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\nThis report contains the USGS results of the PRISM-II Mauritania Minerals Project and is presented in cooperation with the Ministry of Petroleum, Energy, and Mines of the Islamic Republic of Mauritania. The Report is composed of separate chapters consisting of multidisciplinary interpretive reports with accompanying plates on the geology, structure, geochronology, geophysics, hydrogeology, geochemistry, remote sensing (Landsat TM and ASTER), and SRTM and ASTER digital elevation models of Mauritania. The syntheses of these multidisciplinary data formed the basis for additional chapters containing interpretive reports on 12 different commodities and deposit types known to occur in Mauritania, accompanied by countrywide mineral resource potential maps of each commodity/deposit type. The commodities and deposit types represented include: (1) Ni, Cu, PGE, and Cr deposits hosted in ultramafic rocks; (2) orogenic, Carlin-like, and epithermal gold deposits; (3) polymetallic Pb-Zn-Cu vein deposits; (4) sediment-hosted Pb-Zn-Ag deposits of the SEDEX and Mississippi Valley-type; (5) sediment-hosted copper deposits; ( 6) volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits; (7) iron oxide copper-gold deposits; (8) uranium deposits; (9) Algoma-, Superior-, and oolitic-type iron deposits; (10) shoreline Ti-Zr placer deposits; (11) incompatible element deposits hosted in pegmatites, alkaline rocks, and carbonatites, and; (12) industrial mineral deposits. Additional chapters include the Mauritanian National Mineral Deposits Database are accompanied by an explanatory text and the Mauritania Minerals Project GIS that contains all of the interpretive layers created by USGS scientists. Raw data not in the public domain may be obtained from the Ministry of Petroleum, Energy, and Mines in Nouakchott, Mauritania.
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Recent sea-ice declines have been linked to reductions in body condition, survival, and population size. Reduced foraging opportunity is hypothesized to be the primary cause of sea-ice-linked declines, but the costs of travel through a deteriorated sea-ice environment also may be a factor. We used movement data from 52 adult female polar bears wearing Global Positioning System (GPS) collars, including some with dependent young, to document long-distance swimming (>50 km) by polar bears in the southern Beaufort and Chukchi seas. During 6 years (2004-2009), we identified 50 long-distance swims by 20 bears. Swim duration and distance ranged from 0.7 to 9.7 days (mean = 3.4 days) and 53.7 to 687.1 km (mean = 154.2 km), respectively. Frequency of swimming appeared to increase over the course of the study. We show that adult female polar bears and their cubs are capable of swimming long distances during periods when extensive areas of open water are present. However, long-distance swimming appears to have higher energetic demands than moving over sea ice. Our observations suggest long-distance swimming is a behavioral response to declining summer sea-ice conditions.
","language":"English","publisher":"National Research Council of Canada","publisherLocation":"Ottawa, Canada","doi":"10.1139/Z2012-033","usgsCitation":"Pagano, A.M., Durner, G.M., Simac, K.S., York, G., and Amstrup, S.C., 2012, Long-distance swimming by polar bears (Ursus maritimus) of the southern Beaufort Sea during years of extensive open water: Canadian Journal of Zoology, v. 90, no. 5, p. 663-676, https://doi.org/10.1139/Z2012-033.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"663","endPage":"676","numberOfPages":"14","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-035037","costCenters":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":296931,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"90","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54dd2a93e4b08de9379b3106","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pagano, Anthony M. 0000-0003-2176-0909 apagano@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2176-0909","contributorId":3884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pagano","given":"Anthony","email":"apagano@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":746233,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Durner, George M. 0000-0002-3370-1191 gdurner@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3370-1191","contributorId":3576,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Durner","given":"George","email":"gdurner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":746234,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Simac, Kristin S. 0000-0002-4072-1940 ksimac@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4072-1940","contributorId":131096,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simac","given":"Kristin","email":"ksimac@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":746236,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"York, G.S.","contributorId":103857,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"York","given":"G.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":746237,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Amstrup, Steven C.","contributorId":67034,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Amstrup","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":13182,"text":"Polar Bears International","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":746238,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70121535,"text":"tm11B4 - 2012 - Lidar base specification","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-30T12:53:53","indexId":"tm11B4","displayToPublicDate":"2014-11-25T10:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":335,"text":"Techniques and Methods","code":"TM","onlineIssn":"2328-7055","printIssn":"2328-7047","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"11-B4","displayTitle":"Lidar Base Specification","title":"Lidar base specification","docAbstract":"In late 2009, a $14.3 million allocation from the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) for new light detection and ranging (lidar) elevation data acquisition prompted the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) National Geospatial Program (NGP) to develop a common minimum specification for all lidar data acquired for The National Map. Released as a working draft in 2010 and formally published in 2012, the USGS–NGP Lidar Base Specification (LBS) was quickly embraced by numerous States, counties, and foreign countries as the foundation for their own lidar specifications.
Prompted by a growing appreciation for the wide applicability and inherent value of lidar, a consortium of Federal agencies commissioned the National Enhanced Elevation Assessment (NEEA) study in 2010 to quantify the costs and benefits of a national lidar program. Published in 2012, the NEEA report documented a substantial return on such an investment, defined five quality levels (QL) for elevation data, and recommended an 8-year collection cycle of QL2 lidar data as the optimum balance of benefit and affordability. In response to the study, the USGS–NGP established the 3D Elevation Program (3DEP) in 2013 as the interagency vehicle through which the NEEA recommendations could be realized.
Lidar is a quickly evolving technology and much has changed in the industry since the previous version of the Lidar Base Specification (LBS) was published. Lidar data have improved in accuracy and spatial resolution, the American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing has revised the geospatial accuracy standards, industry standard file formats have been expanded, additional applications for lidar have become accepted, and the need for interoperable data across collections has been realized. This revision to the LBS addresses some of those changes and provides continued guidance towards a nationally consistent lidar dataset.
Future versions of the Lidar base specification will be released online at https://www.usgs.gov/3DEP/lidarspec.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Section B: U.S. Geological Survey standards in Book 11: Collection and delineation of spatial data","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/tm11B4","collaboration":"National Geospatial Program","usgsCitation":"Heidemann, Hans Karl, 2018, Lidar base specification (ver. 1.3, February 2018): U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods, book 11, chap. B4, 101 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/tm11b4.","productDescription":"viii, 101 p.","numberOfPages":"114","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-051376","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":404,"text":"NGTOC Rolla","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":352170,"rank":5,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/11b4/images/coverthb2.jpg"},{"id":352167,"rank":3,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/11b4/Version1.0/TM11-B4.pdf","text":"Version 1.0, August 2012","size":"11.4 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Version 1.0"},{"id":352166,"rank":2,"type":{"id":25,"text":"Version History"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/11b4/versionHist2.txt","text":"Version History","size":"9.63 kB","linkFileType":{"id":2,"text":"txt"},"description":"Version History"},{"id":352168,"rank":4,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/11b4/Version1.2/tm11-B4.pdf","text":"Version 1.2, November 2014","size":"2.06 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Version 1.2"},{"id":352165,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/11b4/pdf/tm11-B4.pdf","text":"Report—Version 1.3","size":"4.51 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"T & M 11–B4"},{"id":368368,"rank":6,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://www.usgs.gov/3DEP/lidarspec","text":"The latest version of the Lidar Base Specification is available at https://www.usgs.gov/3DEP/lidarspec"}],"edition":"Version 1.0: Originally posted August 17. 2012; Version 1.1: October 29, 2014; Version 1.2: November 12, 2014; Version 1.3: February 28, 2018","publicComments":"This report is Chapter 4 of Section B: U.S. Geological Survey standards in Book 11: Collection and delineation of spatial data.","contact":"Director, Earth Resources Observation and Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
47914 252nd Street
Sioux Falls, SD 57198
Understanding the hydrodynamics and sediment transport dynamics in tidal channels is important for studies of estuary geomorphology, sediment supply to tidal wetlands, aquatic ecology and fish habitat, and dredging and navigation. Hydrodynamic and sediment transport data are essential for calibration and testing of numerical models that may be used to address management questions related to these topics. Herein we report preliminary analyses of near-bed turbulence and sediment flux measurements in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, a large network of tidal channels and wetlands located at the confluence of the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers, California, USA (Figure 1). Measurements were made in 6 channels spanning a wide range of size and tidal conditions, from small channels that are primarily fluvial to large channels that are tidally dominated. The results of these measurements are summarized herein and the hydrodynamic and sediment transport characteristics of the channels are compared across this range of size and conditions.
