Peat is being considered for fuel in Minnesota. This study will investigate the potential effects of large-scale surface mining of peat on the hydrology and water quality of Upper Red Lake and the Tamarac River. The major aspects of the study are the characterization of the surface-water and groundwater hydrology and water quality, including the trace-metal content of the peat. Data will be collected to construct two- and three-dimensional digital models to simulate the movement of ground water and its relation to surface water in the peatlands, streams, and lakes. After the model is calibrated with field data, it will be used to evaluate the effect of mining peat on the hydrology and water quality of the Upper Red Lake and Tamarac River.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"St. Paul, MN","doi":"10.3133/ofr791591","usgsCitation":"Siegel, D., 1979, Potential hydrologic effects of peat mining in the Red Lake Peatlands, north-central Minnesota— A project plan: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 79-1591, iii, 9 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr791591.","productDescription":"iii, 9 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":390788,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_75149.htm"},{"id":142470,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1591/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":95004,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1591/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","otherGeospatial":"Red Lake Peatlands","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -94.6667,\n 47.8333\n ],\n [\n -94,\n 47.8333\n ],\n [\n -94,\n 48.3333\n ],\n [\n -94.6667,\n 48.3333\n ],\n [\n -94.6667,\n 47.8333\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad5e4b07f02db6832fe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Siegel, Donald I.","contributorId":97499,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Siegel","given":"Donald I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":162613,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":7887,"text":"ofr791480 - 1979 - A plan to study the aquifer system of the Central Valley of California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-08-29T10:41:07","indexId":"ofr791480","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"79-1480","title":"A plan to study the aquifer system of the Central Valley of California","docAbstract":"Unconsolidated Quaternary alluvial deposits comprise a large complex aquifer system in the Central Valley of California. Millions of acre-feet of water is pumped from the system annually to support a large and expanding agribusiness industry. Since the 1950's, water levels have been steadily declining in many areas of the valley and concern has been expressed about the ability of the entire ground-water system to support agribusiness at current levels, not to mention its ability to function at projected expansion levels. At current levels of ground-water use, an estimated 1.5 to 2 million acre-feet is withdrawn from storage each year; that is, 1.5 to 2 million acre-feet of water is pumped annually in excess of annual replenishment. The U.S. Geological Survey has initiated a 4-year study to develop geologic, hydrologic, and hydraulic information and to establish a valleywide ground-water data base that will be used to build computer models of the ground-water flow system. Subsequently, these models may be used to evaluate the system response to various ground-water management alternatives. This report describes current problems, objectives of the study, and outlines the general work to be accomplished in the study area. A bibliography of about 600 references is included. (Kosco-USGS)","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr791480","usgsCitation":"Bertoldi, G.L., 1979, A plan to study the aquifer system of the Central Valley of California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 79-1480, iii, 48 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr791480.","productDescription":"iii, 48 p. ","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":140023,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1480/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":367081,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1480/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Central Valley","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1fe4b07f02db6ab746","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bertoldi, Gilbert L.","contributorId":60208,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bertoldi","given":"Gilbert","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":156788,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":10146,"text":"ofr79548 - 1979 - Petroleum geology of Cook Inlet basin, Alaska: An exploration model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-07T19:46:41.79808","indexId":"ofr79548","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"79-548","title":"Petroleum geology of Cook Inlet basin, Alaska: An exploration model","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr79548","usgsCitation":"Magoon, L.B., and Claypool, G.E., 1979, Petroleum geology of Cook Inlet basin, Alaska: An exploration model: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 79-548, 44 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr79548.","productDescription":"44 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":111853,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.dggs.dnr.state.ak.us/pubs/id/11278","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":143478,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":408121,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_75005.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Cook Inlet basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -154.423828125,\n 58.88194208135912\n ],\n [\n -149.4580078125,\n 58.88194208135912\n ],\n [\n -149.4580078125,\n 61.501734289732326\n ],\n [\n -154.423828125,\n 61.501734289732326\n ],\n [\n -154.423828125,\n 58.88194208135912\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db687e99","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Magoon, Leslie B. lmagoon@usgs.gov","contributorId":2383,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Magoon","given":"Leslie","email":"lmagoon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":160889,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Claypool, George E.","contributorId":76312,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Claypool","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":160890,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":16942,"text":"ofr79718 - 1979 - Catalog of earthquakes in southern Alaska: January-March 1978","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-07-21T18:54:06.329341","indexId":"ofr79718","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"79-718","title":"Catalog of earthquakes in southern Alaska: January-March 1978","docAbstract":"The National Center for Earthquake Research of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) began a program of telemetered seismic recording in south-central Alaska in 1971. The principal objectives of this program have been to use data recorded by this network to precisely locate earthquakes in the active seismic zones of southern Alaska, to delineate seismically active faults, to assess seismic risk, to document potential premonitory earthquake phenomena, to investigate current tectonic deformation, and to study the structure and physical properties of the crust and upper mantle. A task fundamental to all of these goals is the routine cataloging of earthquake parameters for earthquakes located within and adjacent to the seismograph network.
The initial network of 10 stations, 7 around Cook Inlet and 3 near Valdez, was installed in 1971. Each summer since then additions or modifications to the network have been made. By the Fall of 1973, 26 stations extended from western Cook Inlet to eastern Prince William Sound, and 4 stations were located between Cordova and Yakutat. A year later 20 additional stations were installed. Thirteen of these were placed along the eastern Gulf of Alaska with support from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) under the Outer Continental Shelf Environmental Program to investigate the seismicity of the outer continental shelf (OCS) region of interest for oil exploration. During the subsequent years the region covered by the network has remained relatively fixed while effort has been made to improve the instrumentation and installation of the stations in order to make them more reliable.
This earthquake catalog presents origin times, focal coordinates and magnitudes for 384 shocks occurring in the first quarter of 1978. Readings from a total of 62 stations were used to locate the shocks, including 11 stations operated by the NOAA Alaska Tsunami Warning Center (formerly Palmer Observatory), and 5 stations operated by the Geophysical Institute of the University of Alaska (U. of A.).
Earthquakes in south-central Alaska as small as magnitude 3.0 have been routinely located by the National Earthquake Information Service of the USGS and its predecessor since the great Alaska earthquake of 1964 and published in the reports \"Preliminary Determination of Epicenters\" (PDE). In contrast the shocks included in this catalog are as small as magnitude 1.0 and most are smaller than magnitude 3.0. Data for the larger historic earthquakes in south-central Alaska have been tabulated by Meyers (1976).
The locations of the stations of the USGS seismograph network are plotted in Figure 1 and listed in Table 1 along with the additional stations from which readings were obtained. The USGS stations have single, vertical-component seismometers except for GLB, PNL, RDT, SKN, and VLZ which also have two horizontal seismometers.
The concentration of 9 trace metals in sediment cores collected from the Continental Shelf off the northeastern United States are generally uniform with sediment depth and are low compared to average crustal abundances. No evidence for the accumulation of anthropogenic metals was found in these samples.
