The Thomas Range and northern Drum Mountains have a history of volcanism, faulting, and mineralization that began about 42 m.y. ago. Volcanic activity and mineralization in the area can be divided into three stages according to the time-related occurrence of rock types, trace element associations, and chemical nature of mineralization. Volcanic activity switched abruptly from rhyodacite-quartz latite (42-39 m.y. ago) to rhyolite (38-32 m.y. ago) to alkali rhyolite stages (21 and 6-7 m.y. ago); these stages correspond to periods of chalcophile and siderophile metal mineralization, no mineralization, and lithophile metal mineralization, respectively. Angular unconformities record episodes of cauldron collapse and block faulting between the stages of volcanic activity and mineralization. The youngest angular unconformity formed between 21 and 7 m.y. ago during basin-and-range faulting.
Early rhyodacite-quartz latite volcanism from composite volcanoes and fissures produced flows, breccias, and ash-flow tuff of the Drum Mountains Rhyodacite and Mt. Laird Tuff. Eruption of the Mt. Laird Tuff about 39 m.y. ago from an area north of Joy townsite was accompanied by collapse of the Thomas caldera. Part of the roof of the magma chamber did not collapse, or the magma was resurgent, as is indicated by porphyry dikes and plugs in the Drum Mountains. Chalcophile and siderophile metal mineralization, including copper, gold, and manganese, accompanied early volcanism.
The middle stage of volcanic activity was characterized by explosive eruption of rhyolitic ash-flow tuffs and collapse of the Dugway Valley cauldron. Eruption of the Joy Tuff 38 m.y. ago was accompanied by subsidence of this cauldron and followed by collapse and sliding of Paleozoic rocks from the west wall of the cauldron. Landslides in The Dell were covered by the Dell Tuff, erupted 32 m.y. ago from an unknown source to the east. An ash-flow of the Needles Range Formation was erupted 30-31 m.y. ago, probably from a distant source outside the volcanic field. The rhyolitic stage of volcanism was barren of mineralization.
The last stage of volcanism was contemporaneous with basin-and-range faulting and was characterized by explosive eruption of ash and pumice, forming stratified tuff, and by quiet eruption of alkali rhyolite as viscous flows and domes. The first episode of alkali rhyolite volcanism deposited the beryllium tuff and porphyritic rhyolite members of the Spor Mountain Formation 21 m.y. ago. After a period of block faulting, the stratified tuff and alkali rhyolite of the Topaz Mountain Rhyolite were erupted 6-7 m.y. ago along faults and fault intersections. Erosion of Spor Mountain may have provided abundant dolomite detritus to the beryllium tuff member. The alkali rhyolite of both formations is fluorine-rich, as is evident from abundant topaz, and contains anomalous amounts of lithophile metals. Alkali rhyolite volcanism was accompanied by lithophile metal mineralization which deposited fluorite, beryllium, and uranium.
The structure of the area is dominated by the Thomas caldera, and the younger Dugway Valley cauldron, which is nested within the Thomas caldera; the Thomas caldera is surrounded by a rim of Paleozoic rocks at Spor Mountain and Paleozoic to Precambrian rocks in the Drum Mountains. The Joy fault and Dell fault system mark the ring fracture zone of the Thomas caldera. These structural features began to form about 39 m.y. ago during eruption of the Mt. Laird Tuff and cauldon subsidence. The Dugway Valley cauldron sank along a series of step-like normal faults southeast of Topaz Mountain in response to collapse of the magma chamber of the Joy Tuff. The caldera structure was modified by block faulting between 21 and 7 m.y. ago, the time of widespread extensional faulting in the basin-and-range province. Vents erupted alkali rhyolite 6-7 m.y. ago along basin-and-range faults.
Uranium mineralization was associated with the stage of alkali rhyolite volcanism, extensional basin-and-range faulting, and lithophile metal mineralization; it occurred at least 11 m.y. after the end of the caldera cycle. Uranium, derived from alkali rhyolite magma, was concentrated in trace amounts by magmatic fluids and in potentially economic amounts by hydrothermal fluids and ground water. Hydrothermal fluids deposited uraniferous fluorite as pipes in carbonate rocks of Paleozoic age on Spor Mountain and uranium-bearing disseminated deposits of fluorite and beryllium in the beryllium tuff member of the Spor Mountain Formation. Uranium of hydrothermal origin is dispersed in fluorite and opal. Uranium in fluorite may be tetravalent(?) but that in opal is probably hexavalent; no primary minerals of tetravalent uranium are known to occur. Ground waters have concentrated significant ores of hexavalent uranium minerals in the beryllium tuff member of the Spor Mountain Formation at the Yellow Chief Mine, and are probably also responsible for widespread low concentrations (0.0X percent) of uranium that occur separately from beryllium ore in the beryllium tuff member. More deposits of the Yellow Chief type may occur in down-faulted sections of beryllium tuff beneath the Thomas Range. The ground water ores show no evidence of a reducing environment; instead, precipitation of hexavalent uranium minerals occurred by evaporation, decline in concentration of complexing ions such as carbonate, or some other mechanism. Reducing environments for hydrothermal deposits must be sought around rhyolite vents and in a hypothesized pluton of alkali rhyolite composition beneath Spor Mountain; for ground-water deposits, reducing environments may occur in basin fill such as that of the Dugway Valley cauldron.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr791076","usgsCitation":"Lindsey, D., 1979, Preliminary report on Tertiary volcanism and uranium mineralization in the Thomas Range and northern Drum Mountains, Juab County, Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 79-1076, iii, 101 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr791076.","productDescription":"iii, 101 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":422914,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1076/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":144895,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1076/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","county":"Juab County","otherGeospatial":"Drum Mountains, Thomas Range","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -113.34409375798417,\n 39.76215545120101\n ],\n [\n -113.34409375798417,\n 39.453214061180944\n ],\n [\n -112.84421582829695,\n 39.453214061180944\n ],\n [\n -112.84421582829695,\n 39.76215545120101\n ],\n [\n -113.34409375798417,\n 39.76215545120101\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aafe4b07f02db66cb75","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lindsey, David Allen","contributorId":25155,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lindsey","given":"David Allen","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":160720,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":10996,"text":"ofr791094 - 1979 - Prediction of vertical displacements in a subsiding elastic layer: a model for subsidence in karst terrains","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:22","indexId":"ofr791094","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"79-1094","title":"Prediction of vertical displacements in a subsiding elastic layer: a model for subsidence in karst terrains","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr791094","usgsCitation":"Savage, W.Z., 1979, Prediction of vertical displacements in a subsiding elastic layer: a model for subsidence in karst terrains: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 79-1094, iii, 17 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr791094.","productDescription":"iii, 17 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":143365,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1094/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":38760,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1094/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b07e4b07f02db69ade8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Savage, William Z.","contributorId":107686,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savage","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"Z.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":162348,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":8222,"text":"ofr79414 - 1979 - Ground-water resources of Monroe County, Pennsylvania","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":8222,"text":"ofr79414 - 1979 - Ground-water resources of Monroe County, Pennsylvania","indexId":"ofr79414","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"title":"Ground-water resources of Monroe County, Pennsylvania"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":70047444,"text":"70047444 - 1979 - Geology and groundwater resources of Monroe County, Pennsylvania","indexId":"70047444","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"title":"Geology and groundwater resources of Monroe County, Pennsylvania"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":70047444,"text":"70047444 - 1979 - Geology and groundwater resources of Monroe County, Pennsylvania","indexId":"70047444","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"title":"Geology and groundwater resources of Monroe County, Pennsylvania"},"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-09T13:37:26","indexId":"ofr79414","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"79-414","title":"Ground-water resources of Monroe County, Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"Monroe County is on the eastern border of Pennsylvania and includes much of the area popularly called the Poconos. It is an area long used for outdoor recreation and includes a part of the Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area.
