Rare earths, although equal to or more abundant than thorium in many thorium veins, are much less abundant than thorium in the veins on Hall Mountain, Idaho. Total rare-earth content of these veins ranges from 0.00111 to 0.197 percent in 12 samples from 10 veins; the thoria (ThO2 ) content, from 0.011 to 5.84 percent. The rare-earth oxide to thoria ratios range from 0.0019 to 3.22. Only two samples contained more rare earths than thorium, and these two samples came from veins related to a fault near the base of a thick sill; the others came from veins near the top of the same sill.
\nThe relative amounts of the individual lanthanides are remarkably similar in the Hall Mountain veins, although cerium, gadolinium, or dysprosium are the most abundant in different samples. These veins differ in lanthanide distribution both from the Earth's crust and from the thorium veins of the Lemhi Pass district, Idaho and Montana, in that they contain chiefly yttrium-group rare earths. Most of the rare earths occur in thorite, whose atomic structure will accommodate wide-ranging proportions of the rare earths. Cenosite, one of the few minerals with a high content of the yttrium group of rare earths, was found in one vein.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Staatz, M.H., Shaw, V.E., and Wahlberg, J.S., 1974, Distribution and occurrence of rare earths in the thorium veins on Hall Mountain, Idaho: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 2, no. 6, p. 677-683.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"677","endPage":"683","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":307205,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":307204,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1974/vol2issue6/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"16.19 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","otherGeospatial":"Hall Mountain","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.41,\n 48.96\n ],\n [\n -116.41,\n 48.97\n ],\n [\n -116.42,\n 48.97\n ],\n [\n -116.42,\n 48.96\n ],\n [\n -116.41,\n 48.96\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"2","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55dc402ee4b0518e354d10f6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Staatz, Mortimer H.","contributorId":55494,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Staatz","given":"Mortimer","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":569345,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shaw, Van E.","contributorId":146896,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shaw","given":"Van","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":569347,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wahlberg, James S.","contributorId":10481,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wahlberg","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":569346,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70207632,"text":"70207632 - 1974 - An experimental study of the partitioning of a rare earth element (Gd) in the system diopside—Aqueous vapour","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-04T14:51:41.72413","indexId":"70207632","displayToPublicDate":"1974-12-31T11:22:33","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An experimental study of the partitioning of a rare earth element (Gd) in the system diopside—Aqueous vapour","docAbstract":"The partitioning of Gd in the experimental system diopside-aqueous vapor as a function of temperature, pressure, composition of the phases, time, grain size, solid-liquid ratio and Gd concentration has been investigated. A radioactive tracer measurement was used to determine Gd concentration in the separated phases. Diposides were reacted with aqueous vapor containing tracer Gd and reversibility was tested by reacting Gd-doped diopsides with pure aqueous vapor. Equilibration of Gd between the bulk of the diopside and the liquid was found to be limited by the slow rate of Gd diffusion in diopside, maximum value of D = 2 × 10−15cm2sec−1 at 800°C and 1 kb. Depending on whether the diopside was previously synthesized or synthesized from an oxide mix during the experiment, Gd concentrations were zoned in the crystal such that higher concentrations existed at the edges or center, respectively. Equilibrium is difficult to achieve in these experiments, but at the optimum experimental conditions for equilibration, the Gd diopside-aqueous vapor distribution coefficient is 20 ± 6 (800°C, 1 kb) in approximate agreement with previous results of 55 ± 23. Changing the composition of the aqueous vapor indicated that possible mechanisms for Gd substitution included coupling of Gd3+ with H+ or Na+ replacing 2Ca2+, or substitution of 2Gd3+ for 3Ca2+ with formation of a cation vacancy.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(74)90040-4","usgsCitation":"Zielinski, R.A., and Frey, F.A., 1974, An experimental study of the partitioning of a rare earth element (Gd) in the system diopside—Aqueous vapour: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 38, no. 4, p. 545-565, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(74)90040-4.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"545","endPage":"565","costCenters":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":370900,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"38","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zielinski, Robert A. 0000-0002-4047-5129 rzielinski@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4047-5129","contributorId":1593,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zielinski","given":"Robert","email":"rzielinski@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":778683,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Frey, Frederick A.","contributorId":167154,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Frey","given":"Frederick","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":24632,"text":"Earth, Atmospheric & Planetary Sciences, MIT","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":778684,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70232461,"text":"70232461 - 1974 - Palynology and stratigraphy of Cretaceous strata in Long Island, New York, and Block Island, Rhode Island","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-01T22:32:20.380348","indexId":"70232461","displayToPublicDate":"1974-07-01T17:23:34","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Palynology and stratigraphy of Cretaceous strata in Long Island, New York, and Block Island, Rhode Island","docAbstract":"Palynologic analysis of core samples from Fire Island well, S21,091T, in southern Long Island and of surface samples from Garvies Point in northern Long Island and from eastern Block Island indicates that the Cretaceous of this region includes Raritan, Magothy, Matawan, and Monmouth (as previously defined) strata, and ranges in age from Cenomanian to Maestrichtian, in agreement with recent studies in New Jersey. In this study, the oldest Cretaceous, which is equivalent to the Woodbridge day Member of the Raritan Formation of New Jersey, occurs just above sea level at Garvies Point, Glen Cove, and in the Port Washington sand pits in northwestern Long Island, whereas sediments from near the base of the Fire Island well arc correlated with the South Amboy Fire Clay Member. The Magothy and Matawan combined in Long Island are about 1,500 ft (457 m) thick, whereas in New Jersey both units rarely exceed a thickness of 500 ft (152 m). Outcropping Cretaceous sediments in Block Island are equivalent to the South Amboy Fire Clay Member rather than the Magothy, as indicated in prior studies. Palynologic zonation of the Late Cretaceous is tentatively extended to Magothy and younger strata on the basis of the appearance and proliferation of the more advanced, angiosperm pollen forms. This study also provides a basis for extending the zonation and hence the correlation to the sediments of the Continental Shelf.