The sediment texture on Georges Bank is predominantly sand at essentially all sediment depths and at all locations. A larger concentration of silts and clays was found at some locations west of Great South Channel. The major clay mineral group in these sediments is illite with moderate amounts of chlorite and small amounts of kaolinite.
14C ages on total organic matter in sediments have given the first evidence that the area of fine—grained sediment south of Martha's Vineyard is a modern deposit. This area may be the only sink for fine sediments and sediment—related contaminants on the Continental Shelf exclusive of the Gulf of Maine. 14C ages on total organic matter in glacial till recovered south of Nantucket Island tentatively suggest the presence of Late Wisconsin ice at this location. Confirmation requires analysis of detrital coal in these samples.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr79842","usgsCitation":"Bothner, M., Spiker, E., Ferrebee, W., and Peeler, D., 1979, Texture, clay mineralogy, trace metals, and age of cored sediments from the North Atlantic Outer Continental Shelf: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 79-842, 41 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr79842.","productDescription":"41 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":140716,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/0842/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":422794,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/0842/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"North Atlantic Outer Continental Shelf","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -70.84395978413596,\n 42.6080447403684\n ],\n [\n -70.84395978413596,\n 41.75483617182164\n ],\n [\n -69.71732890377375,\n 41.75483617182164\n ],\n [\n -69.71732890377375,\n 42.6080447403684\n ],\n [\n -70.84395978413596,\n 42.6080447403684\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad5e4b07f02db68371c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bothner, Michael H. mbothner@usgs.gov","contributorId":139855,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bothner","given":"Michael H.","email":"mbothner@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":156187,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Spiker, E.C.","contributorId":103275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spiker","given":"E.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":156190,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ferrebee, W.M.","contributorId":45312,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ferrebee","given":"W.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":156189,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Peeler, D.L.","contributorId":38987,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peeler","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":156188,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":7365,"text":"ofr791062 - 1979 - A one-dimensional, steady-state dissolved-oxygen model and waste-load assimilation study for Cedar Creek, Dekalb and Allen counties, Indiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-24T19:31:09.75019","indexId":"ofr791062","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"79-1062","title":"A one-dimensional, steady-state dissolved-oxygen model and waste-load assimilation study for Cedar Creek, Dekalb and Allen counties, Indiana","docAbstract":"The Indiana State Board of Health is developing a State water-quality management plan that includes the establishing of limits for wastewater effluents discharged into Indiana streams. A digital model calibrated to conditions in Cedar Creek was used to develop alternatives for future waste loadings that would be compatible with Indiana stream water-quality standards defined for two critical hydrologic conditions, summer and winter low flows. All point-source waste loads affecting Cedar Creek are in the four incorporated municipalities of Auburn, Garrett, Huntertown, and Waterloo, in a primarily agricultural area. Avilla, because of its distance from Cedar Creek, does not significantly affect the water quality of the modeled segment.
The model indicates that the dissolved-oxygen concentration of the Auburn wastewater effluent and nitrification are the most significant factors affecting the dissolved-oxygen concentration in Cedar Creek during summer low flows. The observed dissolved-oxygen concentration of the Auburn wastewater effluent was low, and averaged 30 percent of saturation. Whether the effluent is aerated before discharge will ultimately define the waste-load assimilative capacity of Cedar Creek. Projected nitrogenous biochemical-oxygen demand loads, from the Indiana State Board of Health, for the Auburn and Waterloo wastewater-treatment facilities will result in violations of the current instream dissolved-oxygen standard (5 milligrams per liter), even with an effluent dissolved-oxygen concentration of 80 percent saturation.
Natural streamflow for Cedar Creek upstream from the confluence of Willow and Little Cedar Creeks is small compared with the waste discharge, so benefits of dilution for Waterloo and Auburn are minimal. Stream reaeration capacity is not sufficient to maintain an average dissolved-oxygen concentration of at least 5 milligrams per liter, the State's water-quality standard for streams.
The model also indicates that, during winter low flows, ammonia toxicity, rather than dissolved oxygen, is the limiting water-quality criterion in the reach of Cedar Creek downstream from the wastewater-treatment facility at Auburn and the confluence of Garrett ditch. Ammonia-nitrogen concentrations predicted for 2978 through 2000 downstream from the Waterloo wastewater-treatment facility do not exceed Indiana water-quality standards for streams.
Calculations of the stream's assimilative capacity indicate that future waste discharge in the Cedar Creek basin will be limited to the reaches between the Auburn wastewater-treatment facility and County Road 68.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr791062","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Indiana State Board of Health","usgsCitation":"Wilber, W.G., Peters, J.G., Ayers, M.A., and Crawford, C.G., 1979, A one-dimensional, steady-state dissolved-oxygen model and waste-load assimilation study for Cedar Creek, Dekalb and Allen counties, Indiana: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 79-1062, viii, 79 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr791062.","productDescription":"viii, 79 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":422925,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1062/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":140364,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1062/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Indiana","county":"Allen County, Dekalb County","otherGeospatial":"Cedar Creek","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -85.38216090798966,\n 41.60787742256892\n ],\n [\n -85.38216090798966,\n 41.14208690200232\n ],\n [\n -84.81087184548976,\n 41.14208690200232\n ],\n [\n -84.81087184548976,\n 41.60787742256892\n ],\n [\n -85.38216090798966,\n 41.60787742256892\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b20e4b07f02db6abb2c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wilber, William G. wgwilber@usgs.gov","contributorId":297,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilber","given":"William","email":"wgwilber@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":155417,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Peters, James G.","contributorId":69137,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peters","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":155420,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ayers, Mark A.","contributorId":84730,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ayers","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":155419,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Crawford, Charles G. 0000-0003-1653-7841 cgcrawfo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1653-7841","contributorId":1064,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crawford","given":"Charles","email":"cgcrawfo@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":155418,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":9709,"text":"ofr791200 - 1979 - Mesozoic stratigraphy: the key to tectonic analysis of southern and central Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-27T22:37:17.642594","indexId":"ofr791200","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"79-1200","title":"Mesozoic stratigraphy: the key to tectonic analysis of southern and central Alaska","docAbstract":"Southern and central Alaska constitutes an enormous tectonic mosaic composed of separate structural blocks and fragments that accreted to North America during Mesozoic and early Cenozoic time. Some of these blocks are far traveled, as shown by paleomagnetic and paleontologic studies. More than 25 discrete tectonostratigraphic terranes now are known, each of which exhibits a characteristic internal stratigraphic sequence that differs markedly from that of neighboring terranes.
Lower Mesozoic rocks, which are widely distributed in these terranes, provide the most complete information for analyzing regional depositional and structural patterns. Sedimentary and volcanic facies of this age include: nonmarine red beds with minor intercalated basalt flows; extensive subaerial plateau basalt flows; shallow marine sandstone, conglomerate, and siltstone; inner to outer platform carbonate rocks; deep-water limestone, chert, cherty crystal tuff, and argillite; pillow basalt with associated deep-water volcaniclastic sedimentary rocks; and andesitic flows, tuffs, and volcanoclastic rocks with marine fossils. No systematic depositional patterns are perceived that indicate that these contrasting facies were deposited in their present structural positions; instead, large-scale tectonic juxtaposition is required.
