A computerized chemical model, WATEQ2, has resulted from extensive additions to and revision of the WATEQ model of Truesdell and Jones (Truesdell, A. H., and Jones, B. F., 1974, WATEQ, a computer program for calculating chemical equilibria of natural waters: J. Res. U. S. Geol, Survey, v. 2, p. 233-274). The model building effort has necessitated searching the literature and selecting thermochemical data pertinent to the reactions added to the model. This supplementary report manes available the details of the reactions added to the model together with the selected thermochemical data and their sources. Also listed are details of program operation and a brief description of the output of the model. Appendices-contain a glossary of identifiers used in the PL/1 computer code, the complete PL/1 listing, and sample output from three water analyses used as test cases.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri78116","usgsCitation":"Ball, J.W., Nordstrom, D.K., and Jenne, E.A., 1980, Additional and revised thermochemical data and computer code for WATEQ2: a computerized chemical model for trace and major element speciation and mineral equilibria of natural waters: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 78-116, iii, 109 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri78116.","productDescription":"iii, 109 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":158385,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1978/0116/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":353616,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1978/0116/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699ba4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ball, James W.","contributorId":38946,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ball","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195703,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nordstrom, D. Kirk 0000-0003-3283-5136 dkn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3283-5136","contributorId":749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nordstrom","given":"D.","email":"dkn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Kirk","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":195702,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jenne, Everett A.","contributorId":85582,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jenne","given":"Everett","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195704,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":24845,"text":"ofr80564 - 1980 - Planning report for the southwest alluvial basins (east) regional aquifer-system analysis, parts of Colorado, New Mexico, and Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:13","indexId":"ofr80564","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1980","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"80-564","title":"Planning report for the southwest alluvial basins (east) regional aquifer-system analysis, parts of Colorado, New Mexico, and Texas","docAbstract":"The study of the Southwest alluvial basins (east) will involve an analysis of the regional aquifer system in parts of Colorado, New Mexico, and Texas. This area has been divided into 22 basins. The study of the alluvial aquifer-system will be made in the following stages: (1) project planning, (2) literature searches, (3) compiling existing data, (4) data collection, (5) basin modeling, (6) regional aquifer modeling, and (7) reports. The regional aquifer study will be accomplished through studying each of the 22 basins. Data compilation and limited data collection will be part of each basin study. Digital computer models will be made for those basins where data are sufficient. A regional aquifer model will be developed from the basin models. In addition to this report, there will be basin hydrology reports and the final regional report. Included in the final report will be a description of the regional hydrology and geology. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey, Water Resources Division ;\r\nFor sale by Open-file Services Section, Branch of Distribution, U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr80564","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Wilkins, D.W., Scott, W.B., and Kaehler, C., 1980, Planning report for the southwest alluvial basins (east) regional aquifer-system analysis, parts of Colorado, New Mexico, and Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 80-564, iv, 43 p. ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr80564.","productDescription":"iv, 43 p. ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":157126,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1980/0564/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53845,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1980/0564/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adae4b07f02db68535f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wilkins, D. W.","contributorId":97471,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilkins","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192675,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Scott, W. B.","contributorId":87887,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192674,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kaehler, C. A.","contributorId":59469,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kaehler","given":"C. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192673,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":27399,"text":"wri8019 - 1980 - Comparison of tracer methods and predictive equations for determination of stream-reaeration coefficients on three small streams in Wisconsin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-20T15:09:55","indexId":"wri8019","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1980","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"80-19","title":"Comparison of tracer methods and predictive equations for determination of stream-reaeration coefficients on three small streams in Wisconsin","docAbstract":"Four modified nonradioactive-tracer methods and 20 predictive equations for determination of stream-reaeration coefficients in three small Wisconsin streams were compared with the radioactive-tracer method developed by Tsivoglou.
\nOf the four modified-tracer techniques, the propane-area technique, which measures the total weight of propane gas passing stream-sampling stations, yielded the least mean absolute difference of 11.0 percent compared with the radioactive-tracer method. The propane peak concentration, ethylene peak concentration, and ethylene total weight methods gave mean absolute differences of 18, 21, and 26 percent, respectively.
\nThe top five ranking predictive equations were as follows: Tsivoglou-Neal with 18 percent mean error, Negulescu-Rojanski with 21 percent, Padden-Gloyna with 23 percent, Thackston-Krenkel with 29 percent, and Bansal with 32 percent. (USGS).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri8019","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","usgsCitation":"Grant, R.S., and Skavroneck, S., 1980, Comparison of tracer methods and predictive equations for determination of stream-reaeration coefficients on three small streams in Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 80-19, iv, 36 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri8019.","productDescription":"iv, 36 p.","numberOfPages":"43","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":56259,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1980/0019/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":119970,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1980/0019/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","county":"Dane County, Grant County, La Crosse County","otherGeospatial":"Black Earth Creek, Bonner Branch, Halfway Creek","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[-89.0094,43.286],[-89.0084,43.2555],[-89.0094,43.2],[-89.01,43.1131],[-89.0109,43.0849],[-89.0107,43.0271],[-89.0132,42.9353],[-89.013,42.8762],[-89.0119,42.8471],[-89.132,42.8479],[-89.2488,42.8478],[-89.3689,42.8484],[-89.3688,42.8575],[-89.4832,42.858],[-89.6026,42.8575],[-89.7196,42.8587],[-89.8377,42.8598],[-89.8375,42.9471],[-89.8386,43.0317],[-89.8384,43.1181],[-89.8394,43.205],[-89.8325,43.2123],[-89.825,43.2187],[-89.8175,43.226],[-89.8125,43.2342],[-89.8088,43.2369],[-89.8012,43.2365],[-89.7874,43.2356],[-89.771,43.237],[-89.7579,43.2379],[-89.7529,43.2443],[-89.7485,43.2507],[-89.7391,43.2548],[-89.7259,43.2644],[-89.7171,43.2739],[-89.714,43.2821],[-89.7165,43.2867],[-89.7235,43.2935],[-89.7209,43.2935],[-89.6008,43.2932],[-89.4819,43.2942],[-89.3617,43.2954],[-89.3624,43.2832],[-89.246,43.2834],[-89.1271,43.2827],[-89.0094,43.286]]],[[[-90.4325,43.1989],[-90.4308,43.1212],[-90.4302,43.0334],[-90.4297,42.9465],[-90.4285,42.8583],[-90.4285,42.8142],[-90.428,42.7715],[-90.4274,42.6842],[-90.4269,42.5979],[-90.4276,42.5081],[-90.6204,42.5091],[-90.6354,42.5094],[-90.636,42.5094],[-90.6415,42.5093],[-90.6363,42.5146],[-90.6342,42.5191],[-90.6347,42.5241],[-90.6376,42.5317],[-90.6395,42.5371],[-90.642,42.5416],[-90.6465,42.5461],[-90.6517,42.5491],[-90.659,42.5542],[-90.6635,42.5587],[-90.6667,42.5639],[-90.6693,42.5705],[-90.6718,42.5759],[-90.6777,42.5849],[-90.6825,42.5937],[-90.6858,42.5984],[-90.6875,42.603],[-90.6886,42.6076],[-90.69,42.613],[-90.6926,42.618],[-90.6954,42.6227],[-90.7002,42.6293],[-90.7019,42.6311],[-90.706,42.6356],[-90.7134,42.64],[-90.7217,42.6423],[-90.7301,42.6449],[-90.7369,42.6464],[-90.7461,42.6479],[-90.7561,42.6491],[-90.7629,42.6506],[-90.7755