","largerWorkType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Hydraulic Measurement and Experimental Methods Conference, Snowbird, Utah, August 12-15, 2012","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"conferenceTitle":"Hydraulic Measurement and Experimental Methods Conference","conferenceDate":"August 12, 2012","conferenceLocation":"Snowbird, Utah","language":"English","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Wright, S., and Whealdon-Haught, D., 2012, Near-bed turbulence and sediment flux measurements in tidal channels, in Proceedings of the Hydraulic Measurement and Experimental Methods Conference, Snowbird, Utah, August 12-15, 2012, Snowbird, Utah, August 12, 2012, 6 p.","productDescription":"6 p.","numberOfPages":"6","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-038033","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":324597,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ca.water.usgs.gov/projects/baydelta/publications.html"},{"id":324598,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.86035156249999,\n 38.098901948321256\n ],\n [\n -121.85760498046875,\n 38.01239425385966\n ],\n [\n -121.55273437499999,\n 37.95827503526034\n ],\n [\n -121.46347045898438,\n 37.966936792535144\n ],\n [\n -121.47720336914062,\n 38.25974980039479\n ],\n [\n -121.8878173828125,\n 38.23386541556983\n ],\n [\n -121.86035156249999,\n 38.098901948321256\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5774f2a1e4b07dd077c6a780","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wright, S.A.","contributorId":90080,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":640594,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Whealdon-Haught, D.R.","contributorId":172409,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Whealdon-Haught","given":"D.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":640595,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70045354,"text":"70045354 - 2012 - Genesis of an oak-fire science consortium","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-09T10:20:47","indexId":"70045354","displayToPublicDate":"2014-01-01T14:47:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Genesis of an oak-fire science consortium","docAbstract":"With respect to fire management and practices, one of the most overlooked \nregions lies in the middle of the country. In this region there is a critical need for both recognition of fire’s importance and sharing of fire information and expertise. Recently we proposed and were awarded funding by the Joint Fire Science Program to initiate the planning phase for a regional fire consortium. The purpose of the consortium will be to promote the dissemination of fire information across the interior United States and \nto identify fire information needs of oak-dominated communities such as woodlands, forests, savannas, and barrens. Geographically, the consortium region will cover: 1) the Interior Lowland Plateau Ecoregion in Illinois, Indiana, central Kentucky and Tennessee; 2) the Missouri, Arkansas, and Oklahoma Ozarks; 3) the Ouachita Mountains of Arkansas and Oklahoma; and 4) the Cross Timbers Region in Texas, Oklahoma, and Kansas. This region coincides with the southwestern half of the Central Hardwoods Forest \nRegion. The tasks of this consortium will be to disseminate fire information, connect fire professionals, and efficiently address fire issues within our region. If supported, the success and the future direction of the consortium will be driven by end-users, their input, and involvement.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the 4th Fire in Eastern Oak Forest Conference, Gen. Tech. Rep. NRS-P-102","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"4th Fire in Eastern Oak Forests Conference","conferenceDate":"May 17-19, 2011","conferenceLocation":"Springfield, MO","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station","publisherLocation":"Newtown Square, PA","usgsCitation":"Grabner, K., Stambaugh, M.C., Guyette, R., Dey, D.C., and Willson, G., 2012, Genesis of an oak-fire science consortium, in Proceedings of the 4th Fire in Eastern Oak Forest Conference, Gen. Tech. Rep. NRS-P-102, Springfield, MO, May 17-19, 2011, p. 207-211.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"207","endPage":"211","ipdsId":"IP-029988","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337156,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"UNITED STATES","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58c277dde4b014cc3a3e76df","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Dey, D. C.","contributorId":187751,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dey","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":681561,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stambaugh, M. C.","contributorId":187750,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stambaugh","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":681562,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Clark, S.L.","contributorId":88113,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"S.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":681563,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schweitzer, C. J.","contributorId":187752,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schweitzer","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":681564,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4}],"authors":[{"text":"Grabner, K.W.","contributorId":51237,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grabner","given":"K.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":681556,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stambaugh, M. C.","contributorId":187750,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stambaugh","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":681557,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Guyette, R.P.","contributorId":10746,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guyette","given":"R.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":681558,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dey, D. C.","contributorId":187751,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dey","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":681559,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Willson, G.D.","contributorId":99497,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Willson","given":"G.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":681560,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70004010,"text":"70004010 - 2012 - Stratigraphic architecture of bedrock reference section, Victoria Crater, Meridiani Planum, Mars","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-14T11:34:39","indexId":"70004010","displayToPublicDate":"2014-01-01T09:59:13","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"9","title":"Stratigraphic architecture of bedrock reference section, Victoria Crater, Meridiani Planum, Mars","docAbstract":"The Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity has investigated bedrock outcrops exposed in several craters at Meridiani Planum, Mars, in an effort to better understand the role of surface processes in its geologic history. Opportunity has recently completed its observations of Victoria crater, which is 750 m in diameter and exposes cliffs up to ~15 m high. The plains surrounding Victoria crater are ~10 m higher in elevation than those surrounding the previously explored Endurance crater, indicating that the Victoria crater exposes a stratigraphically higher section than does the Endurance crater; however, Victoria strata overlap in elevation with the rocks exposed at the Erebus crater. Victoria crater has a well-developed geomorphic pattern of promontories and embayments that define the crater wall and that reveal thick bedsets (3–7m) of large-scale cross-bedding, interpreted as fossil eolian dunes. Opportunity was able to drive into the crater at Duck Bay, located on the western margin of Victoria crater. Data from the Microscopic Imager and Panoramic Camera reveal details about the structures, textures, and depositional and diagenetic events that influenced the Victoria bedrock. A lithostratigraphic subdivision of bedrock units was enabled by the presence of a light-toned band that lines much of the upper rim of the crater. In ascending order, three stratigraphic units are named Lyell, Smith, and Steno; Smith is the light-toned band. In the Reference Section exposed along the ingress path at Duck Bay, Smith is interpreted to represent a zone of diagenetic recrystallization; \nhowever, its upper contact also coincides with a primary erosional surface. Elsewhere in the crater the diagenetic band crosscuts the physical stratigraphy. Correlation with strata present at nearby promontory Cape Verde indicates that there is an erosional surface at the base of the cliff face that corresponds to the erosional contact below Steno. The erosional contact at the base of Cape Verde lies at a lower elevation, but within the same plane as the contact below Steno, which indicates that the material above the erosional contact was built on significant depositional paleotopography. The eolian dune forms exposed in Duck Bay and Cape Verde, combined with the geometry of the erosional surface, indicate that these outcrops may be part of a larger-scale draa architecture. This insight is possible only as a result of the larger-scale exposures at Victoria crater, which significantly exceed the more limited exposures at the Erebus, Endurance, and Eagle craters.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Sedimentary geology of Mars","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"Society for Sedimentary Geology","doi":"10.2110/pec.12.102.0195","usgsCitation":"Edgar, L., Grotzinger, J., Hayes, A.G., Rubin, D.M., Squyres, S.W., Bell, J., and Herkenhoff, K.E., 2012, Stratigraphic architecture of bedrock reference section, Victoria Crater, Meridiani Planum, Mars, chap. 9 of Sedimentary geology of Mars, p. 195-209, https://doi.org/10.2110/pec.12.102.0195.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"195","endPage":"209","ipdsId":"IP-025234","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474083,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20180710-140847199","text":"External Repository"},{"id":282732,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Mars","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd743be4b0b290851096f3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Edgar, Lauren A.","contributorId":85504,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edgar","given":"Lauren A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":350140,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grotzinger, John P.","contributorId":22247,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grotzinger","given":"John P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":350137,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hayes, Alex G.","contributorId":15524,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hayes","given":"Alex","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":350136,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rubin, David M. 0000-0003-1169-1452 drubin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1169-1452","contributorId":3159,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rubin","given":"David","email":"drubin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":350135,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Squyres, Steve W.","contributorId":90212,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Squyres","given":"Steve","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":350141,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Bell, James F.","contributorId":44823,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bell","given":"James F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":350138,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Herkenhoff, Kenneth E. 0000-0002-3153-6663 kherkenhoff@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3153-6663","contributorId":2275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herkenhoff","given":"Kenneth","email":"kherkenhoff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":350139,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70073502,"text":"70073502 - 2012 - Testing the effect of water in crevasses on a physically based calving model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-07-07T18:08:12","indexId":"70073502","displayToPublicDate":"2014-01-01T09:20:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":794,"text":"Annals of Glaciology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Testing the effect of water in crevasses on a physically based calving model","docAbstract":"A new implementation of a calving model, using the finite-element code Elmer, is presented and used to investigate the effects of surface water within crevasses on calving rate. For this work, we use a two-dimensional flowline model of Columbia Glacier, Alaska. Using the glacier's 1993 geometry as a starting point, we apply a crevasse-depth calving criterion, which predicts calving at the location where surface crevasses cross the waterline. Crevasse depth is calculated using the Nye formulation. We find that calving rate in such a regime is highly dependent on the depth of water in surface crevasses, with a change of just a few meters in water depth causing the glacier to change from advancing at a rate of 3.5 km a-1 to retreating at a rate of 1.9 km a-1. These results highlight the potential for atmospheric warming and surface meltwater to trigger glacier retreat, but also the difficulty of modeling calving rates, as crevasse water depth is difficult to determine either by measurement in situ or surface mass-balance modelling.