Water resources in the county are derived from precipitation. The Lehigh and Delaware Rivers, bordering the northwestern and southeastern parts, respectively, are the drains for surface-water and ground-water discharge and are essentially unused for water supply.
Water budgets were calculated for average conditions when annual precipitation is 45 in. Sixty percent of this or 27 in. runs off and 65 percent of that runoff or 17 in. moves through the ground-water reservoir. Evapotranspiration varies little between wet and dry years and averages 18 in.
Bedrock consists of Silurian and Devonian sedimentary rocks, which are intensely deformed by folding in the southeastern third of the county and are moderately deformed in the remainder. During the Pleistocene Epoch, glaciers repeatedly advanced across most of the county. The last of these advances deposited a terminal moraine that extends across the southwestern part of the county. The glaciers eroded pre-existing deposits, veneered the upland, and filled valleys with unconsolidated deposits that changed surface-water drainage and altered ground-water gradients.
Water occurs in fractures and solution openings in the consolidated rocks and in intergranular openings in the unconsolidated rocks and weathered calcareous sandstones. Water that reaches the water table moves down the hydraulic gradient to points of discharge, moving both laterally and vertically away from ground-water divides and toward streams. The thickness of the fresh-water system is 800 ft or more, but little water is yielded to wells by aquifers more than 500 ft below land surface. Ground-water recharge is 600 to 650 (gal/min)/mi2; and about 1.6 billion gallons per square mile is stored in the ground-water reservoir.
Currently the most productive wells are in consolidated-rock aquifers; however, specific-capacity data suggest that wells in the unconsolidated deposits have potentially larger yields. Well yield is affected primarily by the distribution, size, and interconnection of the water-bearing openings and by topographic location, available recharge, well-depth, location within the flow system, pumping rate and duration of pumping, and interference from other pumping wells. Potential yields of properly located, drilled, and developed wells have been calculated for the aquifers. The median yields calculated from specific capacity data from the unconsolidated deposits, are 200 gal/min; from the Bloomsburg Formation, 100 gal/min; and from the Poplar Gap Member of the Catskill Formation, 70 gal/min. Median yields of the other units range from 15 to 40 gal/min. In general, enough water for domestic use can be obtained throughout the county. Large-scale development and consumptive use of the ground water will diminish baseflow of the streams.
The temperature of water measured in wells ranges from 44° to 57°F and is largely dependent on altitude of the land surface and depth to the producing zone. Hardness of water in the noncarbonate rocks averages 3 to 4 grains per gallon, or about half that of the carbonate rocks. Water from most of the bedrock aquifers is low in dissolved solids, acidic, and soft. In carbonate rocks, the water tends to be hard and slightly alkaline. Excessive amounts of iron and manganese are encountered in water from the unconsolidated deposits and, locally, from the Catskill and Shawangunk Formations.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr79414","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Topographic and Geologic Survey, Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources","usgsCitation":"Carswell, L.D., and Lloyd, O.B., 1979, Ground-water resources of Monroe County, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 79-414, Report: 100 p.; 2 Plates: 53.19 x 41.58 inches and 56.43 x 41.52 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr79414.","productDescription":"Report: 100 p.; 2 Plates: 53.19 x 41.58 inches and 56.43 x 41.52 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":353263,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/0414/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":353264,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/0414/figure-2.pdf","text":"Figure 2","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":353265,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/0414/figure-3.pdf","text":"Figure 3","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":141330,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/0414/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"48000","country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","county":"Monroe County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -75.75,\n 40.75\n ],\n [\n -74.9,\n 40.75\n ],\n [\n -74.9,\n 41.3\n ],\n [\n -75.75,\n 41.3\n ],\n [\n -75.75,\n 40.75\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ae4b07f02db65d6ad","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carswell, Louis D.","contributorId":17259,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carswell","given":"Louis","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":157368,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lloyd, Orville B. Jr.","contributorId":47639,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lloyd","given":"Orville","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":157367,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":9901,"text":"ofr79253 - 1979 - Simulation of streamflow of Rock River at Lake Koshkonong, Wisconsin, to determine effects of withdrawal of powerplant-cooling water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-08T14:14:30","indexId":"ofr79253","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"79-253","title":"Simulation of streamflow of Rock River at Lake Koshkonong, Wisconsin, to determine effects of withdrawal of powerplant-cooling water","docAbstract":"A flow-routing model was used to simulate 44 years of stage data from Lake Koshkonong, Wis., and streamflow data from the Rock River downstream from the lake. The simulation was repeated for five possible degrees of consumptive use, ranging from zero to an annual average of 40 cubic feet per second. A minimum release rule was applied to the simulated operation of the dam at Indianford to guarantee at least the 7-day, 10-year low-flow discharge in the Rock River downstream from Lake Koshkonong.
\nThe simulated stage of Lake Koshkonong with consumptive use at 40 cubic feet per second was as much as 0.42 feet lower than the simulated stage with zero consumptive use for the same period. Duration of drawdown below the regulatory minimum stage of 11.8 feet, occurring once in 10 years, increased from 83 to 132 days as consumptive use increased from 0 to 40 cubic feet per second.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr79253","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","usgsCitation":"Krug, W.R., 1979, Simulation of streamflow of Rock River at Lake Koshkonong, Wisconsin, to determine effects of withdrawal of powerplant-cooling water: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 79-253, iv, 21 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr79253.","productDescription":"iv, 21 p. ","numberOfPages":"26","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":37695,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/0253/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":142895,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/0253/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","county":"Dane County, Dodge County, Jefferson County, Rock County","city":"Afton, Indian Ford, McFarland, Milford, Watertown","otherGeospatial":"Crawfish River, Lake Koshkonong, Rock River, Yahara River","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-89.3689,42.8484],[-89.3688,42.8575],[-89.4832,42.858],[-89.6026,42.8575],[-89.7196,42.8587],[-89.8377,42.8598],[-89.8375,42.9471],[-89.8386,43.0317],[-89.8384,43.1181],[-89.8394,43.205],[-89.8325,43.2123],[-89.825,43.2187],[-89.8175,43.226],[-89.8125,43.2342],[-89.8088,43.2369],[-89.8012,43.2365],[-89.7874,43.2356],[-89.771,43.237],[-89.7579,43.2379],[-89.7529,43.2443],[-89.7485,43.2507],[-89.7391,43.2548],[-89.7259,43.2644],[-89.7171,43.2739],[-89.714,43.2821],[-89.7165,43.2867],[-89.7235,43.2935],[-89.7209,43.2935],[-89.6008,43.2932],[-89.4819,43.2942],[-89.3617,43.2954],[-89.3624,43.2832],[-89.246,43.2834],[-89.1271,43.2827],[-89.0094,43.286],[-89.0088,43.3738],[-89.0038,43.3737],[-89.0044,43.4616],[-89.0063,43.548],[-89.007,43.6332],[-88.8862,43.6336],[-88.7654,43.633],[-88.6763,43.6334],[-88.6447,43.6332],[-88.6238,43.6326],[-88.6124,43.6325],[-88.522,43.6323],[-88.4013,43.6309],[-88.4008,43.5435],[-88.4008,43.4598],[-88.4017,43.3701],[-88.4187,43.3703],[-88.4187,43.2856],[-88.4183,43.1964],[-88.5401,43.1978],[-88.5407,43.111],[-88.5407,43.0232],[-88.5413,42.9341],[-88.5413,42.8445],[-88.66,42.8453],[-88.7757,42.8455],[-88.7753,42.7587],[-88.7744,42.6728],[-88.774,42.5855],[-88.7737,42.4958],[-88.9385,42.4984],[-88.9798,42.4989],[-89.0467,42.4997],[-89.154,42.501],[-89.2345,42.5018],[-89.2705,42.5021],[-89.3185,42.5024],[-89.3645,42.5029],[-89.3656,42.5907],[-89.3656,42.5998],[-89.3667,42.677],[-89.3666,42.6906],[-89.3671,42.7607],[-89.3677,42.7743],[-89.3689,42.8484]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Dane\",\"state\":\"WI\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f7e4b07f02db5f20a2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Krug, William R.","contributorId":53381,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krug","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":160484,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":13204,"text":"ofr80167 - 1979 - The brightness of lights on Earth at night, digitally recorded by DMSP satellite","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-09T15:14:50","indexId":"ofr80167","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"80-167","title":"The brightness of lights on Earth at night, digitally recorded by DMSP satellite","docAbstract":"The U.S. Air Force has operated its Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) for nearly a decade, and film images from the system have been openly available since 1973. Films are well suited for the study of weather, and users of such films have derived much useful data. For many potential remote sensing applications, however, a quantitative measurement of the brightness of the imaged light patterns is needed, and it cannot be extracted with adequte accuracy from the films. Such information is contained in the telemetry from the spacecraft and is retained on digital tapes, which store the images for a few days while they await filming. For practical reasons, it has not heretofore been feasible for the Air Force to provide a remote-sensing user with these digital data, and the quantitative brightness information has been lost with the erasure of tapes for re-use.