","language":"English","publisher":"U. S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Sirkin, L.A., 1974, Palynology and stratigraphy of Cretaceous strata in Long Island, New York, and Block Island, Rhode Island: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 2, no. 4, p. 431-440.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"431","endPage":"440","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":402910,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":402909,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1974/vol2issue4/report.pdf","size":"19104 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"New York, Rhode Island","otherGeospatial":"Block Island, Long Island","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -74.036865234375,\n 40.59727063442024\n ],\n [\n -73.948974609375,\n 40.53258931069554\n ],\n [\n -73.7677001953125,\n 40.57849862511043\n ],\n [\n -73.56994628906249,\n 40.56806745430726\n ],\n [\n -73.32275390625,\n 40.62437645591559\n ],\n [\n -73.2843017578125,\n 40.61186744303007\n ],\n [\n -73.10577392578125,\n 40.643135583312805\n ],\n [\n -72.7679443359375,\n 40.751418432997454\n ],\n [\n -72.3065185546875,\n 40.89482963261175\n ],\n [\n -71.87805175781249,\n 41.03793062246529\n ],\n [\n -71.83959960937499,\n 41.08349176750823\n ],\n [\n -71.91375732421875,\n 41.10005163093046\n ],\n [\n -72.11151123046875,\n 41.017210578228436\n ],\n [\n -72.1417236328125,\n 41.075210270566636\n ],\n [\n -72.2021484375,\n 41.04828819952275\n ],\n [\n -72.25433349609375,\n 41.075210270566636\n ],\n [\n -72.31201171875,\n 41.11660732012896\n ],\n [\n -72.2296142578125,\n 41.14143302653628\n ],\n [\n -72.2515869140625,\n 41.178653972331674\n ],\n [\n -72.34771728515625,\n 41.1455697310095\n ],\n [\n -72.5262451171875,\n 41.04621681452063\n ],\n [\n -72.6141357421875,\n 40.994410999439516\n ],\n [\n -72.6690673828125,\n 40.990264773996884\n ],\n [\n -72.98492431640625,\n 40.97989806962013\n ],\n [\n -73.135986328125,\n 40.992337919312305\n ],\n [\n -73.2183837890625,\n 40.91766362458114\n ],\n [\n -73.38043212890625,\n 40.967455873296714\n ],\n [\n -73.575439453125,\n 40.93011520598305\n ],\n [\n -73.73199462890625,\n 40.871987756697415\n ],\n [\n -73.7841796875,\n 40.80965166748853\n ],\n [\n -73.93798828125,\n 40.7909394098518\n ],\n [\n -74.05334472656249,\n 40.64938745451835\n ],\n [\n -74.036865234375,\n 40.59727063442024\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -71.6033935546875,\n 41.143501411390766\n ],\n [\n -71.53884887695312,\n 41.15384235711447\n ],\n [\n -71.55120849609375,\n 41.18072118284585\n ],\n [\n -71.55670166015625,\n 41.187955905820026\n ],\n [\n -71.54708862304688,\n 41.22205169039092\n ],\n [\n -71.5814208984375,\n 41.237543901082574\n ],\n [\n -71.6033935546875,\n 41.192089674364105\n ],\n [\n -71.62399291992188,\n 41.17762034260712\n ],\n [\n -71.62673950195312,\n 41.15384235711447\n ],\n [\n -71.6033935546875,\n 41.143501411390766\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"2","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sirkin, Leslie A.","contributorId":19207,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sirkin","given":"Leslie","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":845590,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":37414,"text":"ssrw179 - 1974 - The literature of the California black rail","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-11-30T18:09:10","indexId":"ssrw179","displayToPublicDate":"1974-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":83,"text":"Special Scientific Report - Wildlife","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"179","title":"The literature of the California black rail","docAbstract":"Few birds have remained so little known as the California black rail (Laterallus jamaicensis coturniculus). Although first collected in 1859 or before and reported in 1874 (Ridgway 1874), its life history, distribution, and status have remained so obscure that even a sight record of the bird is deemed worthy of a report in some ornithological publications. Because degradation and loss of freshwater and saltwater marshlands in California may be detrimentally affecting the black rail, both the U.S. Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife (1973) and the California Department of Fish and Game (1972) have classified it as rare and worthy of further study.
The 84 papers and notes both summarized in this report and included in its bibliography include essentially all that is currently known about the California black rail. Only 11 of these papers consider the life history of this rail in any detail. The rest are distribution notes and some of the more important papers on the closely related eastern black rail (L. j. jamaicensis). The latter are included for comparative purposes, or because they may lend clues to currently unknown facets of the life history of the western race.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Wilbur, S.R., 1974, The literature of the California black rail: Special Scientific Report - Wildlife 179, 17 p.","productDescription":"17 p.","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":167442,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ssrw179.JPG"},{"id":94650,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015077581091?urlappend=%3Bseq=3"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a82e4b07f02db64af32","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wilbur, Sanford R.","contributorId":34188,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilbur","given":"Sanford","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":218032,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70232378,"text":"70232378 - 1974 - Phosphatic zone in the lower part of the Maquoketa Shale in northeastern Iowa","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-29T16:07:16.235802","indexId":"70232378","displayToPublicDate":"1974-03-01T11:02:24","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Phosphatic zone in the lower part of the Maquoketa Shale in northeastern Iowa","docAbstract":"The basal beds of the Maquoketa Shale in northeastern Iowa include a basal silty phosphorite layer that is thickest near Dubuque. In Clayton County, Iowa, the bed averages about 1 foot thick (30 centimeters) and contains 22.5 percent P205 . Phosphatic dolomite that is 8 10 feet (2.4 3 meters) thick and occurs higher in the Maquoketa was observed only in Dubuque County. The thickest and most phosphatic rock in the Maquoketa appears to be coextensive with dark-brown shale, which also occurs mainly in Dubuque County. Rare-earth content of the phosphatic rock decreases southeastward across the area, ranging from 2,000 to about 120 parts per million. The thin low-grade phosphorite is typical of the platform-type phosphorite facies and may be' genetically related to the emergence of the Ozark uplift as an island late in the Ordovician period.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Brown, C., 1974, Phosphatic zone in the lower part of the Maquoketa Shale in northeastern Iowa: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 2, no. 2, p. 219-232.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"219","endPage":"232","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":402694,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":402693,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1974/vol2issue2/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa","county":"Clayton County, Dubuque County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -90.8843994140625,\n 42.216313604344776\n ],\n [\n -90.4339599609375,\n 42.216313604344776\n ],\n [\n -90.4339599609375,\n 42.56117285531808\n ],\n [\n -90.8843994140625,\n 42.56117285531808\n ],\n [\n -90.8843994140625,\n 42.216313604344776\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.549072265625,\n 42.54093947168063\n ],\n [\n -90.8843994140625,\n 42.54093947168063\n ],\n [\n -90.8843994140625,\n 43.08894918346591\n ],\n [\n -91.549072265625,\n 43.08894918346591\n ],\n [\n -91.549072265625,\n 42.54093947168063\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"2","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brown, C. Ervin","contributorId":58616,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"C. Ervin","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":845385,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5221033,"text":"5221033 - 1973 - The California condor in the Pacific Northwest","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-17T10:50:57","indexId":"5221033","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:17:56","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3544,"text":"The Auk","onlineIssn":"1938-4254","printIssn":"0004-8038","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The California condor in the Pacific Northwest","docAbstract":"The California Condor (Gymnogyps californianus), once found along the Pacific Coast from Baja California to British Columbia, had become very rare north of California by 1850. Koford (1953), summarizing information available on the species in the Pacific Northwest, tentatively concluded that birds seen in that area were wanderers from California, perhaps forced north in some years by food shortages. As support for his theory he noted that there were no records of fossil condors in this northern region, known occurrences there were all in winter, and only a few individuals seemed to be present at any one time.