The dominant structures produced during accretion were thrust faults that were modified by concurrent and later strike-slip faults. Some terranes may be enormous nappes, but much more detailed stratigraphic and structural studies are needed, with emphasis on the age and stratigraphy of deep-water siliceous and carbonate rocks, before the complex history of deposition and subsequent accretion can be adequately elucidated.
The Northern Great Plains, an area of about 250,000 square miles in parts of Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Wyoming, is underlain by an accumulation of sediments eroded from the Black Hills and from mountains to the west. Principal aquifers are areally extensive beds of sandstone within these sedimentary rocks, some at great depths. Anticipated future water needs dictate that available ground-water supplies be evaluated for management of this natural resource. The U.S. Geological Survey has started (1978) a 4-year study of the Northern Great Plains aquifer system. The objective of this study is to define availability and quality of ground water and to predict the effects of using this resource. To achieve this objective, the ground-water system will be described in terms of spatial distribution, hydraulics, geology, and geochemistry. Once described, the ground-water system will be simulated by mathematical models that will be used to define responses of the system to various management alternatives and assumed development patterns.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri7934","usgsCitation":"Dinwiddie, G.A., 1979, Plan of study for the northern Great Plains regional aquifer-system analysis in parts of Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 79-34, iii, 20 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri7934.","productDescription":"iii, 20 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":156684,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1979/0034/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":359418,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1979/0034/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Northern Great Plains Regional Aquifer-System","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.02783203125,\n 41.95131994679697\n ],\n [\n -96.65771484375,\n 41.95131994679697\n ],\n [\n -96.65771484375,\n 48.99463598353405\n ],\n [\n -111.02783203125,\n 48.99463598353405\n ],\n [\n -111.02783203125,\n 41.95131994679697\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adae4b07f02db685614","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dinwiddie, George A.","contributorId":21135,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dinwiddie","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194744,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":22004,"text":"ofr791525 - 1979 - Paleontologic and stratigraphic relations of phosphate beds in Upper Cretaceous rocks of the Cordillera Oriental, Colombia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:50","indexId":"ofr791525","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"79-1525","title":"Paleontologic and stratigraphic relations of phosphate beds in Upper Cretaceous rocks of the Cordillera Oriental, Colombia","docAbstract":"Phosphorite crops out in the Cordillera Oriental of the Colombian Andes in rocks of Late Cretaceous age as strata composed mostly of pelletal carbonate fluorapatite. One stratum of Santonian age near the base of the Galembo Member of the La Luna Formation crops out at many places in the Departments of Santander and Norte de Santander and may be of commercial grade. This stratum is more than one meter thick at several places near Lebrija and near Sardinata, farther south it is locally one meter thick or more near the base of the Guadalupe Formation in the Department of Boyaca. Other phosphorite beds are found at higher stratigraphic levels in the Galembo Member and the Guadalupe Formation, and at some places these may be commercial also. A stratigraphically lower phosphorite occurs below the Galembo Member in the Capacho Formation (Cenomanian age) in at least one area near the town of San Andres, Santander. A phosphorite or pebbly phosphate conglomerate derived from erosion of the Galembo Member forms the base of the Umir Shale and the equivalent Colon Shale at many places.\r\n\r\nDeposition of the apatite took place upon the continental shelf in marine water of presumed moderate depth between the Andean geosyncline and near-shore detrital deposits adjacent to the Guayana shield. Preliminary calculations indicate phosphorite reserves of approximately 315 million metric tons in 9 areas, determined from measurements of thickness, length of the outcrop, and by projecting the reserves to a maximum of 1,000 meters down the dip of the strata into the subsurface. Two mines were producing phosphate rock in 1969; one near Turmeque, Boyaca, and the other near Tesalia, Huila.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr791525","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Maughan, E.K., Zambrano O., F., Mojica G., P., Abozaglo M., J., Pachon P., F., and Duran R., R., 1979, Paleontologic and stratigraphic relations of phosphate beds in Upper Cretaceous rocks of the Cordillera Oriental, Colombia: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 79-1525, iii, 101 p., 7 over-size sheets :ill., maps ;27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr791525.","productDescription":"iii, 101 p., 7 over-size sheets :ill., maps ;27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":153730,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1525/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":51469,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1525/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":51470,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1525/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":51471,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1525/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":51472,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1525/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":51473,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1525/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":51474,"rank":405,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1525/plate-6.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":51475,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1525/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae3e4b07f02db688f31","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Maughan, Edwin K.","contributorId":85172,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maughan","given":"Edwin","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186635,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zambrano O., Francisco","contributorId":54606,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zambrano O.","given":"Francisco","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186632,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mojica G., Pedro","contributorId":67102,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mojica G.","given":"Pedro","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186633,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Abozaglo M., Jacob","contributorId":74776,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Abozaglo M.","given":"Jacob","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186634,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Pachon P., Fernando","contributorId":15226,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pachon P.","given":"Fernando","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186631,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Duran R., Raul","contributorId":106521,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duran R.","given":"Raul","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186636,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":7061,"text":"ofr791168 - 1979 - Columbia Glacier stake location, mass balance, glacier surface altitude, and ice radar data, 1978 measurement year","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:05","indexId":"ofr791168","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"79-1168","title":"Columbia Glacier stake location, mass balance, glacier surface altitude, and ice radar data, 1978 measurement year","docAbstract":"A 1 year data-collection program on Columbia Glacier, Alaska has produced a data set consisting of near-surface ice kinematics, mass balance, and altitude change at 57 points and 34 ice radar soundings. These data presented in two tables, are part of the basic data required for glacier dynamic analysis, computer models, and predictions of the number and size of icebergs which Columbia Glacier will calve into shipping lanes of eastern Prince William Sound. A metric, sea-level coordinate system was developed for use in surveying throughout the basin. Its use is explained and monument coordinates listed. A series of seven integrated programs for calculators were used in both the field and office to reduce the surveying data. These programs are thoroughly documented and explained in the report. (Kosco-USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr791168","usgsCitation":"Mayo, L., Trabant, D., March, R., and Haeberli, W., 1979, Columbia Glacier stake location, mass balance, glacier surface altitude, and ice radar data, 1978 measurement year: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 79-1168, iii, 79 p. :ill., map ;27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr791168.","productDescription":"iii, 79 p. :ill., map ;27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":140611,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae798","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mayo, L.R.","contributorId":21541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mayo","given":"L.