For the purpose of evaluation of tapes as a means for remote sensing, the Air Force recently did provide to the author six examples containing records of nighttime DMSP imagery similar to that which has previously 1 been evaluated by SRI International in a film format. The digital data create many new applications for these images, owing to a combination of several factors, the most important of which are the preservation of photometric information and of full spatial resolution. In this evaluation, stress has been placed upon determination of the broad potential value of the data rather than the full exploitation of any one aspect of it. The effort was guided by an objective to develop handling methods for the vast body of numbers--methods which will be practical for use in a research or engineering environment where budgets are limited, and specialized capabilities and image reproduction equipment has not already been developed. We report the degree of success obtained in this effort, pointing out the relative strengths and the relative limitations, as compared to the sophisticated, weather-oriented data processing which is well suited for the Air Force requirements.
Both geometric and photometric calibration methods are evaluated. An image can be considered as a 3-dimensional array, X, Y, Z, in which X and Y are the coordinates of a picture element (pixel) and Z is the brightness at that location. A method of approach to handling these parameters, particularly Y and Z, is developed in a form quite different from that which serves the operational applications.
The user of digital data will need the film images which are generated by the Air Force from the same data as is provided on digital tape. In the first stages of analysis, the films provide both a convenient index and a guide to identification of large patterns in the data. Additionally, the infrared (8 to 13 0 film provides a valuable indicator of cloud cover.
Two general conclusions are drawn from this study. Firstly, the digital DMSP data have great potential value but their cost, in terms of the interruption of the present operational routine, is quite high. Therefore, if a program is undertaken to provide for the open availability of an archive of digital records, great care must be exercised in selecting only those records which have unusually high value in order that the effort will be cost-effective. Secondly, it is concluded that several aspects of the program, well designed for Air Force operational purposes, are not adapted to earth-sensing needs. This is probably inevitable, since the two applications are largely different and in some ways incompatible. For example, the nighttime visual sensor saturates in the center of major cities and in moderately large fires (such as gas flares). This saturation prevents the analyst from integrating photometric parameters. For weather observation, this inability is unimportant, and acceptance of such saturation makes feasible a decrease in the data rate.
Such limitations in the data will probably be overcome only through modifying the existing system or the implementation of a similar system designed specifically to serve earth-sensing needs.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr80167","usgsCitation":"Croft, T.A., 1979, The brightness of lights on Earth at night, digitally recorded by DMSP satellite: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 80-167, vi, 57 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr80167.","productDescription":"vi, 57 p.","numberOfPages":"66","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":341010,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1980/0167/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":146748,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1980/0167/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aaae4b07f02db66963d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Croft, Thomas A.","contributorId":33328,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Croft","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":167400,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":9883,"text":"ofr79844 - 1979 - Geology and porphyry copper-type alteration-mineralization of igneous rocks at the Christmas Mine, Gila County, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:10","indexId":"ofr79844","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"79-844","title":"Geology and porphyry copper-type alteration-mineralization of igneous rocks at the Christmas Mine, Gila County, Arizona","docAbstract":"The Christmas copper deposit, located in southern Gila County, Arizona, is part of the major porphyry copper province of southwestern North America. Although Christmas is known for skarn deposits in Paleozoic carbonate rocks, ore-grade porphyry-type copper mineralization also occurs in a composite granodioritic intrusive complex and adjacent mafic volcanic country rocks. This study considers the nature, distribution, and genesis of alteration-mineralization in the igneous rock environment at Christmas. \r\n\r\nAt the southeast end of the Dripping Spring Mountains, the Pennsylvanian Naco Limestone is unconformably overlain by the Cretaceous Williamson Canyon Volcanics, a westward-thinning sequence of basaltic volcanic breccia and lava flows, and subordinate clastic sedimentary rocks. Paleozoic and Mesozoic strata are intruded by Laramide-age dikes, sills, and small stocks of hornblende andesite porphyry and hornblende rhyodacite porphyry, and the mineralized Christmas intrusive complex. \r\n\r\nRocks of the elongate Christmas stock, intruded along an east-northeast-trending fracture zone, are grouped into early, veined quartz diorite (Dark Phase), biotite granodiorite porphyry (Light Phase), and granodiorite; and late, unveined dacite porphyry and granodiorite porphyry. Biotite rhyodacite porphyry dikes extending east and west from the vicinity of the stock are probably coeval with biotite granodiorite porphyry. Accumulated normal displacement of approximately 1 km along the northwest-trending Christmas-Joker fault system has juxtaposed contrasting levels (lower, intrusive-carbonate rock environment and upper, intrusive-volcanic rock environment) within the porphyry copper system. \r\n\r\nK-Ar age determinations and whole-rock chemical analyses of the major intrusive rock types indicate that Laramide calc-alkaline magmatism and ore deposition at Christmas evolved over an extended period from within the Late Cretaceous (~75-80 m.y. ago) to early Paleocene (~63-61 m.y. ago). The sequence of igneous rocks is progressively more alkaline and silicic from basalt to granodiorite. Early (Stage I) chalcopyrite-bornite (-molybdenite) mineralization and genetically related K-silicate alteration are centered on the Christmas stock. K-silicate alteration is manifested by pervasive hornblende-destructive biotitization in the stock, biotitization of basaltic volcanic wall rocks, and a continuous stockwork of K-feldspar veinlets and quartz-K-feldspar veins in the stock and quartz-sulfide veins in volcanic rocks. Younger (Stage II) pyrite-chalcopyrite mineralization and quartz-sericite-chlorite alteration occur in a zone overlapping with but largely peripheral to the zone of Stage I stockwork veins. Within the Christmas intrusive complex, K-silicate-altered rocks in the central stock are flanked east and west by zones of fracture-controlled quartz-sericite alteration and strong pyritization. In volcanic rocks quartz-chlorite-pyrite-chalcopyrite veins are superimposed on earlier biotitization and crosscut Stage I quartz-sulfide veins. Beyond the zones of quartz-sericite alteration, biotite rhyodacite porphyry dikes contain the propylitic alteration assemblage epidote-chlorite-albite-sphene.\r\n\r\nChemical analyses indicate the following changes during pervasive alteration of igneous rocks: (1) addition of Si, K, H, S, and Cu, and loss of Fe 3+ and Ca during intense biotitization of basalt; (2) loss of Na and Ca, increase of Fe3+/Fe2+, and strong H-metasomatism during sericitization of quartz diorite; and (3) increase in Ca, Na, and Fe3+/Fe2+, and loss of K during intense propylitization of biotite rhyodacite porphyry dikes. Thorough biotitization of biotite granodiorite porphyry in the Christmas stock was largely an isochemical process. \r\n\r\nFluid-inclusion petrography reveals that Stage I veins are characterized by low to moderate populations of moderate-salinity and gas-rich inclusions, and sparse but ubiquitous halite-bearing inclusions. Moderate-salinity an","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr79844","usgsCitation":"Koski, R.A., 1979, Geology and porphyry copper-type alteration-mineralization of igneous rocks at the Christmas Mine, Gila County, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 79-844, xiii, 196 p. :ill., maps (6 fold. in pocket) ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr79844.","productDescription":"xiii, 196 p. :ill., maps (6 fold. in pocket) ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":140949,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/0844/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":37671,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/0844/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":37672,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/0844/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":37673,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/0844/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":37674,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/0844/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":37675,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/0844/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":37676,"rank":405,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/0844/plate-6.