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Annals of Glaciology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"International Glaciological Society","doi":"10.3189/2012AoG60A107","usgsCitation":"Cook, S., Zwinger, T., Rutt, I., O’Neel, S., and Murray, T., 2012, Testing the effect of water in crevasses on a physically based calving model: Annals of Glaciology, v. 53, no. 60, p. 90-96, https://doi.org/10.3189/2012AoG60A107.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"90","endPage":"96","ipdsId":"IP-033017","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474084,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3189/2012aog60a107","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":281498,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":281496,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3189/2012AoG60A107"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Columbia Glacier","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -147.30,60.30 ], [ -147.30,61.30 ], [ -146.30,61.30 ], [ -146.30,60.30 ], [ -147.30,60.30 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"53","issue":"60","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-09-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd76a3e4b0b2908510b090","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cook, S.","contributorId":26225,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cook","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":488836,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zwinger, T.","contributorId":82612,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zwinger","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":488839,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rutt, I.C.","contributorId":82613,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rutt","given":"I.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":488840,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"O’Neel, Shad 0000-0002-9185-0144 soneel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9185-0144","contributorId":166740,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Neel","given":"Shad","email":"soneel@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":120,"text":"Alaska Science Center Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":107,"text":"Alaska Climate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":488837,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Murray, T.","contributorId":59304,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murray","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":488838,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70169149,"text":"70169149 - 2012 - Spread dynamics of perennial pepperweed (Lepidium latifolium) in two seasonal wetland areas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-23T10:52:44","indexId":"70169149","displayToPublicDate":"2014-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2100,"text":"Invasive Plant Science and Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spread dynamics of perennial pepperweed (Lepidium latifolium) in two seasonal wetland areas","docAbstract":"Perennial pepperweed is an invasive plant that is expanding rapidly in several plant communities in the western United States. In California, perennial pepperweed has aggressively invaded seasonal wetlands, resulting in degradation of habitat quality. We evaluated the rate and dynamics of population spread, assessed the effect of disturbance on spread, and determined the biotic and abiotic factors influencing the likelihood of invasion. The study was conducted at eight sites within two wetland regions of California. Results indicate that in undisturbed sites, spread was almost exclusively through vegetative expansion, and the average rate of spread was 0.85 m yr−1 from the leading edge. Spread in sites that were disked was more than three times greater than in undisturbed sites. While smaller infestations increased at a faster rate compared with larger populations, larger infestations accumulated more newly infested areas than smaller infestations from year to year. Stem density was consistently higher in the center of the infestations, with about 2.4 times more stems per square meter compared with the leading edge at the perimeter of the population. The invasion by perennial pepperweed was positively correlated with increased water availability but was negatively correlated with the cover of perennial and annual species. Thus, high cover of resident vegetation can have a suppressive effect on the rate of invasion, even in wetland ecosystems. On the basis of these results, we recommend that resident plant cover not be disturbed, especially in wet areas adjacent to areas currently infested with perennial pepperweed. For infested areas, management efforts should be prioritized to focus on controlling satellite populations as well as the leading edge of larger infestations first. This strategy could reduce the need for costly active restoration efforts by maximizing the probability of successful re-establishment of resident vegetation from the adjacent seedbank.
","language":"English","publisher":"Weed Science Society of America","doi":"10.1614/IPSM-D-11-00039.1","usgsCitation":"Renz, M.J., Steinmaus, S.J., Gilmer, D.S., and DiTomaso, J.M., 2012, Spread dynamics of perennial pepperweed (Lepidium latifolium) in two seasonal wetland areas: Invasive Plant Science and Management, v. 5, no. 1, p. 57-68, https://doi.org/10.1614/IPSM-D-11-00039.1.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"57","endPage":"68","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-030113","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474085,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1614/ipsm-d-11-00039.1","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":319209,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"5","issue":"1","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":1,"text":"Sacramento PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56f3be51e4b0f59b85e02f0d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Renz, Mark J.","contributorId":167709,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Renz","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":13562,"text":"University of Wisconsin, Madison","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":623224,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Steinmaus, Scott J.","contributorId":167710,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Steinmaus","given":"Scott","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":24812,"text":"Cal Poly San Luis Obispo","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":623225,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gilmer, David S.","contributorId":59508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gilmer","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":623223,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"DiTomaso, Joseph M.","contributorId":72925,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DiTomaso","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":623226,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70155849,"text":"70155849 - 2012 - Complexity of human and ecosystem interactions in an agricultural landscape","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-08-13T09:41:44","indexId":"70155849","displayToPublicDate":"2014-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1532,"text":"Environmental Development","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Complexity of human and ecosystem interactions in an agricultural landscape","docAbstract":"The complexity of human interaction in the commercial agricultural landscape and the resulting impacts on the ecosystem services of water quality and quantity is largely ignored by the current agricultural paradigm that maximizes crop production over other ecosystem services. Three examples at different spatial scales (local, regional, and global) are presented where human and ecosystem interactions in a commercial agricultural landscape adversely affect water quality and quantity in unintended ways in the Delta of northwestern Mississippi. In the first example, little to no regulation of groundwater use for irrigation has caused declines in groundwater levels resulting in loss of baseflow to streams and threatening future water supply. In the second example, federal policy which subsidizes corn for biofuel production has encouraged many producers to switch from cotton to corn, which requires more nutrients and water, counter to national efforts to reduce nutrient loads to the Gulf of Mexico and exacerbating groundwater level declines. The third example is the wholesale adoption of a system for weed control that relies on a single chemical, initially providing many benefits and ultimately leading to the widespread occurrence of glyphosate and its degradates in Delta streams and necessitating higher application rates of glyphosate as well as the use of other herbicides due to increasing weed resistance. Although these examples are specific to the Mississippi Delta, analogous situations exist throughout the world and point to the need for change in how we grow our food, fuel, and fiber, and manage our soil and water resources.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam","doi":"10.1016/j.envdev.2012.09.009","usgsCitation":"Coupe, R.H., Barlow, J.R., and Capel, P.D., 2012, Complexity of human and ecosystem interactions in an agricultural landscape: Environmental Development, v. 4, p. 88-104, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envdev.2012.09.009.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"88","endPage":"104","numberOfPages":"17","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-030203","costCenters":[{"id":394,"text":"Mississippi Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":306627,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri","otherGeospatial":"Mississippi River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -89.12109375,\n 37.10776507118514\n ],\n [\n -89.736328125,\n 37.37015718405753\n ],\n [\n -90.90087890624999,\n 36.50963615733049\n ],\n [\n -91.56005859375,\n 35.47856499535729\n ],\n [\n -92.28515625,\n 34.79576153473033\n ],\n [\n -92.10937499999999,\n 34.19817309627726\n ],\n [\n -91.60400390625,\n 33.7243396617476\n ],\n [\n -91.58203125,\n 33.119150226768866\n ],\n [\n -92.1533203125,\n 32.62087018318113\n ],\n [\n -92.13134765625,\n 32.11980111179328\n ],\n [\n -91.845703125,\n 31.784216884487385\n ],\n [\n -91.42822265625,\n 31.541089879585808\n ],\n [\n -90.85693359375,\n 32.342841356393045\n ],\n [\n -90.2197265625,\n 33.119150226768866\n ],\n [\n -90.02197265625,\n 33.687781758439364\n ],\n [\n -90.02197265625,\n 34.488447837809304\n ],\n [\n -90.087890625,\n 35.04798673426734\n ],\n [\n -89.20898437499999,\n 36.56260003738548\n ],\n [\n -89.01123046875,\n 36.949891786813296\n ],\n [\n -89.12109375,\n 37.10776507118514\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"4","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":8,"text":"Raleigh PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55cdbfade4b08400b1fe13de","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Coupe, Richard H. 0000-0001-8679-1015 rhcoupe@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8679-1015","contributorId":551,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coupe","given":"Richard","email":"rhcoupe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":394,"text":"Mississippi Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":566598,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barlow, Jeannie R. B. 0000-0002-0799-4656 jbarlow@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0799-4656","contributorId":3701,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barlow","given":"Jeannie","email":"jbarlow@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R. 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The atlas of photographs collected during the Hayden (1872)expedition to the Yellowstone region was essential to its successful advocacy and selection in 1872 as America’s first national park. Photographer William Henry Jackson of the Hayden expedition captured the public’s imagination and support, returning home with a treasure of images that confirmed the existence of western landmarks previously regarded as glorified myths: the Grand Tetons, Old Faithful, and strange pools of boiling hot mud. Fifty years later, photographer Ansel Adams began his long legacy of providing the public with compilations of iconic images of natural wonders that many only see in prints.