Recently information has come to light that suggests the Pacific Northwest condors were permanent residents with a long history there. An Indian midden on the Columbia River near The Dalles, Oregon, has yielded a considerable number of California Condor bones, dating back thousands of years (Miller, 1957). A more recent, but still precaucasian condor bone was found in another midden in southwestern Oregon (Miller, 1942). These finds indicate the condors are not recent invaders from California.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Ornithological Society","usgsCitation":"Wilbur, S., 1973, The California condor in the Pacific Northwest: The Auk, v. 90, no. 1, p. 196-198.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"196","endPage":"198","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":196767,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":341424,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/4084029"}],"volume":"90","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad2e4b07f02db681b59","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wilbur, S.R.","contributorId":53908,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilbur","given":"S.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":332901,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":39113,"text":"pp306E - 1973 - Geology and paleontology of Canal Zone and adjoining parts of Panama: Description of Tertiary mollusks (additions to gastropods, scaphopods, pelecypods Nuculidae to Malleidae)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-29T09:21:36","indexId":"pp306E","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"306","chapter":"E","title":"Geology and paleontology of Canal Zone and adjoining parts of Panama: Description of Tertiary mollusks (additions to gastropods, scaphopods, pelecypods Nuculidae to Malleidae)","docAbstract":"Chapter E adds 112 described species and subspecies (a few briefly described) to the some 440 covered in preceding chapters : 27 additional gastropods, 18 scaphopods, and 67 pelecypods in 10 families. It is estimated that about 125 species are to be added in chapter F, the final chapter.
The Arcidae is by far the largest family in the pelecypods so far studied : 30 species in six genera. The genus Anadara is the largest in that family : 25 species, representing the subgenera Hawaiarca?, Rasia, Tosarca, Grandiarca, Potiarca, and Cunearca. Potiarca, based on a living western Pacific species, is adopted for many American species heretofore assigned to Cunearca.
Eighteen of the 27 additional gastropods were found at a new locality in the late Eocene part of the Gatuncillo formation. They 'are assigned to 16 genera, 14 of which are not represented at other Gatuncillo localities. The genera include Faunus, Turnpanotonos, and Bezaneonia, which are rare in America, and the rare endemic American genus Harrisianella.
The marine member of the Bohio (?) formation is now assigned to the late Eocene, instead of late Eocene or early Oligocene—the only change in age assignment. Eocene affinities are especially strengthened by the presence of Samanoetia samanensis and Volvariella?, if indeed the unnamed species represents that genus, as seems likely. Both the marine member of the Bohio( ?) and the late Oligocene part of the Bohio contain early small species of Anadara, subgenus Rasia.
The fossils from the moderately deep-water facies of the late Oligocene Caimito formation include the earliest hexagonal Dentalium of the subgenus Dentalium s.s., from the American mainland, and a widespread and abundant species of the essentially deep-water subgenus Fissidentalium.
Anadara chiriquiensis chiriquiensis, a relatively small form of the subgenus Grandiarca that is widely distributed in the Miocene Caribbean province, occurs in the Culebra formation. For the most part it indicates brackish water.
Among the fossils from the La Boca formation proper, Cyphoma aff. C. intermedia is the earliest representative of an endemic American genus, and Isognomon mimeticus, a remarkable, narrowly mytiliform species is the type of the new subgenus Mimonion. Both the Culebra and La Boca, both of early Miocene age, contain predecessors of Gatun species.