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":37677,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/0844/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad6e4b07f02db6842d2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Koski, Randolph A. rkoski@usgs.gov","contributorId":2949,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koski","given":"Randolph","email":"rkoski@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":160452,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":10994,"text":"ofr79768 - 1979 - A model of the strain response of Barre Granite to wetting and drying","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-03T18:27:28.382312","indexId":"ofr79768","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"79-768","title":"A model of the strain response of Barre Granite to wetting and drying","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr79768","usgsCitation":"Savage, W.Z., 1979, A model of the strain response of Barre Granite to wetting and drying: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 79-768, i, 17 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr79768.","productDescription":"i, 17 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":143363,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/0768/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":393764,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/0768/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6adf69","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Savage, William Z.","contributorId":107686,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savage","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"Z.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":162346,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":12757,"text":"ofr79929 - 1979 - U.S. Geological Survey seismic engineering data report, 1974-75 records; strong-motion earthquake accelerograms digitization and analysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-18T15:58:06.068424","indexId":"ofr79929","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"79-929","title":"U.S. Geological Survey seismic engineering data report, 1974-75 records; strong-motion earthquake accelerograms digitization and analysis","docAbstract":"This is the fourth of a series of reports planned to include the results of digitization and routine analyses of strong-motion earthquake accelerograms published by the U.S. Geological Survey. Serving as a model for this effort is the collection of data reports published by the Earthquake Engineering Research Laboratory of the California Institute of Technology during the years 1969 - 1975 and covering the significant records of the period from 1933 up to the San Fernando earthquake of February 9, 1971. Earlier reports in the present series have covered records from 1971, Peru, and 1972 (USGS Open File Report Nos. 76-609, 77-587, and 78-941, respectively). The present report includes a selection of 1974 and 1975 records.
No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr791613","usgsCitation":"Campbell, D.L., 1979, Texas Instruments Model 59 hand-calculator program to calculate theoretical MT planewave soundings over a structure of up to 10 horizontal layers: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 79-1613, 6 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr791613.","productDescription":"6 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":420751,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1613/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":140616,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1613/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad6e4b07f02db6842c2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Campbell, David L.","contributorId":95447,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Campbell","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":157273,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":25966,"text":"wri793 - 1979 - Regional stochastic generation of streamflows using an ARIMA (1,0,1) process and disaggregation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-07T08:33:41","indexId":"wri793","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"79-3","title":"Regional stochastic generation of streamflows using an ARIMA (1,0,1) process and disaggregation","docAbstract":"An ARIMA (1,0,1) model was calibrated and used to generate long annual flow sequences at three sites in the Juniata River basin, Pennsylvania. The model preserves the mean, variance, and cross correlations of the observed station data. In addition, it has a desirable blend of both high and low frequency characteristics and therefore is capable of preserving the Hurst coefficient, h. The generated annual flows are disaggregated into monthly sequences using a modification of the Valencia-Schaake model. The low-flow frequency and flow duration characteristics of the generated monthly flows, with length equal to the historical data, compare favorably with the historical data. Once the models were verified, 100-year sequences were generated and analyzed for their low flow characteristics. One-, three- and six- month low-flow frequencies at recurrence intervals greater than 10 years are generally found to be lower than flow computed from the historical flows. A method is proposed for synthesizing flows at ungaged sites. (Kosco-USGS)
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri793","collaboration":"Prepared in collaboration with the Susquehanna River Basin Committee","usgsCitation":"Armbruster, J.T., 1979, Regional stochastic generation of streamflows using an ARIMA (1,0,1) process and disaggregation: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 79-3, vi, 54 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri793.","productDescription":"vi, 54 p.","numberOfPages":"63","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":157927,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri793.PNG"},{"id":310277,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1979/0003/report.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c474","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Armbruster, Jeffrey T.","contributorId":37707,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Armbruster","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195558,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":9709,"text":"ofr791200 - 1979 - Mesozoic stratigraphy: the key to tectonic analysis of southern and central Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-27T22:37:17.642594","indexId":"ofr791200","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"79-1200","title":"Mesozoic stratigraphy: the key to tectonic analysis of southern and central Alaska","docAbstract":"Southern and central Alaska constitutes an enormous tectonic mosaic composed of separate structural blocks and fragments that accreted to North America during Mesozoic and early Cenozoic time. Some of these blocks are far traveled, as shown by paleomagnetic and paleontologic studies. More than 25 discrete tectonostratigraphic terranes now are known, each of which exhibits a characteristic internal stratigraphic sequence that differs markedly from that of neighboring terranes.
Lower Mesozoic rocks, which are widely distributed in these terranes, provide the most complete information for analyzing regional depositional and structural patterns. Sedimentary and volcanic facies of this age include: nonmarine red beds with minor intercalated basalt flows; extensive subaerial plateau basalt flows; shallow marine sandstone, conglomerate, and siltstone; inner to outer platform carbonate rocks; deep-water limestone, chert, cherty crystal tuff, and argillite; pillow basalt with associated deep-water volcaniclastic sedimentary rocks; and andesitic flows, tuffs, and volcanoclastic rocks with marine fossils. No systematic depositional patterns are perceived that indicate that these contrasting facies were deposited in their present structural positions; instead, large-scale tectonic juxtaposition is required.
The dominant structures produced during accretion were thrust faults that were modified by concurrent and later strike-slip faults. Some terranes may be enormous nappes, but much more detailed stratigraphic and structural studies are needed, with emphasis on the age and stratigraphy of deep-water siliceous and carbonate rocks, before the complex history of deposition and subsequent accretion can be adequately elucidated.
Seventy-nine sediment samples from the central Brooks Range were analyzed for grain-size distribution, shape and composition of grains, and other physical properties. Four statistical measures (sorting, mean diameter, skewness, and kurtosis) were then computed for the sand-to-clay size fraction of all samples.