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":154129,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Trabant, D.C.","contributorId":42209,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trabant","given":"D.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":154131,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"March, Rod","contributorId":16825,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"March","given":"Rod","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":154128,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Haeberli, Wilfried","contributorId":21951,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Haeberli","given":"Wilfried","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":154130,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":10479,"text":"ofr791566 - 1979 - Geology, petrology, and chemistry of the Leadville Dolomite: host for uranium at the Pitch Mine, Saguache County, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:32","indexId":"ofr791566","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"79-1566","title":"Geology, petrology, and chemistry of the Leadville Dolomite: host for uranium at the Pitch Mine, Saguache County, Colorado","docAbstract":"Newly documented uranium ore in the Pitch Mine occurs chiefly in brecciated Mississippian Leadville Dolomite along the Chester reverse fault zone, and to a lesser extent in sandstone, siltstone, and carbonaceous shale of the Pennsylvanian Belden Formation and in Precambrian granitic rocks and schist. Uranium-mineralized zones are generally thicker, more consistent, and of higher grade in dolomite than in other hosts, and roughly 50 percent of the new reserves are in dolomite. Strong physical control by dolomite is evident, as this is the only lithology that is pervasively brecciated within the fault slices that make up the footwall of the reverse fault zone. Other lithologies tend to either remain unbroken or undergo ductile deformation. Chemical controls are subtle and appear to involve chiefly formation of FeS2 as pyrite and marcasite, which accompany uranium. \r\n\r\nLeadville Dolomite in the area is about 130 m thick and is predominantly nonfossiliferous dolomicrite. In the Pitch Mine, Leadville Dolomite is bound by faults and maximum known thickness is about 17 m. Mud texture, paucity of fossils and other allochems, thin laminations, and probable algal mat structures suggest sedimentation in a tidal-flat (possibly supratidal) environment. Preservation of mud texture and lack of replacement features indicate that dolomitization was an early, prelithification process, as in modern tidal flats, and produced a chemically and texturally uniform rock over tens of meters with relatively few limestone beds surviving. The sedimentary and diagenetic environment of the tidal-flat dolomite, apparently most favorable for uranium deposits, probably obtained over a large area and should consistute an exploration target over a broad area of central Colorado. \r\n\r\nCarbonate rocks of the Belden Formation, in contrast to those of the Leadville, contain calcite in great excess of dolomite, more than 5 percent silt-size quartz and clay, and abundant fossils and oolites. Belden limestones (sandy micrite and sandy wackestone) probably were deposited in an intertidal or subtidal environment. Very little uranium ore occurs in these rocks. Chemical aspects, such as the iron, sulfur, and organic carbon contents, are very similar to those of Leadville dolomites, and hence seem favorable, but Belden limestones generally are only mildly fractured. \r\n\r\nThe minor-element content of ore-bearing dolomites is generally normal judging from the relatively scarce data yet published for comparable rocks. Elements enriched in ore include iron, sulfur, molybdenum, and lead. One surface expression of ore in dolomite is ocher-colored, leached, porous gossan that is characterized by residual silica and limonite and by high radioactivity but low chemical uranium content.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr791566","usgsCitation":"Nash, J.T., 1979, Geology, petrology, and chemistry of the Leadville Dolomite: host for uranium at the Pitch Mine, Saguache County, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 79-1566, ii, 54 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr791566.","productDescription":"ii, 54 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":143960,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1566/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":38344,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1566/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8d79","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nash, J. Thomas","contributorId":26306,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nash","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Thomas","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":161469,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":10498,"text":"ofr79678 - 1979 - Elevations and discharges produced by a simulated flood wave on the lower Sabine River, Louisiana and Texas, caused by a theoretical dam failure","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-22T12:20:34","indexId":"ofr79678","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"79-678","title":"Elevations and discharges produced by a simulated flood wave on the lower Sabine River, Louisiana and Texas, caused by a theoretical dam failure","docAbstract":"The Toledo Bend Reservoir is located on the lower Sabine River between Louisiana and Texas. The objective of this study was to calculate the flood wave that would result from the theoretical failure of 25 percent of Toledo Bend Dam and route the wave downstream to Orange, Tex. Computations assumed failure (1) at the peak of the 100-year flood when discharge of the Sabine River would be 102,000 cubic feet per second and (2) when the average discharge would be 10,000 cubic feet per second. Two techniques were used in the dam-break model. The method of characteristics was used to propagate the shock wave after the dam fails. The linear implicit finite-difference solution was used to route the flood wave after the shock wave has dissipated.
The magnitude of the flood was determined for sites near Burkeville, Bon Wier, Ruliff, and Orange, Tex., along the lower Sabine River. For these sites, respectively, the following peak elevations were calculated: 119, 82, 31, and 13 feet for the 100-year flood and 110, 75, 27, and 9 feet for the average discharge.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr79678","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Sabine River Compact Administration","usgsCitation":"Neely, B., and Stiltner, G.J., 1979, Elevations and discharges produced by a simulated flood wave on the lower Sabine River, Louisiana and Texas, caused by a theoretical dam failure: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 79-678, Report: iii, 15 p.; 1 Plate: 15.62 x 24.28 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr79678.","productDescription":"Report: iii, 15 p.; 1 Plate: 15.62 x 24.28 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":144968,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/0678/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":352730,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/0678/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":352731,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/0678/figure-11.pdf","text":"Figure 11","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana, Texas","otherGeospatial":"Sabine River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -96,\n 29.7\n ],\n [\n -93.0,\n 29.7\n ],\n [\n -93.0,\n 33\n ],\n [\n -96,\n 33\n ],\n [\n -96,\n 29.7\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a19e4b07f02db605981","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Neely, Braxtel L.","contributorId":37335,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neely","given":"Braxtel L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":161502,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stiltner, Gloria J.","contributorId":12491,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stiltner","given":"Gloria","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":161501,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":6430,"text":"pp1072 - 1979 - North American Paleozoic land snails, with a summary of other Paleozoic nonmarine snails","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-04T22:36:17.773438","indexId":"pp1072","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1072","title":"North American Paleozoic land snails, with a summary of other Paleozoic nonmarine snails","docAbstract":"Land snails from the Paleozoic of North America are known from the coal fields of eastern Canada, from the Dunkard basin west of the