As in other chapters, the largest number of species is from the middle Miocene Gatun formation: 50 species. Bailya crossata is the first Tertiary species of the genus from the Caribbean region, and the earliest now known. A bizarre, incomplete gastropod is described as xancid?, genus?. The Gatun contains 13 of the 24 species of Anadara and half of the 12 species of the subgenus Rasia of that genus. In consideration of two battered and worn specimens of a large form of the subgenus Grandiarca, identified as Anadara grandis patricia?, the similar Tertiary forms in the Caribbean region are reviewed and divided into a brackish-water group and a marine group. The Gatun fauna now totals some 330 species.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","doi":"10.3133/pp306E","usgsCitation":"Woodring, W., 1973, Geology and paleontology of Canal Zone and adjoining parts of Panama: Description of Tertiary mollusks (additions to gastropods, scaphopods, pelecypods Nuculidae to Malleidae): U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 306, iii, 86 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp306E.","productDescription":"iii, 86 p.","startPage":"453","endPage":"539","numberOfPages":"128","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":120014,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0306e/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":66572,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0306e/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"Panama","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad7e4b07f02db6843e6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Woodring, W. P.","contributorId":48230,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woodring","given":"W. P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":220980,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":12504,"text":"ofr7314 - 1973 - Stability of salt in the Permian salt basin of Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, and New Mexico, with a section on dissolved salts in surface water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-21T21:39:15.141788","indexId":"ofr7314","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"73-14","title":"Stability of salt in the Permian salt basin of Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, and New Mexico, with a section on dissolved salts in surface water","docAbstract":"The Permian salt basin in the Western Interior of the United States is defined as that region comprising a series of sedimentary basins in which halite and associated salts accumulated during Permian time. The region includes the western parts of Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas, and eastern parts of Colorado and New Mexico. \r\n\r\nFollowing a long period of general tectonic stability throughout the region during most of early Paleozoic time, there was much tectonic activity in the area of the Permian salt basin during Late Pennsylvanian and Early Permian time just before bedded salt was deposited. The Early Permian tectonism was followed by stabilization of the basins in which the salt was deposited. These salt basins were neither contemporaneous nor continuous throughout the region, so that many salt beds are also discontinuous. In general, beds in the northern part of the basin (Kansas and northern Oklahoma) are older and the salt is progressively younger towards the south. \r\n\r\nSince Permian time the Permian salt basin has been relatively stable tectonically. Regionally, the area of the salt basin has been tilted and warped, has undergone periods of erosion, and has been subject to a major incursion of the sea; but deep-seated faults or igneous intrusions that postdate Permian salt are rare. In areas of the salt basin where salt is near the surface, such as southeastern New Mexico and central Kansas, there are no indications of younger deep-seated faulting and only a few isolated igneous intrusives of post-Permian age. \r\n\r\nOn the other hand, subsidence or collapse of the land surface resulting from dissolution has been commonplace in the Permian salt basin. Some dissolution of salt deposits has probably been taking place ever since deposition of the salt more than 230 million years ago. Nevertheless, the subsurface dissolution fronts of the thick bedded-salt deposits of the Permian basin have retreated at a very slow average rate during that 230 million years.\r\n\r\nThe preservation of bedded salt from subsurface dissolution depends chiefly on the isolation of the salt from moving ground water that is not completely saturated with salt. Karst topography is a major criterion for recognizing areas where subsurface dissolution has been active in the past; therefore, the age of the karst development is needed to provide the most accurate estimate of the dissolution rate. The Ogallala Formation-of Pliocene age is probably the most widespread deposit in the Permian salt basin that can be used as a point of reference for dating the development of recent topography. It is estimated that salt has been dissolved laterally in the vicinity of Carlsbad, New Mexico, at an average rate of about 6-8 miles per million years. \r\n\r\nEstimates of future rates of salt dissolution and the resulting lateral retreat of the underground dissolution front can be projected with reasonable confidence for southeastern New Mexico on the assumption that the climatic changes there in the past 4 million years are representative of climatic changes that may be expected in the near future of geologic time. \r\n\r\nLarge amounts of salt are carried by present-day rivers in the Permian salt basin; some of the salt is derived from subsurface salt beds, but dissolution is relatively slow. Ground-water movement through the Permian salt basin is also relatively slow.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr7314","usgsCitation":"Bachman, G.O., and Johnson, R.B., 1973, Stability of salt in the Permian salt basin of Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, and New Mexico, with a section on dissolved salts in surface water: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 73-14, Report; iv, 62 p.; 1 Plate: 17.33 × 21.93 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr7314.","productDescription":"Report; iv, 62 p.; 1 Plate: 17.33 × 21.93 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":40751,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1973/0014/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":40750,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1973/0014/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":145222,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1973/0014/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":393262,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_8760.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"Kansas, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Texas","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -106,\n 30.592\n ],\n [\n -96,\n 30.592\n ],\n [\n -96,\n 40\n ],\n [\n -106,\n 40\n ],\n [\n -106,\n 30.592\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a08e4b07f02db5fa63d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bachman, George Odell","contributorId":64249,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bachman","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"Odell","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":166240,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, Ross Byron","contributorId":37339,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Ross","email":"","middleInitial":"Byron","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":166239,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":6526,"text":"pp804 - 1973 - Erosional and Depositional Aspects of Hurricane Camille in Virginia, 1969","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:10:07","indexId":"pp804","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"804","title":"Erosional and Depositional Aspects of Hurricane Camille in Virginia, 1969","docAbstract":"Probably the worst natural disaster in central Virginia's recorded history was the flood resuiting from an 8-hour deluge of about 28 inches (710 mm) of rain on the night of August 19-20, 1969. This study examines some of the intensive sediment erosion and deposition that resulted from the storm and flood.\r\n\r\nMost of the 150 people whom the flood killed in this mountainous area died from broken bones and other blunt-force injuries, rather than by drowning. The transport of sediment and other debris by the water therefore was very significant in loss of life and in property damage.\r\n\r\nErosion resulted mainly from debris avalanches down the mountain-sides and channel scour along streams and head-water tributaries. Total amounts of sediment yield from certain mountainous areas in Nelson County were about 3.2-4.6 million cubic feet per square mile, probably the equivalent of several thousand years of normal denudation.\r\n\r\nCharacteristics of the debris avalanches were that (1) they usually followed pre-existing depressions on hillsides and occurred on slopes greater than 35 percent, (2) the upslope tip of the avalanche scar tended to be located at the steepest part of the hillside, where the convex slope merged with the concave or planar zone immediately below, (3) hillsides facing north, northeast and east were more susceptible to avalanching than slopes facing other directions, and (4) debris-avalanches caused rapid and devastating surges of water and sediment in the mountain-stream channels. Such surges in some instances temporarily blocked the channel flow upstream.\r\n\r\nSlightly more than half of the total sediment contributed to the stream system was from erosion of stream channels. Channel erosion was very irregularly distributed; some ravines 10-20 feet wide and 5-10 feet deep were scoured in places which formerly had only a very small channel, whereas other channels only a few hundred yards away experienced little or no channel erosion.