Photography in space has provided its own bounty. Who can forget the first image of Earthrise taken by astronaut William Anders in 1968 from Apollo 8; the solemnity of the first photos of the surface of the Moon from the Apollo 11 astronauts; and the startling discovery of the tallest mountain in the solar system (Olympus Mons) on the surface of Mars in images sent from Mariner 9? The images from Mariner 9 also allowed for a game-changing discovery. Earlier, based on very limited Mariner 4 data that covered less than 10% of the planet’s surface, Chapman et al. (1968) speculated that “If substantial aqueous erosion features—such as river valleys— were produced during earlier epochs of Mars, we should not expect any trace of them to be visible.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Sedimentary geology of Mars","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Society for Sedimentary Geology","publisherLocation":"Tulsa, Okla","doi":"10.2110/pec.12.102.0049","usgsCitation":"Beyer, R., Stack, K.M., Griffes, J.L., Milliken, R.E., Herkenhoff, K.E., Byrne, S., Holt, J., and Grotzinger, J., 2012, An atlas of Mars sedimentary rocks as seen by HiRISE, chap. of Sedimentary geology of Mars, p. 49-96, https://doi.org/10.2110/pec.12.102.0049.","productDescription":"45 p.","startPage":"49","endPage":"96","numberOfPages":"45","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-030994","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474086,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2110/pec.12.102.0049","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":307035,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Mars","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57f7f3c1e4b0bc0bec0a0b6f","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Grotzinger, John P.","contributorId":22247,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grotzinger","given":"John P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":568967,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Milliken, Ralph E.","contributorId":113334,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Milliken","given":"Ralph","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":568968,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Beyer, Ross","contributorId":71607,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beyer","given":"Ross","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":568959,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stack, Kathryn M. 0000-0003-3444-6695","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3444-6695","contributorId":146791,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stack","given":"Kathryn","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":568960,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Griffes, Jennifer L.","contributorId":146792,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Griffes","given":"Jennifer","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":568961,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Milliken, Ralph E.","contributorId":113334,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Milliken","given":"Ralph","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":568962,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Herkenhoff, Kenneth E. 0000-0002-3153-6663 kherkenhoff@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3153-6663","contributorId":2275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herkenhoff","given":"Kenneth","email":"kherkenhoff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":568963,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Byrne, Shane","contributorId":53513,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Byrne","given":"Shane","affiliations":[{"id":7042,"text":"University of Arizona","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":568964,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Holt, John W.","contributorId":41570,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holt","given":"John W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":568965,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Grotzinger, John P.","contributorId":22247,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grotzinger","given":"John P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":568966,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70205864,"text":"70205864 - 2012 - Physical Climate Forces","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70205864,"text":"70205864 - 2012 - Physical Climate Forces","indexId":"70205864","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"chapter":"2","title":"Physical Climate Forces"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70048737,"text":"70048737 - 2012 - Coastal impacts, adaptation, and vulnerabilities: a technical input to the 2013 National Climate Assessment","indexId":"70048737","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"title":"Coastal impacts, adaptation, and vulnerabilities: a technical input to the 2013 National Climate Assessment"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70048737,"text":"70048737 - 2012 - Coastal impacts, adaptation, and vulnerabilities: a technical input to the 2013 National Climate Assessment","indexId":"70048737","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"title":"Coastal impacts, adaptation, and vulnerabilities: a technical input to the 2013 National Climate Assessment"},"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-08T16:24:10","indexId":"70205864","displayToPublicDate":"2013-10-08T16:02:11","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"chapter":"2","title":"Physical Climate Forces","docAbstract":"Key Findings
The coasts of the U.S. are home to many large urban centers and important infrastructure such seaports, airports, transportation routes, oil import and refining facilities, power plants, and military bases. All are vulnerable to varying degrees to impacts of global warming such as sea-level rise, storms, and flooding. High Confidence.
Physical observations collected over the past several decades from the land, coasts, oceans, and the atmosphere, as well as environmental indicators, show that warming and some related environmental changes are occurring globally at rates greater than can be expected due to natural processes. These climate-related changes are highly varied, but some are likely due in large part to anthropogenically increased atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases and altered land surface properties. High Confidence.
Findings from many independent scientific studies conclude that these changes are consistent with global warming. The primary changes observed are rising sea level and average global air, land, and ocean temperatures; heightening temperature and precipitation extremes in some regions; and increasing levels of oceans acidification and rates of glacier and ice sheet melt. High Confidence.
Most coastal landforms, such as barrier islands, deltas, bays, estuaries, wetlands, coral reefs, are highly dynamic and sensitive to even small changes in physical
forces and feedbacks such as warming, storms, ocean circulation, waves and currents, flooding, sediment budgets, and sea-level rise. High Confidence.
The effects of sea-level rise on coasts vary considerably from region-to-region and over a range of spatial and temporal scales. Land subsidence in certain locations causes relative sea-level rise to exceed global mean sea-level rise. Land uplift such as that found in Alaska and the Northwestern Pacific coast can reduce effects of global mean rise. The effects will be greatest and most immediate on low-relief, low-elevation parts of the U.S. coast along the Gulf of Mexico, mid-Atlantic states, northern Alaska, Hawaii, and island territories and especially on coasts containing deltas, coastal plains, tidal wetlands, bays, estuaries, and coral reefs. Beaches and wetlands on steep cliff coasts and shores backed with seawalls may be unable to move landward or maintain their landform with sea-level rise. Many areas of the coast are especially vulnerable because of the often detrimental effects of development on natural processes. High Confidence.
The gradual inundation from recent sea-level rise is evident in many regions such as the mid-Atlantic and Louisiana where high tides regularly flood roads and areas that were previously dry, and in stands of “ghost forests,” in which trees are killed by intrusion of brackish water. High Confidence.
Sea level change and storms are dominant driving forces of coastal change as observed in the geologic record of coastal landforms. Increasingly, sea-level rise will become a hazard for coastal regions because of continued global mean sea-level rise, including possibly accelerated rates of rise that increase risk to coastal regions. As the global climate continues to warm and ice sheets melt, coasts will become more dynamic and coastal cities and low-lying areas will be increasingly exposed to erosion, inundation, and flooding. High Confidence.
No coordinated, interagency process exists in the U.S. for identifying agreed upon global mean sea-level rise projections for the purpose of coastal planning, policy, or management, even though this is a critical first step in assessing coastal impacts and vulnerabilities. High Confidence.
Global sea level rose at a rate of 1.7 millimeters/year during the 20th century. The rate has increased to over 3 millimeters/year in the past 20 years and scientific studies suggest high confidence (>9 in 10 chance) that global mean sea level will rise 0.2 to 2 meters by the end of this century. Some regions such as Louisiana and the Chesapeake Bay will experience greater relative rise due to factors such as land subsidence, gravitational redistribution of ice-sheet meltwater, ocean circulation changes, and regional ocean thermostatic effects. Other regions undergoing land uplift, such as Alaska, will experience lesser sea-level rise. High Confidence.
Variability in the location and time-of-year of storm genesis can influence landfalling storm characteristics, and even small changes can lead to large changes in landfalling location and impact. Although scientists have only low confidence in the sign of projected changes to the coast of storm-related hazards that depend on a combination of factors such as frequency, track, intensity, and storm size, any sea-level rise is virtually certain to exacerbate storm-related hazards. High Confidence.