Allegheny Mountains, and from the western margin of the Illinois basin. The earliest finds were made about 125 years ago; essentially no new information has been recorded for a century. \r\n\r\nLarge collections of Anthracopupa from the Dunkard basin sparked inquiry into the land snails from the other two areas. Studies using the SEM (scanning electron microscope) have provided considerable insight into microdetails of shell structure, which allow systematic assignment of these gastropods. All may be assigned to extant families, except one, for which insufficient material allows only superfamily assignment. \r\n\r\nThe prosobranch Dawsonella is confirmed as being a terrestrial neritacean gastropod. To date, it is known only from the upper Middle Pennsylvanian of Illinois and Indiana. All the other Paleozoic land snails are stylommatophoran pulmonates; their current classification as nonmarine cyclophoraceans is not correct. \r\n\r\nRestudy of material from the Joggins section of Nova Scotia indicates that representatives of two ordinal groups of pulmonates appeared simultaneously in upper Lower Pennsylvanian strata; the oldest land prosobranch is found in only very slightly younger rocks. Zonites (Conulus) priscus is reassigned to the new genus Protodiscus in the extant family Discidae. Dendropupa is placed within the family Enidae, Anthraaopupa is placed in the family Tornatellinidae, and 'Pupa' bigsbii is assigned to the superfamily Pupillacea. All four of these family-level taxa are diverse and belong to two orders within the superorder Stylommatophora, heretofore considered a derived rather than an ancestral stock. \r\n\r\nAnthracopupa ohioensis Whitfield is a highly variable species, and two other species Naticopsis (?) diminuta and A.(?) dunkardona, both named by Stauffer and Schroyer, are placed in synonymy with it. To obtain taxonomic data to support the family placement of Anthracopupa, growth forms of modern pupillid and tornatellinid snails have been distinguished. The apertural barriers in Anthracopupa are identical in placement and growth pattern with those of living Tornatellinidae and independently confirm the family placement derived from study of the general form. One new species, A. sturgeoni, has been named. \r\n\r\nAnthracopupa is found most commonly in thin limestones interpreted as having been deposited in pools into which the small shells floated. Dendropupa is most commonly found in erect tree stumps that were covered by rapid sedimentation. Both environments are similar to those in which the shells of allied living species may be found today, and the fossils support environmental interpretations made entirely from lithology. \r\n\r\nA survey of the few European occurrences of Paleozoic land snails indicates that both Anthracopupa and Dendropupa occur in Lower Permian strata; Anthracopupa is known from beds as old as Westphalian B. These genera cannot be used for determining the Carboniferous-Permian boundary. Both the long local stratigraphic range of A. brittanica and D. vetusta reported in the literature and the moderately long range and great variability of A. ohioensis suggest that the land snails have little stratigraphic utility. \r\n\r\nOn the other hand, the occurrence of these land snails in the late Paleozoic of the Northern Hemisphere provides further fossil evidence suggestive of a closed Atlantic Ocean at that time. A comparison of the Paleozoic and the present distributions of land -snail families on both sides of the Atlantic provides some interesting data on geographic shifts of organisms. Finally, the assignment of the earliest land snails to extant taxa at the family level indicates that the subclass Pulmonata has been very conservative in its evolution after initial radiation. \r\n\r\nA few notes on Paleozoic freshwater snails complete this survey.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp1072","usgsCitation":"Solem, A., and Yochelson, E.L., 1979, North American Paleozoic land snails, with a summary of other Paleozoic nonmarine snails: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1072, 42 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1072.","productDescription":"42 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":33840,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1072/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":125082,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1072/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":395507,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_93001.htm"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -87.71484375,\n 41.04621681452063\n ],\n [\n -67.1484375,\n 41.04621681452063\n ],\n [\n -67.1484375,\n 45.706179285330855\n ],\n [\n -87.71484375,\n 45.706179285330855\n ],\n [\n -87.71484375,\n 41.04621681452063\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afde4b07f02db696e90","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Solem, Alan","contributorId":38985,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Solem","given":"Alan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":152709,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Yochelson, Ellis Leon","contributorId":66678,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yochelson","given":"Ellis","email":"","middleInitial":"Leon","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":152710,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":17450,"text":"ofr791479 - 1979 - A one-dimensional, steady-state, dissolved-oxygen model and waste-load assimilation study for West Fork Blue River, Washington County, Indiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-26T19:20:36.705889","indexId":"ofr791479","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"79-1479","title":"A one-dimensional, steady-state, dissolved-oxygen model and waste-load assimilation study for West Fork Blue River, Washington County, Indiana","docAbstract":"The Indiana State Board of Health is developing a water-quality management plan that includes establishing limits for wastewater effluents discharged into Indiana streams. A digital model calibrated to conditions in West Fork Blue River was used to predict alternatives for future waste loadings that would be compatible with Indiana stream water-quality standards defined for two critical hydrologic conditions, summer and winter low flows.
Alternative waste loads that would permit instream dissolved-oxygen concentrations of at least 5.0 milligrams per liter for West Fork Blue River in Washington County, Ind., were determined. All point-source waste loads that potentially impact West Fork Blue River are in the town of Salem. The Salem municipal wastewater-treatment facility is the only facility in the modeled reach that has a National Pollution Discharge Elimination System permit to discharge organic waste.
In-stream dissolved-oxygen concentration averaged 96.5 percent of saturation at selected sites on West Fork Blue River during two 24-hour summer surveys. This high dissolved-oxygen concentration reflects small carbonaceous and nitrogenous waste loads, adequate dilution of waste by the stream, and natural reaeration. Nonpoint source waste loads accounted for an average of 53.2 percent of the total carbonaceous biochemical-oxygen demand and 90.2 percent of the nitrogenous biochemical-oxygen demand.
Waste-load assimilation was studied for both summer and annual 7-day, 10-year low flow. Natural streamflow for these conditions was zero, so no benefit from dilution was provided. The projected reaeration capacity of the stream was not sufficient to maintain at least 5 milligrams per liter dissolved oxygen in the stream with current waste-discharge restrictions. Consequently, during low flows, advanced waste treatment (nitrification-denitrification) or some other form of ammonia removal may be necessary to meet current Indiana stream water-quality standards for ammonia and dissolved oxygen. During winter low flow, ammonia toxicity, rather than dissolved-oxygen concentration, was the limiting water-quality criterion downstream from the Salem wastewater-treatment facility.