\r\n\r\nBy the use of figures for the total amount of sediment removed from a drainage basin and the duration of the storm, estimates were made of the storm-average sediment-transport rate at the mouth of various basins. For drainage basins ranging up to about 1.5 square miles, the estimated storm-average sediment-transport rates varied from practically nothing to as much as 172,000 pounds per second (7.4 million tons per day).\r\n\r\nThe types of sediment deposits were (1) debris-avalanche deposits, rather rare, at the base of hillslopes, (2) mountain-stream channel deposits, usually in scattered sediment patches but locally occurring as large wedge-shaped deposits behind debris dams, (3) alluvial fans, (4) delta-like deposits at the junction of a stream and major highway, where water backed up during the flood due to plugging of a culvert, and (5) accretion deposits on flood plains. The highway deltas and some downstream flood-plain sediments consisted mostly of sand-sized grains, but the other types of deposits usually contained particles ranging from silt or clay to boulders 5-10 feet in diameter. Changes in grain size and in volume of deposition with distance downstream were measured, and sedimentary features of the various types of deposits are described.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp804","usgsCitation":"Williams, G.P., and Guy, H., 1973, Erosional and Depositional Aspects of Hurricane Camille in Virginia, 1969: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 804, vi, 80 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp804.","productDescription":"vi, 80 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":118030,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0804/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":34005,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0804/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -81,37 ], [ -81,39 ], [ -77,39 ], [ -77,37 ], [ -81,37 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a13e4b07f02db6020d9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Williams, Garnett P.","contributorId":100361,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"Garnett","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":152869,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Guy, Harold P.","contributorId":6434,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guy","given":"Harold P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":152868,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":33600,"text":"b1366 - 1973 - Bibliography of the geology and mineralogy of the rare earths and scandium to 1971","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:25","indexId":"b1366","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1366","title":"Bibliography of the geology and mineralogy of the rare earths and scandium to 1971","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/b1366","usgsCitation":"Adams, J.W., and Iberall, E., 1973, Bibliography of the geology and mineralogy of the rare earths and scandium to 1971: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1366, xxx, 195 p. ;23 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/b1366.","productDescription":"xxx, 195 p. ;23 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":163868,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1366/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":61481,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1366/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ee4b07f02db627d64","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Adams, John Wagstaff","contributorId":102451,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adams","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"Wagstaff","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":211638,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Iberall, Eleanora R.","contributorId":59858,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Iberall","given":"Eleanora R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":211637,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70211009,"text":"70211009 - 1973 - Gold abundance in igneous rocks; bearing on gold mineralization","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-07-10T12:58:46.334158","indexId":"70211009","displayToPublicDate":"1973-07-09T14:21:49","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Gold abundance in igneous rocks; bearing on gold mineralization","docAbstract":"Review of quantitative data, restricted range in gold content (rarely more than 10 ppb, generally below 5 ppb), mafic rocks have more, so do early crystallizing minerals, no use in exploration, factors other than concentration determine mineralization; examples
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geological Institute","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.68.2.168","usgsCitation":"Tilling, R.I., Gottfried, D., and Rowe, J., 1973, Gold abundance in igneous rocks; bearing on gold mineralization: Economic Geology, v. 68, no. 2, p. 168-186, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.68.2.168.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"168","endPage":"186","costCenters":[{"id":153,"text":"California Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":376228,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"68","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1973-04-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tilling, Robert I. 0000-0003-4263-7221 rtilling@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4263-7221","contributorId":2567,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tilling","given":"Robert","email":"rtilling@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":792411,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gottfried, David","contributorId":82295,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gottfried","given":"David","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":792412,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rowe, Jack J.","contributorId":117455,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rowe","given":"Jack J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":792413,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70160729,"text":"70160729 - 1973 - The chemistry of five accessory rock-forming apatites","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-12-29T14:38:37","indexId":"70160729","displayToPublicDate":"1973-03-01T02:30:00","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The chemistry of five accessory rock-forming apatites","docAbstract":"Chemical and physical data are given for five samples of rock-forming apatite from diverse geologic environments in Nevada and Colorado. Four of these apatites contain rare-earth assemblages in which the cerium group is well represented but the yttrium group predominates. The fifth apatite contains a highly fractionated assemblage of the lighter (cerium group) rare earths similar to the assemblage typical of alkulic rocks.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Lee, D., Rose, H.J., Brandt, E.L., and Van Loenen, R.E., 1973, The chemistry of five accessory rock-forming apatites: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 1, no. 3, p. 267-272.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"267","endPage":"272","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":313010,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":313009,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1973/vol1issue3/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"23.61 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States of America","state":"Nevada, Colorado","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -120.05859375,\n 42.293564192170095\n ],\n [\n -113.90625,\n 42.35854391749705\n ],\n [\n -113.73046875,\n 41.04621681452063\n ],\n [\n -102.3046875,\n 41.1455697310095\n ],\n [\n -101.865234375,\n 41.1455697310095\n ],\n [\n -101.865234375,\n 36.914764288955936\n ],\n [\n -114.08203125,\n 36.63316209558658\n ],\n [\n -114.7412109375,\n 34.88593094075317\n ],\n [\n -120.32226562500001,\n 38.788345355085625\n ],\n [\n -120.05859375,\n 42.293564192170095\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"1","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5683bcbee4b0a04ef4925e5d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lee, Donald E.","contributorId":11615,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"Donald E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":583707,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rose, Harry J. Jr.","contributorId":39013,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rose","given":"Harry","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":583708,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brandt, Elaine L. Munson","contributorId":19553,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brandt","given":"Elaine","email":"","middleInitial":"L. Munson","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":583709,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Van Loenen, Richard E.","contributorId":13951,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Loenen","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":583710,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70241690,"text":"70241690 - 1973 - Pahoehoe flows from the 1969–1971 Mauna Ulu eruption, Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-24T16:34:43.300985","indexId":"70241690","displayToPublicDate":"1973-02-01T11:26:22","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pahoehoe flows from the 1969–1971 Mauna Ulu eruption, Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii","docAbstract":"Note: This paper is dedicated to Aaron and Elizabeth Waters on the occasion of Dr. Waters' retirement.