,42.6531],[-90.7924,42.6553],[-90.8068,42.6583],[-90.8205,42.6604],[-90.8405,42.6634],[-90.8669,42.6695],[-90.8768,42.6715],[-90.8899,42.6733],[-90.896,42.6753],[-90.8985,42.6761],[-90.9065,42.6785],[-90.9108,42.68],[-90.9169,42.6821],[-90.9226,42.6843],[-90.9276,42.6856],[-90.9332,42.6856],[-90.9382,42.685],[-90.9413,42.685],[-90.9482,42.6858],[-90.9542,42.6872],[-90.9601,42.6898],[-90.9677,42.6929],[-90.9734,42.6956],[-90.98,42.6995],[-90.9841,42.7036],[-90.9903,42.7074],[-90.998,42.7121],[-91.0075,42.7161],[-91.0182,42.7205],[-91.0226,42.7227],[-91.0259,42.7245],[-91.0264,42.7249],[-91.0283,42.7263],[-91.0301,42.7291],[-91.03,42.7314],[-91.0305,42.7341],[-91.0323,42.7358],[-91.0354,42.7371],[-91.0392,42.7375],[-91.0417,42.7375],[-91.0447,42.7376],[-91.0467,42.7379],[-91.0492,42.7383],[-91.0517,42.7397],[-91.0543,42.7428],[-91.0549,42.7446],[-91.0549,42.746],[-91.0563,42.7478],[-91.0582,42.7485],[-91.0587,42.7487],[-91.0613,42.75],[-91.0632,42.7523],[-91.0638,42.754],[-91.0639,42.7545],[-91.0634,42.7561],[-91.0621,42.7591],[-91.062,42.762],[-91.0629,42.7645],[-91.0649,42.767],[-91.0667,42.7698],[-91.0688,42.7736],[-91.0696,42.7771],[-91.0713,42.7826],[-91.0735,42.7913],[-91.0763,42.8],[-91.0776,42.8103],[-91.078,42.8214],[-91.0781,42.8294],[-91.0776,42.8339],[-91.0775,42.8373],[-91.0796,42.8398],[-91.0823,42.8424],[-91.0847,42.8437],[-91.086,42.8443],[-91.089,42.8462],[-91.0908,42.8498],[-91.0924,42.8542],[-91.0944,42.8596],[-91.0971,42.8678],[-91.0995,42.874],[-91.0999,42.875],[-91.1047,42.8824],[-91.1132,42.8885],[-91.1218,42.8927],[-91.1311,42.8965],[-91.1372,42.9007],[-91.1411,42.905],[-91.1444,42.9104],[-91.1445,42.9168],[-91.1438,42.9268],[-91.1453,42.9372],[-91.1454,42.9395],[-91.1457,42.9445],[-91.1455,42.9518],[-91.1464,42.9609],[-91.1506,42.9678],[-91.152,42.9695],[-91.1559,42.9739],[-91.1566,42.9747],[-91.1585,42.9784],[-91.1568,42.9839],[-91.1563,42.9894],[-91.1566,42.9934],[-91.1579,42.9966],[-91.139,43],[-91.1334,43.0001],[-91.1277,43.0002],[-91.1039,42.9996],[-91.0969,42.9965],[-91.07,42.9968],[-91.0569,43.001],[-91.042,43.0067],[-91.0296,43.0114],[-91.0203,43.0174],[-91.0055,43.0248],[-90.9917,43.0282],[-90.9805,43.0315],[-90.9613,43.0431],[-90.9442,43.0624],[-90.9361,43.0652],[-90.9198,43.0645],[-90.9048,43.0678],[-90.8949,43.0734],[-90.8886,43.0748],[-90.883,43.0758],[-90.8605,43.0788],[-90.8511,43.0798],[-90.8462,43.0848],[-90.8307,43.0932],[-90.8213,43.0955],[-90.8169,43.0951],[-90.8002,43.1085],[-90.789,43.1109],[-90.7677,43.1152],[-90.7546,43.1221],[-90.7447,43.1245],[-90.741,43.1327],[-90.7312,43.1428],[-90.715,43.152],[-90.7051,43.1599],[-90.7033,43.1631],[-90.6983,43.1681],[-90.6915,43.1723],[-90.684,43.1728],[-90.6733,43.1706],[-90.6682,43.1702],[-90.667,43.1702],[-90.6444,43.1754],[-90.6138,43.1843],[-90.5982,43.1917],[-90.5751,43.2015],[-90.5695,43.2034],[-90.5507,43.208],[-90.53,43.205],[-90.5105,43.2047],[-90.4953,43.2026],[-90.4802,43.2004],[-90.4645,43.2001],[-90.4576,43.1978],[-90.4519,43.1979],[-90.4375,43.1989],[-90.4325,43.1989]]],[[[-91.1517,44.0806],[-91.1515,44.071],[-91.1324,44.0713],[-91.1241,44.0714],[-91.0318,44.0711],[-90.9739,44.0708],[-90.9135,44.0715],[-90.9123,43.9859],[-90.9105,43.8993],[-90.9113,43.8123],[-90.9107,43.7253],[-91.031,43.7254],[-91.1507,43.7253],[-91.2045,43.7255],[-91.2602,43.7257],[-91.259,43.7266],[-91.2578,43.7294],[-91.2554,43.7344],[-91.2537,43.7408],[-91.2516,43.7492],[-91.2508,43.7542],[-91.2507,43.7574],[-91.2503,43.7591],[-91.25,43.7605],[-91.2492,43.7646],[-91.248,43.7678],[-91.2465,43.7714],[-91.2462,43.7737],[-91.2462,43.7742],[-91.246,43.7752],[-91.2463,43.7764],[-91.2475,43.7796],[-91.2497,43.7828],[-91.2523,43.7848],[-91.2528,43.7851],[-91.2555,43.7874],[-91.256,43.7879],[-91.2579,43.7894],[-91.2604,43.7917],[-91.2639,43.7949],[-91.264,43.7972],[-91.2655,43.8021],[-91.2663,43.805],[-91.2687,43.8087],[-91.2706,43.8159],[-91.2728,43.8198],[-91.2742,43.8239],[-91.2757,43.8288],[-91.2762,43.832],[-91.2773,43.8366],[-91.2791,43.8407],[-91.2824,43.8447],[-91.2869,43.8501],[-91.2882,43.851],[-91.292,43.8537],[-91.2954,43.8564],[-91.2988,43.8593],[-91.2992,43.8596],[-91.3018,43.8621],[-91.3064,43.8663],[-91.3081,43.8684],[-91.3097,43.8704],[-91.31,43.8707],[-91.3122,43.8745],[-91.315,43.878],[-91.317,43.8816],[-91.3183,43.8853],[-91.3203,43.888],[-91.3212,43.8906],[-91.3243,43.8934],[-91.328,43.8962],[-91.3318,43.8986],[-91.3355,43.9009],[-91.3394,43.9035],[-91.3418,43.9063],[-91.3442,43.9088],[-91.348,43.9121],[-91.3493,43.9128],[-91.3519,43.9156],[-91.3565,43.9195],[-91.3594,43.9243],[-91.3654,43.9352],[-91.3673,43.9392],[-91.371,43.9429],[-91.3735,43.9457],[-91.3764,43.9482],[-91.3791,43.9494],[-91.3796,43.9498],[-91.3822,43.9513],[-91.3856,43.954],[-91.3883,43.9576],[-91.3921,43.9598],[-91.3965,43.9624],[-91.3972,43.9628],[-91.4009,43.9644],[-91.4048,43.9673],[-91.4083,43.9701],[-91.4109,43.9728],[-91.4151,43.9765],[-91.4155,43.9768],[-91.4182,43.9797],[-91.4207,43.982],[-91.424,43.9844],[-91.3909,43.9845],[-91.3833,43.9841],[-91.3267,43.9844],[-91.3308,43.993],[-91.3284,43.999],[-91.3375,44.008],[-91.3376,44.0116],[-91.3422,44.0161],[-91.3405,44.023],[-91.3407,44.0325],[-91.3383,44.0367],[-91.3319,44.0368],[-91.3309,44.0445],[-91.3252,44.046],[-91.319,44.0515],[-91.3129,44.0612],[-91.3072,44.0644],[-91.3015,44.065],[-91.2881,44.0624],[-91.2817,44.0634],[-91.2711,44.0713],[-91.2648,44.0728],[-91.2597,44.0701],[-91.2505,44.0611],[-91.2421,44.0576],[-91.2307,44.0582],[-91.2242,44.0537],[-91.2175,44.0652],[-91.21,44.0703],[-91.2007,44.0795],[-91.2003,44.0886],[-91.1914,44.0906],[-91.1805,44.0862],[-91.1691,44.0872],[-91.1594,44.0823],[-91.1517,44.0806]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Dane\",\"state\":\"WI\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1fe4b07f02db6ab743","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grant, R. Stephen","contributorId":83125,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grant","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"Stephen","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198050,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Skavroneck, Steven","contributorId":53843,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Skavroneck","given":"Steven","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198049,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":4333,"text":"cir815 - 1980 - Interactive computer methods for generating mineral-resource maps","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:25","indexId":"cir815","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1980","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"815","title":"Interactive computer methods for generating mineral-resource maps","docAbstract":"Inasmuch as maps are a basic tool of geologists, the U.S. Geological Survey's CRIB (Computerized Resources Information Bank) was constructed so that the data it contains can be used to generate mineral-resource maps. However, by the standard methods used-batch processing and off-line plotting-the production of a finished map commonly takes 2-3 weeks. \r\n\r\nTo produce computer-generated maps more rapidly, cheaply, and easily, and also to provide an effective demonstration tool, we have devised two related methods for plotting maps as alternatives to conventional batch methods. These methods are: 1. Quick-Plot, an interactive program whose output appears on a CRT (cathode-ray-tube) device, and 2. The Interactive CAM (Cartographic Automatic Mapping system), which combines batch and interactive runs. The output of the Interactive CAM system is final compilation (not camera-ready) paper copy. Both methods are designed to use data from the CRIB file in conjunction with a map-plotting program. \r\n\r\nQuick-Plot retrieves a user-selected subset of data from the CRIB file, immediately produces an image of the desired area on a CRT device, and plots data points according to a limited set of user-selected symbols. This method is useful for immediate evaluation of the map and for demonstrating how trial maps can be made quickly. \r\n\r\nThe Interactive CAM system links the output of an interactive CRIB retrieval to a modified version of the CAM program, which runs in the batch mode and stores plotting instructions on a disk, rather than on a tape. The disk can be accessed by a CRT, and, thus, the user can view and evaluate the map output on a CRT immediately after a batch run, without waiting 1-3 days for an off-line plot. The user can, therefore, do most of the layout and design work in a relatively short time by use of the CRT, before generating a plot tape and having the map plotted on an off-line plotter.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Branch of Distribution, U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/cir815","usgsCitation":"Calkins, J.A., Crosby, A., Huffman, T., Clark, A.L., Mason, G., and Bascle, R., 1980, Interactive computer methods for generating mineral-resource maps: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 815, iv, 70 p. :ill., maps ;26 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir815.","productDescription":"iv, 70 p. :ill., maps ;26 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124368,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1980/0815/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":31443,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1980/0815/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dbe4b07f02db5e0ca9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Calkins, James Alfred","contributorId":75504,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Calkins","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"Alfred","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148851,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Crosby, A.S.","contributorId":77127,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crosby","given":"A.