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr791479","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Indiana State Board of Health","usgsCitation":"Peters, J.G., Wilber, W.G., Crawford, C.G., and Girardi, F.P., 1979, A one-dimensional, steady-state, dissolved-oxygen model and waste-load assimilation study for West Fork Blue River, Washington County, Indiana: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 79-1479, vi, 47 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr791479.","productDescription":"vi, 47 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":150460,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1479/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":430539,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1479/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Indiana","county":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"West Fork Blue River","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-86.2752,38.7642],[-86.271,38.766],[-86.2633,38.7655],[-86.2627,38.7696],[-86.2562,38.7718],[-86.2545,38.7678],[-86.2492,38.7677],[-86.2427,38.7655],[-86.2368,38.7677],[-86.2356,38.7695],[-86.2255,38.7786],[-86.2214,38.7777],[-86.2208,38.7727],[-86.2185,38.7713],[-86.2149,38.7722],[-86.2149,38.7776],[-86.2131,38.7794],[-86.2084,38.7785],[-86.2054,38.7799],[-86.2037,38.7826],[-86.1978,38.7817],[-86.1972,38.7781],[-86.1948,38.7771],[-86.1883,38.7767],[-86.1872,38.778],[-86.1871,38.7817],[-86.1836,38.7826],[-86.1806,38.7812],[-86.1789,38.7762],[-86.1742,38.773],[-86.1677,38.7725],[-86.1647,38.7752],[-86.1553,38.7698],[-86.1429,38.7661],[-86.1353,38.7625],[-86.1252,38.7638],[-86.117,38.767],[-86.1069,38.7669],[-86.1034,38.7651],[-86.0993,38.7683],[-86.101,38.7737],[-86.0992,38.7791],[-86.0974,38.7818],[-86.0921,38.7836],[-86.0797,38.78],[-86.0727,38.7741],[-86.0685,38.7777],[-86.062,38.7786],[-86.0497,38.7704],[-86.0438,38.7622],[-86.0409,38.7613],[-86.032,38.7612],[-86.0267,38.7612],[-86.0225,38.7671],[-86.0202,38.7671],[-86.0155,38.7657],[-86.0179,38.7612],[-86.0167,38.758],[-86.0149,38.7566],[-86.0096,38.7566],[-86.0043,38.7611],[-86.0002,38.7602],[-85.9924,38.7674],[-85.9854,38.7651],[-85.9854,38.7579],[-85.9807,38.7592],[-85.9796,38.7533],[-85.9766,38.7524],[-85.9683,38.7551],[-85.9671,38.7601],[-85.9612,38.7641],[-85.9583,38.7614],[-85.95,38.7609],[-85.9524,38.7586],[-85.9506,38.7536],[-85.9465,38.7541],[-85.9453,38.7559],[-85.9459,38.7586],[-85.937,38.7626],[-85.9376,38.7577],[-85.9353,38.7549],[-85.927,38.7562],[-85.9288,38.7517],[-85.9194,38.7499],[-85.9194,38.7535],[-85.9164,38.7544],[-85.9105,38.753],[-85.9088,38.7507],[-85.9058,38.753],[-85.9034,38.7516],[-85.9005,38.7539],[-85.8964,38.7502],[-85.8988,38.7475],[-85.897,38.7439],[-85.9006,38.7434],[-85.9006,38.7421],[-85.8959,38.7384],[-85.8918,38.7361],[-85.8888,38.7343],[-85.8855,38.5761],[-85.849,38.5764],[-85.8479,38.5632],[-85.8474,38.5474],[-85.8669,38.547],[-85.8665,38.518],[-85.8848,38.5186],[-85.8849,38.5032],[-85.956,38.5026],[-85.9561,38.489],[-85.9938,38.4887],[-85.9948,38.4184],[-86.0324,38.4177],[-86.2544,38.4224],[-86.3091,38.4225],[-86.3084,38.6876],[-86.3106,38.733],[-86.3024,38.7357],[-86.2994,38.7343],[-86.2906,38.7356],[-86.2905,38.7447],[-86.2882,38.7474],[-86.2876,38.7533],[-86.2822,38.7601],[-86.2799,38.7628],[-86.2752,38.7642]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Washington\",\"state\":\"IN\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b28e4b07f02db6b13db","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peters, James G.","contributorId":69137,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peters","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":176429,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wilber, William G. wgwilber@usgs.gov","contributorId":297,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilber","given":"William","email":"wgwilber@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":176431,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Crawford, Charles G. 0000-0003-1653-7841 cgcrawfo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1653-7841","contributorId":1064,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crawford","given":"Charles","email":"cgcrawfo@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":176428,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Girardi, Frank P.","contributorId":86792,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Girardi","given":"Frank","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":176430,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":11578,"text":"ofr79676 - 1979 - Digital-transport model study of Diisopropylmethylphosphonate (DIMP) ground-water contamination at the Rocky Mountain Arsenal, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-15T19:19:37.214307","indexId":"ofr79676","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"79-676","title":"Digital-transport model study of Diisopropylmethylphosphonate (DIMP) ground-water contamination at the Rocky Mountain Arsenal, Colorado","docAbstract":"Diisopropylmethylphosphonate (DIMP) is an organic compound produced as a byproduct of the manufacture and detoxification of GB nerve gas. Ground-water contamination by DIMP from the disposal of wastes into unlined surface ponds at the Rocky Mountain Arsenal occurred from 1952 to 1956. A digital-transport model was used to determine the effects on ground-water movement and on DIMP concentrations in the ground water of a bentonite barrier in the aquifer near the northern boundary of the arsenal. The transport model is based on an iterative-alternating- direction-implicit mathematical solution of the ground-water-flow equation coupled with a method-of-characteristics solution of the solute-transport equation. The model assumes conservative (nonreactive) transient transport of DIMP and steady-state ground-water flow.
In the model simulations, a bentonite barrier was assumed that was impermeable and penetrated the entire saturated thickness of the aquifer. Ground water intercepted by the barrier was assumed to be pumped by wells located south (upgra-dient) of the barrier, to be treated to remove DIMP, and to be recharged by pits or wells to the aquifer north (downgradient) of the barrier. The amount of DIMP transported across the northern boundary of the arsenal was substantially reduced by a ground-water-barrier system of this type. For a 1,500-foot-long bentonite barrier located along the northern boundary of the arsenal near D Street, about 50 percent of the DIMP that would otherwise cross the boundary would be intercepted by the barrier. This barrier configuration and location were proposed by the U.S. Army. Of the ground water with DIMP concentrations greater than 500 micro- grams per liter, the safe DIMP-concentration level determined by the U.S. Army, about 72 percent would be intercepted by the barrier system. The amount of DIMP underflow intercepted may be increased to 65 percent by doubling the pumpage, or to 73 percent by doubling the length of the barrier.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr79676","usgsCitation":"Warner, J.W., 1979, Digital-transport model study of Diisopropylmethylphosphonate (DIMP) ground-water contamination at the Rocky Mountain Arsenal, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 79-676, iv, 39 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr79676.","productDescription":"iv, 39 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":431102,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/0676/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":145370,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/0676/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Rocky Mountain Arsenal","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -104.90350277918196,\n 39.79818526609469\n ],\n [\n -104.77217640835627,\n 39.79820512226806\n ],\n [\n -104.77179948807711,\n 39.87074264337295\n ],\n [\n -104.86486845062375,\n 39.87059800145718\n ],\n [\n -104.90350277918196,\n 39.83770284193764\n ],\n [\n -104.90350277918196,\n 39.79818526609469\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a82e4b07f02db64acd1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Warner, James W.","contributorId":106119,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warner","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":163387,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":6162,"text":"pp1130 - 1979 - Hydrologic and human aspects of the 1976-77 drought","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:55","indexId":"pp1130","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1130","title":"Hydrologic and human aspects of the 1976-77 drought","docAbstract":"The drought of 1976-77 was the most severe in at least 50 years in many parts of the United States. Record low amounts of rainfall, snowfall, and runoff, and increased withdrawals of ground water were prevalent. The use of carry-over storage in reservoirs during 1976 maintained streamflow at near normal levels, but some reservoirs went dry or dropped below the outlet works in 1977. Carry-over storage in the fall of 1977 was very low. Ground-water levels were at or near record low levels in many aquifers, hundreds of wells went dry, and thousands of wells were drilled. Yet no wide-spread deterioration of ground-water quality was reported. Water-quality problems arose in some streams and lakes, but most were localized and of short duration. Water rationing became a way of life in numerous areas , and water was hauled in many rural areas and to a few towns. Water use was affected by legal agreements or decisions, some of which were modified for the duration of the drought, and by the inability of water managers to efficiently manage surface and ground waters as one resource under existing law. There are still many drought related problems to solve and many challenges to be met before the next drought occurs. The advancement of techniques in many fields of endeavor in recent years plus ongoing, planned, and proposed research on drought and the risks involved are promising thrusts that should make it easier to cope with the next drought. (Kosco-USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/pp1130","usgsCitation":"Matthai, H.F., 1979, Hydrologic and human aspects of the 1976-77 drought: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1130, 84 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1130.","productDescription":"84 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":126668,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1130/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":33266,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1130/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db687f83","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Matthai, Howard F.","contributorId":106491,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Matthai","given":"Howard","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":152222,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":10499,"text":"ofr79566 - 1979 - Mathematical model for simulating discharges on the Sabine River between Tatum and Ruliff, Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-28T18:10:51.314344","indexId":"ofr79566","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"79-566","title":"Mathematical model for simulating discharges on the Sabine River between Tatum and Ruliff, Texas","docAbstract":"A mathematical model for simulating discharges on the Sabine River between Tatum and Ruliff, TX., was developed to evaluate the effects of release schedules on discharges from the Toledo Bend Reservoir compared to discharges under natural conditions. Using the discharge at Tatum, TX., the rainfall over the basin, and the discharge release schedule for the reservoir, discharge hydrographs for the natural and reservoir-controlled conditions can be computed.