Three types of chemically similar pahoehoe flows were observed to form during the 1969–1971 Mauna Ulu eruption. (1) A cavernous type called shelly pahoehoe, characterized by fragile gas cavities, small tubes, and buckled fragments of surface crust, was deposited when gas-charged lava welled out of the source fissure with little or no accompanying fountaining. (2) A comparatively smooth-surfaced, dense type, characterized by surface channels and only a few large cavities, formed from voluminous flows of partly degassed fallout away from the foot of lava fountains more than 100 m high. (3) A relatively dense type, characterized by hummocky surfaces with abundant low tumuli and overlapping pahoehoe toes and lobes, formed when largely degassed lava issued from tubes after flowing underground for several kilometers or more. Shelly pahoehoe is rarely found in the geologic record, but the other two types occur commonly. These three types of pahoehoe, which are completely intergradational, can be related qualitatively to the relative gas content and mode of flowage of the lava. The present surface of Kilauea is underlain mostly by hummocky, tube-fed pahoehoe.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1973)84<615:PFFTMU>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Swanson, D., 1973, Pahoehoe flows from the 1969–1971 Mauna Ulu eruption, Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 84, no. 2, p. 615-626, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1973)84<615:PFFTMU>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"615","endPage":"626","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":414710,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawai'i","otherGeospatial":"Kilauea Volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.2984910854643,\n 19.411226251025127\n ],\n [\n -155.29922015737213,\n 19.40314640156471\n ],\n [\n -155.29028902650055,\n 19.396785386664774\n ],\n [\n -155.272791300711,\n 19.399879965518124\n ],\n [\n -155.2545645030136,\n 19.40778806627671\n ],\n [\n -155.244357496303,\n 19.40847570904171\n ],\n [\n -155.237978117109,\n 19.40864761927881\n ],\n [\n -155.23670224127002,\n 19.413117221649344\n ],\n [\n -155.24217028057927,\n 19.418618102041762\n ],\n [\n -155.25365316312863,\n 19.42480636994776\n ],\n [\n -155.25893893446093,\n 19.432369488426914\n ],\n [\n -155.26914594117153,\n 19.432369488426914\n ],\n [\n -155.27862387597423,\n 19.433228911425957\n ],\n [\n -155.28427418326038,\n 19.425493940723797\n ],\n [\n -155.29539252985575,\n 19.419133800034004\n ],\n [\n -155.2984910854643,\n 19.411226251025127\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"84","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Swanson, Donald A. 0000-0002-1680-3591","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1680-3591","contributorId":229682,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swanson","given":"Donald A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":867543,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70207350,"text":"70207350 - 1973 - Iron-formation in South America","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-19T07:33:10","indexId":"70207350","displayToPublicDate":"1973-01-11T06:43:15","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Iron-formation in South America","docAbstract":"Except for recent studies by certain South American governmental and quasi-governmental companies and agencies, little effort has been devoted to study of the iron-formations from which the great iron ore deposits of South America formed. Great gaps in basic information exist. Iron-formation is found in the Guayana and Brazilian Precambrian Shields as a common rock type and also occurs in Chile and astride the Bolivian-Brazilian border. Only the carbonate and oxide facies are known, the former being quite rare. The dominant oxide facies occurs in major units averaging more than 100 m in thickness and extending over hundreds of square kilometers, generally in a miogeosynclinal or intra-cratonic basin environment. The relation of such deposits with volcanism is tenuous and obscure, if indeed there is any direct relation. Smaller units of oxide facies iron-formation occur in many minor beds from widely varying geologic environments. The carbonate facies is found in a eugeosynclinal suite in Minas Gerais, Brazil, and is of the Algoma type. The deposits range in age from about 3,200 m.y. to late Precambrian or early Paleozoic; although the major epoch of deposition is debatable, it probably was about 2,000 m.y. ago. The South American oxide facies iron-formations are richer than many in the Northern Hemisphere, those of early and middle Precambrian age averaging about 40 percent in Fe and the same in SiO 2. Younger iron-formations are still richer, averaging perhaps 50 percent Fe. Scanty trace element data do not indicate volcanic affiliations. The iron is present as magnetite, hematite, and martite; most rocks have been metamorphosed, and accordingly it is not known how much of the magnetite is metamorphic and how much is diagenetic or depositional in origin. Hematite and martite are dominant in most iron-formations. South American iron-formations are quite similar in lithology and occurrence to the major deposits in Africa and India and possibly formed when these continents were contiguous. These formations differ from those in the Northern Hemisphere in having a narrower range in lithologic facies and a generally higher iron content. In few areas can any direct relation with volcanism be demonstrated. © 1973 Society of Economic Geologists, Inc.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists ","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.68.7.1005","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Dorr, J.V., 1973, Iron-formation in South America: Economic Geology, v. 68, no. 7, p. 1005-1022, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.68.7.1005.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"1005","endPage":"1022","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":370386,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"South America","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -64.3359375,\n -55.37911044801048\n ],\n [\n -67.8515625,\n -52.482780222078205\n ],\n [\n -32.6953125,\n -4.915832801313164\n ],\n [\n -38.3203125,\n -1.0546279422758742\n ],\n [\n -53.78906249999999,\n 9.795677582829743\n ],\n [\n -67.5,\n 14.944784875088372\n ],\n [\n -76.2890625,\n 14.944784875088372\n ],\n [\n -80.5078125,\n 11.523087506868514\n ],\n [\n -84.375,\n 1.7575368113083254\n ],\n [\n -83.671875,\n -11.5230875068685\n ],\n [\n -72.7734375,\n -21.943045533438166\n ],\n [\n -76.640625,\n -33.137551192346145\n ],\n [\n -76.9921875,\n -40.97989806962013\n ],\n [\n -77.6953125,\n -51.618016548773696\n ],\n [\n -74.53125,\n -56.36525013685607\n ],\n [\n -67.1484375,\n -56.36525013685607\n ],\n [\n -64.3359375,\n -55.37911044801048\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"68","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1973-11-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dorr, John Van N.","contributorId":18730,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dorr","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"Van N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":777792,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70159798,"text":"70159798 - 1973 - Accessory apatite from hybrid granitoid rocks of the southern Snake Range, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-11-25T12:36:55","indexId":"70159798","displayToPublicDate":"1973-01-01T01:15:00","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Accessory apatite from hybrid granitoid rocks of the southern Snake Range, Nevada","docAbstract":"Analytical data, optical properties, and unit-cell parameters are presented for 24 samples of accessory apatites recovered from hybrid granitoid rocks of the southern Snake Range, Nev. A complete chemical analysis is given for one. In the Snake Creek-Williams Canyon
outcrop area, where the hybrid rocks grade from granodiorite with 63 percent SiO2 to a quartz monzonite with 76 percent SiO2 within a
horizontal distance of about 3 miles, abundance and crystal habit of the apatite change with rock chemistry. The apatite probably is slightly
more than 90 mole percent fluorapatite in the most felsic rocks, slightly less in the most mafic. The range of F->OH substitution in apatite from this outcrop area is much smaller than in the coexisting biotites. Except for manganese, strontium, sodium, and the rare earths, there is very limited substitution for calcium in the crystal structure of these apatites. Apatites from the more mafic rocks tend to contain a lighter,
more basic assemblage of rare earths, in agreement with results obtained for coexisting allanites, monazites, and zircons.