Fan sediments resemble the other alluvial-gravel deposits in consisting of sand and gravel from which very fine sand and the smaller size fractions have been removed by running water. Sorting and rounding of particles is best at the distal ends of large fans. Modern alluvium is better sorted than most fan deposits, with more rounded clasts and generally higher ratios of sand to gravel. Other alluvial deposits from terraces and heavily dissected erosion remnants generally are comparable to modern alluvium. All classes of alluvial gravel are characterized by removal of fines and by decreasing values of mean 0, kurtosis, and skewness as sorting increases. Most samples also have high clay/silt ratios that probably were caused by deflation on windswept bars and floodplains.
Lacustrine deposits have clay percentages ranging from about 85 to 35, with silt predominant in more than one-half of the samples. Several samples contain sand and gravel that presumably were ice rafted. Clay-sized particles are unweathered mineral grains, implying that glacial abrasion was their primary source.
Flow-slide deposits are very poorly sorted mixtures of gravel, sand, and silt, with clay content averaging only about one percent. Clasts consist of angular fragments of local bedrock, usually schist and phyllite, and matrix materials usually are highly micaceous. Although related flow types, a mud-flow and a debris-flow in till, are generally similar to flow-slide deposits, the mudflow has been modified by running water and the debris flow reflects the composition of its parent till. Other colluvial deposits commonly have high silt and low clay contents, but one solifluction deposit has abundant clay derived from till. Several of the flow-slides and other colluvial deposits are polygenetic, having undergone several episodes of flow that incorporated different types of sediment.
Sand deposits include silty floodplain and basin-fill deposits as well as five relatively pure and well sorted dunal and river-bar sands. The silt-rich deposits probably contain large amounts of loess that fell into late-Pleistocene basin fillings and muskegs and later was redeposited on Holocene floodplains. The five dunal and bar sands are dominantly medium to fine sand; relatively well sorted, symmetric to coarse skewed, and leptokurtic. The dunal sands can be distinguished by the presence of very fine sand: wind apparently is less effective than flowing water in removing the finest sand fraction.
The glacial deposits consist of till, ice-content stratified drift, and outwash. Till is a poorly sorted mixed sediment that resembles many flow de-posits but typically contains more clay. Two clay-deficient tills resemble fan deposits, implying effective washing by meltwater during glacial transport or deposition of these deposits. The ice-contact stratified drift varies in character from fan-like gravel deposits to sand accumulations nearly as well sorted as those of river bars. Almost all samples reflect some restriction in washing of fines by meltwater, probably owing to irregular topography and resulting poor drainage on and around stagnating glaciers. Most outwash deposits have less fine sand than modern alluvium, probably reflecting the generally high energy of glacial meltwater streams and the absence of vegetation from their floodplains. Samples from the southern Brooks Range are better sorted than those from northern Brooks Range valleys, and their statistical values lie close to those of modern alluvium.
Comparisons between the different classes of sediments are facilitated by combining them into (1) gravel, (2) sand, silt, and clay, and (3) mixed deposits. Deposits of unknown or uncertain origin may then be compared directly against sediments from modern streams, dunes, flow-slides and other known sources, and alternative origins of aberrant samples in each of the sediment classes can also be examined. Several samples that initially were classed as fan, lacustrine, or glacial proved to be mixed deposits created by frost-churning, frost-lifting of stones, flowage down faces of river bluffs, and other postdepositional processes.
Sorting and mean ϕ of matrix materials were useful in distinguishing the different sediment classes, separating them into contrasting subgroups, and identifying atypical samples. Skewness and kurtosis were generally less useful in this study.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr79228","usgsCitation":"Hamilton, T.D., Trexler, J., and McCalpin, J., 1979, Analyses of surficial deposits, central Brooks Range, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 79-228, iv, 95 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr79228.","productDescription":"iv, 95 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":425672,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/0228/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":150755,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/0228/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Brooks Range","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -161.26152963188818,\n 68.52322762665835\n ],\n [\n -161.26152963188818,\n 67.19731766361306\n ],\n [\n -143.62139800284058,\n 67.19731766361306\n ],\n [\n -143.62139800284058,\n 68.52322762665835\n ],\n [\n -161.26152963188818,\n 68.52322762665835\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad0e4b07f02db680d46","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hamilton, Thomas D.","contributorId":91474,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hamilton","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":180495,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Trexler, James H.","contributorId":85612,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trexler","given":"James H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":180494,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McCalpin, James","contributorId":72005,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCalpin","given":"James","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":180493,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5637,"text":"pp1052 - 1979 - A study of global sand seas","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":8927,"text":"ofr78405 - 1978 - Techniques for the evaluation of surface wind data in terms of eolian sand drift","indexId":"ofr78405","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"title":"Techniques for the evaluation of surface wind data in terms of eolian sand drift"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":5637,"text":"pp1052 - 1979 - A study of global sand seas","indexId":"pp1052","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"title":"A study of global sand seas"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-12T14:20:03","indexId":"pp1052","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1052","title":"A study of global sand seas","docAbstract":"The birth of the idea that led to this publication on \"Global Sand Seas\" dates back to the late 1920's. At that time I was engaged in a study of the Coconino Sandstone of Arizona's Grand Canyon. Considerable controversy existed then as to whether this sandstone was a subaqueous deposit or was composed of wind-formed dunes. It became apparent that definitive literature was sparse or lacking on types of dunes, global distribution of these types, the mechanics of their development, the precise nature of their internal structure of cross-stratificiation, and the relation of wind systems to these sand forms. Especially lacking were data on criteria that could confidently be used in the recognition of ancient dunes.
The common denominator in this publication is eolian sand bodies. Although the book is concerned primarily with desert sand seas, the subject matter is not restricted to deserts; it includes many references to deposits of coastal sand and to sand bodies in humid climates. Nor does the book deal exclusively with dunes, which, according to most definitions, involve mounds or hills. Many references are made to sand sheets, sand stringers, and other types of sand deposits that have no prominent topographic expression. All sand bodies accumulated by the action of wind are discussed.
Chapters A-J of this publication are primarily topical. Chapters cover the grain texture, the color, and the structure of modern dunes and other eolian sands. Special treatment is given to the relation of wind data to dune interpretation, the evolution of form in current-deposited sand bodies as determined from experimental studies, and the discriminant analysis technique for differentiating between coastal and inland desert sands. This topical part of the publication also includes an analysis of criteria used in ancient deposits to interpret their eolian genesis and a consideration of economic application of the principles described, including a discussion of potentials and problems associated with eolian hydrocarbon reservoirs. The final chapters present a discussion of the morphology and distribution of dunes as determined largely from Landsat images.
Chapter K of the publication is devoted to descriptions of major sand seas based largely on thematic maps derived from Landsat (ERTS) mosaics. Although inclusion herein of the actual mosaics proved to be impractical, the maps derived from them do show the distribution and abundance of various dune types and the relations of these types to certain associated features, such as bedrock, water bodies, and juxtaposed dunes. Furthermore, sand roses included with each of these maps enable the user to draw conclusions on the probable relations of wind strength and direction to dune type in a particular area.