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr79566","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Sabine River Compact Administration","usgsCitation":"Neely, B., 1979, Mathematical model for simulating discharges on the Sabine River between Tatum and Ruliff, Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 79-566, iv, 31 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr79566.","productDescription":"iv, 31 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":144969,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/0566/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":402612,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/0566/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","city":"Ruliff, Tatum","otherGeospatial":"Sabine River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -94.7735595703125,\n 30.41078179084589\n ],\n [\n -93.7298583984375,\n 30.41078179084589\n ],\n [\n -93.7298583984375,\n 31.994100723260804\n ],\n [\n -94.7735595703125,\n 31.994100723260804\n ],\n [\n -94.7735595703125,\n 30.41078179084589\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a27e4b07f02db60ffb7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Neely, Braxtel L.","contributorId":37335,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neely","given":"Braxtel L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":161503,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":6058,"text":"pp1136 - 1979 - Modeling highly transient flow, mass, and heat transport in the Chattahoochee River near Atlanta, Georgia","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":9682,"text":"ofr79270 - 1979 - Modeling highly transient flow, mass, and heat transport in the Chattahoochee River near Atlanta, Georgia","indexId":"ofr79270","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"title":"Modeling highly transient flow, mass, and heat transport in the Chattahoochee River near Atlanta, Georgia"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":6058,"text":"pp1136 - 1979 - Modeling highly transient flow, mass, and heat transport in the Chattahoochee River near Atlanta, Georgia","indexId":"pp1136","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"title":"Modeling highly transient flow, mass, and heat transport in the Chattahoochee River near Atlanta, Georgia"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-05T12:46:45","indexId":"pp1136","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1136","title":"Modeling highly transient flow, mass, and heat transport in the Chattahoochee River near Atlanta, Georgia","docAbstract":"A coupled flow-temperature model has been developed and verified for a 27.9-km reach of the Chattahoochee River between Buford Dam and Norcross, Ga. Flow in this reach of the Chattahoochee is continuous but highly regulated by Buford Dam, a flood-control and hydroelectric facility located near Buford, Ga. Calibration and verification utilized two sets of data collected under highly unsteady discharge conditions. Existing solution techniques, with certain minor improvements, were applied to verify the existing technology of flow and transport modeling. \r\n\r\nThe linear, implicit finite-difference flow model was calibrated by use of a depth profile obtained at steady low flow and unsteady flow data obtained in March 1976. During the calibration period, the model was generally able to reproduce observed stages to within 0.15 m and discharges at less than 100 m 3 /s, to within 5 percent. Peak discharges of about 200 m 3 /s were under-estimated by about 20 percent. During the verification period, October 1975, the flow model reproduced observed stage changes to within about 0.15 m, and its timing and over-all performance was considered to be very good. \r\n\r\nDye was added to the upstream end of the river reach at a constant rate while the river flow was highly unsteady. The numerical solution of either the conservative or nonconservative form of the mass-transport equation did an excellent job of simulating the observed concentrations of dye in the river. \r\n\r\nThe temperature model was capable of predicting temperature changes through this reach of as large as 5.8?C with a RMS (root-mean-square) error of 0.32?C in October 1975 and 0.20?C in March 1976. \r\n\r\nHydropulsation has a significant effect on the water temperature below Buford Dam. These effects are very complicated because they are quite dependent on the timing of the release with respect to both the time of day and past releases.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. 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Off.,","doi":"10.3133/pp1136","usgsCitation":"Jobson, H.E., and Keefer, T.N., 1979, Modeling highly transient flow, mass, and heat transport in the Chattahoochee River near Atlanta, Georgia: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1136, 41 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1136.","productDescription":"41 p.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":33058,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1136/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":125090,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1136/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia","city":"Atlanta","otherGeospatial":"Chattahoochee 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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db69990c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jobson, Harvey E.","contributorId":27032,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jobson","given":"Harvey","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":152039,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Keefer, Thomas N.","contributorId":43752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keefer","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":152040,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5979,"text":"pp1086 - 1979 - Regional metamorphism in the Condrey Mountain Quadrangle, north-central Klamath Mountains, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:52","indexId":"pp1086","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1086","title":"Regional metamorphism in the Condrey Mountain Quadrangle, north-central Klamath Mountains, California","docAbstract":"A subcircular area of about 650 km 2 in northern California and southwestern Oregon is occupied by rocks of the greenschist metamorphic facies called the Condrey Mountain Schist. This greenschist terrane is bordered on the east and west by rocks belonging to the amphibolite metamorphic facies that structurally overlie and are thrust over the Condrey Mountain Schist. The amphibolite facies is succeeded upward by metavolcanic and metasedimentary rocks belonging to the greenschist metamorphic facies. \r\n\r\nThe Condrey Mountain Schist is composed predominantly of quartz-muscovite schist and lesser amounts of actinolite-chlorite schist formed by the metamorphism of graywacke and spilitic volcanic rocks that may have belonged to the Galice Formation of Late Jurassic age. Potassium-argon age determinations of 141?4 m.y. and 155?5 m.y. obtained on these metamorphic rocks seem to be incompatible with the Late Jurassic age usually assigned the Galice. \r\n\r\nThe rocks that border the amphibolite facies are part of an extensive terrane of metavolcanic and metasedimentary rocks belonging to the western Paleozoic and Triassic belt. The metavolcanic rocks include some unmetamorphosed spilite but are mostly of the greenschist metamorphic facies composed of oligoclase (An15-20) and actinolite with subordinate amounts of chlorite and clinozoisiteepidote. The interbedded sedimentary rocks are predominantly argillite and slaty argillite, less commonly siliceous argillite and chert, and a few lenticular beds of marble. On the south, high-angle faults and a tabular granitic pluton separate the greenschist metavolcanic terrane from the amphibolite facies rocks; on the east, nonfoliated amphibolite is succeeded upward, apparently conformably, by metasedimentary rocks belonging to the greenschist metavolcanic terrane. \r\n\r\nIn the southern part of Condrey Mountain quadrangle, an outlier of a thrust plate composed of the Stuart Fork Formation overlies the metavolcanic and metasedimentary