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148852,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Huffman, T.E.","contributorId":15593,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huffman","given":"T.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148849,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Clark, A. L.","contributorId":89502,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148853,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mason, G.T.","contributorId":9232,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mason","given":"G.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148848,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Bascle, R.J.","contributorId":44520,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bascle","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148850,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":5881,"text":"pp1101 - 1980 - The Boulder Creek Batholith, Front Range, Colorado","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":14095,"text":"ofr6570 - 1965 - Allanites from the Boulder Creek batholith, Colorado","indexId":"ofr6570","publicationYear":"1965","noYear":false,"title":"Allanites from the Boulder Creek batholith, Colorado"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":5881,"text":"pp1101 - 1980 - The Boulder Creek Batholith, Front Range, Colorado","indexId":"pp1101","publicationYear":"1980","noYear":false,"title":"The Boulder Creek Batholith, Front Range, Colorado"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:48","indexId":"pp1101","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1980","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1101","title":"The Boulder Creek Batholith, Front Range, Colorado","docAbstract":"The Boulder Creek batholith is the best known of several large Precambrian batholiths of similar rock composition that crop out across central Colorado. The rocks in the batholith belong to the calc-alkaline series and range in composition from granodiorite through quartz diorite (tonalite) to gneissic aplite. Two rock types dominate': the Boulder Creek Granodiorite, the major rock unit, and a more leucocratic and slightly younger unit herein named Twin Spruce Quartz Monzonite. Besides mafic inclusions, which occur mainly in hornblende-bearing phases of the Boulder Creek Granodiorite, there are cogenetic older and younger lenses, dikes, and small plutons of hornblende diorite, hornblendite, gabbro, and pyroxenite. Pyroxenite is not found in the batholith. The Boulder Creek Granodiorite in the batholith represents essentially two contemporaneous magmas, a northern body occurring in the Gold Hill and Boulder quadrangles and a larger southern body exposed in the Blackhawk and the greater parts of the Tungsten and Eldorado Springs quadrangles. The two bodies are chemically and mineralogically distinct. The northern body is richer in CaO and poorer in K2O, is more mafic, and has a larger percentage of plagioclase than the southern body. \r\n\r\nA crude sequence of rock types occurs from west to east in the batholith accompanied by a change in plagioclase composition from calcic plagioclase on the west to sodic on the east. Ore minerals tend to decrease, and the ratio potassium feldspar:plagioclase increases inward from the western contact of the batholith, indicating that the Boulder Creek batholith is similar to granodiorite batholiths the world over. Emplacement of the Boulder Creek batholith was contemporaneous with plastic deformation and high-grade regional metamorphism that folded the country rock and the batholith contact along west-northwest and north-northwest axes. Also, smaller satellitic granodiorite bodies tend to conform to the trends of foliation and fold axes in the country rock, suggesting that emplacement was controlled by preexisting structures in the country rock. \r\n\r\nOn a gross scale, chemical equilibrium in the Boulder Creek Granodiorite is expressed by a near 1:1 ratio, or straight-line relationship in the distribution of iron, magnesium, and manganese in biotite and hornblende. General mineralogical trends in the Boulder Creek Granodiorite indicate that modal biotite, hornblende, and plagioclase tend to increase and quartz and microcline tend to decrease as CaO increases. These trends were not found in the Twin Spruce Quartz Monzonite. \r\n\r\nDifferentiation is believed to have played a major role and assimilation a minor role in the development of the Boulder Creek batholith. The Boulder Creek Granodiorite is of probable mantle or lower crust origin, and, based on the scant data available, the Twin Spruce Quartz Monzonite may be of crustal origin, but the magma was extensively altered by contaminants of ambiguous origin. Mafic inclusions, possibly derived from a dioritic magma which was an early differentiate associated temporally with the Boulder Creek Granodiorite and (or) the Twin Spruce Quartz Monzonite, were in jected into the Boulder Creek Granodiorite during the mush stage and before the batholith was completely crystallized. \r\n\r\nBiotite, hornblende, and potassium feldspar were studied extensively. Their chemistry and petrology indicate a homogeneity throughout the batholith not believed possible by a casual observance of the batholithic rocks in the field. The accessory minerals, where investigated, also tend to indicate this same pervasive homogeneity.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/pp1101","usgsCitation":"Gable, D.J., 1980, The Boulder Creek Batholith, Front Range, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1101, 88 p; 2 plates in pocket, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1101.","productDescription":"88 p; 2 plates in pocket","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":104551,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_4720.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"4720"},{"id":124378,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1101/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":32702,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1101/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":32703,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1101/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":32704,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1101/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad3e4b07f02db68231b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gable, Dolores J.","contributorId":52957,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gable","given":"Dolores","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":151739,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":9745,"text":"ofr80160 - 1980 - Sediment transport model for the East Fork of the Carson River, Carson Valley, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-08-20T12:31:12","indexId":"ofr80160","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1980","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"80-160","title":"Sediment transport model for the East Fork of the Carson River, Carson Valley, Nevada","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr80160","usgsCitation":"Katzer, T., and Bennett, J.P., 1980, Sediment transport model for the East Fork of the Carson River, Carson Valley, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 80-160, 40 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr80160.","productDescription":"40 p. ","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":366727,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1980/0160/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":141586,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1980/0160/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","county":"Douglas County","otherGeospatial":"Carson Valley","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-119.5461,39.0859],[-119.5272,39.0858],[-119.316,39.0841],[-119.3155,38.9902],[-119.3356,38.9895],[-119.3366,38.9818],[-119.349,38.9816],[-119.4023,38.9826],[-119.4022,38.9558],[-119.4176,38.9547],[-119.4182,38.9098],[-119.4192,38.8817],[-119.4381,38.8823],[-119.4374,38.8533],[-119.419,38.8531],[-119.4192,38.835],[-119.4193,38.8164],[-119.4122,38.8165],[-119.4126,38.8093],[-119.4019,38.8099],[-119.4013,38.7863],[-119.4026,38.7654],[-119.4085,38.7658],[-119.4077,38.7354],[-119.4075,38.73],[-119.3887,38.7303],[-119.3888,38.7348],[-119.3788,38.735],[-119.3611,38.7352],[-119.3505,38.7354],[-119.3502,38.7263],[-119.349,38.6788],[-119.349,38.6769],[-119.3488,38.6466],[-119.3299,38.6469],[-119.3306,38.5364],[-119.4492,38.6196],[-119.4543,38.6231],[-119.5498,38.6895],[-119.5523,38.6912],[-119.5771,38.7084],[-119.5977,38.7226],[-119.6088,38.7303],[-119.6166,38.7357],[-119.678,38.7781],[-119.7033,38.7953],[-119.7285,38.8132],[-119.743,38.8235],[-119.752,38.8297],[-119.7873,38.8541],[-119.7899,38.8554],[-119.8223,38.8775],[-119.8261,38.8802],[-119.8471,38.8948],[-119.9025,38.9332],[-119.9151,38.942],[-119.9194,38.945],[-119.9508,38.9664],[-120.0009,39.0005],[-120.0023,39.0677],[-120.0031,39.1116],[-119.949,39.1122],[-119.9419,39.1123],[-119.8974,39.1123],[-119.8631,39.1129],[-119.8358,39.113],[-119.7611,39.1144],[-119.7612,39.099],[-119.7517,39.0987],[-119.7525,39.0851],[-119.6232,39.086],[-119.6042,39.0859],[-119.5657,39.0861],[-119.5461,39.0859]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Douglas\",\"state\":\"NV\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0be4b07f02db5fbea3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Katzer, Terry","contributorId":103679,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Katzer","given":"Terry","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":160222,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bennett, J. P.","contributorId":52103,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bennett","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":160221,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":4831,"text":"pp1138AC - 1980 - Petroleum-resource appraisal and discovery rate forecasting in partially explored regions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:50","indexId":"pp1138AC","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1980","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1138","chapter":"A-C","title":"Petroleum-resource appraisal and discovery rate forecasting in partially explored regions","docAbstract":"PART A: A model of the discovery process can be used to predict the size distribution of future petroleum discoveries in partially explored basins. The parameters of the model are estimated directly from the historical drilling record, rather than being determined by assumptions or analogies. The model is based on the concept of the area of influence of a drill hole, which states that the area of a basin exhausted by a drill hole varies with the size and shape of targets in the basin and with the density of previously drilled wells. It also uses the concept of discovery efficiency, which measures the rate of discovery within several classes of deposit size. The model was tested using 25 years of historical exploration data (1949-74) from the Denver basin. From the trend in the discovery rate (the number of discoveries per unit area exhausted), the discovery efficiencies in each class of deposit size were estimated. Using pre-1956 discovery and drilling data, the model accurately predicted the size distribution of discoveries for the 1956-74 period. \r\n\r\nPART B: A stochastic model of the discovery process has been developed to predict, using past drilling and discovery data, the distribution of future petroleum deposits in partially explored basins, and the basic mathematical properties of the model have been established. The model has two exogenous parameters, the efficiency of exploration and the effective basin size. The first parameter is the ratio of the probability that an actual exploratory well will make a discovery to the probability that a randomly sited well will make a discovery. The second parameter, the effective basin size, is the area of that part of the basin in which drillers are willing to site wells. Methods for estimating these parameters from locations of past wells and from the sizes and locations of past discoveries were derived, and the properties of estimators of the parameters were studied by simulation. \r\n\r\nPART C: This study examines the temporal properties and determinants of petroleum exploration for firms operating in the Denver basin. Expectations associated with the favorability of a specific area are modeled by using distributed lag proxy variables (of previous discoveries) and predictions from a discovery process model. In the second part of the study, a discovery process model is linked with a behavioral well-drilling model in order to predict the supply of new reserves. \r\n\r\nResults of the study indicate that the positive effects of new discoveries on drilling increase for several periods and then diminish to zero within 2? years after the deposit discovery date. Tests of alternative specifications of the argument of the distributed lag function using alternative minimum size classes of deposits produced little change in the model's explanatory power. This result suggests that, once an exploration play is underway, favorable operator expectations are sustained by the quantity of oil found per time period rather than by the discovery of specific size deposits. When predictions of the value of undiscovered deposits (generated from a discovery process model) were substituted for the expectations variable in models used to explain exploration effort, operator behavior was found to be consistent with these predictions. This result suggests that operators, on the average, were efficiently using information contained in the discovery history of the basin in carrying out their exploration plans. Comparison of the two approaches to modeling unobservable operator expectations indicates that the two models produced very similar results. The integration of the behavioral well-drilling model and discovery process model to predict the additions to reserves per unit time was successful only when the quarterly predictions were aggregated to annual values. The accuracy of the aggregated predictions was also found to be reasonably robust to errors in predictions from the behavioral well-drilling equation.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/pp1138AC","usgsCitation":"Drew, L.J., Schuenemeyer, J., Root, D.H., and Attanasi, E.D., 1980, Petroleum-resource appraisal and discovery rate forecasting in partially explored regions: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1138, NA, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1138AC.","productDescription":"NA","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":117418,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1138a-c/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":31771,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1138a-c/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adde4b07f02db686c60","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Drew, Lawrence J. ldrew@usgs.gov","contributorId":2635,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drew","given":"Lawrence","email":"ldrew@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":149864,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schuenemeyer, J.H.","contributorId":106094,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schuenemeyer","given":"J.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":149866,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Root, David H.","contributorId":92232,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Root","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":149865,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Attanasi, E. D. 0000-0001-6845-7160","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6845-7160","contributorId":107672,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Attanasi","given":"E.","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":149867,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":18575,"text":"ofr8075 - 1980 - A one-dimensional, steady-state, dissolved-oxygen model and waste-load assimilation study for Wabash River, Huntington County, Indiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-04-06T18:12:59.992829","indexId":"ofr8075","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1980","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"80-75","title":"A one-dimensional, steady-state, dissolved-oxygen model and waste-load assimilation study for Wabash River, Huntington County, Indiana","docAbstract":"The Indiana State Board of Health is developing a State water-quality management plan that includes establishing limits for wastewater effluents discharged into Indiana streams. A digital model calibrated to conditions in the Wabash River in Huntington County, Ind., was used to predict alternatives for future waste loadings that would be compatible with Indiana stream water-quality standards defined for two critical hydrologic conditions, summer and winter low flows.
The major point-source waste load affecting the Wabash River in Huntington County is the Huntington wastewater-treatment facility.
The most significant factor potentially affecting the dissolved-oxygen concentration during summer low flows is nitrification. However, nitrification should not be a limiting factor on the allowable nitrogenous and carbonaceous waste loads for the Huntington wastewater-treatment facility during summer low flows if the ammonia-nitrogen toxicity standard for Indiana streams is met.
This wasteload assimilation study is not based on a verified model. The changes in stream water quality predicted by the model represent only possible stream response to different effluent conditions.
The dissolved-oxygen standard for Indiana streams, an average of 5.0 milligrams per liter, should be met during summer and winter Zow flows if the National Pollution Discharge Elimination System's 5-day, carbonaceous biochemical-oxygen demands of a monthly average concentration of 30 milligrams per liter and a maximum weekly average of 45 milligrams per liter are not exceeded.
The Ogallala Formation in the intensive-study area, an area of 12 square miles in northeastern Wichita County, west-central Kansas, has had a substantial decrease in saturated thickness since the development of irrigation. The annual water-level decline during 1950-78 ranged from 1.08 to 2.22 feet per year.
The hydrologic system was investigated to study methods of conserving the remaining ground water in the intensive-study area. During 1977-78, the average annual ground-water withdrawal was 7,400 acre-feet, and the water-level decline ranged from 0.91 to 5.05 feet. The saturated thickness in 1977 ranged from about 40 to 80 feet, and aquifer storage was about 61,000 acre-feet. Natural recharge is estimated to be 0.28 inch per year.