Although sea-level rise and climate change have occurred in the past, the increasing human presence in the coastal zone will make the impacts different
for the future. Land use and other human activities often inhibit the natural response of physical processes and adaptation by plants and animals. In some
areas, erosion and wetland loss are common because sediment budgets have been reduced, while, in other regions, excess sediment is in-filling harbors, channels, and bays. High Confidence.
Observations continue to indicate an ongoing, warming-induced intensification of the hydrologic cycle that will likely result in heavier precipitation events and, combined with sea-level rise and storm surge, an increased flooding severity in some coastal areas, particularly the northeast U.S. Moderate Confidence.
Temperature is primarily driving environmental change in the Alaskan coastal zone. Sea ice and permafrost make northern regions particularly susceptible to temperature change. For example, an increase of two degrees Celsius could basically transform much of Alaska from frozen to unfrozen, with extensive implications. Portions of the north and west coast of Alaska are seeing dramatic increases in the rate of coastal erosion and flooding due to sea ice loss and permafrost melting. As a consequence, several coastal communities are planning to relocate to safer locations. Relocation is a difficult decision that is likely to become more common in the future for many coastal regions. High Confidence.
Methane is a primary greenhouse gas. Large reserves of methane are bound-up in Alaska’s frozen permafrost. These are susceptible to disturbance and methane
release if the Arctic continues to warm. The additional methane released may result in even greater greenhouse warming of the atmosphere. High Confidence.
Summarizing his colonial nesting waterbird survey experiences along the northern \ncoast of the Gulf of Mexico in a paper presented to the Colonial Waterbird Group of the \nWaterbird Society (Portnoy 1978), bird biologist John W. Portnoy stated, “This huge \nconcentration of nesting waterbirds, restricted almost entirely to the wetlands and \nestuaries of southern Louisiana, is unmatched in all of North America; for example, a \n1975 inventory of wading birds along the Atlantic Coast from Maine to Florida [Custer \nand Osborn, in press], tallied 250,000 breeding [waterbirds] of 14 species, in contrast \nwith the 650,000 birds of 15 species just from Sabine Pass to Mobile Bay.” The “650,000 \nbirds” to which Portnoy referred, were tallied by him in a 1976 survey of coastal \nLouisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama (see below, under “Major Surveys” section).
\nAccording to the National Atlas of Coastal Waterbird Colonies in the Contiguous \nUnited States: 1976-82 (Spendelow and Patton 1988), the percentages of the total U.S. \npopulations of Laughing Gull (11%), Forster's Tern (52%), Royal Tern (16%), Sandwich \nTern (77%), and Black Skimmer (44%) which annually nest in Louisiana are significant – \nperhaps crucially so in the cases of Forster's Tern, Sandwich Tern, and Black Skimmer.
\nNearly three decades after Spendelow and Patton's determinations above, coastal \nLouisiana still stands out as the major center of colonial wading bird and seabird nesting \nin all of the United States. Within those three intervening decades, however, the\ncollective habitats which comprise Louisiana's now fragile coastal zone have taken major \nhits from commercial/residential, oil & gas, and other industrial development, primarily \nin the form of coastal erosion exacerbated by these and other factors (Portnoy 1978, \nSpendelow and Patton 1988, Martin and Lester 1990, Green, et al. 2006). Moreover, \nduring this same period, both geologic subsidence rates (Tornqvist et al. 2008) and mean \nsea-level (Tornqvist et al. 2002) have increased, along with significant tropical storm \nactivity; all of which have combined to impact available marsh, barrier island, beach, and \ndredge spoil nesting habitat for waterbirds, especially seabirds, throughout the coastal \nzone of Louisiana.
\nThe primary objective of this publication is to detail those coastal Louisiana \ncolonial seabird nesting sites for which we have reasonably accurate data, in a tabular, \nsite-by-site format. All major survey (1976-2008) data of site-by-site seabird species \ncounts, as well as several smaller data sets, referred to in the site history tables as \n“miscellaneous observations” obtained during the May-June seabird breeding period, are \nincluded.
\nIt is our hope that these data will provide a dependable foundation from which \nfuture colonial seabird nesting surveys might be planned and carried out, as well as \nshowcase the importance of coastal Louisiana's seabird rookeries, and contribute to their \nconservation.
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2012 - Developing a national stream morphology data exchange: needs, challenges, and opportunities","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-15T15:14:43","indexId":"70120698","displayToPublicDate":"2013-08-15T14:41:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1578,"text":"Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union","onlineIssn":"2324-9250","printIssn":"0096-394","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Developing a national stream morphology data exchange: needs, challenges, and opportunities","docAbstract":"Stream morphology data, primarily consisting of channel and foodplain geometry and bed material size measurements, historically have had a wide range of applications and uses including culvert/ bridge design, rainfall- runoff modeling, food inundation mapping (e.g., U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency food insurance studies), climate change studies, channel stability/sediment source investigations, navigation studies, habitat assessments, and landscape change research. The need for stream morphology data in the United States, and thus the quantity of data collected, has grown substantially over the past 2 decades because of the expanded interests of resource management agencies in watershed management and restoration. The quantity of stream morphology data collected has also increased because of state-of-the-art technologies capable of rapidly collecting high-resolution data over large areas with heretofore unprecedented precision. Despite increasing needs for and the expanding quantity of stream morphology data, neither common reporting standards nor a central data archive exist for storing and serving these often large and spatially complex data sets. We are proposing an open- access data exchange for archiving and disseminating stream morphology data.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/2012EO200005","usgsCitation":"Collins, M.J., Gray, J.R., Peppler, M.C., Fitzpatrick, F.A., and Schubauer-Berigan, J.P., 2012, Developing a national stream morphology data exchange: needs, challenges, and opportunities: Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 93, no. 20, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012EO200005.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"195","costCenters":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":292326,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":292325,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2012EO200005"}],"volume":"93","issue":"20","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-05-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53ef1ec6e4b0bfa1f993ef05","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Collins, Mathias J.","contributorId":19086,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Collins","given":"Mathias","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498403,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gray, John R. 0000-0002-8817-3701 jrgray@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8817-3701","contributorId":1158,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gray","given":"John","email":"jrgray@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":5058,"text":"Office of the Chief Scientist for Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":498401,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Peppler, Marie C. 0000-0002-1120-9673 mpeppler@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1120-9673","contributorId":825,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peppler","given":"Marie","email":"mpeppler@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":498400,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fitzpatrick, Faith A. fafitzpa@usgs.gov","contributorId":1182,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fitzpatrick","given":"Faith","email":"fafitzpa@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":476,"text":"North Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":498402,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Schubauer-Berigan, Joseph P.","contributorId":106220,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schubauer-Berigan","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498404,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70045164,"text":"70045164 - 2012 - The 2011 Virginia earthquake: what are scientists learning?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-08-05T10:23:39","indexId":"70045164","displayToPublicDate":"2013-08-05T10:16:19","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1578,"text":"Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union","onlineIssn":"2324-9250","printIssn":"0096-394","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The 2011 Virginia earthquake: what are scientists learning?","docAbstract":"Nearly 1 year ago, on 23 August, tens of millions of people in the eastern United States and southeastern Canada were startled in the middle of their workday (1:51 P.M. local time) by the sudden onset of moderate to strong ground shaking from a rare magnitude (M) 5.8 earthquake in central Virginia. Treating the shaking as if it were a fire drill, millions of workers in Washington, D. C., New York City, and other eastern cities hurriedly exited their buildings, exposing themselves to potentially greater danger from falling bricks and glass; “drop, cover, and hold” would have been a better response. Fortunately, the strong shaking stopped after about 5 seconds and did not cause widespread severe damage or serious injuries.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2012EO330001","usgsCitation":"Horton, J., and Williams, R., 2012, The 2011 Virginia earthquake: what are scientists learning?: Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 93, no. 33, p. 317-318, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012EO330001.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"317","endPage":"318","ipdsId":"IP-039193","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474087,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2012eo330001","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":276002,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":276001,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2012EO330001"}],"country":"United States","state":"Virginia","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -83.6754,36.5408 ], [ -83.6754,39.466 ], [ -75.2422,39.466 ], [ -75.2422,36.5408 ], [ -83.6754,36.5408 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"93","issue":"33","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-08-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5200bb5ae4b009d47a4c2345","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Horton, J. Wright Jr. 0000-0001-6756-6365 whorton@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6756-6365","contributorId":423,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Horton","given":"J. Wright","suffix":"Jr.","email":"whorton@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":476983,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Williams, Robert A. rawilliams@usgs.gov","contributorId":1357,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"Robert A.","email":"rawilliams@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":301,"text":"Geologic Hazards Team","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":476984,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70118983,"text":"70118983 - 2012 - Social.Water - A crowdsourcing tool for environmental data acquisition","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-04T10:00:29","indexId":"70118983","displayToPublicDate":"2013-08-04T09:59:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1315,"text":"Computers & Geosciences","printIssn":"0098-3004","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Social.Water - A crowdsourcing tool for environmental data acquisition","docAbstract":"Remote telemetry has a long history of use for collection of environmental measurements. With the rise of mobile phones and SMS text-messaging capacity, many members of the general pubic carry communications equipment in their pockets at all times. Enabling the general public to provide environmental data through text messages has the potential both to provide additional data to scientific projects and also to raise awareness of the projects through participation. Hydrologic measurements – some of which can be made without training, involve a single measurement, and are often made in rural areas – are well-suited to text-message conveyance. Many other environmental measurements are similarly well-suited for this technology. Social.Water is a software package, written in Python, that collects, parses, and categorizes text messages sent to a dedicated phone number, updates a simple database, and posts both graphical results and the database on the Web. Social.Water was designed as the backend to the Crowdhydrology project and is written in an object-oriented design that makes customization and modification straightforward.