Water and gas samples from research wells in hydrothermal areas of Yellowstone National Park, U.S.A., have been mass spectrometrically analyzed for their rare gas contents and isotopic composition. In agreement with previous findings, the rare gases have been found to originate from infiltrating run-off water, saturated with air at 10 to 20°C. The atmospheric rare gas retention values found for the water varied between 3 and 87 per cent. The fine structure of the Ar, Kr and Xe abundance pattern in the water reveals fraotionational enrichment of the heavier gases due to partial outgassing of the waters. Radiogenic He and Ar have been detected. No positive evidence for magmatic water contribution has been found. Nevertheless, additions of magmatic waters free of rare gas can not be excluded, but if present the proportion is significantly less than 13 to 36 per cent.
Four evaporite-bearing stratigraphic zones are known in Cretaceous strata of the Cordillera Oriental of Colombia north and east of Bogota. The easternmost and oldest zone is probably of Berriasian to Valanginian age. The next oldest is probably late Barremian to early Aptian in age. The third appears to be Aptian. The westernmost and best known sequence in the Sabana de Bogota is Turonian to early Coniacian in age. This youngest sequence contains the thickest salt deposits known in Colombia and is probably the most widespread geographically.
Most of the rock salt exposed in the three accessible mines (at Zipaquira, Nemocon, and Upin) has a characteristic lamination of alternating slightly argillaceous and highly argillaceous salt layers of varied but moderate thickness. Black, calcareous claystone, commonly very pyritic, is interbedded conformably with the laminated salt in many places throughout the deposits. Fragments of black claystone derived from the thinner interbeds are ubiquitous in all deposits, both as concordant breccia zones and as isolated clasts.
Anhydrite is scarce at Zipaquira and apparently even rarer at Nemocon and Upin. Gypsum is produced at three small deposits in the oldest evaporite zone where it probably was concentrated by leaching of salt initially associated with it.
The two intervening evaporite zones are not exposed, but their existence and distribution are indicated by brine springs and locally by \"rute,\" a distinctive black, calcareous mud formed by the leaching of salt beds.
Fossils show that the youngest salt-claystone zone, in the Sabana de Bogota, is contemporary with associated hematitic sandstone and siltstone, and with carbonaceous and locally coaly claystone. Although evidence is poor, this same facies relation probably exists within the other three evaporite zones.
All salt deposits in this study probably are associated with anticlines, a relation best exemplified by the deposits on the Sabana de Bogota. Within these anticlines the salt deposits appear to be contained stratigraphically in fault-bound crestal, claystone cores that have not been mobilized over great vertical distances. The deposits of this study are not salt domes.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists","doi":"10.1306/819A41FE-16C5-11D7-8645000102C1865D","usgsCitation":"McLaughlin, D.H., 1972, Evaporite deposits of Bogota area, Cordillera Oriental, Colombia: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 56, no. 11, p. 2240-2259, https://doi.org/10.1306/819A41FE-16C5-11D7-8645000102C1865D.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"2240","endPage":"2259","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":276548,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Colombia","city":"Bogota","otherGeospatial":"Cordillera Oriental","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -71.73591768051784,\n 6.43270960214528\n ],\n [\n -75.52600833049453,\n 6.43270960214528\n ],\n [\n -75.52600833049453,\n 2.387732778963965\n ],\n [\n -71.73591768051784,\n 2.387732778963965\n ],\n [\n -71.73591768051784,\n 6.43270960214528\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"56","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"520a03e8e4b0026c2bc11b15","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McLaughlin, Donald H. Jr.","contributorId":73215,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McLaughlin","given":"Donald","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":482446,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70038249,"text":"70038249 - 1972 - Water resources inventory of Connecticut Part 6: Upper Housatonic River basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-27T11:37:50","indexId":"70038249","displayToPublicDate":"2012-04-22T16:17:00","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":108,"text":"Connecticut Water Resources Bulletin","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":2}},"seriesNumber":"21","title":"Water resources inventory of Connecticut Part 6: Upper Housatonic River basin","docAbstract":"The upper Housatonic River basin report area has an abundant supply of water of generally good quality, which is derived from precipitation on the area and streams entering the area. Annual precipitation has averaged about 46 inches over a 30-year period. Of this, approximately 22 inches of water is returned to the atmosphere each year by evaporation and transpiration; the remainder flows overland to streams or percolates downward to the water table and ultimately flows out of the report area in the Housatonic River or in smaller streams tributary to the Hudson River. During the autumn and winter precipitation normally is sufficient to cause a substantial increase in the amount of water stored in surface reservoirs and in aquifers, whereas in the summer, losses through evaporation and transpiration result in sharply reduced streamflow and lowered ground-water levels. Mean monthly storage of water in November is 2.8 inches more than it is in June.
\nThe amount of water that flows into, through, and out of the report area represents the total amount potentially available for use ignoring reuse. For the 30-year period 1931 through 1960, the annual runoff from precipitation has averaged 24 inches (294 billion gallons). During the same period, inflows from Massachusetts and New York have averaged 220 and 64 billion gallons per year, respectively. A total average annual runoff of 578 billion gallons is therefore available. Although runoff indicates the total amount of water potentially available, it is rarely feasible to use all of it. On the other hand, with increased development, some water may be reused several times.
\nThe water availability may be tapped as it flows through the area or is temporarily stored in streams, lakes, and aquifers. The amounts that can be developed differ from place to place and time to time, depending on the amount of precipitation, on the size of drainage area, on the thickness, transmissivity, and areal extent of aquifers, and on the variations in chemical and physical quality of water.
\nDifferences in precipitation cause differences in the amount of streamflow whereas differences in the proportion of stratified drift affect its timing.