Projections from a digital ground-water flow model were used to indicate the additional water-level decline that might occur from 1978 to 1988 if pumpages in the 480-square-mile model area were one-half, equal to, or double the 1977 pumpage rate. The additional water-level declines in the intensive-study area would range from 5 to 15 feet if pumpages were one-half, 15 to 30 feet if pumpages were equal to, and 25 to 40 feet if pumpages were double the 1977 rate. Projections also were used to indicate the water-level declines if pumpages in the model area were equal to the 1977 rate and if pumpages in the intensive-study area were one-half or double the 1977 rate. Additional water-level declines in the intensive-study area would range from 10 to 20 feet if pumpages were one-half and from 20 to 25 feet if pumpages were doubled. Decreased pumpage in the area could reduce the water-level declines, but continued pumpage in adjacent areas would cause declines to be greater near the edge than near the center.
The digital model was more sensitive to changes in pumpage than to changes in hydraulic conductivity, specific yield, and recharge.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri8091","usgsCitation":"Dunlap, L.E., Kume, J., and Thomas, J.G., 1980, Geohydrology and model analysis for water-supply management in a small area of west-central Kansas: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 80-91, 59 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri8091.","productDescription":"59 p.","costCenters":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":157449,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1980/0091/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":350407,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1980/0091/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Kansas","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-101.485,38.7002],[-101.1293,38.7001],[-101.1254,38.264],[-101.5405,38.2631],[-101.5669,38.2633],[-101.5694,38.7004],[-101.485,38.7002]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Wichita\",\"state\":\"KS\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8d01","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dunlap, Lloyd E.","contributorId":92261,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dunlap","given":"Lloyd","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197194,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kume, Jack","contributorId":100843,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kume","given":"Jack","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197196,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thomas, James G.","contributorId":75573,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197195,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":28082,"text":"wri80100 - 1980 - Appraisal of the water resources of the Big Sioux aquifer, Brookings, Deuel, and Hamlin counties, South Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-30T14:30:10.683461","indexId":"wri80100","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1980","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"80-100","title":"Appraisal of the water resources of the Big Sioux aquifer, Brookings, Deuel, and Hamlin counties, South Dakota","docAbstract":"The Big Sioux aquifer in Brookings, Deuel, and Hamlin Counties, South Dakota, has been extensively developed and in some areas discharge, principally by wells, from the aquifer may be exceeding recharge to the aquifer.
A finite-difference method digital model was used to simulate steady-state conditions of the Big Sioux aquifer. Average annual water levels in the Big Sioux aquifer and base flow discharge of the Big Sioux River near Brookings for 1970 through 1976 were used in the model. The model-computed water levels were within a few feet of the actual annual average water levels and the computed annual average base flow was 66 cubic feet per second compared to the actual base flow of 58 cubic feet per second.
The computer model was used to model transient conditions by simulating water levels and base flow from April through August 1976 and comparing the results with actual data. Evapotranspiration and pumpage changes were made for each month. There was no recharge from precipitation during the test period.
Several different computer simulations were made using different estimates of hydrologic parameters and conditions. Specific yield was increased from 10 to 15 percent which resulted in a much greater base flow for each month. Effective depth of evapotranspiration was changed from 5 to 10 feet which resulted in a very large decrease in base flow. A computer simulation made without irrigation pumpage resulted in an increase in the base flow from 0.66 to 9 cubic feet per second for August 1976 in the Big Sioux River near Brookings. The actual base flow for August 1976 was .01 cubic foot per second.
A water budget showed 22.2 inches of precipitation (average annual), 0.65 inch of surface runoff, 1.06 inches of ground-water outflow (base flow to river, 1970-76), and 20.49 inches of evapotranspiration.
The water from the Big Sioux aquifer is a calcium bicarbonate type and specific conductance ranged from 407 to 1,790 micromhos per centimeter at 25°C. The water is generally very hard, having a mean of 454 milligrams per liter of hardness.
A model simulation using all the pumpage that would be allowed by irrigation permits approved as of February 1979 simulated the withdrawal of 43,900 acre-feet of water for about 4 months during which time there was no recharge from precipitation. If there had been no pumping for that period, evapotranspiration would have been 7,800 acre-feet more than occurred under pumping conditions and discharge to streams would have increased by 3,600 acre-feet.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri80100","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the East Dakota Conservancy Sub-District, the South Dakota Department of Water and Natural Resources, and Brookings and Hamlin counties","usgsCitation":"Koch, N.C., 1980, Appraisal of the water resources of the Big Sioux aquifer, Brookings, Deuel, and Hamlin counties, South Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 80-100, vi, 46 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri80100.","productDescription":"vi, 46 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":431615,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1980/0100/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":157947,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1980/0100/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"South Dakota","county":"Brookings County, Deuel County, Hamlin County","otherGeospatial":"Big Sioux aquifer","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -97.65017839786026,\n 45.50039030863826\n ],\n [\n -97.65017839786026,\n 42.76701195096234\n ],\n [\n -96.41259704622428,\n 42.76701195096234\n ],\n [\n -96.41259704622428,\n 45.50039030863826\n ],\n [\n -97.65017839786026,\n 45.50039030863826\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac6e4b07f02db67a54c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Koch, Neil C.","contributorId":64656,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koch","given":"Neil","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199190,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":38641,"text":"pp1099A - 1980 - The influences of land use and land cover on climate; an analysis of the Washington-Baltimore area that couples remote sensing with numerical simulation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:58","indexId":"pp1099A","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1980","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1099","chapter":"A","title":"The influences of land use and land cover on climate; an analysis of the Washington-Baltimore area that couples remote sensing with numerical simulation","docAbstract":"The Sun drives the atmospheric heat engine by warming the terrestrial surface which in turn warms the atmosphere above. Climate, therefore, is significantly controlled by complex interaction of energy flows near and at the terrestrial surface. When man alters this delicate energy balance by his use of the land, he may alter his climatic environment as well. Land use climatology has emerged as a discipline in which these energy interactions are studied; first, by viewing the spatial distributions of their surface manifestations, and second, by analyzing the energy exchange processes involved. Two new tools for accomplishing this study are presented: one that can interpret surface energy exchange processes from space, and another that can simulate the complex of energy transfers by a numerical simulation model. Use of a satellite-borne multispectral scanner as an imaging radiometer was made feasible by devising a gray-window model that corrects measurements made in space for the effects of the atmosphere in the optical path. The simulation model is a combination of mathematical models of energy transfer processes at or near the surface. Integration of these two analytical approaches was applied to the Washington-Baltimore area to coincide with the August 5, 1973, Skylab 3 overpass which provided data for constructing maps of the energy characteristics of the Earth's surface. The use of the two techniques provides insights into the relationship of climate to land use and land cover and in predicting alterations of climate that may result from alterations of the land surface.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/pp1099A","usgsCitation":"Pease, R., Jenner, C., and Lewis, J., 1980, The influences of land use and land cover on climate; an analysis of the Washington-Baltimore area that couples remote sensing with numerical simulation: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1099, p. A1-A39, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1099A.","productDescription":"p. A1-A39","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124511,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1099a/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":65472,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1099a/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a85e4b07f02db64d4d2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pease, R.W.","contributorId":77206,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pease","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":220202,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jenner, C.B.","contributorId":94718,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jenner","given":"C.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":220204,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lewis, J.E. Jr.","contributorId":93957,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lewis","given":"J.E.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":220203,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":48525,"text":"ofr80775 - 1980 - Low-level radioactive waste burial at the Palos Forest Preserve, Illinois : part I, preliminary finite-difference models of steady state ground-water flow","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:04","indexId":"ofr80775","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1980","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"80-775","title":"Low-level radioactive waste burial at the Palos Forest Preserve, Illinois : part I, preliminary finite-difference models of steady state ground-water flow","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr80775","usgsCitation":"Olimpio, J.C., 1980, Low-level radioactive waste burial at the Palos Forest Preserve, Illinois : part I, preliminary finite-difference models of steady state ground-water flow: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 80-775, v, 27 leaves : ill., maps ; 29 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr80775.","productDescription":"v, 27 leaves : ill., maps ; 29 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":161955,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7fe4b07f02db648809","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Olimpio, Julio C.","contributorId":93877,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olimpio","given":"Julio","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":237678,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":48606,"text":"ofr801184 - 1980 - Hydrologic data for urban studies in the Houston, Texas, metropolitan area, 1978","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-14T11:34:35","indexId":"ofr801184","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1980","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"80-1184","title":"Hydrologic data for urban studies in the Houston, Texas, metropolitan area, 1978","docAbstract":"This report contains rainfall and runoff data collected during the 1978 water year for drainage basins in the Houston, Tex., metropolitan area. The information will be useful in determining the extent to which progressive urbanization will affect the yield and mode of occurrence of storm runoff. Rainfall-runoff computations are presented for three storm periods during the 1978 water year. (USGS)