Regional studies (chapter K) were a team effort. Analysis of the Landsat (ERTS) mosaics and mapping boundaries of individual dune types were by Carol Breed. Synthesis of the rather voluminous literature and preparation of abstracts covering it was by Camilla MacCauley. Actual preparation of maps was by Franci Lennartz and later by Sarah Andrews. The gathering of data on wind, the calculation of wind roses, and the interpretation of their relations to sand bodies were by Steven Fryberger, assisted by Gary Dean.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/pp1052","usgsCitation":"1979, A study of global sand seas: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1052, ix, 429 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1052.","productDescription":"ix, 429 p.","numberOfPages":"439","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":122640,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1052/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":32135,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1052/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b17e4b07f02db6a61c2","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"McKee, Edwin D.","contributorId":60207,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKee","given":"Edwin","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":725490,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":8173,"text":"ofr791662 - 1979 - Texas Instruments Model 59 hand-calculator program for interpretation of refraction seismic data over up to four dipping layers","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":8173,"text":"ofr791662 - 1979 - Texas Instruments Model 59 hand-calculator program for interpretation of refraction seismic data over up to four dipping layers","indexId":"ofr791662","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"title":"Texas Instruments Model 59 hand-calculator program for interpretation of refraction seismic data over up to four dipping layers"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":70047795,"text":"70047795 - 1981 - Refraction programs: four or fewer dipping seismic refractors--interpretation","indexId":"70047795","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"title":"Refraction programs: four or fewer dipping seismic refractors--interpretation"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":70047795,"text":"70047795 - 1981 - Refraction programs: four or fewer dipping seismic refractors--interpretation","indexId":"70047795","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"title":"Refraction programs: four or fewer dipping seismic refractors--interpretation"},"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-01T15:37:07","indexId":"ofr791662","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"79-1662","title":"Texas Instruments Model 59 hand-calculator program for interpretation of refraction seismic data over up to four dipping layers","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr791662","usgsCitation":"Campbell, D.L., 1979, Texas Instruments Model 59 hand-calculator program for interpretation of refraction seismic data over up to four dipping layers: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 79-1662, 8 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr791662.","productDescription":"8 p. ","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":367543,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1662/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":140615,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1662/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad7e4b07f02db684640","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Campbell, David L.","contributorId":95447,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Campbell","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":157272,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":9596,"text":"ofr791280 - 1979 - Results of transient simulations of a digital model of the Arikaree Aquifer near Wheatland, southeastern Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:14","indexId":"ofr791280","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"79-1280","title":"Results of transient simulations of a digital model of the Arikaree Aquifer near Wheatland, southeastern Wyoming","docAbstract":"Revised ground-water pumpage data have been imposed on a ground-water flow model previously developed for the Arikaree aquifer in a 400 square-mile area in central Platte County, Wyo. Maximum permitted annual ground-water withdrawals of 750 acre-feet for industrial use were combined with three irrigation-pumping scenarios to predict the long-term effects on ground-water levels and streamflows. Total annual ground-water withdrawals of 8,806 acre-feet, 8,033 acre-feet, and 5,045 acre-feet were predicted to produce average water-level declines of 5 feet or more over areas of 99, 96, and 68 square miles, respectively, at the end of a 40-year simulation period. The first two pumping scenarios were predicted to produce average drawdowns of more than 50 feet over areas of 1.5 and 0.8 square miles, respectively, while the third scenario resulted in average drawdowns of less than 50 feet throughout the study area. In addition, these three pumping scenarios were predicted to cause streamflow reductions of 2.6, 2.0, and 1.4 cubic feet per second, respectively, in the Laramie River and 4.9, 4.7, and 3.7 cubic feet per second, respectively, in the North Laramie River at the end of the 40-year simulation period. (Kosco-USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S .Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr791280","isbn":"pbk","usgsCitation":"Hoxie, D.T., 1979, Results of transient simulations of a digital model of the Arikaree Aquifer near Wheatland, southeastern Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 79-1280, v, 26 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr791280.","productDescription":"v, 26 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":142139,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1280/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":37325,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1280/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a18e4b07f02db605546","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hoxie, Dwight T.","contributorId":77531,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoxie","given":"Dwight","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":159972,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":9595,"text":"ofr8015 - 1979 - Projected effects of intermittent changes in withdrawal of water from the Arikaree Aquifer near Wheatland, southeastern Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:14","indexId":"ofr8015","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"80-15","title":"Projected effects of intermittent changes in withdrawal of water from the Arikaree Aquifer near Wheatland, southeastern Wyoming","docAbstract":"Effects on streamflows and ground-water levels attributable to a proposed intermittent change in use and sites of withdrawal of 3 ,146 acre-feet of water from the Arikaree aquifer in central Platte County, WY, are assessed with a previously developed ground-water flow model. This water has been permitted for agricultural use by the State of Wyoming, and under the proposal would supplement, when needed, existing industrial surface- and ground-water supplies for the Laramie River Station of the Missouri Basin Power Project. Under a scenario wherein the supplemental industrial usage occurs in every 10th year commencing in 1980, the model predicts a cumulative streamflow-depletion rate in the Laramie and North Laramie Rivers of 7.7 cubic feet per second in the year 2020 compared to a rate of 6.9 cubic feet per second that is predicted if the intermittent industrial usage does not occur. Areas in which drawdowns relative to the simulated 1973 head configuration exceed 5, 10, 25, and 50 feet are predicted to be 107, 78, 38, and 2 square miles, respectively, in 2020 under the intermittent-usage scenario compared to corresponding areas of 104, 76, 36, and 2 square miles that are predicted if the intermittent industrial usage does not occur. (USGS).","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr8015","usgsCitation":"Hoxie, D.T., 1979, Projected effects of intermittent changes in withdrawal of water from the Arikaree Aquifer near Wheatland, southeastern Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 80-15, vi, 43 p. maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr8015.","productDescription":"vi, 43 p. maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":142138,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1980/0015/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":37324,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1980/0015/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ae4b07f02db65d9c8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hoxie, Dwight T.","contributorId":77531,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoxie","given":"Dwight","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":159971,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":19249,"text":"ofr79938 - 1979 - Preliminary geology of the Blacktail Mountain drilling site, Flathead County, Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:31","indexId":"ofr79938","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"79-938","title":"Preliminary geology of the Blacktail Mountain drilling site, Flathead County, Montana","docAbstract":"Five argillitic green beds that alternate with six argillitic purple beds in the upper part of the Spokane Formation of the Belt Supergroup of Proterozoic Y age were sampled by 22 shallow core holes. The holes were drilled on a hexagonal pattern over an area about 50 m wide and 150 m long to obtain detailed information on environment of deposition and distribution of anomalous amounts of copper sulfides visible in outcrop, as well as to obtain samples for study of the geochemistry, isotope geology, mineralogy, and physical properties of the rocks and sulfide occurrences. Preliminary megascopic examination of the cores suggests that the purple and green colors represent original oxidizing and reducing environments of deposition on a relatively stable tidal flat and shallow shelf. Two of the five green beds contain zones of copper sulfides, largely bornite and chalcocite with trace amounts of chalcopyrite and covellite. The zones vary somewhat in thickness and stratigraphic position within the mineralized green beds. This report covers only the preliminary results of the ongoing multiple intensive studies of the drilling site and cores. These studies are part of an attempt to develop a model for green-bed copper- silver occurrences in Belt rocks of Proterozoic age. The model is needed to aid appraisal of the mineral potential of these mineral occurrences that are common in much of the 120,000 km2 of Belt terrane.