rocks. The Stuart Fork in this region is composed of siliceous phyllite and phyllitic quartzite and is believed to be the metamorphosed equivalent of rocks over which it is thrust. In the Yreka-Fort Jones area, potassium-argon determinations on mica from the blueschist facies in the Stuart Fork gave ages of approximately 220 m.y. (Late Triassic) for the age of metamorphism. \r\n\r\nRocks of the amphibolite facies structurally overlie the Condrey Mountain Schist along a moderate to steeply dipping thrust fault. The amphibolite terrane is composed of amphibolite and metasedimentary rocks in approximately equal amounts accompanied by many bodies of serpentinite and a number of gabbro and dioritic plutons. Most of the amphibolite is foliated, but some is nonfoliated; the nonfoliated amphibolite has an amphibolite mineralogy and commonly a relict volcanic rock texture. The nonfoliated amphibolite occurs on the southern and eastern borders of the amphibolite terrane between the areas offoliated amphibolite and the overly ing metavolcanic and metasedimentary rocks. Hornblende and plagioclase (An30-35) are the characteristic minerals, indicating that the rocks are of the almandine-amphibolite metamorphic facies. The metasedimentary rocks interbedded with the amphibolites include siliceous schist and phyllite, minor quartzite, and subordinate amounts of marble. Potassium-argon age dates obtained on hornblende from foliated amphibolite yield ages of 146?4 and 148? 4 m.y., suggesting a Late Jurassic metamorphic episode. \r\n\r\nMafic and ultramafic rocks are widespread in the amphibolite terrane but are almost entirely absent from the area of greenschist facies metavolcanic and metasedimentary rocks. The ultramafic rocks, predominantly serpentinite, occur as a few large bodies and many small tabular concordant bodies interleaved with the foliated rocks. The ultramafic rocks include harzburgite and d1lIlite and their serpentinized equivalents. In the Condrey Mountain quadrangle, probably more t","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/pp1086","usgsCitation":"Hotz, P.E., 1979, Regional metamorphism in the Condrey Mountain Quadrangle, north-central Klamath Mountains, California: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1086, 25 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1086.","productDescription":"25 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":121324,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1086/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":32899,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1086/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b06e4b07f02db69a192","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hotz, Preston Enslow","contributorId":15191,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hotz","given":"Preston","email":"","middleInitial":"Enslow","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":151903,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":10283,"text":"ofr791569 - 1979 - Investigations needed to stimulate the development of Jordan's mineral resources","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-05-23T15:50:06","indexId":"ofr791569","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"79-1569","title":"Investigations needed to stimulate the development of Jordan's mineral resources","docAbstract":"The level of living that any society can attain is a direct function of the use it makes of all kinds of raw materials (soil, water, metals, nonmetals, etc.), all kinds of energy (both animate and inanimate), and all kinds of human ingenuity; and is an inverse function of the size of the population that must share the collective product. The relation between raw materials, energy and ingenuity is such that use of a large amount of one may offset the need for large amounts of others. The most vital raw materials are water, soil, and construction materials, for these are needed in large quantities and are hard to import. Metals, chemicals, and inanimate energy are necessary for industrialization. The more of these minerals a nation possess, the better, but not nation can hope to be self-sufficient in all of the m and therefore must trade for some essential materials.
\nJordan’s natural resources have been little explored. The grantitc-metamorphic terrane in the southeastern part of the Kingdom could contain deposits of tungsten, rare earths, feldspar, mica, fluorite etc. and the sedimentary terrane over much of the rest of the county is favorable for the occurrence of oil. Even if none of these minerals is found, however, Jordan’s other mineral resource, if fully explored and developed in the light of modern technology, will support a far higher level of living than her people now enjoy. Very likely she can increase her rainfall by about 10 percent by cloud seeding, and she undeveloped supplies in both surface and ground water that are sufficient to nearly double her usable water supply. Even if she does not have oil or have it in large quantities, she can buy it cheaply from neighboring counties, and in addition has undeveloped sources of hydroelectric power, large reserves of bituminous limestone, large reserves of nuclear power as uranium in phosphate rock, and can use solar and wind power for special purposes. Her large supplies of construction, fertilizer, and other chemical raw materials will not only satisfy her own needs, but will yield both raw materials and some manufactured products for export. And she has valuable resource of touristic interest in the form of incomparable scenery, antiquities, and holy places, which, if properly advertised, could well become her largest single source of foreign currency. Revenues obtained from this source and from the export of agricultural products, nonmetallic minerals, and mineral products should support foreign oil purchase of oil, machinery, and other products not mined or produced internally.
\nFull development of Jordan’s economic potential will take years to achieve and involves many complex activities. One of the most essential is one that can be pressed in the early years, namely the gathering of facts and basic data concerning the character, extent, and distribution of her resources, and the uses that can be made of them. Without each fundamental data or the understanding of their meaning or the ways to use and apply them, costly developmental projects and similar efforts to raise the level of living are likely to have limited success at best.
\nBasic data and mineral resources are best gathered and published by permanent government agencies, for private organizations and individual cannot afford to take the risks involved in gathering data that may not have an immediate economic return; and even if private parties do collect such data they are not likely to make them general available.
\nOf the activities needed in the field of mineral resources, some are already underway as the established function of government agencies. No bureau however, seems to have responsibility for making geologic maps and for gathering data on such things as steam flow, composition and properties of minerals and rocks, or for investigating the uses to which Jordan’s minerals might be put. To satisfy these needs, a Geological Survey and a Bureau of Mineral Industries should be formed and placed in operation as quickly as possible.
\nThe task of collecting and interpreting basic data or mineral resources must be done largely by Jordanians, for only in this way will Jordan acquire the technical competence needed to use the information. Few Jordanians have enough training or experience to work independently in these fields now, however, so help from outside technicians would be necessary over an initial training period of several years. But the number of outside technicians should never exceed the number of Jordanian technicians, and for this reason, neither organization could have a staff of more than a few people during the early years of operation.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr791569","collaboration":"Prepared under the auspices of the Government of Jordan and the International Cooperation Administration U.S. Department of State","usgsCitation":"McKelvey, V., 1979, Investigations needed to stimulate the development of Jordan's mineral resources: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 79-1569, Report: iii, 164 p.; 1 Plate: 10.46 x 5.13 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr791569.","productDescription":"Report: iii, 164 p.; 1 Plate: 10.46 x 5.13 inches","numberOfPages":"173","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":143390,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1569/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":275694,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1569/report.pdf"},{"id":275695,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1569/plate-1.pdf"}],"country":"Jordan","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 34.9583,29.185 ], [ 34.9583,33.3747 ], [ 39.3012,33.3747 ], [ 39.3012,29.185 ], [ 34.9583,29.185 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db667597","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McKelvey, V.E.","contributorId":85161,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKelvey","given":"V.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":161134,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}