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Computers and Geosciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.cageo.2012.06.015","usgsCitation":"Fienen, M., and Lowry, C., 2012, Social.Water - A crowdsourcing tool for environmental data acquisition: Computers & Geosciences, v. 49, p. 164-169, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2012.06.015.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"164","endPage":"169","ipdsId":"IP-038629","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":291568,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":291545,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2012.06.015"}],"volume":"49","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53e09e5de4b0beb42bdca496","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fienen, Michael N. 0000-0002-7756-4651 mnfienen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7756-4651","contributorId":893,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fienen","given":"Michael N.","email":"mnfienen@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":497552,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lowry, Christopher","contributorId":82232,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lowry","given":"Christopher","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":497553,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70118359,"text":"70118359 - 2012 - Varying sediment sources (Hudson Strait, Cumberland Sound, Baffin Bay) to the NW Labrador Sea slope between and during Heinrich events 0 to 4","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-28T14:57:49","indexId":"70118359","displayToPublicDate":"2013-07-28T14:52:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2437,"text":"Journal of Quaternary Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Varying sediment sources (Hudson Strait, Cumberland Sound, Baffin Bay) to the NW Labrador Sea slope between and during Heinrich events 0 to 4","docAbstract":"Core HU97048-007PC was recovered from the continental Labrador Sea slope at a water depth of 945 m, 250 km seaward from the mouth of Cumberland Sound, and 400 km north of Hudson Strait. Cumberland Sound is a structural trough partly floored by Cretaceous mudstones and Paleozoic carbonates. The record extends from ∼10 to 58 ka. On-board logging revealed a complex series of lithofacies, including buff-colored detrital carbonate-rich sediments [Heinrich (H)-events] frequently bracketed by black facies. We investigate the provenance of these facies using quantitative X-ray diffraction on drill-core samples from Paleozoic and Cretaceous bedrock from the SE Baffin Island Shelf, and on the < 2-mm sediment fraction in a transect of five cores from Cumberland Sound to the NW Labrador Sea. A sediment unmixing program was used to discriminate between sediment sources, which included dolomite-rich sediments from Baffin Bay, calcite-rich sediments from Hudson Strait and discrete sources from Cumberland Sound. Results indicated that the bulk of the sediment was derived from Cumberland Sound, but Baffin Bay contributed to sediments coeval with H-0 (Younger Dryas), whereas Hudson Strait was the source during H-events 1–4. Contributions from the Cretaceous outcrops within Cumberland Sound bracket H-events, thus both leading and lagging Hudson Strait-sourced H-events.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Quaternary Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/jqs.2535","usgsCitation":"Andrews, J.T., Barber, D., Jennings, A.E., Eberl, D.D., Maclean, B., Kirby, M., and Stoner, J., 2012, Varying sediment sources (Hudson Strait, Cumberland Sound, Baffin Bay) to the NW Labrador Sea slope between and during Heinrich events 0 to 4: Journal of Quaternary Science, v. 27, no. 5, p. 475-484, https://doi.org/10.1002/jqs.2535.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"475","endPage":"484","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":474088,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00265/37644/","text":"External Repository"},{"id":291198,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":291197,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jqs.2535"}],"country":"Canada","otherGeospatial":"Hudson Strait;Cumberland Sound;Baffin Bay","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -75.0,58.0 ], [ -75.0,70.0 ], [ -50.0,70.0 ], [ -50.0,58.0 ], [ -75.0,58.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"27","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-05-17","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57f7f3c1e4b0bc0bec0a0b73","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Andrews, John T.","contributorId":79678,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andrews","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496824,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barber, D.C.","contributorId":86504,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barber","given":"D.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496825,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jennings, A. E.","contributorId":66682,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jennings","given":"A.","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496823,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Eberl, D. D.","contributorId":66282,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eberl","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496822,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Maclean, B.","contributorId":90652,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maclean","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496826,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Kirby, M.E.","contributorId":26986,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirby","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496820,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Stoner, J.S.","contributorId":29330,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stoner","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496821,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70118348,"text":"70118348 - 2012 - Formation of replicating saponite from a gel in the presence of oxalate: implications for the formation of clay minerals in carbonaceous chondrites and the origin of life","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-28T14:50:16","indexId":"70118348","displayToPublicDate":"2013-07-28T14:45:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":912,"text":"Astrobiology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Formation of replicating saponite from a gel in the presence of oxalate: implications for the formation of clay minerals in carbonaceous chondrites and the origin of life","docAbstract":"The potential role of clay minerals in the abiotic origin of life has been the subject of ongoing debate for the past several decades. At issue are the clay minerals found in a class of meteorites known as carbonaceous chondrites. These clay minerals are the product of aqueous alteration of anhydrous mineral phases, such as olivine and orthopyroxene, that are often present in the chondrules. Moreover, there is a strong correlation in the occurrence of clay minerals and the presence of polar organic molecules. It has been shown in laboratory experiments at low temperature and ambient pressure that polar organic molecules, such as the oxalate found in meteorites, can catalyze the crystallization of clay minerals. In this study, we show that oxalate is a robust catalyst in the crystallization of saponite, an Al- and Mg-rich, trioctahedral 2:1 layer silicate, from a silicate gel at 60°C and ambient pressure. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy analysis of the saponite treated with octadecylammonium (n(C)=18) cations revealed the presence of 2:1 layer structures that have variable interlayer charge. The crystallization of these differently charged 2:1 layer silicates most likely occurred independently. The fact that 2:1 layer silicates with variable charge formed in the same gel has implications for our understanding of the origin of life, as these 2:1 clay minerals most likely replicate by a mechanism of template-catalyzed polymerization and transmit the charge distribution from layer to layer. If polar organic molecules like oxalate can catalyze the formation of clay-mineral crystals, which in turn promote clay microenvironments and provide abundant adsorption sites for other organic molecules present in solution, the interaction among these adsorbed molecules could lead to the polymerization of more complex organic molecules like RNA from nucleotides on early Earth.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Astrobiology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.","doi":"10.1089/ast.2011.0635","usgsCitation":"Schumann, D., Hartman, H., Eberl, D.D., Sears, S.K., Hesse, R., and Vali, H., 2012, Formation of replicating saponite from a gel in the presence of oxalate: implications for the formation of clay minerals in carbonaceous chondrites and the origin of life: Astrobiology, v. 12, no. 6, p. 549-561, https://doi.org/10.1089/ast.2011.0635.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"549","endPage":"561","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":474090,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/72488","text":"External Repository"},{"id":291196,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":291195,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1089/ast.2011.0635"}],"volume":"12","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57f7f3c1e4b0bc0bec0a0b75","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schumann, Dirk","contributorId":58198,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schumann","given":"Dirk","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496803,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hartman, Hyman","contributorId":80595,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hartman","given":"Hyman","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496805,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Eberl, Dennis D.","contributorId":68388,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eberl","given":"Dennis","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496804,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sears, S. Kelly","contributorId":97016,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sears","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"Kelly","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496807,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hesse, Reinhard","contributorId":37659,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hesse","given":"Reinhard","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496802,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Vali, Hojatollah","contributorId":85520,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vali","given":"Hojatollah","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496806,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70118346,"text":"70118346 - 2012 - Peralkaline- and calc-alkaline-hosted volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits of the Bonnifield District, East-Central Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-23T12:07:12","indexId":"70118346","displayToPublicDate":"2013-07-28T14:28:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Peralkaline- and calc-alkaline-hosted volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits of the Bonnifield District, East-Central Alaska","docAbstract":"Volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) Zn-Pb-Cu-Ag-Au deposits of the Bonnifield mining district formed during Late Devonian-Early Mississippian magmatism along the western edge of Laurentia. The largest deposits, Dry Creek and WTF, have a combined resource of 5.7 million tonnes at 10% Zn, 4% Pb, 0.3% Cu, 300 grams per tonne (g/t) Ag, and 1.6 g/t Au. These polymetallic deposits are hosted in high field strength element (HFSE)- and rare-earth element (REE)-rich peralkaline (pantelleritic) metarhyolite, and interlayered pyritic argillite and mudstone of the Mystic Creek Member of the Totatlanika Schist Formation. Mystic Creek metarhyolite and alkali basalt (Chute Creek Member) constitute a bimodal pair that formed in an extensional environment. A synvolcanic peralkaline quartz porphyry containing veins of fluorite, sphalerite, pyrite, and quartz intrudes the central footwall at Dry Creek. The Anderson Mountain deposit, located ~32 km to the southwest, occurs within calc-alkaline felsic to intermediate-composition metavolcanic rocks and associated graphitic argillite of the Wood River assemblage. Felsic metavolcanic rocks there have only slightly elevated HFSEs and REEs. The association of abundant graphitic and siliceous argillite with the felsic volcanic rocks together with low Cu contents in the Bonnifield deposits suggests classification as a siliciclastic-felsic type of VMS deposit.