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr79938","usgsCitation":"Harrison, J.E., and Reynolds, M.W., 1979, Preliminary geology of the Blacktail Mountain drilling site, Flathead County, Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 79-938, ii, 36 p., 1 over-size sheet :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr79938.","productDescription":"ii, 36 p., 1 over-size sheet :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":151425,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/0938/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":48708,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/0938/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":48709,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/0938/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abce4b07f02db673698","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harrison, Jack Edward","contributorId":49778,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harrison","given":"Jack","email":"","middleInitial":"Edward","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":180558,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reynolds, Mitchell W. 0000-0002-9966-3896 mwreynol@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9966-3896","contributorId":4641,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reynolds","given":"Mitchell","email":"mwreynol@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":180557,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":11737,"text":"ofr791519 - 1979 - The Jabal Ishmas-Wadi Tathlith gold belt, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:40","indexId":"ofr791519","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"79-1519","title":"The Jabal Ishmas-Wadi Tathlith gold belt, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","docAbstract":"The Jabal Ishmas-Wadi Tathlith gold belt is a north-south zone of numerous ancient gold mines in the southeastern Precambrian shield of Saudi Arabia, extending along long 43?30'E. between lat 18?N. and 21?30'N., a distance of about 390 km. The gold belt coincides with a major zone of faulting, shearing, and alteration. The fault zone and most of the gold mines occur within a belt of layered metavolcanic and metavolcaniclastic rocks that is situated between a continuous belt of gneissic rocks to the west and a discontinuous belt of gneissic rocks to the east. Layered rocks are slightly to highly metamorphosed andesitic to dacitic volcanic rocks intercalated with volcaniclastic sediments. Massive volcanic rocks predominate in the southern and very northern parts of the belt whereas medium- to fine-grained sedimentary rocks and volcaniclastic rocks, in part younger than the massive volcanic rocks, predominate in the central portions. \r\n\r\nThere are five geographic groups of ancient gold mines in the belt, each of which contain deposits that are probably genetically related and are typical of that group. These deposits are hydrothermal in nature and are in or next to quartz veins, quartz breccia zones, or quartz stringer zones. A few of the deposits are spatially related to felsic dikes or small bodies of gabbro but most are in quartz veins of regional systems. \r\n\r\nIn order to facilitate evaluation of individual deposits, a model was developed to determine the potential resource of each deposit. The model was developed from historical data and utilizes geologic parameters and analyses of waste dump samples to give an optimum potential resource tonnage and grade. Although these are only estimates based upon present exposures and limited analytical data, the results indicate that the deposits in the gold belt have limited economic potential. A majority of the prospects evaluated are small deposits, each estimated to contain less than 50,000 tons of gold ore. Twelve of the prospects are estimated to contain deposits ranging from 50,000 to 400,000 tons of ore at grades ranging from 7 to 32 grams per ton (g/t).","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr791519","usgsCitation":"Worl, R., 1979, The Jabal Ishmas-Wadi Tathlith gold belt, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 79-1519, ii, 112 p., 4 over-size sheets ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr791519.","productDescription":"ii, 112 p., 4 over-size sheets ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":145774,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1519/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":39624,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1519/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":39625,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1519/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":39626,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1519/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":39627,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1519/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":39628,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1519/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0de4b07f02db5fd171","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Worl, Ronald G.","contributorId":87143,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Worl","given":"Ronald G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":163643,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":11694,"text":"ofr791165 - 1979 - Availability of ground water on Federal land near the Ak-Chin Indian Reservation, Arizona— A reconnaissance study","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-10T22:28:07.382603","indexId":"ofr791165","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"79-1165","title":"Availability of ground water on Federal land near the Ak-Chin Indian Reservation, Arizona— A reconnaissance study","docAbstract":"Sufficient ground water to provide about 2.1 million acre-feet in a 25-year period is available for delivery to the Ak-Chin Indian Reservation from Federal land in the Vekol Valley, Waterman Wash area, and Bosque area in south-central Arizona. Withdrawal of 85,000 acre-feet per year as required by the Ak-Chin water-supply act--Public Law 95-328--will greatly deplete the amount of water in storage and may cause land subsidence in the areas. Study concurrent with well-field development will enable design changes to minimize pumping costs , water-level declines, movement of poor-quality water into the well fields, and potential land subsidence and associated earth fissures. Surface and bore-hole geophysical testing, aquifer tests, and the development of simulative mathematical models will accomplish these goals and permit quantitative evaluations of the potential deleterious effects resulting from development of the water supply. (Woodard-USGS)","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr791165","usgsCitation":"Wilson, R.P., 1979, Availability of ground water on Federal land near the Ak-Chin Indian Reservation, Arizona— A reconnaissance study: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 79-1165, Report: vi, 36 p.; 11 Plates: 9.72 × 16.61 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr791165.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 36 p.; 11 Plates: 9.72 × 16.61 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":39577,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1165/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":39576,"rank":410,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1165/plate-11.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":39575,"rank":409,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1165/plate-10.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":39574,"rank":408,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1165/plate-09.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":39573,"rank":407,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1165/plate-08.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":39572,"rank":406,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1165/plate-07.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":39571,"rank":405,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1165/plate-06.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":39570,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1165/plate-05.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":39569,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1165/plate-04.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":39568,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1165/plate-03.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":39567,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1165/plate-02.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":39566,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1165/plate-01.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":145036,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1165/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":391595,"rank":14,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_11059.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -112.917,\n 32.535\n ],\n [\n -112,\n 32.535\n ],\n [\n -112,\n 33.408\n ],\n [\n -112.917,\n 33.408\n ],\n [\n -112.917,\n 32.535\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ae4b07f02db65d8a7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wilson, Richard P.","contributorId":96655,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":163582,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":11358,"text":"ofr791237 - 1979 - A revised version of Graphic Normative Analysis Program (GNAP) with examples of petrologic problem solving","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:20","indexId":"ofr791237","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"79-1237","title":"A revised version of Graphic Normative Analysis Program (GNAP) with examples of petrologic problem solving","docAbstract":"A revised version of Graphic Normative Analysis Program (GNAP) has been developed to allow maximum flexibility in the evaluation of chemical data by the occasional computer user. GNAP calculates ClPW norms, Thornton and Tuttle's differentiation index, Barth's cations, Niggli values and values for variables defined by the user. Calculated values can be displayed graphically in X-Y plots or ternary diagrams. Plotting can be done on a line printer or Calcomp plotter with either weight percent or mole percent data. Modifications in the original program give the user some control over normative calculations for each sample. The number of user-defined variables that can be created from the data has been increased from ten to fifteen. Plotting and calculations can be based on the original data, data adjusted to sum to 100 percent, or data adjusted to sum to 100 percent without water. Analyses for which norms were previously not computable are now computed with footnotes that show excesses or deficiencies in oxides (or volatiles) not accounted for by the norm. This report contains a listing of the computer program, an explanation of the use of the program, and the two sample problems.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr791237","usgsCitation":"Stuckless, J., and VanTrump, G., 1979, A revised version of Graphic Normative Analysis Program (GNAP) with examples of petrologic problem solving: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 79-1237, 115 p. :ill. ;29 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr791237.","productDescription":"115 p. :ill. ;29 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":142503,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1237/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":39185,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1237/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1fe4b07f02db6ab87b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stuckless, J. S.","contributorId":6060,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stuckless","given":"J. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":162993,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"VanTrump, G.","contributorId":95869,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"VanTrump","given":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":162994,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":11662,"text":"ofr791253 - 1979 - A one-dimensional, steady-state, dissolved-oxygen model and waste-load assimilation study for Silver Creek, Clark and Floyd counties, Indiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-07T18:02:01.861001","indexId":"ofr791253","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"79-1253","title":"A one-dimensional, steady-state, dissolved-oxygen model and waste-load assimilation study for Silver Creek, Clark and Floyd counties, Indiana","docAbstract":"The Indiana State Board of Health is developing a State water-quality management plan that includes establishing limits for wastewater effluents discharged into Indiana streams. A digital model calibrated to conditions in Silver Creek was used to develop alternatives for future waste loadings that would be compatible with Indiana stream water-quality standards defined for two critical hydrologic conditions, summer and winter low flows. Effluents from the Sellersburg and Clarksville-North wastewater-treatment facilities are the only point-source waste loads that significantly affect the water quality in the modeled segment of Silver Creek.