\nWater can be obtained from wells almost anywhere in the area, but the amount obtainable at any particular point depends on the type and water-bearing properties of the aquifers tapped.
\nStratified-drift aquifers are the only ones generally capable of yielding more than 100 gpm (gallons per minute) to individual wells. Drilled, screened wells tapping this unit yield from 17 to 1,400 gpm, with a median yield of 200 gpm.
\nTill and bedrock are widespread but generally provide only small supplies of water. Till is tapped in a few places by dug wells, which can yield small supplies of only a few hundred gallons per day throughout all or most of the year. Bedrock is the chief aquifer for privately owned domestic and rural supplies; it is tapped by drilled wells, about 90 percent of which will supply at least 2 gpm. Only 1 of 10 bedrock wells, however, will supply more than 30 gpm.
\nThe amount of ground water potentially available in the report area depends upon the thickness and hydraulic properties of aquifers, the amount of salvageable natural discharge of ground water, and the quantity of water available by induced infiltration from streams and lakes. From data on transmissivity, thickness, recharge, well performance, and streamflow, preliminary estimates of ground-water availability can be made for most stratified-drift aquifers in the report area. Long-term yields estimated for eight areas of stratified drift especially favorable for development of large ground-water supplies ranged from 0.6 to 5 mgd (million gallons per day). Detailed site studies are needed to verity these estimates and to determine optimum yields, drawdowns, and spacing of individual wells before major ground-water development is undertaken in these or other areas.
\nThe chemical quality of water in the report area is generally good; carbonate-bedrock units exert considerable local influence on water quality. Samples of naturally occurring surface water collected at 24 sites during low flow averaged 90 mg/l (milligrams per liter) dissolved solids and 60 mg/l hardness. Water from wells is generally more highly mineralized than naturally occurring water from streams. About 37 percent of the wells sampled yielded water with more than 200 mg/l dissolved solids and 50 percent yielded water with more than 120 mg/l hardness. These concentrations reflect the high degree of mineralization of ground water in carbonate bedrock and unconsolidated deposits derived from this bedrock. The larger streams, which transport varying amounts of industrial and domestic effluents, averaged about 150 mg/l dissolved solids and 90 mg/l hardness.
\nIron and manganese concentrations in both ground water and surface water at some places exceed recommended limits for domestic and industrial use. Most wells in the report area yield water with little or no iron or manganese. In certain localities however, the probability is high of encountering water with excessive concentrations of these constituents. Schists, especially the unit in the northwestern corner of the basin, are the likely sources of water with excessive iron and manganese.
\nIron concentrations in naturally occurring stream water exceed 0.3 mg/l under low-flow conditions at 29 percent of the sites sampled. These excessive concentrations result from discharge of iron-bearing water from aquifers or from swamps where iron is released from decaying vegetation.
\nWater temperature in the larger streams ranges from 0°C (degrees Celsius) to about 28°C. Ground water between 30 feet and 200 feet below the land surface has a relatively constant temperature, usually between 8°C and 11°C.
\nThe quantity of suspended sediment transported by streams under natural conditions is negligible. Even in streams affected by man, turbidity is rarely a problem.
\nThe total amount of water used in the report area for all purposes during 1967 was about 6,360 million gallons, or 140 gpd per person. Public supplies furnished the domestic needs of nearly half the population of the area. All of the 14 public supplies sampled provided water that meets the drinking water standards of the U.S. Public Health Service.
","language":"English","publisher":"Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection","collaboration":"Prepared by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection","usgsCitation":"Cervione, M.A., Mazzaferro, D.L., and Melvin, R.T., 1972, Water resources inventory of Connecticut Part 6: Upper Housatonic River basin: Connecticut Water Resources Bulletin 21, Report: viii, 82 p.; 6 Plates: 31.73 x 39.58 inches and smaller.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 82 p.; 6 Plates: 31.73 x 39.58 inches and smaller","numberOfPages":"92","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":258809,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ctwrb/0021/report.pdf","size":"26735","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":258810,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ctwrb/0021/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":285991,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70038249/plate-b-2.pdf"},{"id":285992,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70038249/plate-b-3.pdf"},{"id":285989,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70038249/plate-a.pdf"},{"id":285990,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70038249/plate-b-1.pdf"},{"id":285993,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70038249/plate-c.pdf"},{"id":285994,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70038249/plate-d.pdf"}],"scale":"125000","country":"United States","state":"Connecticut","otherGeospatial":"Housatonic River Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -73.566667,41.25 ], [ -73.566667,42.066667 ], [ -73.166667,42.066667 ], [ -73.166667,41.25 ], [ -73.566667,41.25 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bcb7ce4b08c986b32d699","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cervione, Michael A. Jr.","contributorId":23988,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cervione","given":"Michael","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":463735,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mazzaferro, David L.","contributorId":89539,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mazzaferro","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":463736,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Melvin, Robert T.","contributorId":99808,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Melvin","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":463737,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70001435,"text":"70001435 - 1972 - Search for plutonium-244 tracks in mountain pass bastnaesite","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-22T00:04:37.489496","indexId":"70001435","displayToPublicDate":"2010-09-28T23:09:21","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2840,"text":"Nature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Search for plutonium-244 tracks in mountain pass bastnaesite","docAbstract":"WE have found that bastnaesite, a rare earth fluorocarbonate, from the Precambrian Mountain Pass deposit has an apparent Cretaceous fission track age, and hence does not reveal any anomalous fission tracks due to 244Pu.
Materials of possible volcanic origin in the lunar highlands include (1) highland plains materials, (2) materials forming closely spaced hills in which summit furrows and chains of craters are common and (3) materials forming closely spaced hills (some of which parallel the lunar grid) on which summit furrows and chain craters are rare. The highland plains materials probably are basaltic lavas with less Fe and Ti than the mare plains materials. The two hilly units appear to consist of materials that, if volcanic, were more viscous in the molten state than any of the lunar plains units; thus these materials may be significantly enriched in felsic components. Most of the highland materials of possible volcanic origin formed after the Imbrium multi-ring basin but before mare material completed flooding parts of the moon; they therefore postdate accretion of the moon and may represent several episodes of premare volcanism.