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr801184","usgsCitation":"Hutchison, J., and Weigel, J.F., 1980, Hydrologic data for urban studies in the Houston, Texas, metropolitan area, 1978: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 80-1184, 184 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr801184.","productDescription":"184 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":173733,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","city":"Houston","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -95.36819458007811,\n 30.039377605001338\n ],\n [\n -95.42587280273438,\n 30.039377605001338\n ],\n [\n -95.49179077148438,\n 30.03462216002981\n ],\n [\n -95.56320190429686,\n 30.0262995822237\n ],\n [\n -95.62774658203125,\n 30.001327656702326\n ],\n [\n -95.73348999023438,\n 29.969211659636663\n ],\n [\n -95.83648681640624,\n 29.92756435779241\n ],\n [\n -95.87493896484374,\n 29.888280933159265\n ],\n [\n -95.86257934570312,\n 29.80251790576445\n ],\n [\n -95.86944580078125,\n 29.75364773335698\n ],\n [\n -95.8447265625,\n 29.69640358280457\n ],\n [\n -95.79940795898438,\n 29.672542219068987\n ],\n [\n -95.69641113281249,\n 29.630771207229\n ],\n [\n -95.63186645507812,\n 29.60092416008231\n ],\n [\n -95.51513671875,\n 29.57106827738255\n ],\n [\n -95.40252685546875,\n 29.511330027309146\n ],\n [\n -95.28030395507812,\n 29.485034019181064\n ],\n [\n -95.17730712890625,\n 29.482643134466617\n ],\n [\n -95.086669921875,\n 29.499378142743375\n ],\n [\n -94.99740600585938,\n 29.532839863453397\n ],\n [\n -94.95483398437499,\n 29.551955878093022\n ],\n [\n -94.9493408203125,\n 29.604506272365295\n ],\n [\n -94.96719360351562,\n 29.653449050468925\n ],\n [\n -94.9822998046875,\n 29.680894340704334\n ],\n [\n -95.01800537109374,\n 29.71787396585316\n ],\n [\n -95.0372314453125,\n 29.744109309616487\n ],\n [\n -95.06881713867188,\n 29.76556948666697\n ],\n [\n -95.06744384765625,\n 29.797751134173065\n ],\n [\n -95.07705688476562,\n 29.837070205715218\n ],\n [\n -95.10314941406249,\n 29.871610558533725\n ],\n [\n -95.1361083984375,\n 29.925183985247404\n ],\n [\n -95.15396118164062,\n 29.972780616663897\n ],\n [\n -95.14572143554688,\n 29.997759725578906\n ],\n [\n -95.185546875,\n 30.01916538794235\n ],\n [\n -95.2294921875,\n 30.02511058549258\n ],\n [\n -95.2789306640625,\n 30.029866486852946\n ],\n [\n -95.33660888671875,\n 30.032244351965684\n ],\n [\n -95.36819458007811,\n 30.039377605001338\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c3c5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hutchison, J.S.","contributorId":104558,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hutchison","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":237851,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Weigel, J. F.","contributorId":74394,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weigel","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":237850,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":23195,"text":"ofr80328 - 1980 - Estimation of background loadings and concentrations of phosphorus for lakes in the Puget Sound region, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:57","indexId":"ofr80328","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1980","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"80-328","title":"Estimation of background loadings and concentrations of phosphorus for lakes in the Puget Sound region, Washington","docAbstract":"For lakes in watersheds that include developed land, evaluation of eutrophication is facilitated by knowledge of changes in the lakes ' phosphorus concentration since development. A method is described for estimating background phosphorus concentration in lakes of the Puget Sound lowland, Washington. Using a mass-balance ' Vollenweider-type ' model, phosphorus loadings were calculated from present-day phosphorus concentrations measured in lake water and from easily measured physical characteristics for 24 lakes in undeveloped, or insignificantly developed, watersheds. Phosphorus loading from forest (undeveloped) land was derived for each lake as the difference between the calculated phosphorus loading directly to the lake 's surface and loading by bulk precipitation (estimated from other studies). Forest-land loading to each lake was converted to the yield (mass per unit area) of the forested part of the watershed. The phosphorus yield from forest land was related to annual runoff, and the regression equation expressing this relationship explained 73% of the sample variance. By applying that regression equation to the appropriate annual-runoff data, the yield of phosphorus from forest land can be estimated for any lake in the study area. Phosphorus loading from forested land then can be added to direct loading by bulk precipitation to estimate background phosphorus loading for each lake. By applying the mass-balance model to calculated background loadings, background total-phosphorus concentration can also be calculated for all lakes in the study area that have stable thermal stratification during the summer. The standard error of estimate for calculated background loadings and concentrations averages about 25%. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr80328","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Gilliom, R.J., 1980, Estimation of background loadings and concentrations of phosphorus for lakes in the Puget Sound region, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 80-328, iii, 40 p. ill., 1 map ;31 cm. +1 envelope., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr80328.","productDescription":"iii, 40 p. ill., 1 map ;31 cm. +1 envelope.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":155276,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1980/0328/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52515,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1980/0328/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db667800","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gilliom, Robert J. rgilliom@usgs.gov","contributorId":488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gilliom","given":"Robert","email":"rgilliom@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":189616,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":49456,"text":"ofr80687 - 1980 - The oilspill risk analysis model of the U. S. Geological Survey","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":49456,"text":"ofr80687 - 1980 - The oilspill risk analysis model of the U. S. Geological Survey","indexId":"ofr80687","publicationYear":"1980","noYear":false,"title":"The oilspill risk analysis model of the U. S. Geological Survey"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":32565,"text":"pp1227 - 1982 - The oilspill risk analysis model of the U. S. Geological Survey","indexId":"pp1227","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"title":"The oilspill risk analysis model of the U. S. Geological Survey"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":32565,"text":"pp1227 - 1982 - The oilspill risk analysis model of the U. S. Geological Survey","indexId":"pp1227","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"title":"The oilspill risk analysis model of the U. S. Geological Survey"},"lastModifiedDate":"2019-06-28T15:09:48","indexId":"ofr80687","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1980","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"80-687","title":"The oilspill risk analysis model of the U. S. Geological Survey","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey has developed an oilspill risk analysis model to aid in estimating the environmental hazards of developing oil resources in Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) lease areas. The large, computerized model analyzes the probability of spill occurrence, as well as the likely paths or trajectories of spills in relation to the locations of recreational and biological resources which may be vulnerable. The analytical methodology can easily incorporate estimates of weathering rates , slick dispersion, and possible mitigating effects of cleanup. The probability of spill occurrence is estimated from information on the anticipated level of oil production and method and route of transport. Spill movement is modeled in Monte Carlo fashion with a sample of 500 spills per season, each transported by monthly surface current vectors and wind velocities sampled from 3-hour wind transition matrices. Transition matrices are based on historic wind records grouped in 41 wind velocity classes, and are constructed seasonally for up to six wind stations. Locations and monthly vulnerabilities of up to 31 categories of environmental resources are digitized within an 800,000 square kilometer study area. Model output includes tables of conditional impact probabilities (that is, the probability of hitting a target, given that a spill has occurred), as well as probability distributions for oilspills occurring and contacting environmental resources within preselected vulnerability time horizons. (USGS)","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr80687","usgsCitation":"Smith, R.A., Slack, J.R., Wyant, T., and Lanfear, K., 1980, The oilspill risk analysis model of the U. S. Geological Survey (Superceded by: P-1227): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 80-687, 119 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr80687.","productDescription":"119 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":170118,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1980/0687/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":365199,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1980/0687/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"edition":"Superceded by: P-1227","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db649479","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, R. A.","contributorId":60584,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":239678,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Slack, J. R.","contributorId":40205,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Slack","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":239677,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wyant, T.","contributorId":106959,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wyant","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":239679,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lanfear, K.J.","contributorId":14392,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lanfear","given":"K.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":239676,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":11063,"text":"ofr801188 - 1980 - Interim report on the investigation of flooding in the Tug Fork basin of Kentucky, Virginia, and West Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-26T21:30:35.597498","indexId":"ofr801188","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1980","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"80-1188","title":"Interim report on the investigation of flooding in the Tug Fork basin of Kentucky, Virginia, and West Virginia","docAbstract":"An analytical plan is presented for a study of the effects of land-use changes on the magnitude and frequency of flood-peak flows and on sediment characteristics of the Tug Fork in Kentucky, Virginia, and West Virginia. The plan includes compilation and analysis of available data, collection of new data on small, single land-use drainage areas for deterministic computer modeling, and creation of a computer model of the Tug Fork basin for definition of cumulative land-use impacts.