Model simulations indicate that nitrification is the most significant factor affecting the dissolved-oxygen concentration in Silver Creek during summer and winter low flows.
Natural streamflow in Silver Creek during the summer and annual 7-day, 10-year low flow is zero, so no benefit from dilution is provided. Present ammonia-nitrogen and dissolved-oxygen concentrations of effluent from the Sellersburg and Clarksville-North wastewater-treatment facilities will not meet current Indiana water-quality standards for ammonia toxicity and dissolved oxygen during summer and winter low flows.
The current biochemical-oxygen-demand limits for the Sellersburg and Clarksville-North wastewater-treatment facilities are not sufficient to maintain an average dissolved-oxygen concentration of at least 5 milligrams per liter, the State's water-quality standard for streams.
Calculations of the stream's assimilative capacity indicate that Silver Creek cannot assimilate additional waste loadings and meet current Indiana water-quality standards.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr791253","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Indiana State Board of Health","usgsCitation":"Wilber, W.G., Crawford, C.G., and Peters, J.G., 1979, A one-dimensional, steady-state, dissolved-oxygen model and waste-load assimilation study for Silver Creek, Clark and Floyd counties, Indiana: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 79-1253, vii, 66 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr791253.","productDescription":"vii, 66 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":429660,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1253/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":143822,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1253/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Indiana","county":"Clark County, Floyd County","otherGeospatial":"Silver Creek","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -86.26440902882864,\n 38.65255263357005\n ],\n [\n -86.26440902882864,\n 38.328980087917955\n ],\n [\n -85.43082305955801,\n 38.328980087917955\n ],\n [\n -85.43082305955801,\n 38.65255263357005\n ],\n [\n -86.26440902882864,\n 38.65255263357005\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b20e4b07f02db6ab964","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wilber, William G. wgwilber@usgs.gov","contributorId":297,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilber","given":"William","email":"wgwilber@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":163533,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Crawford, Charles G. 0000-0003-1653-7841 cgcrawfo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1653-7841","contributorId":1064,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crawford","given":"Charles","email":"cgcrawfo@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":163534,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Peters, James G.","contributorId":69137,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peters","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":163535,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":11661,"text":"ofr791072 - 1979 - A one-dimensional, steady-state, dissolved-oxygen model and waste-load assimilation study for East Fork White River, Bartholomew County, Indiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-15T01:20:57.470006","indexId":"ofr791072","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"79-1072","title":"A one-dimensional, steady-state, dissolved-oxygen model and waste-load assimilation study for East Fork White River, Bartholomew County, Indiana","docAbstract":"The Indiana State Board of Health is developing a State water-quality management plan that includes the establishing of limits for wastewater effluents discharged into Indiana streams. A digital model calibrated to conditions in East Fork White River was used to develop alternatives for future waste loadings that would be compatible with Indiana stream water-quality standards defined for two critical hydrologic conditions, summer and winter low flows.
The model indicates that benthic-oxygen demand and the headwater concentrations of carbonaceous biochemical-oxygen demand, nitrogenous biochemical-oxygen demand, and dissolved oxygen are the most significant factors affecting the dissolved-oxygen concentration of East Fork White River downstream from the Columbus wastewater-treatment facility. The effect of effluent from the facility on the water quality of East Fork White River was minimal.
The model also indicates that, with a benthic-oxygen demand of approximately 0.65 gram per square meter per day, the stream has no additional waste-load assimilative capacity during summer low flows. Regardless of the quality of the Columbus wastewater effluent, the minimum 24-hour average dissolved-oxygen concentration of at least 5 milligrams per liter, the State's water-quality standard for streams, would not be met.
Ammonia toxicity is not a limiting water-quality criterion during summer and winter low flows.
During winter low flows, the current carbonaceous biochemical-oxygen demand limits for the Columbus wastewater-treatment facility will not cause violations of the in-stream dissolved-oxygen standard.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr791072","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Indiana State Board of Health","usgsCitation":"Wilber, W.G., Peters, J.G., and Crawford, C.G., 1979, A one-dimensional, steady-state, dissolved-oxygen model and waste-load assimilation study for East Fork White River, Bartholomew County, Indiana: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 79-1072, vii, 64 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr791072.","productDescription":"vii, 64 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":414192,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1072/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":143821,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1072/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Indiana","county":"Bartholomew County","otherGeospatial":"East Fork White River","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-85.6849,39.3505],[-85.6851,39.3387],[-85.6852,39.3274],[-85.6859,39.3197],[-85.6865,39.2621],[-85.6873,39.2476],[-85.6878,39.2009],[-85.6881,39.1746],[-85.688,39.1307],[-85.7989,39.1291],[-85.7988,39.0856],[-85.7983,39.0683],[-85.8048,39.0706],[-85.8173,39.0698],[-85.8238,39.0685],[-85.8286,39.064],[-85.8351,39.0626],[-85.8422,39.0627],[-85.8434,39.0609],[-85.8482,39.0591],[-85.8488,39.0555],[-85.853,39.0546],[-85.8577,39.051],[-85.8625,39.0487],[-85.8631,39.0474],[-85.859,39.0433],[-85.8608,39.041],[-86.08,39.0361],[-86.0805,39.0501],[-86.0809,39.0809],[-86.0831,39.2201],[-86.0836,39.2423],[-86.0854,39.3452],[-86.0247,39.3464],[-85.9902,39.3467],[-85.9812,39.3466],[-85.9521,39.347],[-85.914,39.3472],[-85.7998,39.3507],[-85.6849,39.3505]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Bartholomew\",\"state\":\"IN\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1de4b07f02db6a9d5e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wilber, William G. wgwilber@usgs.gov","contributorId":297,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilber","given":"William","email":"wgwilber@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":163530,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Peters, James G.","contributorId":69137,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peters","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":163532,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Crawford, Charles G. 0000-0003-1653-7841 cgcrawfo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1653-7841","contributorId":1064,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crawford","given":"Charles","email":"cgcrawfo@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":163531,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":9373,"text":"ofr791170 - 1979 - Availability of supplemental water supplies at salmonid fish-propagation stations in Wisconsin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-08T14:07:43","indexId":"ofr791170","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"79-1170","title":"Availability of supplemental water supplies at salmonid fish-propagation stations in Wisconsin","docAbstract":"Supplemental water supplies are available at all the 12 fish-propagation stations. At seven of the stations water may be obtained by diverting or impounding streams. Ground water is available from glacial sand-and-gravel aquifers at all the stations and from sandstone aquifers at 7 of the 12 stations. Probable well yields range from 100 to 1,000 gallons per minute from the sand and gravel and from 50 to 1,000 gallons per minute from the sandstone.
\nThe response of pumping 1,600 gallons per minute from a ground-water source at Crystal Springs, Langlade, Nevin, and Osceola was estimated by a digital model. Estimated drawdown after 10 years of pumping ranged from 10 to 28 feet (6 to 35 percent of the saturated thickness of the aquifers).
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr791170","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","usgsCitation":"Harr, C.A., and Novitzki, R., 1979, Availability of supplemental water supplies at salmonid fish-propagation stations in Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 79-1170, iv, 13 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr791170.","productDescription":"iv, 13 p.","numberOfPages":"17","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":141455,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1170/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":37087,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/1170/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","city":"Bayfield, Brule, Crystal Springs, Hayward, Lakewood, Langlade, Nevin, Osceola, Thunder River, Westfield, Wild 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