Bonnifield massive sulfides and host rocks were metamorphosed and deformed under greenschist-facies conditions in the Mesozoic. Primary depositional textures, generally uncommon, consist of framboids, framboidal aggregates, and spongy masses of pyrite. Sphalerite, the predominant base metal sulfide, encloses early pyrite framboids. Galena and chalcopyrite accompanied early pyrite formation but primarily formed late in the paragenetic sequence. Silver-rich tetrahedrite is a minor late phase at the Dry Creek deposit. Gold and Ag are present in low to moderate amounts in pyrite from all of the deposits; electrum inclusions occur in Dry Creek sphalerite. Contents and ratios of trace elements in graphitic argillite that serve as proxies for the redox state of the bottom waters in the basin indicate that Dry Creek mineralization took place in suboxic to periodically anoxic bottom waters. Trace element data show higher contents of Tl-Mn-As in pyrite from the Anderson Mountain deposit compared to the Dry Creek or WTF deposits and thus suggest that Anderson Mountain may have formed at lower temperatures or under slightly more oxidizing conditions.
No exact modern analogue for the tectonic setting of the Bonnifield VMS deposits is known, although the back-arc regions of the Okinawa Trough and Woodlark Basin satisfy the requirement for a submarine, extensional setting adjacent to a continental margin. Limited occurrences of peralkaline volcanic rocks occur in these two potential analogues, but the peralkalinity of those rocks is much less than that of the Mystic Creek Member metarhyolites in the Bonnifield district. The highly elevated trace element (e.g., Zr, Nb) contents of Mystic Creek metarhyolites suggest that a better analogue may be a submarine rifted continental margin. The calc-alkaline composition of the host rocks to the Anderson Mountain deposit suggests that mineralization there formed in a continental margin arc, outboard of the extended continental margin setting of the peralkaline-hosted Dry Creek and WTF deposits.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/econgeo.107.7.1403","usgsCitation":"Dusel-Bacon, C., Foley, N.K., Slack, J.E., Koenig, A.E., and Oscarson, R.L., 2012, Peralkaline- and calc-alkaline-hosted volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits of the Bonnifield District, East-Central Alaska: Economic Geology, v. 107, no. 7, p. 1403-1432, https://doi.org/10.2113/econgeo.107.7.1403.","productDescription":"30 p.","startPage":"1403","endPage":"1432","costCenters":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":291192,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":291191,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2113/econgeo.107.7.1403"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Bonnifield District","volume":"107","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-10-12","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57f7f3c1e4b0bc0bec0a0b77","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dusel-Bacon, Cynthia 0000-0001-8481-739X cdusel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8481-739X","contributorId":2797,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dusel-Bacon","given":"Cynthia","email":"cdusel@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":496798,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Foley, Nora K. 0000-0003-0124-3509 nfoley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0124-3509","contributorId":4010,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foley","given":"Nora","email":"nfoley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":496800,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Slack, John E.","contributorId":65774,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Slack","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496801,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Koenig, Alan E. 0000-0002-5230-0924 akoenig@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5230-0924","contributorId":1564,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koenig","given":"Alan","email":"akoenig@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":496797,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Oscarson, Robert L. roscarson@usgs.gov","contributorId":3390,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oscarson","given":"Robert","email":"roscarson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":496799,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70118335,"text":"70118335 - 2012 - Distribution of arsenic, selenium, and other trace elements in high pyrite Appalachian coals: evidence for multiple episodes of pyrite formation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-28T14:13:12","indexId":"70118335","displayToPublicDate":"2013-07-28T14:04:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2033,"text":"International Journal of Coal Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Distribution of arsenic, selenium, and other trace elements in high pyrite Appalachian coals: evidence for multiple episodes of pyrite formation","docAbstract":"Pennsylvanian coals in the Appalachian Basin host pyrite that is locally enriched in potentially toxic trace elements such as As, Se, Hg, Pb, and Ni. A comparison of pyrite-rich coals from northwestern Alabama, eastern Kentucky, and West Virginia reveals differences in concentrations and mode of occurrence of trace elements in pyrite. Pyrite occurs as framboids, dendrites, or in massive crystalline form in cell lumens or crosscutting veins. Metal concentrations in pyrite vary over all scales, from microscopic to mine to regional, because trace elements are inhomogeneously distributed in the different morphological forms of pyrite, and in the multiple generations of sulfide mineral precipitates.
\nEarly diagenetic framboidal pyrite is usually depleted in As, Se, and Hg, and enriched in Pb and Ni, compared to other pyrite forms. In dendritic pyrite, maps of As distribution show a chemical gradient from As-rich centers to As-poor distal branches, whereas Se concentrations are highest at the distal edges of the branches. Massive crystalline pyrite that fills veins is composed of several generations of sulfide minerals. Pyrite in late-stage veins commonly exhibits As-rich growth zones, indicating a probable epigenetic hydrothermal origin. Selenium is concentrated at the distal edges of veins. A positive correlation of As and Se in pyrite veins from Kentucky coals, and of As and Hg in pyrite-filled veins from Alabama coals, suggests coprecipitation of these elements from the same fluid.
\nIn the Kentucky coal samples (n = 18), As and Se contents in pyrite-filled veins average 4200 ppm and 200 ppm, respectively. In Alabama coal samples, As in pyrite-filled veins averages 2700 ppm (n = 34), whereas As in pyrite-filled cellular structures averages 6470 ppm (n = 35). In these same Alabama samples, Se averages 80 ppm in pyrite-filled veins, but was below the detection limit in cell structures. In samples of West Virginia massive pyrite, As averages 1700 ppm, and Se averages 270 ppm (n = 24). The highest concentration of Hg (≤ 102 ppm) is in Alabama pyrite veins.