Also presented is a compilation of the available hydrologic data and a description of related studies expected to provide information and data useful to the ongoing work. The data compilation includes: Hourly precipitation for selected days and annual maximum daily precipitation for nine sites, annual maximum streamflow rates and stages for three stream-gaging sites, hourly gageheight and discharge rates for selected storms at four stream-gaging sites, flood profiles, flood-frequency relations, and other streamflow information.
In the Missouri River main stem reservoirs in Montana, North Dakota, and South Dakota, hydrodynamic processes have decreased the lengths of shorelines and changed their configuration during the first 20 to 25 years of impoundment. Shale shores of Lakes Fort Peck, Oahe, Sharpe, and Francis Case were rapidly eroded by wave action and water level fluctuation. Banks slumped, embayments filled, and stumps and debris were covered by sediment. Shale shores developed mean slopes of 5-7% in sections of reservoirs with 10- to 25-km fetches and more than 10% in sections with 3- to 7-km fetches. Glacial till tended to armor the shorelines and deter their degradation in all reservoirs. Bank-cutting was particularly severe up to 1973 in the readily erodible Fort Union sediments along Lake Sakakawea. Water level fluctuation retarded the development of stable shores. Some aquatic vegetation developed along shorelines and in shallow sections of reservoirs in which water levels fluctuated little. Substrate suitable for terrestrial vegetation did not develop along the shores of fluctuating reservoirs, except where alluvial deposits were present. Physical changes of the shore probably influenced fish abundance and species composition primarily by changing the quality and quantity of spawning and nursery habitat. Species that appeared to be adversely affected by shore changes required protected embayments or flooded vegetation for reporduction: white crappie, Pomoxis annularis: black crappie, P. nigromaculatus: yellow perch, Perca flavescens: northern pike, Esox lucius: bigmouth buffalo, Ictiobus cyprinellus: small mouth buffalo, I. bubalus: and carp, Cyprinus carpio. Fish that spawn in tributaries or on rocky shores were not greatly influenced by shore changes (although the growth rate of several species were slowed): sauger, Sander canadensis: channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus: white bass, Morone chrysops: goldeye, Hiodon alosoides: and river carpsucker, Carpiodes carpio. One species, the walleye, Stizostedion v. vitreum, appeared to be benefited from the shore changes. Physical changes along shores have not been adequately addressed in reservoir ecological planning. Fish population data collected before reservoir shores have reached a reasonable degree of stability do not provide a reliable estimate of the ultimate species composition in a reservoir.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Benson, N.G., 1980, Effects of post-impoundment shore modifications on fish populations in Missouri River reservoirs: Research Report 80, 32 p.","productDescription":"32 p.","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":177296,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":94581,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.31822009784588?urlappend=%3Bseq=3"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota","otherGeospatial":"Missouri River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -108.43505859374999,\n 48.09275716032736\n ],\n [\n -108.10546875,\n 47.368594345213374\n ],\n [\n -107.0068359375,\n 47.39834920035926\n ],\n [\n -103.35937499999999,\n 47.517200697839414\n ],\n [\n -101.77734374999999,\n 46.73986059969267\n ],\n [\n -101.90917968749999,\n 45.30580259943578\n ],\n [\n -100.37109375,\n 43.89789239125797\n ],\n [\n -98.0419921875,\n 42.35854391749705\n ],\n [\n -97.3828125,\n 42.48830197960227\n ],\n [\n -97.822265625,\n 43.100982876188546\n ],\n [\n -98.96484375,\n 44.166444664458595\n ],\n [\n -99.82177734375,\n 44.762336674810996\n ],\n [\n -99.51416015625,\n 45.3521452458518\n ],\n [\n -100.78857421875,\n 47.70976154266637\n ],\n [\n -102.041015625,\n 48.45835188280866\n ],\n [\n -108.43505859374999,\n 48.09275716032736\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a29e4b07f02db611a58","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Benson, Norman Gustaf","contributorId":91915,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benson","given":"Norman","email":"","middleInitial":"Gustaf","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":247825,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":27574,"text":"wri807 - 1980 - Hydrology and model study of the proposed Prosperity Reservoir, Center Creek Basin, southwestern Missouri","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-15T10:41:47","indexId":"wri807","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1980","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"80-7","title":"Hydrology and model study of the proposed Prosperity Reservoir, Center Creek Basin, southwestern Missouri","docAbstract":"A dam and reservoir have been proposed for construction on Center Creek, Jasper County, in southwestern Missouri. Ground-water levels in the hills adjacent to the reservoir will rise when the impoundment is completed. One of the problems is that the proposed site of Prosperity Reservoir is a few miles upstream from the lead-zinc mining area known as the Oronogo-Duenweg belt. In this belt transmissivities are variable but appear to be higher than they are in the immediate area of the reservoir.
Grove Creek lies down-gradient from the reservoir area and separates it from the mining belt. A model study indicates that inflow from the proposed reservoir to the water table could cause water level rises varying from about 20 feet near the reservoir to 0.5 to 1.0 foot in the southern part of Grove Creek drainage basin. These rises will cause significant changes to the natural ground-water flow system. Increased ground-water elevations in the reservoir area could result in increased ground-water gradients and discharge to Grove and Center Creeks. The increase in ground-water discharge to Grove Creek, and in turn Center Creek, will have the beneficial effect of diluting mine-water discharge from the Oronogo-Duenweg belt during periods of low flow.
However, if Grove Creek does not act as an effective drain and if conduits extend beneath Grove Creek to transfer the increased water available to the Oronogo-Duenweg belt, the flow regimen could change in the mining belt west of Grove Creek increasing mine-water discharge to Center Creek downstream from the reservoir.
Bedrock in the area is Mississippian limestone, the deeply solutioned formation that contained the ore deposits. The limestone in the mining district was greatly altered by solution prior to ore deposition while the limestone in the area of the reservoir was altered less. The extent of the alteration is related to the aquifer characteristics in that high and low values of transmissivity and storage coefficient correspond to greatly altered brecciated rocks in the mining district and less altered, less brecciated rocks in the reservoir area, respectively.
