrocks, west-central Puerto Rico: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 3, no. 3, p. 313-327.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"313","endPage":"327","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":403179,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":403178,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1975/vol3issue3/report.pdf","size":"22359 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"Puerto Rico","county":"Río Víví district","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -66.79069519042969,\n 18.107513406005165\n ],\n [\n -66.65164947509766,\n 18.107513406005165\n ],\n [\n -66.65164947509766,\n 18.215981050868315\n ],\n [\n -66.79069519042969,\n 18.215981050868315\n ],\n [\n -66.79069519042969,\n 18.107513406005165\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"3","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cox, Dennis P. dcox@usgs.gov","contributorId":2766,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cox","given":"Dennis","email":"dcox@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":846014,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gonzalez, Ileana Perez","contributorId":292878,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gonzalez","given":"Ileana","email":"","middleInitial":"Perez","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846015,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nash, J. Thomas","contributorId":26306,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nash","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Thomas","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846016,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70010173,"text":"70010173 - 1975 - Rare earths in the Leadville Limestone and its marble derivates","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-02-17T14:05:00.351852","indexId":"70010173","displayToPublicDate":"1975-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1213,"text":"Chemical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rare earths in the Leadville Limestone and its marble derivates","docAbstract":"Samples of unaltered and metamorphosed Leadville Limestone (Mississippian, Colorado) were analyzed by neutron activation for ten rare-earth elements (REE). The total abundance of the REE in the least-altered limestone is 4–12 ppm, and their distribution patterns are believed to be dominated by the carbonate minerals. The abundances of the REE in the marbles and their sedimentary precursors are comparable, but the distribution patterns are not. Eu is enriched over the other REE in the marbles, and stratigraphically upward in the formation (samples located progressively further from the heat source), the light REE become less enriched relative to the heavy REE. The Eu anomaly is attributed to its ability, unique among the REE, to change from the 3+ to 2+ oxidation state. Whether this results in preferential mobilization of the other REE or whether this reflects the composition of the pore fluid during metamorphism is unknown. Stratigraphically selective depletion of the heavy REE may be attributed to more competition for the REE between fluid and carbonate minerals in the lower strata relative to the upper strata. This competition could have been caused by changes in the temperature of the pore fluid or to the greater resistance to solution of the dolomite in the lower parts of the formation than the calcite in the upper parts.
Reunion Island consists of an olivine-basalt shield capped by a series of flows and intrusives ranging from hawaiite through trachyte. Eleven rocks representing the total compositional sequence have been analyzed for U, Th and REE. Eight of the rocks (group 1) have positive-slope, parallel, chondrite-normalized REE fractionation patterns. Using a computer model, the major element compositions of group 1 whole rocks and observed phenocrysts were used to predict the crystallization histories of increasingly residual liquids, and allowed semi-quantitative verification of origin by fractional crystallization of the olivine-basalt parent magma. Results were combined with mineral-liquid distribution coefficient data to predict trace element abundances, and existing data on Cr, Ni, Sr and Ba were also successfully incorporated in the model. The remaining three rocks (group 2) have nonuniform positive-slope REE fractionation patterns not parallel to group 1 patterns. Rare earth fractionation in a syenite is explained by partial melting of a source rich in clinopyroxene and/or hornblende. The other two rocks of group 2 are explained as hybrids resulting from mixing of syenite and magmas of group 1.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(75)90012-5","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Zielinski, R.A., 1975, Trace element evaluation of a suite of rocks from Reunion Island, Indian Ocean: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 39, no. 5, p. 713-734, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(75)90012-5.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"713","endPage":"734","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219207,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"39","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb63be4b08c986b326b46","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zielinski, R. A. 0000-0002-4047-5129","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4047-5129","contributorId":106930,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zielinski","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":357809,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70009867,"text":"70009867 - 1975 - A high 87Sr 86Sr mantle source for low alkali tholeiite, northern Great Basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-02-24T13:55:49.049712","indexId":"70009867","displayToPublicDate":"1975-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A high 87Sr 86Sr mantle source for low alkali tholeiite, northern Great Basin","docAbstract":"Olivine tholeiites, the youngest Tertiary units (about 8–11 m.y. old) at five widely spaced localities in northeastern Nevada, are geologically related to the basalts of the Snake River Plain, Idaho, to the north and are similar in major element and alkali chemistry to mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORB) and island arc tholeiites. The measured K (1250–3350 ppm), Rb (1·9–6·2 ppm) and Sr (140–240 ppm) concentrations overlap the range reported for MORB. Three of the five samples have low, unfractionated rare earth element (REE) patterns, the other two show moderate light-REE enrichment. Barium concentration is high and variable (100–780 ppm) and does not correlate with the other LIL elements. The rocks have 87Sr/86Sr = 0·7052–0·7076, considerably higher than MORB (~0·702–0·703). These samples are chemically distinct (i.e. less alkalic) from the olivine tholeiites from the adjacent Snake River Plain, but their Sr isotopic compositions are similar. They contain Sr that is distinctly more radiogenic than the basalts from the adjacent Great Basin. About 10 b.y. would be required for the mean measured Rb/Sr (~ 0·02) of these samples to generate, in a closed system, the radiogenic Sr they contain. The low alkali content of these basalts makes crustal contamination an unlikely mechanism. If the magma is uncontaminated, the time-averaged Rb/Sr of the source material must have been ~0·04. A significant decrease in Rb/Sr of the source material (a factor 2̆) thus most probably occurred in the relatively recent (1̌09 yr) past. Such a decrease of Rb/Sr in the mantle could accompany alkali depletion produced by an episode of partial melting and magma extraction. In contrast, low