\nImproved detailed descriptions of sulfide morphology, sulfide mineral paragenesis, and trace-element concentration and distribution allow more informed predictions of: (1) the relative rate of release of trace elements during weathering of pyrite in coals, and (2) the relative effectiveness of various coal-cleaning procedures of removing pyrite. For example, trace element-rich pyrite has been shown to be more soluble than stoichiometric pyrite, and fragile fine-grained pyrite forms such as dendrites and framboids are more susceptible to dissolution and disaggregation but less amenable to removal during coal cleaning.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Journal of Coal Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.coal.2012.01.015","usgsCitation":"Diehl, S.F., Goldhaber, M., Koenig, A., Lowers, H., and Ruppert, L., 2012, Distribution of arsenic, selenium, and other trace elements in high pyrite Appalachian coals: evidence for multiple episodes of pyrite formation: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 94, p. 238-249, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2012.01.015.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"238","endPage":"249","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":291189,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":291188,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2012.01.015"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alabama;Kentucky;West Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Appalachian Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -88.25,33.21 ], [ -88.25,39.43 ], [ -79.66,39.43 ], [ -79.66,33.21 ], [ -88.25,33.21 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"94","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57f7f3c1e4b0bc0bec0a0b79","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Diehl, S. F.","contributorId":84780,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Diehl","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496788,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Goldhaber, M. B. 0000-0002-1785-4243","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1785-4243","contributorId":103280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldhaber","given":"M. B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496789,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Koenig, A.E. 0000-0002-5230-0924","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5230-0924","contributorId":23679,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koenig","given":"A.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496785,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lowers, H.A. 0000-0001-5360-9264","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5360-9264","contributorId":31843,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lowers","given":"H.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496786,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ruppert, L.F. 0000-0003-4990-0539","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4990-0539","contributorId":59043,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruppert","given":"L.F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496787,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70118333,"text":"70118333 - 2012 - Holocene seasonal variability inferred from multiple proxy records from Crevice Lake, Yellowstone National Park, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-28T13:53:32","indexId":"70118333","displayToPublicDate":"2013-07-28T13:49:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2996,"text":"Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology","printIssn":"0031-0182","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Holocene seasonal variability inferred from multiple proxy records from Crevice Lake, Yellowstone National Park, USA","docAbstract":"A 9400-yr-old record from Crevice Lake, a semi-closed alkaline lake in northern Yellowstone National Park, was analyzed for pollen, charcoal, geochemistry, mineralogy, diatoms, and stable isotopes to develop a nuanced understanding of Holocene environmental history in a region of northern Rocky Mountains that receives both summer and winter precipitation. The limited surface area, conical bathymetry, and deep water (> 31 m) of Crevice Lake create oxygen-deficient conditions in the hypolimnion and preserve annually laminated sediment (varves) for much of the record. Pollen data indicate that the watershed supported a closed Pinus-dominated forest and low fire frequency prior to 8200 cal yr BP, followed by open parkland until 2600 cal yr BP, and open mixed-conifer forest thereafter. Fire activity shifted from infrequent stand-replacing fires initially to frequent surface fires in the middle Holocene and stand-replacing events in recent centuries. Low values of δ18O suggest high winter precipitation in the early Holocene, followed by steadily drier conditions after 8500 cal yr BP. Carbonate-rich sediments before 5000 cal yr BP imply warmer summer conditions than after 5000 cal yr BP. High values of molybdenum (Mo), uranium (U), and sulfur (S) indicate anoxic bottom-waters before 8000 cal yr BP, between 4400 and 3900 cal yr BP, and after 2400 cal yr BP. The diatom record indicates extensive water-column mixing in spring and early summer through much of the Holocene, but a period between 2200 and 800 cal yr BP had strong summer stratification, phosphate limitation, and oxygen-deficient bottom waters. Together, the proxy data suggest wet winters, protracted springs, and warm effectively wet summers in the early Holocene and less snowpack, cool springs, warm dry summers in the middle Holocene. In the late Holocene, the region and lake experienced extreme changes in winter, spring, and summer conditions, with particularly short springs and dry summers and winters during the Roman Warm Period (~ 2000 cal yr BP) and Medieval Climate Anomaly (1200–800 cal yr BP). Long springs and mild summers occurred during the Little Ice Age, and these conditions persist to the present. Although the proxy data indicate effectively wet summer conditions in the early Holocene and drier conditions in the middle and late Holocene, none point specifically to changes in summer precipitation as the cause. Instead, summer conditions were governed by multi-seasonal controls on effective moisture that operated over multiple time scales.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.palaeo.2012.03.001","usgsCitation":"Whitlock, C., Dean, W.E., Fritz, S.C., Stevens, L.R., Stone, J., Power, M.J., Rosenbaum, J.R., Pierce, K.L., and Bracht-Flyr, B.B., 2012, Holocene seasonal variability inferred from multiple proxy records from Crevice Lake, Yellowstone National Park, USA: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 331-332, p. 90-103, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2012.03.001.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"90","endPage":"103","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":488287,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/geosciencefacpub/388","text":"External Repository"},{"id":291184,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":291183,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2012.03.001"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","otherGeospatial":"Crevice Lake","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -110.5799524,44.9991884 ], [ -110.5799524,45.0023427 ], [ -110.5759534,45.0023427 ], [ -110.5759534,44.9991884 ], [ -110.5799524,44.9991884 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"331-332","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57f7f3c1e4b0bc0bec0a0b7b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Whitlock, Cathy","contributorId":79745,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Whitlock","given":"Cathy","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6604,"text":"University of Oregon","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":496778,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dean, Walter E. dean@usgs.gov","contributorId":1801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dean","given":"Walter","email":"dean@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":496773,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fritz, Sherilyn C.","contributorId":30155,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fritz","given":"Sherilyn","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496775,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stevens, Lora R.","contributorId":34059,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stevens","given":"Lora","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496776,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Stone, Jeffery R.","contributorId":95501,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stone","given":"Jeffery R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Power, Mitchell J.","contributorId":79032,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Power","given":"Mitchell","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496777,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Rosenbaum, Joseph R.","contributorId":89461,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosenbaum","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496779,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Pierce, Kenneth L. kpierce@usgs.gov","contributorId":1609,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pierce","given":"Kenneth","email":"kpierce@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":547,"text":"Rocky Mountain Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":496772,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Bracht-Flyr, Brandi B.","contributorId":25877,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bracht-Flyr","given":"Brandi","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496774,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70118309,"text":"70118309 - 2012 - Distribution of potentially bioavailable natural organic carbon in aquifer sediments at a chloroethene-contaminated site","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-28T13:03:15","indexId":"70118309","displayToPublicDate":"2013-07-28T12:59:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2255,"text":"Journal of Environmental Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Distribution of potentially bioavailable natural organic carbon in aquifer sediments at a chloroethene-contaminated site","docAbstract":"The distribution of natural organic carbon was investigated at a chloroethene-contaminated site where complete reductive dechlorination of tetrachloroethene (PCE) to vinyl chloride and ethene was observed. In this study, operationally defined potentially bioavailable organic carbon (PBOC) was measured in surficial aquifer sediment samples collected at varying depths and locations in the vicinity of a dense nonaqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) source and aqueous phase plume. The relationship between chloroethene concentrations and PBOC levels was examined by comparing differences in extractable organic carbon in aquifer sediments with minimal chloroethene exposure relative to samples collected in the source zone. Using performance-monitoring data, direct correlations with PBOC were also developed with chloroethene concentrations in groundwater. Results show a logarithm-normal distribution for PBOC in aquifer sediments with a mean concentration of 187 mg/kg. PBOC levels in sediments obtained from the underlying confining unit were generally greater when compared to sediments collected in the sandy surficial aquifer. Results demonstrated a statistically significant inverse correlation (p=0.007) between PBOC levels in aquifer sediments and chloroethene concentrations for selected monitoring wells in which chloroethene exposure was the highest. Results from laboratory exposure assays also demonstrated that sediment samples exhibited a reduction in PBOC levels of 35% and 73%, respectively, after a 72-h exposure period to PCE (20,000 μg/L). These results support the notion that PBOC depletion in sediments may be expected in chloroethene-contaminated aquifers, which has potential implications for the long-term sustainability of monitored natural attenuation.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Environmental Engineering","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Civil Engineers","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0000597","usgsCitation":"Thomas, L., Widdowson, M., Chapelle, F.H., Novak, J., Boncal, J., and Lebron, C.A., 2012, Distribution of potentially bioavailable natural organic carbon in aquifer sediments at a chloroethene-contaminated site: Journal of Environmental Engineering, v. 139, no. 1, p. 54-60, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0000597.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"54","endPage":"60","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":291162,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":291160,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0000597"}],"country":"United States","state":"South Carolina","city":"Parris Island","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -80.710797,32.319317 ], [ -80.710797,32.338174 ], [ -80.678783,32.338174 ], [ -80.678783,32.319317 ], [ -80.710797,32.319317 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"139","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57f7f3c1e4b0bc0bec0a0b7d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thomas, L.K.","contributorId":66608,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"L.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496730,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Widdowson, M.A.","contributorId":46262,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Widdowson","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496729,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Chapelle, F. H.","contributorId":101697,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapelle","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496732,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Novak, J.T.","contributorId":86559,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Novak","given":"J.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496731,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Boncal, J.E.","contributorId":14309,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boncal","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496728,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Lebron, C. A.","contributorId":102810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lebron","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496733,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ]}