The authors suggest that an ancestral east-flowing White River drained the area about Joplin in Late Mississippian time. This is based on the configuration of the contact between Meramecian and Osagean rocks of Mississippian age. A high topographic area existed in the region about Joplin in which the water table stood 200 feet below the land surface when sinkholes and caverns of that depth were formed. The large number of Pennsylvanian-filled sinkholes in the Joplin area and the smaller number to the east suggest a higher land surface to the west than that to the east. The distribution of paleokarst sinkholes supports the conclusion based on the configuration of the Meramecian-Osagean contact.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri807","usgsCitation":"Harvey, E.J., and Emmett, L.F., 1980, Hydrology and model study of the proposed Prosperity Reservoir, Center Creek Basin, southwestern Missouri: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 80-7, iv, 50 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri807.","productDescription":"iv, 50 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":359448,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1980/0007/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":158912,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1980/0007/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Missouri","otherGeospatial":"Center Creek Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -94.61700439453125,\n 36.75759058319245\n ],\n [\n -93.592529296875,\n 36.75759058319245\n ],\n [\n -93.592529296875,\n 37.56961676185728\n ],\n [\n -94.61700439453125,\n 37.56961676185728\n ],\n [\n -94.61700439453125,\n 36.75759058319245\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a18e4b07f02db605176","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harvey, Edward Joseph","contributorId":32131,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harvey","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"Joseph","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198354,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Emmett, Leo F.","contributorId":67130,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Emmett","given":"Leo","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198355,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":28501,"text":"wri7966 - 1980 - Water resources of the Port Gamble Indian Reservation, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-06T15:25:02","indexId":"wri7966","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1980","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"79-66","title":"Water resources of the Port Gamble Indian Reservation, Washington","docAbstract":"This report provides information on the water resources of the Port Gamble Indian Reservation, Washington, including ground- and surface-water quality and quantity data and interpretations of the data. This information was gathered to provide a base for management and protection of the water resources of the reservation.
Ground water in the study area generally occurs in two aquifers. A shallow aquifer in weathered till (or fine sand and gravel) generally yields only enough water to wells to supply one or two households, and a lower artesian-aquifer system of sand and gravel layers near or below sea level produces higher yields--more than 65 gallons per minute to at least one well. Future supplies of ground water probably can be withdrawn from the lower artesian-aquifer system almost anywhere beneath the reservation. The estimated natural discharge of ground water from the lower artesian-aquifer system to Hood Canal and Port Gamble (bay) is about 42,000 cubic feet per day, or an average of about 220 gallons per minute. Of this amount, it is estimated that about 90 gallons per minute can be economically withdrawn, probably without greatly increasing chances of seawater intrusion. One well in the area taps a still deeper artesian aquifer that is otherwise unexplored. This aquifer, 75 to 80 feet or more below sea level, could possibly supply additional ground water for future use. Ground-water quality is good, but the water is moderately hard and has moderately high iron concentrations. Chloride analyses indicate that in 1977 there was no seawater intrusion into the lower aquifer tapped by wells in the community of Little Boston.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri7966","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Little Boston Tribe of the Klallam Indian Nation","usgsCitation":"Lum, W.E., 1980, Water resources of the Port Gamble Indian Reservation, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 79-66, vi, 52 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri7966.","productDescription":"vi, 52 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":159656,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1979/0066/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":363543,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1979/0066/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States ","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Port Gamble Indian Reservation","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.07708740234374,\n 47.455951443369926\n ],\n [\n -122.14736938476562,\n 47.455951443369926\n ],\n [\n -122.14736938476562,\n 48.011975126709956\n ],\n [\n -123.07708740234374,\n 48.011975126709956\n ],\n [\n -123.07708740234374,\n 47.455951443369926\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67af17","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lum, W. E. II","contributorId":81504,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lum","given":"W.","suffix":"II","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199920,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":7974,"text":"ofr801300 - 1980 - Digital model simulation of the hydrologic flow system, with emphasis on ground water in Spokane Valley, Washington and Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-10T13:27:52","indexId":"ofr801300","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1980","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"80-1300","title":"Digital model simulation of the hydrologic flow system, with emphasis on ground water in Spokane Valley, Washington and Idaho","docAbstract":"A digital-computer model of the hydrologic flow system, with emphasis on ground water, was developed for Spokane Valley, Washington and Idaho. The current rate of ground-water pumping in Spokane Valley has little effect on water levels in the Spokane aquifer, although short-term water-level declines occur locally. The model was used to show the effects of increased ground-water pumpage on aquifer heads and streamflow. A simulated pumping rate twice that of actual 1977 pumping rates of 227 cubic feet per second lowered water levels in the Spokane aquifer less than 3 feet during a 1-year simulation period. This doubling of the ground water pumpage caused a decrease in discharge of the Spokane River, as measured at Spokane, of about 150 cubic feet per second during the summer months and about 50 cubic feet per second during the rest of the year. Leakage from the aquifer to the Little Spokane River was decreased by less than 10 cubic feet per second.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr801300","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with State of Washington Department of Ecology and Spokane Engineers Office","usgsCitation":"Bolke, E., and Washington, J., 1980, Digital model simulation of the hydrologic flow system, with emphasis on ground water in Spokane Valley, Washington and Idaho (WRI/OFR): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 80-1300, v, 43 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr801300.","productDescription":"v, 43 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":363671,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1980/1300/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":140319,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1980/1300/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho, Washington","otherGeospatial":"Spokane Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.71301269531249,\n 47.544090665057986\n ],\n [\n -116.89590454101562,\n 47.544090665057986\n ],\n [\n -116.89590454101562,\n 47.91173983456231\n ],\n [\n -117.71301269531249,\n 47.91173983456231\n ],\n [\n -117.71301269531249,\n 47.544090665057986\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"WRI/OFR","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a96e4b07f02db65ab28","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bolke, E.L.","contributorId":52151,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bolke","given":"E.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":156917,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Washington, J.J.","contributorId":93044,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Washington","given":"J.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":156918,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":28113,"text":"wri80104 - 1980 - Data-base system for northern Midwest regional aquifer-system analysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-20T14:52:20","indexId":"wri80104","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1980","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"80-104","title":"Data-base system for northern Midwest regional aquifer-system analysis","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey is conducting a study of the Cambrian and Ordovician aquifer system of the northern Midwest as part of a national series of Regional Aquifer-Systems Analysis (RASA). An integral part of this study will be a simulation of the ground-water flow regime using the Geological Survey's three-dimensional finite-difference model. The first step in the modeling effort is the design and development of a systematic set of processes to facilitate the collection, evaluation, manipulation, and use of large quantities of information. A computerized data-base system to accomplish these goals has been completed for the northern Midwest RASA.
\nThe input to the data-base system consists of either point values or contour maps of the hydrogeologic data required by the model. Digital samples of contoured surfaces are obtained by machine digitization. Uniformly spaced model-node values are then computed from the discrete data by two-dimensional interpolation. The interpolator uses the regional (long wavelength) characteristics of the data to compute a surface with minimum total curvature. Local (short wavelength) data are merged with the regional surface to produce the model-node values at the desired spacing. Nonuniformly spaced nodal values may be obtained by fitting two-dimensional polynomials (bicubic splines) to surfaces formed by uniformly spaced points and solving for the surface values at the node locations. The uniformly or nonuniformly spaced node values constitute the output of the data-base system and in turn are the input arrays of data values for the ground-water flow model.
\nManagement of the data base is facilitated by forming a data file for each model input parameter and for other hydrogeologic data used in the study. The data files are subdivided into elements consisting of individual model-layer arrays. In this form the data base can be readily accessed and edited. In addition to the interpolation programs, software components of the system include programs: (1) to transform geographic coordinates on a Lambert conformal conic projection to cartesian coordinates and vice versa, (2) to machine contour gridded data, (3) to expedite manipulation and editing of data, and (4) to perform various interarray computations.
\nThe data-base system has the following attributes: (1) manual handling of data is minimized and machine handling of data is maximized, (2) given unequally spaced point data over the extent of a study area, model input arrays for any reasonable uniform node spacing can be rapidly computed, (3) accuracy of computed node values are generally compatible with accuracy and spatial distribution of point data, (4) a relatively large class of nonuniformly spaced node configurations can be computed, (5) data within data-base files can be easily accessed and readily edited, and (6) the occurrence of data processing errors at various stages of data-base generation is monitored by machine contouring the computed grids.
\nFunctioning of the data-base system is illustrated by the sequence of steps required to produce a model-input array of transmissivity, given raw geologic and hydraulic conductivity data.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri80104","usgsCitation":"Kontis, A., and Mandle, R.J., 1980, Data-base system for northern Midwest regional aquifer-system analysis: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 80-104, iv, 23 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri80104.","productDescription":"iv, 23 p.","numberOfPages":"29","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":56941,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1980/0104/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":124967,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1980/0104/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abde4b07f02db674351","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kontis, A.L.","contributorId":69542,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kontis","given":"A.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199243,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mandle, Richard J.","contributorId":19956,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mandle","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199242,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}